Amnesty International Type Non-profit NGO Founded July 1961 by Peter Benenson in the United Kingdom Location Global General secretariat in London Key people Salil Shetty (Secretary-General) Services Protecting human rights Method Media attention direct-appeal campaigns research lobbying Members 3 million members and supporters1 Motto It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.2 Website www.amnesty.org

Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty and AI) is an international non-governmental organisation whose stated mission is "to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated."3

Following a publication of Peter Benenson's article "The Forgotten Prisoners" in The Observer 28 May 19614 Amnesty was founded in London the same year. Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international laws and standards. It works to mobilise public opinion to put pressure on governments that let abuse take place.3 The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "campaign against torture"5 and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.6

In the field of international human rights organisations (of which there were 300 in 1996)7 Amnesty has the longest history and broadest name recognition and "is believed by many to set standards for the movement as a whole."7 Contents 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000s 1.6 2010s 2 Work 2.1 Country focus 2.2 Artists For Amnesty 3 Organisation 4 Criticism 4.1 Pay Controversy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History 1960s

Amnesty International was founded in London in July 1961 by English labour lawyer Peter Benenson.8 According to his own account he was travelling in the London Underground on 19 November 1960 when he allegedly read of two Portuguese students from Coimbra who had been sentenced to seven years of imprisonment for allegedly "having drunk a toast to liberty".a9 Researchers have never traced the alleged newspaper article in question.citation needed In 1960 Portugal was one of the remaining European colonial powers in Africa ruled by the authoritarian Estado Novo regime. Anti-regime conspiracies were vigorously repressed by the Portuguese state police and deemed anti-Portuguese. In his significant newspaper article "The Forgotten Prisoners" Benenson later described his reaction as follows: "Open your newspaper any day of the week and you will find a story from somewhere of someone being imprisoned tortured or executed because his opinions or religion are unacceptable to his government ... The newspaper reader feels a sickening sense of impotence. Yet if these feelings of disgust could be united into common action something effective could be done."10

Benenson worked with friend Eric Baker. Baker was a member of the Religious Society of Friends who had been involved in funding the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament as well as becoming head of Quaker Peace and Social Witness and in his memoirs Benenson described him as "a partner in the launching of the project".11 In consultation with other writers academics and lawyers and in particular Alec Digges they wrote via Louis Blom-Cooper to David Astor editor of The Observer newspaper who on 28 May 1961 published Benensons article "The Forgotten Prisoners". The article brought the readers attention to those "imprisoned tortured or executed because his opinions or religion are unacceptable to his government"10 or put another way to violations by governments of articles 18 and 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR). The article described these violations occurring on a global scale in the context of restrictions to press freedom to political oppositions to timely public trial before impartial courts and to asylum. It marked the launch of "Appeal for Amnesty 1961" the aim of which was to mobilise public opinion quickly and widely in defence of these individuals who Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience". The "Appeal for Amnesty" was reprinted by a large number of international newspapers. In the same year Benenson had a book published Persecution 1961 which detailed the cases of nine prisoners of conscience investigated and compiled by Benenson and Baker (Maurice Adin Ashton Jones Agostinho Neto Patrick Duncan Olga Ivinskaya Luis Taruc Constantin Noica Antonio Amat and Hu Feng).12 In July 1961 the leadership had decided that the appeal would form the basis of a permanent organisation which on 30 September 1962 was officially named 'Amnesty International' (Between the 'Appeal for Amnesty 1961' and September 1962 the organisation had been known simply as 'Amnesty'.)13

What started as a short appeal soon became a permanent international movement working to protect those imprisoned for non-violent expression of their views and to secure worldwide recognition of Articles 18 and 19 of the UDHR. From the very beginning research and campaigning were present in Amnesty Internationals work. A library was established for information about prisoners of conscience and a network of local groups called THREES groups was started. Each group worked on behalf of three prisoners one from each of the then three main ideological regions of the world: communist capitalist and developing.

By the mid-1960s Amnesty Internationals global presence was growing and an International Secretariat and International Executive Committee was established to manage Amnesty Internationals national organisations called Sections which had appeared in several countries. The international movement was starting to agree on its core principles and techniques. For example the issue of whether or not to adopt prisoners who had advocated violence like Nelson Mandela brought unanimous agreement that it could not give the name of 'Prisoner of Conscience' to such prisoners. Aside from the work of the library and groups Amnesty Internationals activities were expanding to helping prisoners families sending observers to trials making representations to governments and finding asylum or overseas employment for prisoners. Its activity and influence was also increasing within intergovernmental organisations; it would be awarded consultative status by the United Nations the Council of Europe and UNESCO before the decade ended. 1970s

Leading Amnesty International in the 1970s were key figureheads Sen MacBride and Martin Ennals. While continuing to work for prisoners of conscience Amnesty Internationals purview widened to include "fair trial" and opposition to long detention without trial (UDHR Article 9) and especially to the torture of prisoners (UDHR Article 5). Amnesty International believed that the reasons underlying torture of prisoners by governments were either to obtain information or to quell opposition by the use of terror or both. Also of concern was the export of more sophisticated torture methods equipment and teaching by the superpowers to "client states" for example by the United States through some activities of the CIA.

