This article is about the U.S. state of Alabama. For the river see Alabama River. For other uses see Alabama (disambiguation). State of Alabama Flag Seal Nickname(s): Yellowhammer State; Heart of Dixie; Cotton State Motto(s): Audemus jura nostra defendere (Latin) Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English (96.17%) Spanish (2.12%) Demonym Alabamian Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham 229800 (2007 estimate)1 Largest metro area Greater Birmingham Area Area  Ranked 30th in the U.S.  - Total 52419 sq mi (135765 km2)  - Width 190 miles (305 km)  - Length 330 miles (531 km)  - % water 3.20  - Latitude 3011 N to 35 N  - Longitude 8453 W to 8828 W Population  Ranked 23rd in the U.S.  - Total 4779736 (2010)2 4447100 (2000) - Density 84.83/sq mi  (33.84/km2) Ranked 27th in the U.S. Elevation    - Highest point Mount Cheaha3 2413 ft  (735 m)  - Mean 499 ft  (152 m)  - Lowest point Gulf of Mexico4 0 ft  (0 m) Before statehood Alabama Territory Admission to Union  December 14 1819 (22nd) Governor Robert J. Bentley (R) Lieutenant Governor Kay Ivey (R) Legislature Alabama Legislature  - Upper house Senate  - Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Richard Shelby (R) Jeff Sessions (R) U.S. House delegation 6 Republicans 1 Democrat (list) Time zone Central: UTC-6/DST-5 Abbreviations AL Ala. US-AL Website alabama.gov Alabama State Symbols The Flag of Alabama. Animate insignia Amphibian Red Hills salamander Bird(s) Yellowhammer Wild Turkey Butterfly Eastern Tiger Swallowtail Fish Largemouth bass Fighting tarpon Flower(s) Camellia Oak-leaf Hydrangea Insect Monarch Butterfly Mammal(s) American Black Bear Racking horse Reptile Alabama red-bellied turtle Tree Longleaf Pine Inanimate insignia Beverage Conecuh Ridge Whiskey Colors Red White Dance Square Dance Food Pecan Blackberry Peach Fossil Basilosaurus Gemstone Star Blue Quartz Mineral Hematite Rock Marble Shell Johnstone's Junonia Slogan(s) Share The Wonder Alabama the beautiful Where America finds its voice Sweet Home Alabama Soil Bama Song(s) Alabama (song) Route marker(s) State Quarter Released in 2003 Lists of United States state insignia

Alabama (i /lbm/) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north Georgia to the east Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with 4.7 million residents in 2009.5

From the American Civil War until World War II Alabama like many Southern states suffered economic hardship in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented.6 Following World War II Alabama experienced growth as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing mineral extraction education and technology. In addition the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations primarily those of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force added to state jobs.

Alabama is unofficially nicknamed the Yellowhammer State after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the "Heart of Dixie". The state tree is the Longleaf Pine the state flower is the Camellia. The capital of Alabama is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham. The largest city by total land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile founded by French colonists. Contents 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Indigenous peoples early history 1.3 European settlement 1.4 Statehood Civil War and Reconstruction 1.5 19001960 1.6 1960present 2 Geography 2.1 Urban areas 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Race and ancestry 3.2 Religion 3.3 Health 4 Economy 4.1 Birmingham 4.2 Huntsville 4.3 Mobile 4.4 Montgomery 4.5 Tuscaloosa 5 Law and government 5.1 State government 5.2 Taxes 5.3 Local and county government 5.4 Politics 5.5 State elections 5.6 Local elections 5.7 Federal elections 6 Education 6.1 Primary and secondary education 6.2 Colleges and universities 7 Sports 7.1 Professional sports teams 8 Transportation 8.1 Toll roads 8.2 Water ports 9 Notable Alabamians 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article: History of Alabama Etymology

The Alabama (people) a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers on the upper reaches of the Alabama River7 served as the etymological source of the names of the river and state. In the Alabama language the word for an Alabama person is Albaamo (or variously Albaama or Albamo in different dialects; the plural form "Alabama persons" is Albaamaha).8 The word Alabama is believed to have originated from the Choctaw language9 and was later adopted by the Alabama tribe as their name.10 The spelling of the word varies significantly between sources.10 The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540 with Garcilasso de la Vega using Alibamo while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu respectively.10 As early as 1702 the tribe was known to the French as Alibamon with French maps identifying the river as Rivire des Alibamons.7 Other spellings of the appellation have included Alibamu Alabamo Albama Alebamon Alibama Alibamou Alabamu and Allibamou.10111213

Although the origin of Alabama could be discerned sources disagree on its meaning. An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican originated the idea that the meaning was "Here We Rest."10 This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek.10 Experts in the Muskogean languages have been unable to find any evidence to support such a translation.710 Scholars believe the word comes from the Choctaw alba (meaning "plants" or "weeds") and amo (meaning "to cut" "to trim" or "to gather").91014 The meaning may have been "clearers of the thicket"9 or "herb gatherers"1415 which may refer to clearing of land for cultivation11 or to collecting medicinal plants.15 Indigenous peoples early history

Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before European colonization. Trade with the Northeast via the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BCAD 700) and continued until European contact.16 The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from AD 1000 to 1600 with one of its major centers being at the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville Alabama.1718 Analysis of artifacts recovered from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC).19 Contrary to popular belief the SECC appears to have no direct links to Mesoamerican culture but developed independently. The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood.20

Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in the area of present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee and the Muskogean-speaking Alabama (Alibamu) Chickasaw Choctaw Creek Koasati and Mobile.21 European settlement

The French founded the first European settlement in the region at Old Mobile in 1702.22 The area was French from 1702 to 1763; part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1780. Thomas Bassett was the first British settler in the state. He settled near what is now Tombigbee River in Washington County.23 Alabama became part of Spanish West Florida from 1780 to 1810; part of the independent Republic of West Florida for a short time (90 days); annexed by the U.S. and added to the Territory of Orleans (1810); and finally added to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. Throughout these later developments however the Spanish had kept a nominal (although largely ignored) governmental presence in the region based out of Mobile. When Andrew Jackson's forces occupied Mobile in 1814 while preparing for the Battle of New Orleans he demonstrated the United States' de facto authority over the region effectively ending Spanish governance (though not its claim) while gaining an unencumbered passage to the gulf.24

