This article is about the country. For other uses see Australia (disambiguation). Commonwealth of Australia Flag Coat of arms Anthem: "Advance Australia Fair"N 1 Capital Canberra Largest city Sydney Official language(s) NoneN 2 National language English (de facto)N 2 Demonym Australian Aussie34 Government Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy  -  Monarch Elizabeth II  -  Governor-General Quentin Bryce  -  Prime Minister Julia Gillard Legislature Parliament  -  Upper House Senate  -  Lower House House of Representatives Independence from the United Kingdom   -  Constitution 1 January 1901   -  Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931   -  Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 9 October 1942 (with effect from 3 September 1939)   -  Australia Act 3 March 1986  Area  -  Total 7617930 km2 (6th) 2941299 sq mi  Population  -  2011 estimate 226339945 (50th)  -  2006 census 198552886   -  Density 2.833/km2 (233rd) 7.3/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate  -  Total $882.362 billion7 (17th)  -  Per capita $396997 (9th) GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate  -  Total $1.235 trillion7 (13th)  -  Per capita $555897 (6th) Gini (2006) 30.58 (medium)  HDI (2010) 0.9379 (very high) (2nd) Currency Australian dollar (AUD) Time zone variousN 3 (UTC+8 to +10.5)  -  Summer (DST) variousN 3 (UTC+8 to +11.5) Drives on the left ISO 3166 code AU Internet TLD .au Calling code +61

Australia ( /strelj/) officially the Commonwealth of Australia is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.N 4 Neighbouring countries include Indonesia East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north the Solomon Islands Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the northeast and New Zealand to the southeast.

For at least 40000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians11 who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups.1213 After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606 Australia's eastern half was claimed by Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales where formal possession of the land had been taken on 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.

On 1 January 1901 the six colonies became a federation and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since Federation Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and is a Commonwealth realm. The population is approximately 22.6 million with approximately 60 per cent concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Perth and Adelaide. The nation's capital city is Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory. Approximately 57% of Australia's population live in either Victoria or New South Wales and approximately 79% live in the eastern states of Australia.

A prosperous developed country Australia is the world's thirteenth largest economy. Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance such as human development quality of life health care life expectancy public education economic freedom and the protection of civil liberties and political rights.14 Australia is a member of the United Nations G20 Commonwealth of Nations ANZUS OECD APEC Pacific Islands Forum and the World Trade Organization. Australia is the only country outside Europe in the top ten of the Quality-of-life index. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Politics 4 States and territories 5 Foreign relations and military 6 Geography and climate 7 Environment 8 Economy 9 Demography 9.1 Language 9.2 Religion 9.3 Education 9.4 Health 10 Culture 10.1 Arts 10.2 Media 10.3 Cuisine 10.4 Sport 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Etymology

Pronounced stlj -li in Australian English15 the name Australia is derived from the Latin australis meaning "southern". The country has been referred to colloquially as Oz since the early 20th century.N 5 Aussie is a common colloquial term for "Australian".

Legends of Terra Australis Incognitaan "unknown land of the South"date back to Roman times and were commonplace in medieval geography although not based on any documented knowledge of the continent. Following European discovery names for the Australian landmass were often references to the famed Terra Australis.

