For other uses see 19th century (disambiguation). Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: 18th century  19th century  20th century Decades: 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s Categories: Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments Antoine-Jean Gros Surrender of Madrid 1808. Napoleon enters Spain's capital during the Peninsular War 1810

The 19th century (18011900) was a period in history marked by the collapse of the Spanish Portuguese Chinese Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire the German Empire the United States and the Empire of Japan spurring military conflicts but also advances in science and exploration.

After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars the British Empire became the world's leading power controlling one quarter of the world's population and one fifth of the total land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica encouraged trade and battled rampant piracy. The 19th century was an era of invention and discovery with significant developments in the fields of mathematics physics chemistry biology electricity and metallurgy that lay the groundwork for the technological advances of the 20th century.1 The Industrial Revolution began in Europe.2 The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines.3 In Japan after the Meiji Restoration Japan embarks on a program of rapid modernization. Then Japan went to war against Qing and won the First Sino-Japanese War.

Advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention took place in the 19th century and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. Europe's population doubled during the 19th century from roughly 200 million to more than 400 million.4 The introduction of railroads provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries changing the way people lived and obtained goods and fueling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century. London was transformed into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth including vast expanses of interior Africa and Asia were discovered during this century and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. Liberalism became the preeminent reform movement in Europe.5 Jean-Lon Grme The Slave Market c.1884

Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans banned slavery throughout its domain and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade.6 The first empire to abolish slavery was the Portuguese Empire followed by Britain who did so in 1834. America's 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865 and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888 (see Abolitionism). Similarly serfdom was abolished in Russia.

The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australasia with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century. In the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe.7

The 19th century also saw the rapid creation development and codification of many sports particularly in Britain and the United States. Association football rugby union baseball and many other sports were developed during the 19th century while the British Empire facilitated the rapid spread of sports such as cricket to many different parts of the world.

It also marks the fall of the Ottoman occupation of the Balkans which led to the creation of Serbia Bulgaria Montenegro and Romania as a result of the second Russo-Turkish War which in itself followed the great Crimean War. Contents 1 Eras 2 Events 2.1 18001809 2.2 1810s 2.3 1820s 2.4 1830s 2.5 1840s 2.6 1850s 2.7 1860s 2.8 1870s 2.9 1880s 2.10 1890s 3 Significant people 3.1 Show business and theatre 3.2 Athletics 3.3 Business 3.4 Famous and infamous personalities 3.5 Anthropology archaeology scholars 3.6 Journalists missionaries explorers 3.7 Photography 3.8 Visual artists painters sculptors 3.9 Music 3.10 Literature 3.11 Science 3.12 Philosophy and religion 3.13 Politics and the Military 4 See also 5 External links 6 Supplementary portrait gallery 7 References Eras Industrial revolution European Imperialism British Regency Victorian era (UK British Empire) Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy French Second Republic Second French Empire French Third Republic (France) Belle poque (Europe) Edo period Meiji period (Japan) Qing Dynasty (China) Tanzimat First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire) Russian Empire American Manifest Destiny The Gilded Age Events Map of the world from 1897. The British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century. Napoleon's retreat from Russia. Napoleon's Grande Arme had lost near half a million of men. Stephenson's Rocket preserved in the Science Museum London William Wilberforce (17591833) politician and philanthropist who was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade. 18001809 See also: Timeline of the Napoleonic era 1800: The Company of Surgeons are awarded their Royal Charter and became the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1800: The inception of the Second Great Awakening for the United States. 1800: Alessandro Volta invents the first chemical battery 1801: Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the dwarf planet Ceres. 1801: Thomas Jefferson elected President of the United States by the United States House of Representatives following a tie in the Electoral College (United States) 1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom. 1801: Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab. 1801: Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801: Cairo falls to the British. 1801: Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1801: British defeat French at the Second Battle of Abukir 180115: Barbary War between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa 1802: Treaty of Amiens between France and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition. 1802: Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time. 1803: William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas the "first practical steamboat". 1803: The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U.S.'s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico Britain and Native Americans. 1803: The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina. 1803: War breaks out between Britain and France; this is considered by some to be the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. 1804: Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic. 1804: Austrian Empire founded by Francis I. 1804: Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French. 1804: World population reaches 1 billion. 1804: First steam locomotive begins operation. 