Amnesty International drew together reports from countries where torture allegations seemed most persistent and organized an international conference on torture. It sought to influence public opinion in order to put pressure on national governments by organising a campaign for the 'Abolition of Torture' which ran for several years. Amnesty Internationals membership increased from 15000 in 196914 to 200000 by 1979.15 This growth in resources enabled an expansion of its program outside of the prison walls to include work on disappearances the death penalty and the rights of refugees. A new technique the 'Urgent Action aimed at mobilising the membership into action rapidly was pioneered. The first was issued on 19 March 1973 on behalf of Luiz Basilio Rossi a Brazilian academic arrested for political reasons. At the intergovernmental level Amnesty International pressed for application of the UNs Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and of existing humanitarian conventions; to secure ratifications of the two UN Covenants on Human Rights in 1976); and was instrumental in obtaining additional instruments and provisions forbidding its practice. Consultative status was granted at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 1972. In 1976 Amnesty's British Section started a series of fund-raising events that came to be known as The Secret Policeman's Balls series. They were staged in London initially as comedy galas featuring what the Daily Telegraph called "the crme de la crme of the British comedy world"16 including members of comedy troupe Monty Python and later expanded to also include performances by leading rock musicians. The series was created and developed by Monty Python alumnus John Cleese and entertainment industry executive Martin Lewis working closely with Amnesty staff members Peter Luff (Assistant Director of Amnesty 19741978) and subsequently with Peter Walker (Amnesty Fund-Raising Officer 1978-1982). Cleese Lewis and Luff worked together on the first two shows (1976 and 1977). Cleese Lewis and Walker worked together on the 1979 and 1981 shows the first to carry what the Daily Telegraph described as the "rather brilliantly re-christened" Secret Policeman's Ball title. 17 The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "campaign against torture"5 and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.6 1980s 1986 Faroe postage stamp celebrating Amnesty's 25th anniversary Painting by 11 year old Rannv Kunoy By 1980 Amnesty International was drawing more criticism from governments. The USSR alleged that Amnesty International conducted espionage the Moroccan government denounced it as a defender of lawbreakers and the Argentine government banned Amnesty Internationals 1983 annual report.18 Throughout the 1980s Amnesty International continued to campaign against torture and on behalf of prisoners of conscience. New issues emerged including extrajudicial killings military security and police transfers political killings; and disappearances. Towards the end of the decade the growing numbers worldwide of refugees was a very visible area of Amnesty Internationals concern. While many of the worlds refugees of the time had been displaced by war and famine in adherence to its mandate Amnesty International concentrated on those forced to flee because of the human rights violations it was seeking to prevent. It argued that rather than focusing on new restrictions on entry for asylum-seekers governments were to address the human rights violations which were forcing people into exile. Apart from a second campaign on torture during the first half of the decade two major musical events occurred designed to increase awareness of Amnesty and of human rights (particularly among younger generations) during the mid- to late-1980s. The 1986 Conspiracy of Hope tour which played five concerts in the U.S. and culminated in a daylong show featuring some thirty-odd acts at Giants Stadium and the 1988 Human Rights Now! world tour. Human Rights Now! which was timed to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) played a series of concerts on five continents over six weeks. Both tours featured some of the most famous musicians and bands of the day. 1990s Throughout the 1990s Amnesty International continued to grow to a membership of over 3 million in over 150 countries and territories1 led by Senegalese Secretary General Pierre San. Amnesty continued to work on a wide range of issues and world events. For example South African groups joined in 1992 and hosted a visit by Pierre San to meet with the apartheid government to press for an investigation into allegations of police abuse an end to arms sales to the African Great Lakes region and the abolition of the death penalty. In particular Amnesty International brought attention to violations committed on specific groups including refugees racial/ethnic/religious minorities women and those executed or on Death Row. The death penalty report When the state kills (ISBN 0-691-10261-9) and the Human Rights are Women's Rights campaign were key actions for the latter two issues. During the 1990s Amnesty International was forced to react to human rights violations occurring in the context of a proliferation of armed conflict in Angola East Timor the Persian Gulf Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. Amnesty International took no position on whether to support or oppose external military interventions in these armed conflicts. It did not (and does not) reject the use of force even lethal force or ask those engaged to lay down their arms. Instead it questioned the motives behind external intervention and selectivity of international action in relation to the strategic interests of those sending troops. It argued that action should be taken to prevent human rights problems becoming human rights catastrophes and that both intervention and inaction represented a failure of the international community. Amnesty International was proactive in pushing for recognition of the universality of human