The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espritu Santo written by Master Hakluyt" and published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus a corruption of the original Spanish name Austrialia del Espritu Santo for an island in Vanuatu.20 The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638 to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south.21 Australia was later used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Dcouverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe a 1676 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny under the pen-name Jacques Sadeur.22 Referring to the entire South Pacific region Alexander Dalrymple used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1771. By the end of the 18th century the name was being used to refer specifically to Australia with the botanists George Shaw and Sir James Smith writing of "the vast island or rather continent of Australia Australasia or New Holland" in their 1793 Zoology and Botany of New Holland23 and James Wilson including it on a 1799 chart.24

The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders who pushed for it to be formally adopted as early as 1804. When preparing his manuscript and charts for his 1814 A Voyage to Terra Australis he was persuaded by his patron Sir Joseph Banks to use the term Terra Australis as this was the name most familiar to the public. Flinders did so but allowed himself the footnote: "Had I permitted myself any innovation on the original term it would have been to convert it to Australia; as being more agreeable to the ear and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth."25

This is the only occurrence of the word Australia in that text; but in Appendix III Robert Brown's General remarks geographical and systematical on the botany of Terra Australis Brown makes use of the adjectival form Australian throughout26the first known use of that form.27 Despite popular conception the book was not instrumental in the adoption of the name: the name came gradually to be accepted over the following ten years.28 Lachlan Macquarie a Governor of New South Wales subsequently used the word in his dispatches to England and on 12 December 1817 recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted.29 In 1824 the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.30 History Main article: History of Australia Exploration by Europeans till 1812   1606 Willem Janszoon   1606 Luis Vez de Torres   1616 Dirk Hartog   1619 Frederick de Houtman   1644 Abel Tasman   1696 Willem de Vlamingh   1699 William Dampier   1770 James Cook   17971799 George Bass   18011803 Matthew Flinders Human habitation of Australia is estimated to have begun between 42000 and 48000 years ago31 possibly with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea-crossings from what is now Southeast Asia. These first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. At the time of European settlement in the late 18th century most Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers with a complex oral culture and spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime. The Torres Strait Islanders ethnically Melanesian were originally horticulturalists and hunter-gatherers.32 Following sporadic visits by fishermen from the Malay Archipelago33 the first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent were attributed to the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula on an unknown date in early 1606 and made landfall on 26 February at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York near the modern town of Weipa.34 The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of "New Holland" during the 17th century but made no attempt at settlement.34 William Dampier an English explorer/privateer landed on the northwest coast of Australia in 1688 and again in 1699 on a return trip. In 1770 James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast of Australia which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain.35 Cook's discoveries prepared the way for establishment of a new penal colony. The British Crown Colony of New South Wales was formed on 26 January 1788 when Captain Arthur Phillip led the First Fleet to Port Jackson.36 This date became Australia's national day Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land now known as Tasmania was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825.37 The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1828.38 Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836 Victoria in 1851 and Queensland in 1859.39 The Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia.40 South Australia was founded as a "free province"it was never a penal colony.41 Victoria and Western Australia were also founded "free" but later accepted transported convicts.4243 A campaign by the settlers of New South Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that colony; the last convict ship arrived in 1848.44 Port Arthur Tasmania was Australia's largest gaol for transported convicts. The indigenous population estimated at 350000 at the time of European settlement45 declined steeply for 150 years following settlement mainly due to infectious disease.46 The "Stolen Generations" (removal of Aboriginal children from their families) which historians such as Henry Reynolds have argued could be considered genocide47 may have contributed to the decline in the Indigenous population.48 Such interpretations of Aboriginal history are disputed by conservative commentators such as former Prime Minister John Howard as exaggerated or fabricated for political or ideological reasons.49 This debate is known within Australia as the History wars.50 The Federal government gained the power to make laws with respect to Aborigines following the 1967 referendum.51 Traditional ownership of landaboriginal titlewas not recognised until 1992 when the High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2) overturned the notion of Australia as terra nullius ("land belonging to no one") before European occupation.52 A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s53 and the Eureka Rebellion against mining licence fees in 1854 was an early expression of civil disobedience.54 Between 1855 and 1890 the six colonies individually gained responsible government managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.55 The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters notably foreign affairs56 defence57 and international shipping. The Last Post is played at an ANZAC Day ceremony in Port Melbourne Victoria. Similar ceremonies