1804: Morphine first isolated. 180410: Fulani Jihad in Nigeria. 180415: Serbian revolution erupts against the Ottoman rule. Suzerainty of Serbia recognized in 1817. 1805: The Battle of Trafalgar eliminates the French and Spanish naval fleets and allows for British dominance of the seas a major factor for the success of the British Empire later in the century. 1805: Napoleon decisively defeats a Austrian-Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz. 180548: Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt. 1806: Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Pressburg. 1806: Cape Colony becomes part of the British Empire. 1807: Britain declares the Slave Trade illegal. 1808: Beethoven performs his Fifth Symphony 180809: Russia conquers Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War. 180814: Spanish guerrillas fight in the Peninsular War. 1809: Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim. The discoveries of Michael Faraday formed the foundation of electric motor technology 1810s 1810: The University of Berlin is founded. Among its students and faculty are Hegel Marx and Bismarck. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see History of European research universities). 1810: The Grito de Dolores begins the Mexican War of Independence. 1810s20s: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the Spanish and Portuguese Empires after the Latin American wars of independence. 1812: The French invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. 181215: War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom 1813: Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice 1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba. 18131907: The contest between the British Empire and Imperial Russia for control of Central Asia is referred to as the Great Game. 181416: Anglo-Nepalese War between Nepal(Gurkha Empire) and British Empire. 1815: The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. The Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement but it fails to stem the tide of liberalism and nationalism that sweeps over the continent. 1815: Napoleon escapes exile and begins the Hundred Days before finally being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to St Helena. His defeat brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1870. 1816: Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere likely caused by the 1815 explosion of Mount Tambora. 1816: Independence of Argentina 181628: Shaka's Zulu Kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa. 1817: Principality of Serbia becomes suzerain from the Ottoman Empire. Officially independent in 1867. 1817: First Seminole War begins in Florida. 1817: Russia commences its conquest of the Caucasus. 1818: Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein 1818: Independence of Chile 1819: Peterloo massacre in England. 1819: The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company. 1819: Thodore Gricault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre. 1820s 1820: Missouri Compromise 1820: Regency period ends in the United Kingdom 1820: Discovery of Antarctica 1820: Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves. 1820: Dissolution of the Maratha Empire. 182035: At least 5000 Mexicans die in Apache raids and 100 settlements are destroyed.8 1821: Mexico gains independence from Spain with the Treaty of Crdoba. 1821: Peru declares its independence from Spain. 1821: Navarino Massacre 182223: First Mexican Empire as Mexico's first post-independent government ruled by Emperor Agustn I of Mexico. 182130: Greece becomes the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence. 1816: Shaka rises to power over the Zulu Kingdom. Zulu expansion was a major factor of the Mfecane (Crushing) that depopulated large areas of southern Africa 1822: Prince Pedro of Portugal proclaimed the Brazilian independence on September 7. On December 1 he was crowned as Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil. 182387: The British Empire annexed Burma (now also called Myanmar) after three Anglo-Burmese Wars. 1823: Monroe Doctrine declared by US President James Monroe. 1824: Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. 1825: Erie Canal opened connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. 1825: First isolation of aluminum. 1825: Independence of Bolivia. 1825: The Stockton and Darlington Railway the first public railway in the world is opened. 182528: The Argentina-Brazil War results in the independence of Uruguay. 1826: Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine. 182628: After the final Russo-Persian War the Persian Empire took back territory lost to Russia from the previous war. 1827: Death of William Blake Ludwig van Beethoven 18281832: Black War in Tasmania leads to the near extinction of the Tasmanian aborigines 1829: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres. 1829: First electric motor built. 1829: Sir Robert Peel founds the Metropolitan Police Service the first modern police force. 1830s 1830: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is established on April 6 1830. 1830: July Revolution in France. 1830: The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of Belgium. 1830: Greater Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia (including modern-day Panama) Ecuador and Venezuela took its place. 1830 November Uprising in Poland against Russia. 1831: France invades and occupies Algeria. 1831: Great Bosnian uprising against Ottoman rule occurs. 18311836: Charles Darwin's journey on the HMS Beagle. Emigrants leaving Ireland. From 1830 to 1914 almost 5 million Irish people went to the United States alone. 1831: November Uprising ends with crushing defeat for Poland in the Battle of Warsaw. 183133: EgyptianOttoman War. 1832: The British Parliament passes the Great Reform Act. 1833: Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire. 183376: Carlist Wars in Spain. 1834: The German Customs Union is formed. 1834: Spanish Inquisition officially ends. 1834: Britain amends the Poor Law demanding that any paupers requesting assistance must go to a workhouse. 183459: Imam Shamil's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus. 183536: The Texas Revolution in Mexico resulted in the short-lived Republic of Texas. 1836: Battle of the Alamo ends with defeat for Texan separatists. 1836: Battle of San Jacinto leads to the capture of General Santa Anna. 1837: Telegraphy patented. 1837: Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist 18371838: Rebellions of 1837 in Canada. 18371901: Queen Victoria's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era. 1838: By this time 46000 Native Americans have been forcibly relocated in the Trail of Tears. 