rights. The campaign Get Up Sign Up marked 50 years of the UDHR. Thirteen million pledges were collected in support and the Decl music concert was held in Paris on 10 December 1998 (Human Rights Day). At the intergovernmental level Amnesty International argued in favour of creating an United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (established 1993) and an International Criminal Court (established 2002). After his arrest in London in 1998 by the Metropolitan Police Amnesty International became involved in the legal battle of Senator Pinochet a former Chilean President who sought to avoid extradition to Spain to face charges. Lord Hoffman had an indirect connection with Amnesty International and this led to an important test for the appearance of bias in legal proceedings in UK law. There was a suit19 against the decision to release Senator Pinochet taken by the then British Home Secretary Mr Jack Straw before that decision had actually been taken in an attempt to prevent the release of Senator Pinochet. The English High Court refused20 the application and Senator Pinochet was released and returned to Chile. This legal challenge was a novel attempt to use legal process to challenge a decision before it was taken and could be seen as hard to reconcile with the rule of law as it was predicated on a presumption that the Home Secretary had erred in law whatever the reasons were for the decision.citation needed 2000s After 2000 Amnesty Internationals agenda turned to the challenges arising from globalisation and the reaction to the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States. The issue of globalisation provoked a major shift in Amnesty International policy as the scope of its work was widened to include economic social and cultural rights an area that it had declined to work on in the past. Amnesty International felt this shift was important not just to give credence to its principle of the indivisibility of rights but because of what it saw as the growing power of companies and the undermining of many nation states as a result of globalisation.21 In the aftermath of the 11 September attacks the new Amnesty International Secretary General Irene Khan reported that a senior government official had said to Amnesty International delegates: "Your role collapsed with the collapse of the Twin Towers in New York".22 In the years following the attacks somewho believe that the gains made by human rights organisations over previous decades had possibly been eroded. Amnesty International argued that human rights were the basis for the security of all not a barrier to it. Criticism came directly from the Bush administration and The Washington Post when Khan in 2005 likened the US governments detention facility at Guantanamo Bay Cuba to a Soviet Gulag.2324 During the first half of the new decade Amnesty International turned its attention to violence against women controls on the world arms trade and concerns surrounding the effectiveness of the UN. With its membership close to two million by 200525 Amnesty continued to work for prisoners of conscience. In 2007 the organisation appeared to endorse pro-choice for abortion.26 However the organisation responded by saying that it had only done this for limited situations.27 Amnesty International reported concerning the Iraq war on 17 March 2008 that despite claims the security situation in Iraq has improved in recent months the human rights situation is disastrous after the start of the war five years ago in 2003.28 In 2008 Amnesty International launched a mobile donating campaign in the United States which allows supporters to make $5 micro-donations by sending a text message to the short code 90999 with the keyword RIGHTS. Amnesty Internationals mobile fund raising campaign was created in partnership with Mgive and the Mobile Giving Foundation.29 In 2009 Amnesty International accused Israel and the Palestinian Hamas movement of committing war crimes during Israel's January offensive in Gaza called Operation Cast Lead that resulted in the deaths of more than 1400 Palestinians and 13 Israelis.30 The 117-page Amnesty report charged Israeli forces with killing hundreds of civilians and wanton destruction of thousands of homes. Amnesty found no evidence of Palestinian militants using human shields to stop Israeli attacks but accused Hamas of launching attacks from buildings in which Palestinian civilians were sheltering. A subsequent United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict was carried out; Amnesty stated that its findings were consistent with those of Amnestys own field investigation and called on the UN to act promptly to implement the mission's recommendations.31 2010s Main article: Gita Sahgal: Amnesty controversy; Moazzam Begg and Cageprisoners In February 2010 Amnesty suspended Gita Sahgal its gender unit head after she criticized Amnesty for its links with Moazzam Begg Director of a campaign group called Cageprisoners. She had called the links "a gross error of judgment" that risked Amnesty's reputation on human rights and said it was wrong to ally with "Britain's most famous supporter of the Taliban".32333435 Amnesty responded that Sahgal was not suspended "for raising these issues internally... Begg speaks about his own views ... not Amnesty Internationals."36 Among those who spoke up for Saghal were Salman Rushdie ("Amnesty ... has done its reputation incalculable damage.... It looks very much as if Amnesty's leadership is suffering from a kind of moral bankruptcy and has lost the ability to distinguish right from wrong") Member of Parliament Denis MacShane Joan Smith Christopher Hitchens Martin Bright Melanie Phillips and Nick Cohen.3738394041424344 In February 2011 Amnesty requested that Swiss authorities start a criminal investigation of former U. S. President George W. Bush and arrest him.45 In July 2011 Amnesty International is 50 year-old. The NGO creates a video to show that the fight is not over.46 Work Amnesty Internationals vision is of a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. In