The area making up today's northern and central Alabama known as the Yazoo lands had been claimed by the Province of Georgia after 1763. Following the Revolutionary War it remained a part of the state of Georgia although heavily disputed. Conflicting claims to the area were held first by several Native American tribes (most notably the Cherokee and Yazoo) by other states (e.g. South Carolina); and by the US federal government; Britain and Spain. In 1802 the region was joined to the Mississippi Territory. Individual statehood was delayed however by the territory's lack of a coastline. Statehood Civil War and Reconstruction Mount Cheaha Alabama's highest point Alabama became the twenty-second state admitted to the Union in 1819. Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men. Settlers rapidly arrived to take advantage of the fertile soil. Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations expanded. The economy of the central "Black Belt" (named for its dark productive soil) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew largely from slave labor.25 The area also drew many poor disfranchised people who became subsistence farmers. The 1860 census records show that enslaved Africans comprised 45% of the state's total population of 964201. There were only 2690 free persons of color living in Alabama at the time. On January 11 1861 Alabama seceded from the Union and joined the Confederate States of America. While few battles were fought in the state Alabama contributed about 120000 soldiers to the American Civil War. Alabama's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865.26 During Reconstruction the new state legislators created a public school system for the first time as well as establishing some welfare institutions to help its people. Alabama was officially restored to the Union in 1868. After the Civil War the state was still chiefly agricultural with an economy tied to cotton. Planters resisted working with free labor during Reconstruction and sought to re-establish controls over freedmen. In the early years the Ku Klux Klan had numerous independent chapters in Alabama that attacked freedmen and other Republicans. After it was suppressed insurgent whites organized paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts and White League that acted more openly to suppress black voting. Regaining power by the late 1870s in the last decade of the 19th century white Democrats passed electoral laws and constitutional amendments to disfranchise most blacks and many poor whites. Having regained power in the state legislature Democrats passed Jim Crow laws including racial segregation in public facilities to restore white supremacy. In 1875 it passed a Blaine Amendment preventing the use of public money from being used to finance Catholic schools.27 19001960 School in Alabama (Farm Security Administration 1935) The new 1901 Constitution of Alabama effectively disfranchised African Americans through voting restrictions including literacy requirements. While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to support these legislative efforts the new restrictions resulted in disfranchising poor whites as well due mostly to imposition of a cumulative poll tax. In 1900 14 Black Belt counties had more than 79000 voters on the rolls.clarification needed By June 1 1903 the number ofclarification needed registered voters had dropped to 1081. In 1900 Alabama had more than 181000 African Americans eligible to vote. By 1903 2980 had qualified to register although at least 74000 black voters were literate.28 By 1941 a total of more whites than blacks had been disfranchised: 600000 whites to 520000 blacks.28 Nearly all African-Americans lost the ability to vote. The disfranchisement was ended by African Americans' leading the Civil Rights Movement and gaining Federal legislation in the mid-1960s to protect their voting and civil rights. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 also protected the suffrage of poor whites. The rural-dominated legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disfranchised African Americans in the segregated state but did not relieve them of paying taxes.25 Continued racial discrimination agricultural depression and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans to seek opportunities in northern cities. They left Alabama in the early 20th century as part of the Great Migration to industrial jobs and better futures in northern industrial cities. The population growth rate in Alabama (see "Historical Populations" table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920 reflecting the effect of emigration. At the same time many rural whites and blacks migrated to the city of Birmingham for work in new industrial jobs. It experienced such rapid growth that it was nicknamed "The Magic City". By the 1920s Birmingham was the 19th largest city in the U.S. and held more than 30% of the population of the state. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of the economy.29 This structure greets drivers visiting the Alabama Welcome Center just inside the AL/GA border off of Interstate 20. Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought prosperity.25 Cotton faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base. In the 1960s under Governor George Wallace many whites in the state opposed integration efforts. 1960present Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961 the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population. They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas. In addition the state legislature gerrymandered the few Birmingham legislative seats to ensure election by persons living outside Birmingham. One result was that Jefferson County containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state but did not receive a proportional amount in services. Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination "A minority of about 25 per cent of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature."6 African Americans were presumed partial to Republicans for historical reasons but they were disfranchised. White Alabamans felt bitter towards the Republican Party in the aftermath of the Civil War and Reconstruction. These factors created a longstanding tradition that any candidate who wanted to be viable with white voters had to run as a Democrat regardless of political beliefs. During the Civil Rights Movement African Americans achieved a protection of voting and other civil rights through the passage of the national Civil Rights Act of 196430 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. De jure segregation ended in the states as Jim Crow laws were invalidated or repealed.31 Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965 cases were filed in Federal courts to force Alabama to properly redistrict by population both the state legislature House and Senate. In 1972 for the first time since 1901 the legislature implemented the Alabama constitution's provision for periodic redistricting based on population. This benefited the urban areas that had developed as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than 60 years.6 After 1972 the state's white voters shifted much of their support to Republican candidates in presidential elections (as also occurred in neighboring southern states). Since 1990 the majority of whites in the state have voted increasingly Republican in state elections. In 2010 Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years.32 Geography Alabama terrain map: shows lakes rivers roads with Mount Cheaha (right center) east of Birmingham. Main article: Geography of Alabama See also: List of Alabama counties and Geology of Alabama Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with 52423 square miles (135775 km2) of total area: 3.19% of the area is water making Alabama twenty-third in the amount of surface water also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States.33 About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley creating numerous creeks streams rivers mountains and lakes.34 The states bordering Alabama are Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico in the extreme southern edge of the state.34 Alabama ranges in elevation from sea level4 at Mobile Bay to over 1800 feet (550 m) in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast. The