183840: Civil war in the Federal Republic of Central America led to the foundings of Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 1839: Kingdom of Belgium declared. 183951: Uruguayan Civil War 183960: After two Opium Wars France the United Kingdom the United States and Russia gained many concessions from China resulting in the decline of the Qing Dynasty. 18391919: Anglo-Afghan Wars lead to stalemate and the establishment of the Durand line The Great Exhibition in London. The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise. The Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War 1840s 1840: New Zealand is founded as the Treaty of Waitangi is signed by the Mori and British. 1841: The word "dinosaur" is coined by Richard Owen 1842: Treaty of Nanking cedes Hong Kong to the British. 1842: Anaesthesia used for the first time. 1843: The first wagon train sets out from Missouri. 1843: Short stories A Christmas Carol and The Tell-Tale Heart published. 1844: Persian Prophet the Bb announces his revelation on May 23 founding Bbsm. He announced to the world of the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest". He is considered the forerunner of Bah'u'llh the founder of the Bah' Faith. 1844: First publicly funded telegraph line in the worldbetween Baltimore and Washingtonsends demonstration message on May 24 ushering in the age of the telegraph. This message read "What hath God wrought" (Bible Numbers 23:23) 1844: Millerite movement awaits the Second Advent of Jesus Christ on October 22. Christ's non-appearance becomes known as the Great Disappointment. 1844: The Great Auk is rendered extinct. 1844: Dominican War of Independence from Haiti. 1845: Unification of the Kingdom of Tonga under Tufahau (King George Tupou I) 18451846: First Anglo-Sikh War 184572: The New Zealand Land Wars 184549: The Irish Potato Famine leads to the Irish diaspora. 184648: The Mexican-American War leads to Mexico's cession of much of the modern-day Southwestern United States. 184647: Mormon migration to Utah. 1847: The Bront sisters publish Jane Eyre Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey 18471901: The Caste War of Yucatn. 18481849: Second Anglo-Sikh War 1848: The Communist Manifesto published. 1848: Revolutions of 1848 in Europe 1848: Seneca Falls Convention is the first women's rights convention in the United States and leads to the battle for suffrage and women's legal rights. 184858: California Gold Rush 1849: The first boatloads of gold prospectors arrive in California giving them the nickname 49ers. 1849: the safety pin and the gas mask are invented 1849: earliest recorded air raid as Austria employs 200 balloons to deliver ordinance against Venice. 1850s Dead Confederate soldiers. 30% of all Southern white males 1840 years of age died in the American Civil War.9 1850: The Little Ice Age ends around this time. 18501864: Taiping Rebellion is the bloodiest conflict of the century leading to the deaths of 20 million people. 1851: The Great Exhibition in London was the world's first international Expo or World's Fair. 1851: Louis Napoleon assumes power in France in a coup. 185152: The Platine War ends and the Empire of Brazil has the hegemony over South America. 185160s: Victorian gold rush in Australia 1852: Frederick Douglass delivers his speech "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" in Rochester New York. 1853: United States Commodore Matthew C. Perry threatens the Japanese capital Edo with gunships demanding that they agree to open trade. 185356: Crimean War between France the United Kingdom the Ottoman Empire and Russia 1854: Battle of Balaclava and the Charge of the Light Brigade. 1854: The Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan's policy of isolation. 18541855: Siege of Sevastapol; city falls to British forces. 1855: Bessemer process enables steel to be mass produced. 1856: World's first oil refinery in Romania 1856: Neanderthal man first identified. 185758: Indian Rebellion of 1857. The British Empire assumes control of India from the East India Company. 1858: Invention of the phonautograph the first true device for recording sound. 1859: Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species. 18591869: Suez Canal is constructed. The first vessels sail through the Suez Canal 1860s Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacilli. In the 19th century tuberculosis killed an estimated one-quarter of the adult population of Europe.10 Alexander Graham Bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone David Livingstone Scottish explorer and missionary in Africa 1860: Guiseppe Garibaldi launches the Expedition of the Thousand 1860: The Pony Express started. 186165: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy 1861: Russia abolishes serfdom. 186167: French intervention in Mexico and the creation of the Second Mexican Empire ruled by Maximilian I of Mexico and his consort Carlota of Mexico. 1862: The Pony Express ended. 1862: French gain first foothold in Southeast Asia 18621877: Muslim Rebellion in northwest China. 1863: Bah'u'llh declares His station as "He whom God shall make manifest". This date is celebrated in the Bah' Faith as The Festival of Ridvn. 1863: Formation of the International Red Cross is followed by the adoption of the First Geneva Convention in 1864. 1863: First section of the London Underground opens. 1863: France annexes Cambodia. 18631865: Polish uprising against the Russian Empire. 186466: The Chincha Islands War was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies. 186470: The War of the Triple Alliance ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population. 186577: Reconstruction in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 1865-April 9 1865 Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse Virginia effectively ending the American Civil War. 1865-April 14 1865 United States President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated while attending a performance at Ford's Theater Washington D.C.. He dies approximately nine hours after being shot on April 15 1865. 1865: Gregor Mendel formulates his laws of inheritance 1866: Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858. 1866: Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation and the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy. 18661868: Famine in Finland. 186669: After the Meiji Restoration Japan embarks on a program of rapid modernization. 1867: The United States purchases Alaska from Russia. 1867: Canadian Confederation formed. 1867: The Principality of Serbia passes a Constitution which defines its independence from the Ottoman Empire. International recognition followed in 1878. 