pursuit of this vision Amnesty Internationals mission is to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity freedom of conscience and expression and freedom from discrimination within the context of its work to promote all human rights. Statute of Amnesty International 27th International Council meeting 2005 Amnesty International primarily targets governments but also reports on non-governmental bodies and private individuals ("non-state actors"). There are six key areas which Amnesty deals with: Women's children's minorities' and indigenous rights Ending torture Abolition of the death penalty Rights of refugees Rights of prisoners of conscience Protection of human dignity. Some specific aims are to: abolish the death penalty end extra judicial executions and "disappearances" ensure prison conditions meet international human rights standards ensure prompt and fair trial for all political prisoners ensure free education to all children worldwide decriminalise abortion47 fight impunity from systems of justice end the recruitment and use of child soldiers free all prisoners of conscience promote economic social and cultural rights for marginalized communities protect human rights defenders promote religious tolerance protect LGBT rights48 stop torture and ill-treatment stop unlawful killings in armed conflict uphold the rights of refugees migrants and asylum seekers and protect human dignity. To further these aims Amnesty International has developed several techniques to publicise information and mobilise public opinion. The organisation considers as one of its strengths the publication of impartial and accurate reports. Reports are researched by: interviewing victims and officials observing trials working with local human rights activists and monitoring the media. It aims to issue timely press releases and publishes information in newsletters and on web sites. It also sends official missions to countries to make courteous but insistent inquiries. Campaigns to mobilise public opinion can take the form of individual country or thematic campaigns. Many techniques are deployed such as direct appeals (for example letter writing) media and publicity work and public demonstrations. Often fund-raising is integrated with campaigning. In situations which require immediate attention Amnesty International calls on existing urgent action networks or crisis response networks; for all other matters it calls on its membership. It considers the large size of its human resources to be another of its key strengths. The role of Amnesty International has an immense impact on getting citizens onboard with focusing on human rights issues. These groups influence countries and governments to give their people justice with pressure and in man power. An example of Amnesty International's work which began in the 1960s by writing letters to free imprisoned people that were put there for non-violent expressions. The group now has power attends sessions and became a source of information for the U.N. The increase in participation of non-governmental organizations changes how we live today. Felix Dodds states in a recent document that In the 1972 there were 39 democratic countries in the world; by 2002 there were 139. This shows that non-governmental organizations make enormous leaps within a short period of time for human rights. Country focus Amnesty reports disproportionately on relatively more democratic and open countries49 arguing that its intention is not to produce a range of reports which statistically represents the worlds human rights abuses but rather to apply the pressure of public opinion to encourage improvements. The demonstration effect of the behaviour of both key Western governments and major non-Western states is an important factor: as one former Amnesty Secretary-General pointed out "for many countries and a large number of people the United States is a model" and according to one Amnesty manager "large countries inuence small countries."7 In addition with the end of the Cold War Amnesty felt that a greater emphasis on human rights in the North was needed to improve its credibility with its Southern critics by demonstrating its willingness to report on human rights issues in a truly global manner.7 According to one academic study as a result of these considerations the frequency of Amnesty's reports is influenced by a number of factors besides the frequency and severity of human rights abuses. For example Amnesty reports significantly more (than predicted by human rights abuses) on more economically powerful states; and on countries which receive US military aid on the basis that this Western complicity in abuses increases the likelihood of public pressure being able to make a difference.7 In addition around 199394 Amnesty consciously developed its media relations producing fewer background reports and more press releases to increase the impact of its reports. Press releases are partly driven by news coverage to use existing news coverage as leverage to discuss Amnesty's human rights concerns. This increases Amnesty's focus on the countries the media is more interested in.7 Amnesty's country focus is similar to that of some other comparable NGOs notably Human Rights Watch: between 1991 and 2000 Amnesty and HRW shared eight of ten countries in their "top ten" (by Amnesty press releases; 7 for Amnesty reports).7 In addition six of the 10 countries most reported on by Human Rights Watch in the 1990s also made The Economist's and Newsweek's "most covered" lists during that time.7 Rank Country #Press Releases  % Total 1 United States 136 4.24 2 Israel (inc. West Bank and Gaza Strip) 128 3.99 3 Indonesia and East Timor 119 3.71 Turkey 119 3.71 4 People's Republic of China 115 3.58 5 Serbia and Montenegro 104 3.24 6 United Kingdom 103 3.21 7 India 85 2.65 8 USSR and Russian Federation 80 2.49 9 Rwanda 64 2.00 10 Sri Lanka 59 1.84 Source: Ronand et al. (2005:568)7 Data for 19862000 Rank Country #Reports  % Total 1 Turkey 394 3.91 2 USSR and Russian Federation 