highest point is Mount Cheaha34 at a height of 2413 ft (735 m).3 Alabama's land consists of 22 million acres (89000 km2) of forest or 67% of total land area.35 Suburban Baldwin County along the Gulf Coast is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.36 Orange Beach AL on the Gulf of Mexico coastline Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee.37 Additionally Alabama has four National Forests including Conecuh Talladega Tuskegee and William B. Bankhead.38 Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail. A notable natural wonder in Alabama is "Natural Bridge" rock the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies located just south of Haleyville in Winston County. A 5-mile (8 km)-wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County just north of Montgomery. This is the Wetumpka crater which is the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster".39 A 1000-foot (300 m)-wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago.39 The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ("star-wound") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.40 In 2002 Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as an internationally recognized impact crater.39 Urban areas Birmingham largest city and metropolitan area Huntsville second-largest metropolitan area Mobile third-largest metropolitan area Montgomery fourth-largest metropolitan area Tuscaloosa fifth-largest metropolitan area Main article: List of Metropolitan areas of Alabama See also: List of cities in Alabama Rank Metropolitan Area Population (2010 Census) Counties 1 Birmingham-Hoover 1128047 Bibb Blount Chilton Jefferson St. Clair Shelby Walker 2 Huntsville 417593 Limestone Madison 3 Mobile 412992 Mobile 4 Montgomery 374536 Autauga Elmore Lowndes Montgomery 5 Tuscaloosa 219461 Greene Hale Tuscaloosa 6 Decatur 153829 Lawrence Morgan 7 Florence-Muscle Shoals 147137 Colbert Lauderdale 8 Dothan 145639 Geneva Henry Houston 9 Auburn-Opelika 140247 Lee 10 Anniston-Oxford 118572 Calhoun 11 Gadsden 104430 Etowah Total 3362483 Rank City Population (2010 Census) County 1 Birmingham 212237 Jefferson 2 Montgomery 205764 Montgomery 3 Mobile 195111 Mobile 4 Huntsville 180105 Madison Limestone 5 Tuscaloosa 90468 Tuscaloosa 6 Hoover 81619 Jefferson Shelby 7 Dothan 65496 Houston 8 Decatur 55683 Morgan Limestone 9 Auburn 53380 Lee 10 Madison 42938 Madison Limestone 11 Florence 39319 Lauderdale 12 Gadsden 36856 Etowah 13 Vestavia Hills 34033 Jefferson 14 Prattville 33960 Autauga 15 Phenix City 32822 Russell Climate Main article: Climate of Alabama The state is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa) under the Koppen Climate Classification.41 The average annual temperature is 64 F (18 C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico while the northern parts of the state especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast tend to be slightly cooler.42 Generally Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of 56 inches (1400 mm) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.42 Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the United States with high temperatures averaging over 90 F (32 C) throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and even hurricanes. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken. Though winters in the state are usually mild nightly freezing occurs frequently in the North Alabama region. This is shown in this picture taken at the Old State Bank in Decatur during early January. South Alabama reports many thunderstorms. The Gulf Coast around Mobile Bay averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. Occasionally thunderstorms are severe with frequent lightning and large hail the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm. Alabama ranks seventh in the number of deaths from lightning and ninth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita.43 Alabama along with Kansas has the most reported EF5 tornadoes of any state according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1 1950 to October 31 2006.44 Several long tracked F5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state even surpassing Texas which has a much larger area within Tornado Alley. The state suffered damage in the Super Outbreak of April 1974 and the April 2528 2011 tornado outbreak. The peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December along with the spring severe weather season. The northern part of the state along the Tennessee Valley is one of the areas in the U.S. most vulnerable to violent tornadoes. The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains. Winters are generally mild in Alabama as they are throughout most of the southeastern United States with average January low temperatures around 40 F (4 C) in Mobile and around 32 F (0 C) in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches (51 mm) per year. In the southern Gulf coast snowfall is less frequent sometimes going several years without any snowfall. Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities45 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec City temp F C F C F C F C F C F C F C F C F C F C F C F C Birmingham high 53 12 58 14 66 19 74 23 81 27 88 31 91 33 90 32 85 29 75 24 64 18 56 13 low 32 0 35 2 42 6 48 9 58 14 65 18 70 21 69 21 63 17 51 11 42 6 35 2 Huntsville high 49 9 55 13 63 17 72 22 80 27 86 30 89 32 89 32 83 28 73 23 62 17 52 11 low 31 1 34 1 41 5 48 9 58 14 65 18 70 21 68 20 62 17 50 10 41 5 34 1 Mobile high 61 16 64 18 71 22 77 25 84 29 89 32 91 33 91 33 87 31 79 26 70 21 63 17 low 40 4 42 6 49 9 55 13 63 17 69 21 72 22 72 22 68 20 56 13 48 9 42 6 Montgomery high 58 14 62 17 70 21 78 26 85 29 91 33 93 34 92 33 88 31 79 26 69 21 60 16 low 36 2 39 4 45 7 51 11 60 16 67 19 71 22 70 21 65 18 52 11 44 7 38 3 Demographics Main article: Demographics of Alabama Alabama population density map Historical populations Census Pop. % 1800 1250 1810 9046 623.7% 1820 127901 1313.9% 1830 309527 142.0% 1840 590756 90.9% 1850 771623 30.6% 1860 964201 25.0% 1870 996992 3.4% 1880 1262505 26.6% 1890 1513401 19.9% 1900 1828697 20.8% 1910 2138093 16.9% 1920 2348174 9.8% 1930 2646248 12.7% 1940 2832961 7.1% 1950 3061743 8.1% 1960 3266740 6.7% 1970 3444165 5.4% 1980 3893888 13.1% 1990 4040587 3.8% 2000 4447100 10.1% 2010 4779736 7.5% Sources: 1910-201046 The United States Census Bureau as of July 1 2008 estimated Alabama's population at 46619002 which represents an increase of 214545 or 4.8% since the last census in 2000.47 This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121054 people (that is 502457 births minus 381403 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 104991 people into the state.47 Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 31180 people and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73811 people.47 The state had 108000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population) of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal immigrants (24000). The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County outside of the town of Jemison an area known as Jemison Division.48 Race and ancestry According to the 2010 U.S. Census Alabama had a population of 4779736. In terms of race and ethnicity the state was 68.5% White (67.0% Non-Hispanic White Alone) 26.2% Black or African American 0.6% American Indian and Alaska Native 1.1% Asian 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 2.0% from Some Other Race and 1.5% from Two or More Races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 3.9% of the population.49 The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are: African American (26.2%) English (23.6%) Irish (7.7%) German (5.7%) and Scots-Irish (2.0%).505152 In the 2000 Census 621080 people claimed to be of "American ancestry" most them are of overwhelmingly English extraction however most English Americans identify simply as having American ethnicity because their roots have been in North America as long as the early 1600s. Demographers estimate that roughly 