1868; The Expatriation Act is approved by Congress guaranteeing U.S. citizens the right to expatriate. Coupled with the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution approved only one day later the Expatriation Act allows U.S. citizens to renounce federal citizenship in order to regain Constitutional rights ceded by U.S. citizens as defined by the 14th Amendment. 1868: The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is approved. 1868: Cro-Magnon man first identified. 18681878: Ten Years' War between Cuba and Spain 1869: First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States on May 10. 1869: The Suez Canal opens linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. 1870s 187071: The Franco-Prussian War results in the unifications of Germany and Italy the collapse of the Second French Empire the breakdown of Pax Britannica and the emergence of a New Imperialism. 18711872: Famine in Persia is believed to have caused the death of 2 million. 18711914: Second Industrial Revolution 1870s-90s: Long Depression in Western Europe and North America 1871: The feudal system is dismantled in Japan. 1871: Henry Morton Stanley meets Dr. David Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika. 1872: Yellowstone National Park the first national park is created. 1872: The first recognised international soccer match between England and Scotland is played. 1873: Maxwell's A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism published. 1873: The samurai class is abolished in Japan. 1873: Blue jeans and barbed wire are invented. 1874: The Socit Anonyme Cooprative des Artistes Peintres Sculpteurs and Graveurs better known today as the Impressionists organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer Nadar. 1874: The Home Rule Movement is established in Ireland. 1874: The British East India Company is dissolved. 18741875: First Republic in Spain. 1875: HMS Challenger surveys the deepest point in the Earth's oceans the Challenger Deep 18751900: 26 million Indians perish in India due to famine. 1876: Bulgarians instigate the April Uprising against Ottoman rule. 1876: Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle is first performed in its entirety. 1876: Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India. 1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn leads to the death of General Custer and victory for the alliance of Lakota Cheyenne and Arapaho 18761879: 13 million Chinese die of famine in northern China. 18761914: The massive expansion in population territory industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the Gilded Age. 1877: Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike. 1877: Crazy Horse surrenders and is later killed 1877: Asaph Hall discovers the moons of Mars 1877: Thomas Edison invents the phonograph 187778: Following the Russo-Turkish War the Treaty of Berlin recognizes formal independence of the Principality of Serbia Montenegro and Romania. Bulgaria becomes autonomous. 1878: First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven Connecticut. A barricade in the Paris Commune March 18 1871. Around 30000 Parisians were killed and thousands more were later executed. 1879: Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa. 1879: Thomas Edison tests his first light bulb 18791880: Little War against Spanish rule in Cuba leads to rebel defeat. 187983: Chile battles with Peru and Bolivia over Andean territory in the War of the Pacific. 1880s 18801881: the First Boer War. 1881: Tsar Alexander II is assassinated 1881: Wave of pogroms begins in the Russian Empire. 1881: Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Sitting Bull surrenders. 1881: First electrical power plant and grid in Godalming Britain. 18811899: The Mahdist War in Sudan. 1882: The British invasion and subsequent occupation of Egypt 1883: Krakatoa volcano explosion one of the largest in modern history. Thomas Edison was an American inventor scientist and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world including the phonograph the motion picture camera and a long-lasting practical electric light bulb. 1883: The quagga is rendered extinct. 1883: Robert Lewis Stevenson's Treasure Island is published 1884: Siege of Khartoum 1884: Germany gains control of Camaroon 1884: Mark Twain publishes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 188485: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European "scramble for Africa". Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves. 188485: The Sino-French War led to the formation of French Indochina. 1885: King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State as a personal fiefdom 1885: Britain establishes a protectorate over Bechuanaland (modern Botswana) 1885: "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published. 1885: Singer begins production of the 'Vibrating Shuttle' which would become the Model T of sewing machines. 1886: Burma is presented to Queen Victoria as a birthday gift 1886: Karl Benz sells the first commercial automobile 1886: Construction of the Statue of Liberty 1886: Russian-Circassian War ended with the defeat and the exile of many Circassians. Imam Shamil defeated. 1887: The British Empire takes over Balochistan 1887: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle publishes his first Sherlock Holmes story A Study in Scarlet. 1888: Jack the Ripper murders occur in Whitechapel London 1888: Slavery banned in Brazil. 1889: Eiffel Tower is inaugurated in Paris. 1889: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad establishes the Ahmadi Muslim Community. 1889: End of the Brazilian Empire and the beginning of the Brazilian Republic 1889: Vincent van Gogh paints Starry Night 1889: Aspirin patented. First bus in history: a Benz truck modified by Netphener company (1895) Miners and prospectors ascend the Chilkoot Trail during the Klondike Gold Rush Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War in South Africa 1890s 1890: The Wounded Knee Massacre was the last battle in the American Indian Wars. This event represents the end of the American Old West. 1890: Italy annexes Eritrea. 1890: Independence of Luxembourg. 1890: Death of Vincent van Gogh. 1890: The cardboard box is invented. 1891: Chilean Civil War. 1892: Basketball is invented. 1892: The World's Columbian Exposition was held in Chicago celebrating the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World. 