374 3.71 3 People's Republic of China 357 3.54 4 United States 349 3.46 5 Israel (inc. West Bank and Gaza Strip) 323 3.21 6 South Korea 305 3.03 7 Indonesia and East Timor 253 2.51 8 Colombia 197 1.96 9 Peru 192 1.91 10 India 178 1.77 Source: Ronand et al. (2005:568)7 Data for 19862000 Artists For Amnesty Amnesty International through its "Artists For Amnesty" program has also endorsed various cultural media works for what its leadership often consider accurate or educational treatments of real-world topics which fall within the range of Amnesty's concern: A is for Auschwitz At the Death House Door Blood Diamond50 Bordertown Catch a Fire In Prison My Whole Life Invictus Lord of War Rendition The Constant Gardener Tibet: Beyond Fear Trouble the Water Organisation Amnesty International Sections 2005 The Amnesty Canadian headquarters in Ottawa. Amnesty International is largely made up of voluntary members but retains a small number of paid professionals. In countries in which Amnesty International has a strong presence members are organised as 'sections'. Sections coordinate basic Amnesty International activities normally with a significant number of members some of whom will form into 'groups' and a professional staff. Each have a board of directors. In 2005 there were 52 sections worldwide. 'Structures' are aspiring sections. They also coordinate basic activities but have a smaller membership and a limited staff. In countries where no section or structure exists people can become 'international members'. Two other organisational models exist: 'international networks' which promote specific themes or have a specific identity and 'affiliated groups' which do the same work as section groups but in isolation. The organisations outlined above are represented by the International Council (IC) which is led by the IC Chairperson. Members of sections and structures have the right to appoint one or more representatives to the Council according to the size of their membership. The IC may invite representatives from International Networks and other individuals to meetings but only representatives from sections and structures have voting rights. The function of the IC is to appoint and hold accountable internal governing bodies and to determine the direction of the movement. The IC convenes every two years. The International Executive Committee (IEC) led by the IEC Chairperson consists of eight members and the IEC Treasurer. It is elected by and represents the IC and meets biannually. The role of the IEC is to take decisions on behalf of Amnesty International implement the strategy laid out by the IC and ensure compliance with the organisations statutes. The International Secretariat (IS) is responsible for the conduct and daily affairs of Amnesty International under direction from the IEC and IC. It is run by approximately 500 professional staff members and is headed by a Secretary General. The IS operates several work programmes; International Law and Organisations; Research; Campaigns; Mobilisation; and Communications. Its offices have been located in London since its establishment in the mid-1960s. Amnesty International is financed largely by fees and donations from its worldwide membership. It does not accept donations from governments or governmental organisations. Amnesty International Sections 2005 Algeria; Argentina; Australia; Austria; Belgium (Dutch speaking); Belgium (French speaking); Benin; Bermuda; Canada (English speaking); Canada (French speaking); Chile; Cte d'Ivoire; Denmark; Faroe Islands; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Guyana; Hong Kong; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea (Republic of); Luxembourg; Mauritius; Mexico; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Peru; Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan; Togo; Tunisia; United Kingdom; United States of America; Uruguay; Venezuela Amnesty International Structures 2005 Belarus; Bolivia; Burkina Faso; Croatia; Curaao; Czech Republic; Gambia; Hungary; Malaysia; Mali; Moldova; Mongolia; Pakistan; Paraguay; Slovakia; South Africa; Thailand; Turkey; Ukraine; Zambia; Zimbabwe IEC Chairpersons Sen MacBride 19651974; Dirk Brner 19741977; Thomas Hammarberg 19771979; Jos Zalaquett 19791982; Suriya Wickremasinghe 19821985; Wolfgang Heinz 19851996; Franca Sciuto 19861989; Peter Duffy 19891991; Annette Fischer 19911992; Ross Daniels 19931997; Susan Waltz 19961998; Mahmoud Ben Romdhane 19992000; Colm O Cuanachain 20012002; Paul Hoffman 20032004; Jaap Jacobson 2005; Hanna Roberts 20052006; Lilian Gonalves-Ho Kang You 20062007; Peter Pack 2007present Secretaries General" Secretary General Office Origin Peter Benenson Peter Benenson 19611966 Britain Eric Baker Eric Baker 19661968 Britain Martin Ennals Martin Ennals 19681980 Britain Thomas Hammarberg Thomas Hammarberg 19801986 Sweden Avery Brundage Ian Martin 19861992 Britain Pierre San Pierre San 19922001 Senegal Irene Khan Irene Khan 20012010 Bangladesh Salil Shetty Salil Shetty 2010 India Criticism Main article: Criticism of Amnesty International Criticism of Amnesty International includes claims of excessive pay for management underprotection of overseas staff associating with organizations with a dubious record on human rights protection selection bias ideological/foreign policy bias against either non-Western countries51 or Western-supported countries criticism of Amnesty's policies relating to abortion52 assertion that "defensive jihad" is not antithetical to human rights53 and organisational continuity.5154 Governments who have criticised Amnesty include those of Israel Iran Saudi Arabia the Democratic Republic of the Congo55 the People's Republic of China56 Vietnam57 Russia58 and the United States59 for what they assert is one-sided reporting or a failure to treat threats to security as a mitigating factor. The actions of these governmentsand of other governments critical of Amnesty Internationalhave been the subject of human rights concerns voiced by Amnesty. As of February 2011 Amnesty is engaged in