23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry.53545556 There are also many more people in Alabama of Scots-Irish origins than are self-reported.52 In 1984 under the DavisStrong Act Alabama established a state Indian Commission and officially recognized seven American Indian tribes including the Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama which is a 501 (c3) group. It is made up of descendants of the Chickamauga Cherokee and others who managed to evade Indian Removal in the 1830s. Working with Auburn University the tribe has begun a revival of the Cherokee language. Religion Alabama is located in the middle of the Bible Belt. A majority of people in Alabama today identify as Protestant. As of 2000 the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are Evangelical Protestant Mainline Protestant and Catholic. The Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents in Alabama with 1380121 followed by the United Methodist Church with 327734 members and the Catholic Church with 150647 adherents.57 In a 2007 survey nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels. Of those who indicated a religious preference 59% said they possessed a "full understanding" of their faith and needed no further learning.58 In a 2007 poll 92% of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state.5960 In the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey 80% of Alabama respondents reported their religion as Christian (other than Catholic) 6% as Catholic and 11% as having no religion at all.61 Health A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study showed that Alabama was the worst in the country for obesity with most counties having over 29% of adults obese except for ten which exceeded 26%.62 Residents were least likely of any state in the nation to exercise.63 Alabama has one of the highest incidents of adult onset diabetes in the country exceeding 10% of adults.6465 Economy Alabama's quarter depicting famous resident Helen Keller along with the longleaf pine branch and Camellia blossoms from the 50 State Quarters program. Released March 19 2003. The state has heavily invested in aerospace education health care and banking and various heavy industries including automobile manufacturing mineral extraction steel production and fabrication. According to the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion or $29411 per capita. Alabama's 2008 GDP increased 0.7% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information.66 In 1999 per capita income for the state was $18189.67 As of September 2010 the state's unemployment rate is 8.9%.68 Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs cattle plant nursery items peanuts cotton grains such as corn and sorghum vegetables milk soybeans and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State" Alabama ranks between eight and ten in national cotton production according to various reports6970 with Texas Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three. Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper lumber and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. Also Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products mostly in the Huntsville area location of NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the US Army Aviation and Missile Command headquartered at Redstone Arsenal. Most of this growth is due to Alabama's rapidly expanding automotive manufacturing industry. Headquartered in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama Mercedes-Benz U.S. International and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama. Since 1993 the automobile industry has generated more than 67800 new jobs in the state. Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation in automobile output.71 Birmingham UAB campus In the 1970s and 1980s Birmingham's economy was transformed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)'s investments in bio-technology and medical research. UAB Hospital is a Level I trauma center the only one in Alabama that provides health care and breakthrough medical research.72 UAB is now the area's largest employer and the largest in Alabama with a workforce of about 20000. Other health care-services providers such as HealthSouth Corporation Surgical Care Affiliates Diagnostic Health Corporation and Naphcare are also headquartered in the city. Birmingham is also a leading U.S. banking center and the headquarters of Regions Financial Corporation BBVA Compass and Superior Bancorp. Birmingham-based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Madrid-based BBVA in September 2007 although the headquarters of BBVA Compass remains in Birmingham. In November 2006 Regions Financial completed its merger with AmSouth Bancorporation which was also headquartered in Birmingham. SouthTrust Corporation another large bank headquartered in Birmingham was acquired by Wachovia in 2004 for $14.3 billion. The city still has major operations for Wachovia and its now post-operating bank Wells Fargo which includes a regional headquarters a operations center campus and a $400 million dollar data center. Nearly a dozen smaller banks are also headquartered in the Magic City such as Superior Bancorp ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies including Harbert Management Corporation. Telecommunications provider AT&T formerly BellSouth also has a major presence in Birmingham with several large offices in the metropolitan area. The company has over 6000 employees and more than 1200 contract employees that work at a local data center located in the area. Birmingham is also a powerhouse of construction and engineering companies. This started with Rust Engineering Company which later became Rust International and has grown to include Brasfield & Gorrie BE&K Hoar Construction and B.L. Harbert International which all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design international construction and engineering firms. (Rust International was acquired in 2000 by Washington Group International which was in turn acquired by San-Francisco based URS Corporation in 2007.) Huntsville Huntsville's main economic influence is derived from aerospace and military technology. Redstone Arsenal NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center Cummings Research Park (CRP) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville help drive the economy. Huntsville has commercial technology companies such as the network access company ADTRAN computer graphics company Intergraph and design and manufacturer of IT infrastructure Avocent. Telecommunications provider Deltacom is headquartered in Huntsville. Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu-ray Discs out of their Huntsville plant. Mobile The city of Mobile Alabama's only saltwater port is a busy seaport on the Gulf of Mexico with inland waterway access to the Midwest by way of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. The Port of Mobile is currently the 9th-largest by tonnage in the United States.73 In May 2007 a site north of Mobile was selected by German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp for a $3.7 billion steel production plant with the promise of 2700 permanent jobs.74 $9 billion is spent annually on "travel related expenses." This figure is used to indicate the extent of tourism.75 Aerospace retail services construction medicine and manufacturing are Mobile's major industries. Montgomery Montgomery is Alabama's capital and the second-largest city in the state; much of the city's economy is driven by government jobs. As of January 2011 the city's largest employers were Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base the State of Alabama and the Montgomery Public Schools. Manufacturing is the third-largest sector of Montgomery's economy and one of the fastest growing. Large manufacturing employers include Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama Rheem Water Heaters and Mobis Alabama.76 The city's Gross Metropolitan Product is $12.15 billion representing 8.7% of