1892: Fingerprinting is officially adopted for the first time 1892: Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite premires in St Petersberg 1893: US forces overthrow the government of Hawaii 1893: New Zealand becomes the first country to enact women's suffrage 1894: First commercial film release by Jean Aim Le Roy 1894: First gramophone record 1894: France and the Russian Empire form a military alliance 189495: After the First Sino-Japanese War China cedes Taiwan to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea. 1895: Volleyball is invented 1895: Trial of Oscar Wilde and premiere of his play The Importance of Being Earnest 1895: French troops capture Antananarivo in Madagascar 1895: Wilhelm Rntgen identifies x-rays 18941900: Dreyfuss Affair 18951896: Ethiopia defeats Italy in the First ItaloEthiopian War. 18951898: Cuban War for Independence results in Cuban independence from Spain 1896: Olympic Games revived in Athens. 1896: Philippine Revolution ends declaring Philippines free from Spanish rule. 1896: Ethiopia defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa. 1896: Klondike Gold Rush in Canada. 1896: Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity; JJ Thompson identifies the electron though not by name. 1897: Gojong or Emperor Gwangmu proclaims the short-lived Korean Empire: lasts until 1910. 1897: Benin Expedition of 1897 loots and burns Benin 1897: Greco-Turkish War. 1898: The United States gains control of Cuba Puerto Rico and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. 1898: Empress Dowager Cixi of China engineers a coup d'tat marking the end of the Hundred Days' Reform; the Guangxu Emperor is arrested. 1898: H. G. Wells publishes The War of the Worlds 18981900: The Boxer Rebellion in China is suppressed by an Eight-Nation Alliance. 18981902: The One Thousand Days war in Colombia breaks out between the "Liberales" and "Conservadores" culminating with the loss of Panama in 1903. 1899: Second Boer War begins (-1902); Philippine-American War begins (-1913). 1899: Indian famine begins. For later events see Timeline of modern history. Significant people Abraham Lincoln in 1863 16th President of The United States presided during the American Civil War assassinated in April 1865 Jos Rizal the National hero of the Philippines Clara Barton nurse pioneer of the American Red Cross Sitting Bull a leader of the Lakota John Burroughs Naturalist conservationist writer Benito Jurez Mexican President Davy Crockett King of the wild frontier folk hero frontiersman soldier and politician Jefferson Davis Confederate States President William Gilbert Grace English cricketer Baron Haussmann civic planner Franz Joseph I of Austria Emperor of Austria and brother of Mexican Emperor Chief Joseph a leader of the Nez Perc Ned Kelly Australian folk hero and outlaw Elizabeth Kenny Australian Nurse and found an Innovative Treatment of Polio Sndor Krsi Csoma explorer of the Tibetan culture Abraham Lincoln United States President Fitz Hugh Ludlow writer and explorer John Muir Naturalist writer preservationist Florence Nightingale nursing pioneer Napoleon I First Consul and Emperor of the French Charles Stewart Parnell Irish political leader Commodore Perry U.S. Naval commander opened the door to Japan Dr. Jose P. Rizal Filipino hero novelist liberator Sacagawea Important aide to Lewis&Clark Ignaz Semmelweis proponent of hygienic practices Dr. John Snow the founder of epidemiology F R Spofforth Australian cricketer Queen Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom William Wilberforce Abolitionist Philanthropist Hong Xiuquan inspired China's Taiping Rebellion perhaps the bloodiest civil war in human history Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto promoted change in the labor system of Europe Nikola Karev commander and leader of the Ilinden Uprising in Ottoman-Macedonia. Show business and theatre Franz Boas one of the pioneers of modern anthropology Sarah Bernhardt 1877 Ellen Terry c.1880 P. T. Barnum c. 1860 P. T. Barnum showman David Belasco actor playwright theatrical producer Sarah Bernhardt actress Edwin Booth actor Dion Boucicault playwright Mrs Patrick Campbell actress Anton Chekhov playwright Buffalo Bill Cody Wild West legend and showman Baptiste Deburau BohemianFrench actor and mime. Sergei Diaghilev art critic ballet impresario founder of Mir Iskusstva and Ballets Russes Eleonora Duse actress Henrik Ibsen playwright Edmund Kean actor Charles Kean actor Lillie Langtry actress socialite Frdrick Lematre actor Jenny Lind opera singer called the Swedish Nightingale Cleste Mogador dancer Lola Montez exotic dancer Adelaide Neilson actress Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko playwright theatre director co-founder of Moscow Art Theatre Annie Oakley Wild West sharp-shooter Lillian Russell singer actress George Bernard Shaw playwright Constantin Stanislavski actor theatre director co-founder of Moscow Art Theatre creator of Stanislavski's system Edward Askew Sothern actor Ellen Terry actress Maria Yermolova actress Athletics Main articles: Baseball Hall of Fame Major League Baseball List of bare-knuckle boxers List of heavyweight boxing champions and Olympic Games John L Sullivan in his prime c.1882. Cap Anson baseball player Gentleman Jim Corbett heavyweight boxer Big Ed Delahanty baseball player Bob Fitzsimmons heavyweight boxer Pud Galvin baseball player Olympic Games 1894 the IOC is formed and the first Summer Olympics games are held in Athens Greece in 1896 Dr William Gilbert 'WG' Grace cricketer Peter Jackson heavyweight boxer James J. Jeffries heavyweight boxer Old Hoss Radbourn baseball player Tom Sharkey heavyweight boxer John L. Sullivan heavyweight boxer John Montgomery Ward baseball player Evangelis Zappas Founder of the International Modern Olympic Games Business Main articles: Robber baron (industrialist) and business magnate John Jacob Astor III Real Estate Andrew Carnegie Industrialist philanthropist Jay Cooke Finance Henry Clay Frick Industrialist art collector Jay Gould Railroad developer Meyer Guggenheim Family patriarch mining Daniel Guggenheim (copper) E. H. Harriman Railroads Henry O. Havemeyer (sugar) art collector George Hearst Gold James J. Hill (railroads) The Empire Builder Savva Mamontov Industrialist philanthropist Andrew W. Mellon Industrialist philanthropist art collector J.P. Morgan Banker art collector Savva Morozov Businessman and philanthropist George Mortimer Pullman (railroads) Ludvig Nobel Oil Charles Pratt Oil founder of the Pratt Institute Cecil Rhodes diamonds mining magnate founder of De Beers. John D. Rockefeller Oil Business tycoon philanthropist Levi Strauss clothing manufacturer Pavel Tretyakov Businessman art collector philanthropist founder of Tretyakov Gallery Cornelius Vanderbilt Shipping Railroads Nikolay Vtorov Industrialist banker richest man in Russian Empire. William Chapman Ralston Businessman Financier founder of