are held in most suburbs and towns. On 1 January 1901 federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning consultation and voting.58 The Commonwealth of Australia was established and it became a dominion of the British Empire in 1907. The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was constructed.59 The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911.60 In 1914 Australia joined Britain in fighting World War I with support from both the outgoing Liberal Party and the incoming Labor Party.61 Australians took part in many of the major battles fought on the Western Front.62 Of about 416000 who served about 60000 were killed and another 152000 were wounded.63 Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nationits first major military action.6465 The Kokoda Track campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.66 Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the UK. Australia adopted it in 194267 but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II.6869 The shock of the UK's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector.70 Since 1951 Australia has been a formal military ally of the US under the ANZUS treaty.71 After World War II Australia encouraged immigration from Europe. Since the 1970s and following the abolition of the White Australia policy immigration from Asia and elsewhere was also promoted.72 As a result Australia's demography culture and self-image were transformed.73 The final constitutional ties between Australia and the UK were severed with the passing of the Australia Act 1986 ending any British role in the government of the Australian States and closing the option of judicial appeals to the Privy Council in London.74 In a 1999 referendum 55% of Australian voters and a majority in every Australian state rejected a proposal to become a republic with a president appointed by a two-thirds vote in both Houses of the Australian Parliament. Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 197275 there has been an increasing focus in foreign policy on ties with other Pacific Rim nations while maintaining close ties with Australia's traditional allies and trading partners.76 Politics Main articles: Government of Australia Politics of Australia and Monarchy of Australia Parliament House Canberra was opened in 1988 replacing the provisional Parliament House building opened in 1927. Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a federal division of powers. It uses a parliamentary system of government with Queen Elizabeth II at its apex as the Queen of Australia a role that is distinct from her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen resides in the United Kingdom and she is represented by her viceroys in Australia (the Governor-General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level) who by convention act on the advice of her ministers. Supereme executive authority is vested by the constitution of Australia in the sovereign but the power to exercise it is conferred by the constitution specifically to the Governor-General.7778 The most notable exercise of the Governor-General's reserve powers outside a Prime Minister's request was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of 1975.79 The federal government is separated into three branches: The legislature: the bicameral Parliament comprising the Queen (represented by the Governor-General) the Senate and the House of Representatives; The executive: the Federal Executive Council in practice the Governor-General as advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State;80 The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts whose judges are appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Council. In the Senate (the upper house) there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).81 The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 150 members elected from single-member electoral divisions commonly known as "electorates" or "seats" allocated to states on the basis of population82 with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats.83 Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years simultaneously; senators have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution.81 The official residence of the Governor-General of Australia Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for all lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which along with the Senate and most state upper houses combine it with proportional representation in a system known as the single transferable vote. Voting is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction84 as is enrolment (with the exception of South Australia).85 Although the Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor-General in practice the party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms government and its leader becomes Prime Minister.citation needed There are two major political groups that usually form government federally and in the states: the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition which is a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor partner the National Party.8687 Independent members and several minor partiesincluding the Greens and the Australian Democratshave achieved representation in Australian parliaments mostly in upper houses. Following a partyroom leadership challenge Julia Gillard became the first female Prime Minister in June 2010.88 The last federal election was held on 21 August 2010 and resulted in the first hung parliament in over 50 years. Gillard was able to form a minority Labor government with the support of independents. States and territories Main article: States and territories of Australia A clickable map of Australia's states and mainland territories Australia has six statesNew South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria and Western Australiaand two major mainland territoriesthe Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). In most respects these two territories function as states but the Commonwealth Parliament can override any legislation of their parliaments. By contrast federal legislation overrides state legislation only in areas that are set out in Section 51 of the Australian Constitution; state parliaments retain all residual legislative powers including those over schools state police the state judiciary roads public transport and local government since these do not fall under the provisions listed in Section 51.89 Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliamentunicameral in the Northern Territory the ACT and