the Gross State Product of Alabama.77 The city also draws in workers from the surrounding area; Montgomery's daytime population rises 17.4% to 239101.78 Tuscaloosa DCH Medical Tower in Tuscaloosa Despite its image as a college town Tuscaloosa has a diversified economy based on all sectors of manufacturing and service. Tuscaloosa is the regional center of industry commerce healthcare and education for the region of west central Alabama known as West Alabama. Health-care and education serve as the cornerstone of Tuscaloosa's service sector which includes the University of Alabama DCH Regional Medical Center Bryce Hospital the William D. Partlow Developmental Center the Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center and more. The Westervelt Company a land resources and wildlife management company has its headquarters in Tuscaloosa and the city's industrial and manufacturing base includes BFGoodrich Tire Manufacturing GAF Materials Corporation Hunt Refining Company JVC America Nucor Steel and Phifer Wire among numerous other operations. The city attracted international attention when Mercedes-Benz announced it would build its first automotive assembly plant in North America in Tuscaloosa. Barge transportation in and out of the Port of Tuscaloosa and other commercial navigation make the Black Warrior River useful in the state of Alabama and Tuscaloosa's economy. Law and government The State Capitol built in 1850 State government Main article: Government of Alabama The foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution which was ratified in 1901. At almost 800 amendments and 310000 words it is the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the U.S. Constitution.7980 There is a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution.81 This movement is based upon the fact that Alabama's constitution highly centralizes power in Montgomery and leaves practically no power in local hands. Any policy changes proposed around the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and frequently by state referendum. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length were intentional to codify segregation and racism. Alabama is divided into three equal branches: The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives with 105 members and the Alabama Senate with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing debating passing or defeating state legislation. The executive branch is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the Governor of Alabama. Other members of executive branch include the cabinet the Attorney General of Alabama the Alabama Secretary of State the Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries the Alabama State Treasurer and the State Auditor of Alabama. The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama. Taxes Alabama levies a 2 4 or 5 percent personal income tax depending upon the amount earned and filing status. Taxpayers are not allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax but can deduct federal Social Security and Medicare taxes. The state's general sales tax rate is 4%.82 The collection rate could be substantially higher depending upon additional city and county sales taxes. For example the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1% which means that a diner in Mobile would pay a 11% tax on a meal. Sales and excise taxes in Alabama account for 51% of all state and local revenue compared with an average of about 36% nationwide. Alabama is also one of the few remaining states that levies a tax on food and medicine. Alabama's income tax on poor working families is among the nation's very highest.83 Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4600 which is barely one-quarter of the federal poverty line.83 Alabama's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes.83 The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5%. The overall federal state and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.84 Property taxes are the lowest in the United States. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes. Since Alabama's tax structure largely depends on consumer spending it is subject to high variable budget structure. For example in 2003 Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million. Local and county government Alabama counties (clickable map) Alabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch usually called the County Commission which usually also has executive authority in the county. Because of the restraints placed in the Alabama Constitution all but seven counties (Jefferson Lee Mobile Madison Montgomery Shelby and Tuscaloosa) in the state have little to no home rule. Instead most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies such as waste disposal to land use zoning. Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state; the government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. However counties can declare themselves "dry"; the state does not sell alcohol in those areas. List of counties in Alabama Rank County Population (2010 Census) Seat Largest city 1 Jefferson 658466 Birmingham Birmingham 2 Mobile 412992 Mobile Mobile 3 Madison 334811 Huntsville Huntsville 4 Montgomery 229363 Montgomery Montgomery 5 Shelby 195085 Columbiana Hoover (part) Alabaster 6 Tuscaloosa 194656 Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa 7 Baldwin 182265 Bay Minette Daphne 8 Lee 140247 Opelika Auburn 9 Morgan 119490 Decatur Decatur 10 Calhoun 118572 Anniston Anniston Politics Further information: Political party strength in Alabama Alabama Governor Robert Bentley The current governor of the state is Republican Robert Bentley. The lieutenant governor is Republican Kay Ivey. The Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Democrat Sue Bell Cobb. The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature. The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto). During Reconstruction following the American Civil War Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1874 the political coalition known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans in part by suppressing the African American vote. After 1890 a coalition of whites passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise black residents a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution. Provisions which disfranchised African Americans also disfranchised poor whites however. By 1941 more whites than blacks had been disfranchised: 600000 to 520000 although the impact was greater on the African-American community as almost all of its citizens were disfranchised. From 1901 through the 1960s the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state. The result was a rural minority that dominated state politics until a series of court cases required redistricting in 1972. Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the American Civil Rights Movement when majority whites bureaucratically and at times violently resisted protests for electoral and social reform. George Wallace the state's only four-term governor was a controversial figure. Only with the passage of the Federal Civil Rights Act of 196430 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain suffrage and other civil rights. In 2007 the Alabama Legislature passed and Republican Governor Bob Riley signed a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact. In a symbolic ceremony the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America.85 State elections With the disfranchisement of African Americans the state became part of the "Solid South" a one-party system in which the Democratic Party became essentially the only political party in every Southern state. For nearly 100 years local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election. Developments in the 1986 Democratic primary election led to the election of the first Republican Governor in more than 100 years and started Republicans on the road to political dominance in the state. One million voters cast ballots in the 