a dispute with the British union Unite over Amnesty allegedly attempting to de-recognize some of its foreign-based workers' rights.60 Pay Controversy In February 2011 newspaper stories in the UK revealed that Khan had received a payment of UK 533103 from Amnesty International following her resignation from the organisation on 31 December 200961 a fact pointed to from Amnesty's records for the 20092010 financial year. The sum paid to her was in excess of four times her annual salary of 132490.61 The deputy secretary general Kate Gilmore who also resigned in December 2009 received an ex-gratia payment of 320000.6162 Peter Pack the chairman of Amnesty's international executive committee initially stated on 19 February 2011 "The payments to outgoing secretary general Irene Khan shown in the accounts of AI (Amnesty International) Ltd for the year ending March 31st 2010 include payments made as part of a confidential agreement between AI Ltd and Irene Khan."62 and that "It is a term of this agreement that no further comment on it will be made by either party."61 The payment and AI's initial response to its leakage to the press led to considerable outcry. Philip Davies the Conservative MP for Shipley decried the payment telling the Daily Express "I am sure people making donations to Amnesty in the belief they are alleviating poverty never dreamed they were subsidizing a fat cat payout. This will disillusion many benefactors."62 On 21 February Peter Pack issued a further statement in which he said that the payment was a "unique situation" that was "in the best interest of Amnestys work" and that there would be no repetition of it.61 He stated that "the new secretary general with the full support of the IEC has initiated a process to review our employment policies and procedures to ensure that such a situation does not happen again."61 Pack also stated that Ammesty was "fully committed to applying all the resources that we receive from our millions of supporters to the fight for human rights".61 On February 25 Pack issued a more complete statement intended for internal circulation among Amnesty members and staff. This in turn had been made public by Amnesty International Netherlands.63 In summary it states that Amnesty's International Executive Committee (IEC) in 2008 had decided not to prolong Khan's contract for a third term. In the following months IEC discovered that due to British employment law it had to choose between the three options of either offering Khan a third term discontinuing her post and potentially risking legal consequences or signing a confidential agreement and issuing a pay compensation. See also 100 Days Campaign The Secret Policeman's Balls Notes a. Anthropologist Linda Rabben refers to the origin of Amnesty as a "creation myth" with a "kernel of truth": "The immediate impetus to form Amnesty did come from Peter Benensons righteous indignation while reading a newspaper in the London tube on 19 November 1960."64 Historian Tom Buchanan traced the origins story to a radio broadcast by Peter Benenson in 1962. The 4 March 1962 BBC news story did not refer to a "toast to liberty" but Benenson said his tube ride was on 19 December 1960. Buchanan was unable to find the newspaper article about the Portuguese students in The Daily Telegraph for either month. Buchanan found many news stories reporting on the repressive Portuguese political arrests in The Times for November 1960.65 References a b "Who we are". Amnesty International. http://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are. Retrieved 2 June 2011.  "History The Meaning of the Amnesty Candle". Amnesty International. http://www.amnesty.ca/about/history/historyofamnestyinternational/meaningoftheAmnestycandle.php. Retrieved 4 June 2008.  a b "About Amnesty International". Amnesty International. http://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/about-amnesty-international. Retrieved 20 July 2008.  Peter Benenson. "The Forgotten Prisoners" The Observer 28 May 1961. Retrieved 28 May 2011. a b The Nobel Prize in Peace 1977 a b United Nations Prize in the field of Human Rights a b c d e f g h i j James Ronand Howard Ramos Kathleen Rodgers (2005) "Transnational Information Politics: NGO Human Rights Reporting 19862000" International Studies Quarterly (2005) 49 557587 Childs Peter; Storry Mike eds (2002). "Amnesty International". Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. London: Routledge. pp. 2223.  Elizabeth Keane (2006). An Irish Statesman and Revolutionary: The Nationalist and Internationalist Politics of Sean MacBride. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-125-7.  a b Benenson Peter (28 May 1961). "The forgotten prisoners". The Observer. http://web.archive.org/web/20090116041137/http://www.amnestyusa.org/about-us/the-forgotten-prisoners-by-peter-benenson/page.doid1101201. Retrieved 19 September 2006.  Benenson P. (1983). Memoir Buchanan T. (2002). "The Truth Will Set You Free': The Making of Amnesty International". Journal of Contemporary History 37 (4): 57597. doi:10.1177/00220094020370040501. JSTOR 3180761.  Amnesty International Report 1962. Amnesty International. 1963.  Amnesty International Report 1968-69. Amnesty International. 1969.  Amnesty International Report 1979. Amnesty International. 1980.  Monahan Mark (4 October 2008). "Hot ticket: The Secret Policeman's Ball at the Royal Albert Hall London". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/3561631/Hot-ticket-The-Secret-Policemans-Ball-at-the-Royal-Albert-Hall-London.html.  Monahan Mark (4 October 2008). "Hot ticket: The Secret Policeman's Ball at the Royal Albert Hall London". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/3561631/Hot-ticket-The-Secret-Policemans-Ball-at-the-Royal-Albert-Hall-London.html.  Amnesty International is accused of espionagedead link "Legal lessons of Pinochet case". BBC News. 2 March 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/617425.stm. Retrieved 23 April 2010.  uncredited (31 February 2000). "Pinochet appeal fails". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/625198.stm. Retrieved 9 February 2009.  Amnesty International News Service "Amnesty International 26th International Council Meeting Media briefing" 15 August 2003; Retrieved 9 January 2011 Amnesty International Report 2002. Amnesty International. 2003.  "'American Gulag'". The Washington Post. 26 May 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/25/AR2005052501838.html. Retrieved 2 October 2006.  "Bush says Amnesty report 'absurd'". BBC. 31 May 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4598109.stm. Retrieved 2 October 2006.  Amnesty International Report 2005: the state of the worlds human rights. Amnesty International. 2004. ISBN 1887204423.  "Amnesty International Becomes a Pro-Choice Organization". Archive.newsmax.com. 21 August 2007. http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2007/8/21/153220.shtml. Retrieved 18 March 2010.  http://www.amnestyusa.org/women/pdf/SRRResourceToolkit.pdf "Reports: 'Disastrous' Iraqi humanitarian crisis". CNN. 17 March 2008. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/17/iraq.humanitarian/index.html. Retrieved 17 March 2008.  "Mobile Giving Foundation- Charities". Mobilegiving.org. http://www.mobilegiving.org/Charities.aspx. Retrieved 18 March 2010.  Koutsoukis Jason (3 July 2009). "Israel used human shields: Amnesty". Melbourne: Fairfax Digital. http://www.theage.com.au/world/israel-used-human-shields-amnesty-20090702-d6j2.html. Retrieved 3 July 2009.  "UN must ensure Goldstone inquiry recommendations are implemented". 15 September 2009. http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/israel-gaza-implementation-un-fact-finding-mission-recommendations-crucial-justi.  Aaronovitch David "How Amnesty chose the wrong poster-boy; Collaboration with Moazzam Begg an extremist who has supported jihadi movements looks like a serious mistake" The Times 9 February 2010 accessed 10 February 2010dead link ""Amnesty chief suspended after attacking group's links to 'Britain's most famous Taliban supporter'" Daily Mail 9 February 2010 accessed 10 February 2010". London: Dailymail.co.uk. 9 February 2010. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1249649/Amnesty-turmoil-suspending-chief-attacked-groups-links-Muslim-jihadists.html. Retrieved 18 March 2010.  "Bright Martin "Gita Sahgal: A Statement" ''Spectator'' 7 February 2010 accessed 10 February 2010". Spectator.co.uk. 7 February 2010. http://www.spectator.co.uk/martinbright/5759197/gita-sahgal-a-statement.thtml. Retrieved 18 March 2010.  "Joan Smith: Amnesty shouldn't support men like Moazzam Begg; A prisoner of conscience can turn into an apologist for extremism" The Independent 11 February 2010 accessed 11 February 2010 ""Amnesty International on its work with Moazzam Begg and Cageprisoners" 11 February 2010 accessed 11 February 2010". Amnestyusa.org. 11 February 2010. http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.phpidENGNAU2010021115380&lange. Retrieved 18 March 2010.  "Salman Rushdie's statement on Amnesty International" The Sunday Times 21 February 2010 MacShane Member of British Parliament Denis (10 February 2010). "Letter To Amnesty International from". http://www.human-rights-for-all.org/spip.phparticle11. Retrieved 17 February 2010.  Phillips Melanie (14 February 2010). "The human wrongs industry spits out one of its own". The Spectator. http://www.spectator.co.uk/melaniephillips/5774326/the-human-wrongs-industry-spits-out-one-of-its-own.thtml. Retrieved 23 February 2010.  Smith Joan "Joan Smith: Amnesty shouldn't support men like Moazzam Begg; A prisoner of conscience can turn into an apologist for extremism" The Independent 11 February 2010 accessed 17 February 2010 Hitchens Christopher "Christopher Hitchens: Amnesty International's suspension of conscience" The National Post 17 February 2010 accessed 17 February 2010 Bright Martin "Amnesty International Moazzam Begg and the Bravery of Gita Sahgal" The Spectator 7 February 2010 "Misalliance; Amnesty has lent spurious legitimacy to extremists who spurn its values" The Times 12 February 2010 accessed 17 February 2010 Cohen Nick "We abhor torture but that requires paying a price; Spineless judges third-rate politicians and Amnesty prefer an easy life to fighting for liberty" The Observer 14 February 2010 17 February 2010 "USA: TORTURE WAR CRIMES ACCOUNTABILITY: VISIT TO SWITZERLAND OF FORMER US PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH AND SWISS OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW: AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL'S MEMORANDUM TO THE SWISS AUTHORITIES". Amnesty International. 6 February 2011. http://amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/009/2011/en/e82562ec-75c9-4092-9a3a-d2d51484e67d/amr510092011en.html. Retrieved 8 February 2011.  http://www.thebuzzbrowser.fr/p3548 "Amnesty International defends access to abortion for women at risk". 14 June 2007. http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGPOL300122007.  http://www.amnesty.org/en/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity Amnesty International "Amnesty International response to Andrs Ballesteros et al." AMR 23/006/2007 21 February 2007. Retrieved on 4 February 2009. About this film - Blood Diamond a b Bernstein Dennis (2002). "Interview: Amnesty on Jenin Dennis Bernstein and Dr. Francis Boyle Discuss the Politics of Human Rights". Covert Action Quarterly. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article0004573.html. Retrieved 5 August 2009.  Crary David (2007-07-27). "Furor Over Amnesty's Abortion Stance". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2007-07-26-1742525477x.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-25.  Hasan Suroor (2 April 2010). "The Hindu : News / International : Row over support for defensive jihad''". Chennai India: Beta.thehindu.com. http://beta.thehindu.com/news/international/article364915.ece. Retrieved 8 April 2010.  CNSNews.com Top Human Rights Group Blasted for Defensive Jihad Comments DR Congo blasts Amnesty International report on repression The Namibian 14 January 2000. Retrieved 15 May 2006. The U.S. and China This Week U.S.