Queensland and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a Governor; and in the Northern Territory the Administrator.90 In the Commonwealth the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.91 The federal parliament directly administers the following territories:80 Jervis Bay Territory a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands Ashmore and Cartier Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Norfolk Island is also technically an external territory; however under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 it has been granted more autonomy and is governed locally by its own legislative assembly. The Queen is represented by an Administrator currently Owen Walsh.92 Foreign relations and military Main articles: Foreign relations of Australia and Australian Defence Force Australian Army soldiers conducting a foot patrol during a joint training exercise with US forces in Shoalwater Bay (2007). Over recent decades Australia's foreign relations have been driven by a close association with the United States through the ANZUS pact and by a desire to develop relationships with Asia and the Pacific particularly through ASEAN and the Pacific Islands Forum. In 2005 Australia secured an inaugural seat at the East Asia Summit following its accession to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia and in 2011 will attend the Sixth East Asia Summit in Indonesia. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in which the Commonwealth Heads of Government meetings provide the main forum for cooperation.93 Australia has pursued the cause of international trade liberalisation.949596 It led the formation of the Cairns Group and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.9798 Australia is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Trade Organization99100 and has pursued several major bilateral free trade agreements most recently the Australia  United States Free Trade Agreement101 and Closer Economic Relations with New Zealand102 with another free trade agreement being negotiated with China the AustraliaChina Free Trade Agreement and Japan103 South Korea in 2011104105 AustraliaChile Free Trade Agreement ASEAN Australia New Zealand Free Trade Area and the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership. Along with New Zealand the United Kingdom Malaysia and Singapore Australia is party to the Five Power Defence Arrangements a regional defence agreement. A founding member country of the United Nations Australia is strongly committed to multilateralism106 and maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries receive assistance. The 200506 budget provides A$2.5 billion for development assistance;107 as a percentage of GDP this contribution is less than that recommended in the UN Millennium Development Goals. Australia ranks seventh overall in the Center for Global Development's 2008 Commitment to Development Index.108 Australia's armed forcesthe Australian Defence Force (ADF)comprise the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in total numbering 80561 personnel (including 55068 regulars and 25493 reservists).109 The titular role of Commander-in-Chief is vested in the Governor-General who appoints a Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services on the advice of the government.110 Day-to-day force operations are under the command of the Chief while broader administration and the formulation of defence policy is undertaken by the Minister and Department of Defence. In the 201011 budget defence spending was A$25.7 billion111 representing the 14th largest defence budget in the world but accounting for only 1.2% of global military spending.112 Australia has been involved in UN and regional peacekeeping disaster relief and armed conflict; it currently has deployed approximately 3330 defence force personnel in varying capacities to 12 overseas operations in areas including East Timor Solomon Islands and Afghanistan.113 Geography and climate Main articles: Geography of Australia Climate of Australia and Geology of Australia Climatic zones in Australia based on the Kppen climate classification. Australia's landmass of 7617930 square kilometres (2941300 sq mi)114 is on the Indo-Australian Plate. Surrounded by the IndianN 4 and Pacific oceans it is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas. The world's smallest continent115 and sixth largest country by total area116 Australiaowing to its size and isolationis often dubbed the 'island continent'117 and variably considered the world's largest island.118 Australia has 34218 kilometres (21262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands)119 and claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8148250 square kilometres (3146060 sq mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory.120 Excluding Macquarie Island Australia lies between latitudes 9 and 44S and longitudes 112 and 154E. The Great Barrier Reef the world's largest coral reef121 lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2000 kilometres (1240 mi). Mount Augustus claimed to be the world's largest monolith122 is located in Western Australia. At 2228 metres (7310 ft) Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland although Mawson Peak on the remote Australian territory of Heard Island is taller at 2745 metres (9006 ft).123 Australia is the flattest continent124 with the oldest and least fertile soils;125126 desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest portion of land. The driest inhabited continent only its south-east and south-west corners have a temperate climate.127 The population density 2.8 inhabitants per square kilometre is among the lowest in the world128 although a large proportion of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline.129 Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range that runs parallel to the coast of Queensland New South Wales and much of Victoria  although the name is not strictly accurate as in parts the range consists of low hills and the highlands are typically no more than 1600 metres (5249 ft) in height.130 The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland.130131 These include the western plains of New South Wales and the Einasleigh Uplands Barkly Tableland and the Mulga Lands of inland Queensland. The northern point of the east coast is the tropical rainforested Cape York Peninsula.132133134135 Topographic map of Australia The landscapes of the northern part of the country the Top End and the Gulf Country behind the Gulf of Carpentaria with their tropical climate consist of woodland grassland and desert.136137138 At the northwest corner of the continent is the sandstone cliffs and gorges of The Kimberley and below that the Pilbara while south and inland of these lie more areas of grassland the Ord Victoria Plain and the Western Australian Mulga shrublands.139140141 The heart of the country is the uplands of central Australia while prominent features of the centre and south include the inland Simpson Tirari and Sturt Stony Gibson Great Sandy Tanami and Great Victoria Deserts with the famous Nullarbor Plain on the southern coast.142143144145 The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Nio-Southern Oscillation which is correlated with periodic drought and the seasonal tropical low pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia.146147 These factors induce rainfall to vary markedly from year to year. Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical predominantly summer rainfall (monsoon) climate.148 Just under three quarters of Australia lies within a desert or semi-arid zone.149 The southwest corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate.150 Much of the southeast (including Tasmania) is temperate.148 Environment Main article: Environment of Australia The koala and the eucalyptus form an iconic Australian pair Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert it includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests and is recognised as a megadiverse country. Because of the continent's great age extremely variable weather patterns and long-term geographic isolation much of Australia's biota is unique and diverse. About 85% of flowering plants 84% of mammals more than 45% of birds and 89% of in-shore temperate-zone fish are endemic.151 Australia has the greatest number of reptiles of any country with 755 species.152 Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions Wattles replace them in drier regions and deserts as the most dominant species.153 Among well-known Australian fauna are the monotremes (the platypus and echidna); a host of marsupials including the kangaroo koala and wombat and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra.153 Australia is home to many dangerous animals including some of the most venomous snakes in the world.154 The dingo was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 BCE.155 Many plant and animal species became extinct soon after first human settlement156 including the Australian megafauna; others have disappeared since European settlement among them the thylacine.157158 Many of Australia's ecoregions and the species within those regions are threatened by human activities and introduced plant and animal species.159 The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species.160 Numerous protected areas have been created under the National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity to protect and preserve unique ecosystems;161162 65 wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention163 and 15 natural World Heritage Sites have been established.164 Australia was ranked 51st of 163 countries in the world on the 2010 Environmental Performance Index.165 Climate change has become an increasing concern in Australia in recent years166 with many Australians considering protection of the environment to be the most important issue facing the country.167 The Rudd Ministry has initiated several emission reduction activities;168 Rudd's first official act on his first day in office was to sign the instrument of ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. Nevertheless Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world lower than those of only a few other industrialised nations.169 Rainfall in Australia has slightly increased over the past century both nationwide and for two quadrants of the nation170 while annual mean temperatures increased significantly over the past decades.171 Water restrictions are currently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought.172 Economy Main article: Economy of Australia See also: Economic history of Australia and Median household income in Australia and New Zealand The Super Pit gold mine in Kalgoorlie Australia's largest open cut mine.173 Australia has a market economy with high GDP per capita and low rate of poverty. The Australian dollar is the currency for the nation including Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati Nauru and Tuvalu. After the 2006 merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures Exchange the Australian Securities Exchange is now the ninth largest in the world.174 Ranked third in the Index of Economic Freedom (2010)175 Australia is the world's thirteenth largest economy and has the ninth highest per capita GDP; higher than that of the United Kingdom Germany France Canada Japan and the United States. The country was ranked second in the United Nations 2010 Human Development Index and first in Legatum's 2008 Prosperity Index.9 All of Australia's major cities fare well in global comparative liveability surveys;176 Melbourne reached second place on The Economist's 2008 World's Most Livable Cities list followed by Perth Adelaide and Sydney in fourth seventh and ninth place respectively.177 Total government debt in Australia is about $190 billion.178 Australia has amongst the highest house prices and some of the highest household debt levels in the world.179 Destination and value of Australian exports in 2006180 An emphasis on exporting commodities rather than manufactured goods has underpinned a significant increase in Australia's terms of trade since the start of the century due to rising commodity prices. Australia has a balance of payments that is more than 7% of GDP negative and has had persistently large current account deficits for more than 50 years.181 Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.181 There are differing opinions based on evidence as to whether or not Australia had been one of the few OECD nations to avoid experiencing a recession during the late 2000s global financial downturn.182182183 Six of Australia's major trading partners had been in recession which in turn affected Australia and economic growth was hampered significantly over recent years.184185 The Hawke Government floated the Australian dollar in 1983 and partially deregulated the financial system.186 The Howard Government followed with a partial deregulation of the labour market and the further privatisation of state-owned businesses most notably in the telecommunications industry.187 The indirect tax system was substantially changed in July 2000 with the introduction of a 10% Goods and