1986 Democratic primary. The then-incumbent Lieutenant Governor Bill Baxley lost the Democratic nomination for Governor by approximately 8000 votes to then fellow Democratic Attorney General Charles Graddick. The state Democratic party's five-member election contest committee invalidated the primary election result claiming that thousands of Republicans had "illegally" voted in the Democratic primary for Graddick and as a result they removed Graddick from the ballot. The Democratic Party then placed Baxley's name on the ballot as the Democratic candidate instead of Graddick. The voters of the state revolted at what they perceived as disenfranchisement of their right to vote and elected the Republican challenger Guy Hunt as Governor.86 Hunt had been nominated in a statewide Republican primary that had 28000 participants compared to the 1000000 plus of the Democratic primary. That November Hunt became the first Republican Governor elected in Alabama since Reconstruction when he won 57% of the vote statewide against Baxley. Since 1986 Republicans have won six of the seven Governors elections and become increasingly competitive in Alabama politics at many levels. They currently control both seats in the U.S. Senate and six out of the state's seven congressional seats. Republicans now hold an 81 majority on the Alabama Supreme Court 87 and all ten seats on the state appellate courts. Until 1994 no Republicans held any of the court seats. This change also began likely in part due to the same perception by voters of Democratic party efforts to disenfranchise voters again in 1994. In that general election the then-incumbent Chief Justice of Alabama Sonny Hornsby refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3000 votes to Republican Perry Oliver Hooper Sr. Hornsby sued Alabama in court and defiantly remained in office for more than a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court. This ultimately would lead to a collapse of support for Democrats at the ballot box in the next three or four election cycles losing18 of the 19 total court seats. Today Republicans also hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices. Republicans also hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education. In 2010 Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years. However Democrats hold one of the three seats on the Alabama Public Service Commission.888990 Only two Republican Lieutenant Governors have been elected since Reconstruction Steve Windom and Kay Ivey the current Lieutenant Governor. Windom served as Lt. Governor under Democratic Gov. Don Siegelman. Before 2011 the last time that Alabama had a governor and Lieutenant Governor of the same party was the period between 1983 and 1987 when George Wallace was serving his fourth term as governor and Bill Baxley was serving as Lieutenant Governor; both were Democrats. In Alabama the members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections but the statewide officials such as the Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General and other constitutional offices take office in the following January.91 Local elections Many local offices (County Commissioners Boards of Education Tax Assessors Tax Collectors etc.) in the state are still held by Democrats. Local elections in most rural counties are generally decided in the Democratic primary and local elections in metropolitan and suburban counties are generally decided in the Republican Primary although there are exceptions.9293 Alabama's 67 County Sheriffs are elected in partisan races and Democrats still retain the majority of those posts. The current split is 42 Democrats 24 Republicans and 1 Independent (Choctaw).94Full citation needed However most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties and the majority of Republican sheriffs preside over more urban/suburban and heavily populated counties.95 Two Alabama counties (Montgomery and Calhoun) with a population of over 100000 have Democratic sheriffs and five Alabama counties with a population of under 75000 have Republican sheriffs (Autauga Coffee Dale Coosa and Blount).96 The state has one female sheriff (Morgan) and 9 African-American sheriffs.97Full citation needed Federal elections Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic State winner 2008 60.32% 1266546 38.80% 813479 John McCain 2004 62.46% 1176394 36.84% 693933 George W. Bush 2000 56.47% 944409 41.59% 695602 George W. Bush 1996 50.12% 769044 43.16% 662165 Bob Dole 1992 47.65% 804283 40.88% 690080 George Bush 1988 59.17% 815576 39.86% 549506 George Bush 1984 60.54% 872849 38.28% 551899 Ronald Reagan 1980 48.75% 654192 47.45% 636730 Ronald Reagan 1976 42.61% 504070 55.73% 659170 Jimmy Carter 1972 72.43% 728701 25.54% 256923 Richard Nixon 1968* 13.99% 146923 18.72% 196579 George Wallace (I) 1964 69.45% 479085 30.55% 210732 Barry Goldwater 1960 42.16% 237981 56.39% 318303 John F. Kennedy *State won by George Wallace of the American Independent Party at 65.86% or 691425 votes From 1876 through 1956 Alabama supported only Democratic presidential candidates by large margins. In 1960 the Democrats won with John F. Kennedy on the ballot but the Democratic electors from Alabama gave 6 of their 11 electoral votes as a protest to Harry Byrd. In 1964 Republican Barry Goldwater carried the state. In the 1968 presidential election Alabama supported native son and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace over both Richard Nixon and Hubert Humphrey. Wallace was the official Democratic candidate in Alabama while Humphrey was listed as the "National Democratic".98 In 1976 Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter from Georgia carried the state the region and the nation but Democratic control of the region slipped after that. Since 1980 conservative Alabama voters have increasingly voted for Republican candidates at the Federal level especially in Presidential elections. By contrast Democratic candidates have been elected to many state-level offices and until 2010 comprised a longstanding majority in the Alabama Legislature; see Dixiecrat. In 2004 George W. Bush won Alabama's nine electoral votes by a margin of 25 percentage points with 62.5% of the vote mostly white voters. The 11 counties that voted Democratic were Black Belt counties where African Americans are the majority racial group. The state's two U.S. senators are Jefferson B. Sessions III and Richard C. Shelby both Republicans. In the U.S. House of Representatives the state is represented by seven members six of whom are Republicans: (Jo Bonner Mike D. Rogers Robert Aderholt Morris J. Brooks Martha Roby and Spencer Bachus) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell). Further information: United States presidential election in Alabama 2004 Education Main article: Education in Alabama Primary and secondary education Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the overview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together 1541 individual schools provide education for 743364 elementary and secondary students.99 Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 20062007 Alabama appropriated $3775163578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444736387 over the previous fiscal year.99 In 2007 over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law using measures determined by the State of Alabama. In 2004 23 percent of schools met AYP.100 While Alabama's public education system has improved it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data Alabama's high school graduation rate 75% is the second lowest in the United States (after Mississippi).101 The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.102 Harrison Plaza at the University of North Alabama in Florence. The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the Alabama Legislature in 1830. Colleges and universities Main article: List of colleges and universities in Alabama Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities two-year community colleges and 17 private undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are three medical schools (University of Alabama at Birmingham University of Alabama and University of South Alabama) two veterinary colleges (Auburn University and Tuskegee University) a dental school (University of Alabama at Birmingham) an optometry college (University of Alabama at Birmingham) two pharmacy schools (Auburn University and Samford University) and five law schools (University of Alabama School of Law Birmingham School of Law Cumberland School of Law Miles Law School and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law). Public post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to 16 doctoral level programs.103104 Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges as well as a plethora of subject focused national and international accreditation agencies.105 Sports Professional sports teams Main article: List of professional sports teams in Alabama Alabama has several minor league professional teams including four minor league baseball teams. Club City Sport League Venue Notes Alabama Hammers Huntsville Arena football Southern Indoor Football League Von Braun Center Birmingham Barons Birmingham Baseball Southern League Regions Park Huntsville Havoc Huntsville Ice Hockey Southern Professional Hockey League Von Braun Center Huntsville Stars Huntsville Baseball Southern League Joe W. Davis Stadium Mobile BayBears Mobile Baseball Southern League Hank Aaron Stadium Montgomery Biscuits Montgomery Baseball Southern League Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium Rocket City United Huntsville Soccer National Premier Soccer League Madison City Schools Stadium Tennessee Valley Tigers Huntsville Football Independent Women's Football League Milton Frank Stadium replaced the Alabama Renegades Transportation Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport Alabama has five major interstate roads that cross it: I-65 runs northsouth roughly through the middle of the state; I-59/I-20 travels from the central west border to Birmingham where I-59 continues to the north-east corner of the state and I-20 continues east towards Atlanta; I-85 originates in Montgomery and runs east-northeast to the Georgia border providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and I-10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state running from west to east through Mobile. Another interstate road I-22 is currently under construction. When completed around 2012 it will connect Birmingham with Memphis Tennessee. Several U.S.Highways also pass through the state such as US 11 US 29 US 31 US 43 US 72 US 78 US 80 US 82 US 84 US 90 US 98 US 231 US 278 US 280 and US 431. Major airports in Alabama include Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport (BHM) Huntsville International Airport (HSV) Dothan Regional Airport (DHN) Mobile Regional Airport (MOB) Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM) Muscle Shoals Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL) Tuscaloosa Regional Airport (TCL) and Pryor Field Regional Airport (DCU). For rail transport Amtrak schedules the Crescent a daily passenger train running from New York to New Orleans with stops at Anniston Birmingham and Tuscaloosa. In March 2011 Alabama ranked amongst the top five "Worst" states on the American State Litter Scorecard for overall poor effectiveness and quality of its statewide public space cleanlinessprimarily roadway and adjacent litter removalsfrom state and related efforts.106 Toll roads This section contains information which may be of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information. (June 2011) Road Name S/W Terminus N/E Terminus Length Cash tolls (automobile) Notes Black Warrior Parkway Tuscaloosa Northport 4.9 mi. $1.25 Emerald Mountain Expressway Wares Ferry Road Montgomery Rifle Range Road Montgomery 1.2 mi. $1.50 Foley Beach Express Orange Beach Summerdale 14 mi. $3 Extension to I-10 planned Montgomery Expressway Montgomery Prattville 6.9 mi. $1.25 There are also four toll bridges in the state: Alabama River Parkway Bridge in Montgomery; Black Warrior Parkway Bridge in Tuscaloosa; Emerald Mountain Expressway Bridge in Montgomery; and Foley Beach Express Bridge in Foley. Water ports Aerial view of the port of Mobile Water Ports of Alabama listed from north to south Port name Location Connected to Port of Florence Florence/Muscle Shoals on Pickwick Lake Tennessee River Port of Decatur Decatur on Wheeler Lake Tennessee River Port of Guntersville Guntersville on Lake Guntersville Tennessee River Port of Birmingham Birmingham on Black Warrior River Tenn-Tom Waterway Port of Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa on Black Warrior River Tenn-Tom Waterway Port of Montgomery Montgomery on Woodruff Lake Alabama River Port of Mobile Mobile on Mobile Bay Gulf of Mexico Notable Alabamians Main article: List of people from Alabama See also North America portal United States portal Alabama portal Index of Alabama-related articles National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama Outline of Alabama References "Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100000 Ranked by July 1 2007 Population: April 1 2000 to July 1 2007" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. 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ISBN 9780826416438. http://books.google.com/idSVoAXh-dNuYC&pgPA57&cd1#vonepage&q&ffalse.  Reynolds Farley 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us' Demography Vol. 28 No. 3 (August 1991) pp. 414 421. Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns' Social Science Research Vol. 14 No. 1 (1985) pp. 44-6. Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 487 No. 79 (September 1986) pp. 8286. "State Membership Reports". thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/012000.asp. Retrieved 2010-06-15.  Campbell Kirsten (2007-03-25). "Alabama rates well in biblical literacy". Mobile Register (Advance Publications Inc): p. A1.  "Confidence in State and Local Institutions Survey" (PDF). Capital Survey Research Center. Archived from the original on 2007-08-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20070809021852/http://www.myaea.org/PDFfile/Confidence+in+State+Institutions07.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-02.  White David (2007-04-01). "Poll says we feel good about state Trust in government unlike some institutions hasn't fallen". Birmingham News (Birmingham News): p. 13A.  Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009). "AMERICAN RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION SURVEY (ARIS) 2008" (PDF). Hartford Connecticut USA: Trinity College. p. 20. http://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/ARISReport2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-08.  "County Level Estimates of Obesity State Maps". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDTSTRS2/CountyPrevalenceData.aspxStateId1&modeOBS.  "Highest Rates of Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity in Appalachia and South". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2011/p0216physicalinactivity.html.  "County Level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes State Maps". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDTSTRS2/CountyPrevalenceData.aspxmodeDBT.  "CDC national chart on diabetes". Apps.nccd.cdc.gov. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDTSTRS2/NationalDiabetesPrevalenceEstimates.aspxmodeDBT. Retrieved 2011-06-01.  "GDP by State (2008)". Bureau of Economic Analysis Regional Economic Accounts. June 2 2009. http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdpstate/gspnewsrelease.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-09.  full release with tables "United States Census Bureau". State and County Quick Facts. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01000.html. Retrieved 2007-05-30.  Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics "Alabama and CBER: 75 Years of Change" (PDF). Alabama Business. Center for Business and Economic Research Culverhouse College of Commerce The University of Alabama. Q4 2005. http://cber.cba.ua.edu/pdf/ab2005q4.pdf. Retrieved 2006-09-23.  "State Highlights for 20042005" (PDF). Alabama Cooperative Extension System. USDA NASS Alabama Statistical Office. 2005. http://www.aces.edu/dept/nass/bulletin/2005/pg05.pdf. Retrieved 2006-09-23.  "Vehicle Technologies Program: Fact #539: October 6 2008 Light Vehicle Production by State". .eere.energy.gov. 2008-10-06. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2008fotw539.html. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "Verified Trauma Centers". American College of Surgeons Verified Trauma Centers. December 30 2010. http://www.facs.org/trauma/verified.html. Retrieved 2011-01-09.  "WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Waterborne Commerce Statistics. p. 90. http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-08.  "ThyssenKrupp's Alabama incentive package tops $811 million". Press register. 2007-05-11. http://www.al.com/newsflash/regional/index.ssf/base/business-2/1178924126194090.xml&storylistalabamanews. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  Fahrenthold David A. (2 May 2010). "Obama to survey environmental damage in gulf". Washington DC: Washington Pose. pp. A6.  Economic Base Largest Employers. Montgomery Area Chamber of Commerce. August 2008. http://www.montgomerychamber.com/Page.aspxpid316. Retrieved 2009-01-05  The Role of Metro Areas in the U.S. economy. U.S. Conference of Mayors. March 1 2006. http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/Top1002006.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-05  "Montgomery Alabama (AL) profile: population maps real estate averages homes statistics relocation travel jobs hospitals schools crime moving houses news sex offenders". City-data.com. http://www.city-data.com/city/Montgomery-Alabama.html. Retrieved 2011-06-01.  Roig-Franzia Manuel (2004-11-28). "Alabama Vote Opens Old Racial Wounds". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A16443-2004Nov27languageprinter. Retrieved 2006-09-22.  "Constitution of Alabama - 1901". The Alabama Legislative Information System. http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeOfAlabama/Constitution/1901/Constitution1901toc.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-22.  "Alabama Citizens for Constitutional Reform". Constitutionalreform.org. http://www.constitutionalreform.org/. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  Comparison of State and Local Retail Sales Taxes July 2004 Retrieved on May 25 2007. a b c "Reducing Alabama's Income Tax on Working-Poor Families: Two Options  4/14/99". Cbpp.org. http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfmfaview&id1812. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "Alabama State Local Tax Burden Compared to U.S. Average (19702007)" (PDF). Tax Foundation. http://www.taxfoundation.org/files/slburdenalabama-2007-04-04.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-30.  Rawls Phillip (2007-06-01). "Alabama offers an apology for slavery". The Virginian Pilot (Landmark Communications).  Stovall Cotter & Fisher Alabama Political Almanac p. 260 1995 "Sue Bell Cobb considering running for governor - Breaking News from The Birmingham News - al.com". Blog.al.com. 2009-05-02. http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2009/05/suebellcobbconsideringrunn.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.  "Commissioners". Psc.state.al.us. http://www.psc.state.al.us/commissioners.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-07.  Special (2008-11-05). "Lucy Baxley wins Alabama Public Service Commission presidency but recount possible". Birmingham News via al.com. http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/11/lucybaxleywinsalabamapubli.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.  Jeff Amy Press-Register. "Public Service Commission: Twinkle Cavanaugh Terry Dunn join GOP sweep". Blog.al.com. http://blog.al.com/live/2010/11/publicservicecommission.html. Retrieved 2011-06-01.  Lee McDowell (2009). "Alabama's Legislative Process". State of Alabama. http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/legislativeprocess/legislativeprocessml.html.  "2006 Gubernatorial Democratic Primary Election Results - Alabama". Uselectionatlas.org. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.phpfips1&year2006&f0&off5&elect1. Retrieved 2009-08-07.  "2006 Gubernatorial Republican Primary Election Results - Alabama". Uselectionatlas.org. 2007-02-15. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.phpfips1&year2006&f0&off5&elect2. Retrieved 2009-08-07.  Alabama Sheriff's Association "Association". Alabama Sheriffs. http://www.alabamasheriffs.com/PageID131&IsNavtrue. Retrieved 2009-08-07.  "2007-2011 Alabama Sheriffs". Alabamasheriffs.com. http://www.alabamasheriffs.com/Image.aspxImageID11481&Title2007-2011+Alabama+Sheriffs. Retrieved 2009-08-07.  Alabama Sheriffs Association "1968 Presidential General Election Results Alabama". Uselectionatlas.org. 1968-11-05. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.phpfips1&year1968&f0&off0&elect0. Retrieved 2009-08-07.  a b "Alabama Education Quick Facts 2007" (PDF). http://www.alsde.edu/general/quickfacts.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-11.  "Eighty-Two Percent of Alabama Schools Make AYP While Increasing Annual Measurable Objectives" (PDF). http://www.alsde.edu/Accountability/2007Reports/Press/2007AYPNewsRelease.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-11.  http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-24.pdf Education Statistics. CensusScope.org "Degree titles and abbreviations". Alabama Commission on Higher Education. http://www.ache.state.al.us/Acadaffr/ProInv/Degreeabbr.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-03. dead link "Education Programs CCHS". Cchs.ua.edu. http://cchs.ua.edu/edu/. Retrieved 2011-06-01.  "Accreditation". Alabama Commission on Higher Education. http://www.ache.state.al.us/Colleges&Universities/Accreditation/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-03.  S. Spacek 2011 American State Litter Scorecard: New Rankings for an Increasingly Environmentally Concerned Populace. Further reading For a detailed bibliography see the History of Alabama. Atkins Leah Rawls Wayne Flynt William Warren Rogers and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994) Flynt Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004) Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography 4 vols. 1921. Jackson Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State (2004) Mohl Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" Alabama Review 2002 55(4): 243274. ISSN 0002-4341 Peirce Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People Politics and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974). Information on politics and economics 196072. Williams Benjamin Buford. A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century 1979. WPA. Guide to Alabama (1939) External links Find more about Alabama on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks OpenStreetMap has geographic data related to: Alabama Alabama.gov Official website. Alabama State Guide from the Library of Congress Alabama Association of Regional Councils Energy Data & Statistics for Alabama- From the U.S. Department of Energy TourAlabama.org Alabama Department of Tourism and Travel All About Alabama at the Alabama Department of Archives and History AlabamaMosaic a digital repository of materials on Alabama's history culture places and people Code of Alabama 1975 at the Alabama Legislature site Alabama at the Open Directory Project USGS real-time geographic and other scientific resources of Alabama Alabama QuickFacts from the U.S. Census Bureau Alabama State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Alabama State Parks National Parks of Alabama Encyclopedia of Alabama covers history culture geography and natural environment. 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