-China Policy Foundation 16 February 2001. Retrieved 15 May 2006. "The Cream of The Diplomatic Crop from Ha Noi." THIN L BU TA. Retrieved 15 May 2006. "Russian official blasts Amnesty International over Chechnya refugees" Human Rights Violations in Chechnya 22 August 2003. Retrieved 15 May 2006. Press Briefing By Scott McClellan The White House 25 May 2005. Retrieved 30 May 2006. 1 a b c d e f g Tania Mason Charity Commission has 'no jurisdiction' over board member's payment from Amnesty civilsociety.co.uk 21 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011. a b c John Chapman Amnesty boss gets secret 500000 payout express.co.uk 19 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011. Peter Pack A letter to all AI members and staff from the International Executive Committee. amnesty.nl 25 February 2011. Retrieved 01 March 2011. Rabben Linda (2001). "Amnesty International: Myth and Reality". AGNI (Boston Massachusetts: Boston University) (54). http://www.bu.edu/agni/essays/print/2001/54-rabben.html. Retrieved 25 September 2008.  Buchanan Tom (October 2002). "'The Truth Will Set You Free': The Making of Amnesty International". Journal of Contemporary History 37 (4): 575597. doi:10.1177/00220094020370040501. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3180761. Retrieved 25 September 2008.  Further reading Amnesty International (2005). Amnesty International Report 2006: The State of the Worlds Human Rights. Amnesty International. ISBN 0-86210-369-X.  Clarke Anne Marie (2001). Diplomacy of Conscience: Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05743-5.  Hopgood Stephen (2006). Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-4402-0.  Power Jonathan (1981). Amnesty International: The Human Rights Story. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-08-028902-9.  Sellars Kirsten (April 2002). The Rise and Rise of Human Rights. Sutton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7509-2755-0.  External links Wikinews has related news: Amnesty International calls for police justice in Mozambique Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amnesty international Amnesty International official site Is Amnesty International Biased 2002 discussion by Dennis Bernstein and Dr. Francis Boyle Amnesty International Head Irene Khan on The Unheard Truth: Poverty and Human Rights video by Democracy Now! Amnesty International Promotion to Eliminate the Death Penalty video by TBWA/Paris and Pleix for Amnesty International France v d eInternational human rights organisations and institutions Standard organizations Human rights commission  Truth and reconciliation commission International institutions Committee on the Rights of the Child  International Criminal Court  Human Rights Committee  Human Rights Council  UN Security Council Regional bodies African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights  African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights  African Court of Justice  European Court of Human Rights  European Committee for the Prevention of Torture  Inter-American Commission on Human Rights  Inter-American Court of Human Rights Multi-lateral bodies European Union  Council of Europe  Organisation of American States (OAS)  UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)  UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)  International Labour Organization (ILO)  World Health Organization (WHO)  UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)  Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)  UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)  Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)  UN Population Fund (UNFPA)  UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)  UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)  UN Development Programme (UNDP)  Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)  UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) Major NGOs Amnesty International  FIDH  Human Rights Watch  International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) v d eLaureates of the Nobel Peace Prize Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan (1976)  Amnesty International (1977)  Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin (1978)  Mother Teresa (1979)  Adolfo Prez Esquivel (1980)  United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1981)  Alva Myrdal / Alfonso Garca Robles (1982)  Lech Wasa (1983)  Desmond Tutu (1984)  International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (1985)  Elie Wiesel (1986)  scar Arias (1987)  UN Peacekeeping Forces (1988)  Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) (1989)  Mikhail Gorbachev (1990)  Aung San Suu Kyi (1991)  Rigoberta Mench (1992)  Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk (1993)  Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat (1994)  Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat (1995)  Carlos Belo / Jos Ramos-Horta (1996)  International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams (1997)  John Hume / David Trimble (1998)  Mdecins Sans Frontires (1999)  Kim Dae-jung (2000) Complete roster  19011925  19261950  19511975  19762000  2001present v d eOlof Palme Prize laureates Cyril Ramaphosa (1987) UN Peace Keeping Operation (1988) Vclav Havel (1989) Harlem Dsir SOS Racisme (1990) Amnesty International (1991) Arzu Abdullayeva Anahit Bayandour (1992) Students for Sarayevo (1993) Wei Jingsheng (1994) Fatah Youth Israeli Labor Young Leadership Peace Now (1995) Casa Alianza Bruce Harris (1996) Salima Ghezali (1997) Veran Mati Senad Peanin Viktor Ivani (1998) Kurdo Baksi Bjrn Fries Klippan Parent Group (1999) Bryan Stevenson (2000) Fazle Hasan Abed (2001) Hanan Ashrawi (2002) Hans Blix (2003) Lyudmila Alexeyeva Sergei Kovalev Anna Politkovskaya (2004) Aung San Suu Kyi (2005) Kofi Annan Mossaad Mohamed Ali (2006) Parvin Ardalan (2007) Denis Mukwege (2008) Carsten Jensen (2009) Eyad al-Sarraj (2010)