Bank of California. Famous and infamous personalities Jesse and Frank James 1872 Deputies Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp in Dodge City 1876 Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill Cody Montreal Quebec 1885 Geronimo 1887 prominent leader of the Chiricahua Apache William Bonney aka Henry McCarty aka Billy the Kid c. late 1870s Baptiste Deburau c. 1830s as Pierrot. William Bonney aka Henry McCarty aka Billy the Kid Wild West outlaw John Wilkes Booth assassin James Bowie Soldier Texan who died at the Alamo invented the Bowie knife Jim Bridger Wild West Mountain man John Brown a fanatical abolitionist who led an armed insurrection at Harpers Ferry Virginia in 1859. Kit Carson Wild West frontiersman Cochise Chiricahua Apache leader George Armstrong Custer soldier whose last stand was in the Wild West Wyatt Earp Wild West lawman Pat Garrett Wild West lawman Charles J. Guiteau assassin Jack The Ripper serial killer whose identity remains unknown. Geronimo Chiricahua Apache leader Wild Bill Hickock Legendary Wild West lawman Doc Holliday Legendary Wild West gambler gunfighter Crazy Horse War leader of the Lakota Ignacy Hryniewiecki assassin of Tsar Alexander II of Russia Frank James Wild West outlaw older brother of Jesse Jesse James Legendary Wild West outlaw Calamity Jane Frontierswoman Bat Masterson Wild West lawman gambler newspaperman Allan Pinkerton spy founded the Pinkerton Agency first detective agency in the United States William Poole aka Bill the Butcher member of the New York City gang the Bowery Boys a bare-knuckle boxer and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement. Belle Starr Legendary Wild West female outlaw Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Southampton County Virginia during August 1831. Anthropology archaeology scholars Churchill Babington Archaeology Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier Archaeology Franz Boas Anthropology Charles tienne Brasseur de Bourbourg Archaeology Louis Agassiz Fuertes Ornithology George Bird Grinnell Anthropology Joseph LeConte Scholar preservationist Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Anthropology Clinton Hart Merriam Zoology Lewis H. Morgan Anthropology Jules Etienne Joseph Quicherat Archaeology Robert Ridgway Ornithology Edward Burnett Tylor Anthropology Karl Verner Linguist Journalists missionaries explorers Roald Amundsen explorer Samuel Baker explorer Thomas Baines artist explorer Heinrich Barth explorer Henry Walter Bates naturalist explorer Faddey Bellingshausen explorer Jim Bridger explorer Richard Francis Burton explorer The Lewis&Clark expedition exploration Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh explorer Percy Fawcett adventurer explorer proto-Indiana Jones Horace Greeley journalist Peter Jones (missionary) Canadian Methodist minister and go-between between Christians and his fellow Mississaugas and other Indian tribes. Adoniram Judson missionary Sir John Kirk explorer physician companion of David Livingston Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker botanist explorer friend of Charles Darwin Sir William Jackson Hooker botanist explorer father of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker Otto von Kotzebue explorer Pyotr Kozlov explorer Mikhail Lazarev fleet commander explorer Meriwether Lewis explorer David Livingstone missionary Stepan Makarov explorer oceanographer Thomas Nast journalist caricaturist and editorial cartoonist Robert Peary explorer Marcelo H. del Pilar writer journalist editor of La Solidaridad. Nikolai Przhevalsky explorer Frederick Selous explorer Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky explorer geographer John Hanning Speke explorer Henry M. Stanley journalist explorer John McDouall Stuart explorer John L. O'Sullivan journalist who coined Manifest Destiny Chokan Valikhanov explorer ethnographer historian Ferdinand von Wrangel explorer Thomas Nast c. 18601875 photo by Mathew Brady or Levin Handy Photography One of the first photographs produced in 1826 by Nicphore Nipce Mathew Brady Self-portrait c.1875 See also: History of photography List of photojournalists Photojournalism and Daguerreotype Ottomar Anschtz chronophotographer Mathew Brady documented the American Civil War Edward S. Curtis documented the American West notably Native Americans Louis Daguerre inventor of daguerreotype process of photography chemist Thomas Eakins pioneer motion photographer George Eastman inventor of the roll of film Hrcules Florence pioneer inventor of photography Auguste and Louis Lumire pioneer filmmakers inventors tienne-Jules Marey pioneer motion photographer chronophotographer Eadweard Muybridge pioneer motion photographer chronophotographer Nadar aka Gaspard-Flix Tournachon portrait photographer Nicphore Nipce pioneer inventor of photography Louis Le Prince motion picture inventor and pioneer filmmaker Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky chemist and photographer William Fox Talbot inventor of the negative / positive photographic process. Visual artists painters sculptors Main articles: History of painting Western painting and Ukiyo-e Eugne Delacroix Liberty Leading the People (1830 Louvre) Claude Monet's Impression Sunrise 1872 gave the name to Impressionism Ilya Repin Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks (18801891) Russian Museum Paul Czanne Self-portrait 18801881 Vincent van Gogh Self-portrait 1889

The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. In the United States the Hudson River School was prominent. 19th century painters included: Ivan Aivazovsky Leon Bakst Albert Bierstadt William Blake Arnold Bocklin Mary Cassatt Camille Claudel Paul Czanne Frederic Edwin Church Thomas Cole John Constable Camille Corot James Tissot Gustave Courbet Honor Daumier Edgar Degas Eugne Delacroix Thomas Eakins Caspar David Friedrich Paul Gauguin Thodore Gricault Vincent van Gogh Ando Hiroshige Hokusai Winslow Homer Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres Isaac Levitan douard Manet Claude Monet Gustave Moreau Berthe Morisot Edvard Munch Mikhail Nesterov Camille Pissarro Pierre-Auguste Renoir Ilya Repin Auguste Rodin Albert Pinkham Ryder John Singer Sargent Valentin Serov Georges Seurat Ivan Shishkin Vasily Surikov Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Joseph Mallord William Turner Viktor Vasnetsov Mikhail Vrubel James Abbott McNeill Whistler Tsukioka Yoshitoshi Music Main articles: List of Romantic composers Romantic music and Romanticism Ludwig van Beethoven Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres Niccolo Paganini (c.1819) charcoal drawing Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Chopin by Delacroix 1838.

Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven Franz Liszt Frdric Chopin Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. The list includes: Ludwig van Beethoven Hector Berlioz Georges Bizet Alexander Borodin Johannes Brahms Anton Bruckner Frdric Chopin Claude Debussy Antonn Dvok Edvard Grieg Scott Joplin Gustav Mahler Franz Liszt Felix Mendelssohn Modest Mussorgsky Jacques Offenbach Niccol Paganini Camille Saint-Sans Antonio Salieri Franz Schubert Robert Schumann Gilbert and Sullivan Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Giuseppe Verdi Richard Wagner Literature Main articles: Romantic poetry and 19th century in literature Charles Dickens Alfred Lord Tennyson Mark Twain 1894 Jane Austen Daguerreotype of Edgar Allan Poe Arthur Rimbaud c.1872 Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau August 1861. Emile Zola c.1900 On the literary front the new century opens with romanticism a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain. French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began. The Goncourts and Emile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21 1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto. There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Alexander Pushkin Nikolai Gogol Leo Tolstoy Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Dostoevsky; the English Charles Dickens John Keats Alfred Lord Tennyson and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe Ralph Waldo Emerson and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo Honor de Balzac Jules Verne and Charles Baudelaire. Some other important writers of note included: Leopoldo Alas Hans Christian Andersen Machado de Assis Jane Austen Gertrudis Gmez de Avellaneda Gustavo Adolfo Bcquer Elizabeth Barret Browning Anne Bront Charlotte Bront Emily Bront Georg Bchner Ivan Bunin Lord Byron Rosala de Castro Franois-Ren de Chateaubriand Anton Chekhov Kate Chopin Samuel Taylor Coleridge James Fenimore Cooper Stephen Crane Eduard Douwes Dekker Emily Dickinson Charles Dickens Arthur Conan Doyle Alexandre Dumas pre (18021870) George Eliot Ralph Waldo Emerson Gustave Flaubert Margaret Fuller Elizabeth Gaskell Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Nikolai Gogol Juana Manuela Gorriti Brothers Grimm Henry Rider Haggard Ida Grfin Hahn-Hahn (18051880) Thomas Hardy Francis Bret Harte Nathaniel Hawthorne Friedrich Hlderlin Heinrich Heine Henrik Ibsen Washington Irving Henry James John Keats Caroline Kirkland Jules Laforgue Giacomo Leopardi Mikhail Lermontov Stphane Mallarm Alessandro Manzoni Jos Mart Clorinda Matto de Turner Herman Melville Friedrich Nietzsche Manuel Gonzlez Prada Marcel Proust Aleksandr Pushkin Fritz Reuter (18101874) Arthur Rimbaud John Ruskin George Sand (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin) Mary Shelley Percy Shelley Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle) Robert Louis Stevenson Bram Stoker Harriet Beecher Stowe Alfred Lord Tennyson Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Ivan Turgenev Mark Twain Paul Verlaine Jules Verne Lew Wallace HG Wells Walt Whitman Oscar Wilde William Wordsworth mile Zola Jos Zorrilla Science Dmitri Mendeleev Charles Darwin Nadar Louis Pasteur 1878 Mme. Marie Curie c.1898 The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell.11 Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Dmitri Mendeleev created the first periodic table of elements. Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry including the asymmetry of crystals. Thomas Alva Edison gave the world a practical everyday lightbulb. Karl Weierstrass and other mathematicians also carried out the arithmetization of analysis for functions of real and complex variables; they also began the use of hypercomplex numbers. But the most important step in science at this time was the ideas formulated by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about. Other important 19th century scientists included: Amedeo Avogadro physicist Johann Jakob Balmer mathematician physicist Henri Becquerel physicist Alexander Graham Bell inventor Ludwig Boltzmann physicist Jnos Bolyai mathematician Louis Braille inventor of braille Robert Bunsen chemist Marie Curie physicist chemist Pierre Curie physicist Gottlieb Daimler engineer industrial designer and industrialist Christian Doppler physicist mathematician Thomas Edison inventor Michael Faraday scientist Lon Foucault physicist Gottlob Frege mathematician logician and philosopher Sigmund Freud the father of psychoanalysis Carl Friedrich Gauss mathematician physicist astronomer Josiah Willard Gibbs physicist Ernst Haeckel biologist William Rowan Hamilton physicist and mathematician Oliver Heaviside electrical engineer physical mathematician Heinrich Hertz physicist Alexander von Humboldt naturalist explorer Robert Koch physician bacteriologist Justus von Liebig chemist Nikolai Lobachevsky mathematician James Clerk Maxwell physicist Wilhelm Maybach car-engine and automobile designer and industrialist Gregor Mendel biologist Dmitri Mendeleev chemist Samuel Morey inventor Alfred Nobel chemist engineer inventor Louis Pasteur microbiologist and chemist Santiago Ramn y Cajal biologist Bernhard Riemann mathematician William Emerson Ritter biologist Nikola Tesla inventor William Thomson Lord Kelvin physicist Philosophy and religion Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Karl Marx Mikhail Bakunin Sren Kierkegaard The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers including: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the Ahmadiyya Islamic movement in India. Bah'u'llh founded the Bah' Faith in Persia Mikhail Bakunin anarchist William Booth social reformer founder of the Salvation Army Auguste Comte philosopher Mary Baker Eddy religious leader founder of Christian Science Friedrich Engels political philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel philosopher Allan Kardec sistematizer of the Spiritist Doctrine Sren Kierkegaard philosopher Peter Kropotkin anarchist Karl Marx political philosopher Pierre Joseph Proudhon Mutualist anarchist John Stuart Mill philosopher William Morris social reformer Friedrich Nietzsche philosopher Nikolai (Nicholas) of Japan religious leader introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Hindu mystic Claude Henri de Rouvroy Comte de Saint-Simon founder of French socialism Arthur Schopenhauer philosopher Joseph Smith Jr. and Brigham Young founders of Mormonism Vladimir Solovyov philosopher Leo Tolstoy aharchist Ayya Vaikundar initiator of the belief system of Ayyavazhi Ellen White religious author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church Politics and the Military John Adams American statesman lawyer and president John Quincy Adams U.S. congressman lawyer and president Alexander I of Russia Alexander II of Russia Susan B. Anthony U.S. women's rights advocate Pyotr Bagration Russian general Otto von Bismarck German chancellor Napoleon Bonaparte French general first consul and emperor John C. Calhoun U.S. senator Henry Clay U.S. statesman "The Great Compromiser" Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States of America just before and during the American Civil War. Benjamin Disraeli novelist and politician Frederick Douglass U.S. abolitionist spokesman Ferdinand VII of Spain Joseph Fouch French politician John C. Frmont Explorer Governor of California Giuseppe Garibaldi unifier of Italy and Piedmontese soldier Alexander Gorchakov Russian Chancellor Isabella II of Spain Gojong of Joseon Korean emperor William Lloyd Garrison U.S. abolitionist leader Mikhail Loris-Melikov Russian statesman William Ewart Gladstone British prime minister Ulysses S. Grant U.S. general and president George Hearst U.S. Senator and father of William Randolph Hearst Theodor Herzl founder of modern political Zionism Andrew Jackson U.S. general and president Thomas Jefferson American statesman philosopher and president Ioannis Kapodistrias Russian and Greek statesman Lajos Kossuth Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence Mikhail Kutuzov Russian general Robert E. Lee Confederate general Libertadores Latin American liberators Abraham Lincoln U.S. president; led the nation during the American Civil War Sir John A. Macdonald Canada first Prime Minister of Canada Klemens von Metternich Austrian Chancellor Mutsuhito Japanese emperor Pavel Nakhimov Russian admiral Napoleon III Karl Nesselrode Russian Chancellor Nicholas I of Russia Pedro II of Brazil Cecil Rhodes Theodore Roosevelt Explorer Naturalist future President of The United States William Tecumseh Sherman Union general during the American Civil War Fulwar Skipwith the first and only president of the short lived Republic of West Florida Mikhail Skobelev Russian general Leland Stanford Governor of California U.S. Senator entrepreneur Istvn Szchenyi aristocrat leader of the Hungarian reform movement Charles Maurice de Talleyrand French politician Harriet Tubman African-American abolitionist humanitarian played a part in the Underground Railroad William M. Tweed aka Boss Tweed influential New York City politician head of Tammany Hall Queen Victoria British monarch Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington British General and prime minister Sergei Witte Russian statesman Hong Xiuquan revolutionary self-proclaimed Son of God Aleksey Yermolov Russian general Tokugawa Yoshinobu Japanese Shogun (The Last Shogun) See also Timeline of modern history 19th century in film 19th century in games 19th-century philosophy Capitalism in the nineteenth century France in the nineteenth century List of wars 18001899 Mid-nineteenth century Spain Nineteenth century theatre Russian history 18551892 Timeline of 19th century Islamic history Timeline of historic inventions#19th century Victorian Era External links Media related to 19th century at Wikimedia Commons Supplementary portrait gallery Allan Kardec Friedrich Nietzsche Otto von Bismarck the Iron Chancellor The last Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu circa 1867 Anton Chekhov Leo Tolstoy 1897 References Encyclopdia Britannica's Great Inventions. Encyclopdia Britannica. "The United States and the Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century" Laura Del Col West Virginia University The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England Modernization Population Change. Encyclopdia Britannica. Liberalism in the 19th century. Encyclopdia Britannica. Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore. BBC. The Atlantic: Can the US afford immigration. Migration News. December 1996. Spring Hermann (1997) "Geronimo: Apache freedom fighter". Enslow Publishers. p.26 ISBN 0894908642 "Killing ground: photographs of the Civil War and the changing American landscape". John Huddleston (2002). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6773-8 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "William Whewell". Stanford University. http://www.science.uva.nl/seop/entries/whewell/. Retrieved 2008-03-03.  v d eRomanticism Culture Bohemianism  Counter-Enlightenment  Gesamtkunstwerk  Ossian  Romantic nationalism  Transcendentalism  Wallenrodism Literature Andersen  A. v. Arnim  B. v. Arnim  Barbauld  Bertrand  Blake  Brentano  Bryant  Burns  Byron  Chateaubriand  Clare   Coleridge  Cooper  Dias  Eichendorff  Emerson  Espronceda  Foscolo  Garrett  Gautier   Goethe  Grimm Brothers  Hauff  Hawthorne  Heine  Herculano  Hoffmann  Hlderlin  Hugo  Irving  Jean Paul  Keats  Kleist  Krasiski  Lamartine  Larra  Leopardi  Lermontov  Mcha  Malczewski  Manzoni  Mickiewicz  Musset  Nerval  Norwid  Novalis  Oehlenschlger  Poe  Preeren  Pushkin  Schiller  Schwab  Scott  M. Shelley  P. B. 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Schlegel  Schleiermacher  Tieck  Wackenroder Art Blake  Briullov  Constable  Corot  Dahl  Delacroix  Dsseldorf School  Friedrich  Fuseli  Gricault  Goya  Gude  Hayez  Hudson River School  Leutze  Martin  Michaowski  Nazarene movement  Palmer  Runge  Turner  Veit  Ward  Wiertz Architecture Gothic Revival   Age of Enlightenment Realism   v d eDecades and years 19th century 17th century18th century 20th century21st century 1790s 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 18001809 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810s 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820s 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830s 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840s 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850s 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860s 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 19001909 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 v d eCenturies and millennia Millennium Century BC 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 4th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th