Services Tax (GST).188 In Australia's tax system personal and company income tax are the main sources of government revenue.189 In January 2007 there were 10033480 people employed with an unemployment rate of 5.1%.190 Youth unemployment (1524) rose from 8.7% to 9.7% over 20082009.191 Over the past decade inflation has typically been 23% and the base interest rate 56%. The service sector of the economy including tourism education and financial services accounts for about 70% of GDP.192 Although agriculture and natural resources account for only 3% and 5% of GDP respectively they contribute substantially to export performance. Australia's largest export markets are Japan China the US South Korea and New Zealand.193 Australia is the world's fourth largest exporter of wine in an industry contributing $5.5 billion per annum to the nation's economy.194 Demography Main articles: Demographics of Australia and Immigration to Australia Historic population (Estimated) 195 Year Indigenous population pre 1788 350000 approximate Year Non Indigenous population Increase 1788 900   1800 5200 477.8% 1850 405400 7696.2% Year Total population Increase 1900 3765300   1910 4525100 20.2% 1920 5411000 19.6% 1930 6501000 20.1% 1940 7078000 8.9% 1950 8307000 17.4% 1960 10392000 25.1% 1970 12663000 21.9% 1980 14726000 16.3% 1990 17169000 16.6% 2000 19169100 11.6% 2010 20971000 9.4% For generations the vast majority of immigrants came from the British Isles and the people of Australia are still mainly of British or Irish ethnic origin. In the 2006 Australian census the most commonly nominated ancestry was Australian (37.13%)196 followed by English (32%) Irish (9%) Scottish (8%) Italian (4%) German (4%) Chinese (3%) and Greek (2%).197 Australia's population has quadrupled since the end of World War I198 much of the increase from immigration. Following World War II and through to 2000 almost 5.9 million of the total population settled in the country as new immigrants meaning that nearly two out of every seven Australians were born overseas.199 Most immigrants are skilled200 but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and refugees.200 By 2050 Australia's population is currently projected to reach around 42 million.201 In 2001 23.1% of Australians were born overseas; the five largest immigrant groups were those from the United Kingdom New Zealand Italy Vietnam and China.193202 Following the abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973 numerous government initiatives have been established to encourage and promote racial harmony based on a policy of multiculturalism.203 In 200506 more than 131000 people emigrated to Australia mainly from Asia and Oceania.204 The migration target for 201011 is 168700 compared to 67900 in 199899.205 The Indigenous populationmainland Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanderswas counted at 410003 (2.2% of the total population) in 2001 a significant increase from 115953 in the 1976 census.206 A large number of Indigenous people are not identified in the Census due to undercount and cases where their Indigenous status is not recorded on the form; after adjusting for these factors the ABS estimated the true figure for 2001 to be around 460140 (2.4% of the total population).207 Indigenous Australians experience higher than average rates of imprisonment and unemployment208 lower levels of education and life expectancies for males and females that are 1117 years lower than those of non-indigenous Australians.193209210 Some remote Indigenous communities have been described as having "failed state"-like conditions.211212213214215 In common with many other developed countries Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2004 the average age of the civilian population was 38.8 years.216 A large number of Australians (759849 for the period 200203)217 live outside their home country. Largest populated areas in Australia (June 2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics estimate)218 Rank City Name State Pop. Rank City Name State Pop. view talk Sydney Melbourne 1 Sydney NSW 4575532 11 Greater Hobart TAS 214705 2 Melbourne VIC 4077036 12 Geelong VIC 178650 3 Brisbane QLD 2043185 13 Townsville QLD 172316 4 Perth WA 1696065 14 Cairns QLD 150920 5 Adelaide SA 1203186 15 Toowoomba QLD 131258 6 Gold Coast-Tweed QLD / NSW 591473 16 Darwin NT 127532 7 Newcastle NSW 546788 17 Launceston TAS 106153 8 Canberra-Queanbeyan ACT / NSW 410419 18 Albury-Wodonga NSW / VIC 106052 9 Wollongong NSW 292190 19 Ballarat VIC 96097 10 Sunshine Coast QLD 251081 20 Bendigo VIC 91713 Language Main article: Australian English Nearly three quarters of Australians live in metropolitan cities and coastal areas. The beach is an integral part of the Australian identity.219 The Barossa Valley is a wine-producing region in South Australia. Fewer than 15% of Australians live in rural areas. Although Australia has no official language English is so entrenched that it has become the de facto national language.2 Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon. Grammar and spelling are similar to that of British English with some notable exceptions.220 According to the 2006 census English is the only language spoken in the home for close to 79% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Italian (1.6%) Greek (1.3%) and Cantonese (1.2%);221 a considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. A 20102011 study by the Australia Early Development Index found that the most common language spoken by children after English was Arabic followed by Vietnamese Greek Chinese and Hindi.222 Between 200 and 300 Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact of which only about 70 have survived. Many of these are exclusively spoken by older people; only 18 Indigenous languages are still spoken by all age groups.223 At the time of the 2006 Census 52000 Indigenous Australians representing 12% of the Indigenous population reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home.224 Australia has a sign language known as Auslan which is the main language of about 5500 deaf people.225 Religion Main article: Religion in Australia Australia has no state religion. In the 2006 census 64% of Australians listed themselves as Christian including 26% as Roman Catholic and 19% as Anglican. About 19% of the population cited "No religion" (which includes humanism atheism agnosticism and rationalism) which was the fastest-growing group from 2001 to 2006 and a further 12% did not answer (the question is optional) or did not give a response adequate for interpretation. The largest non-Christian religion in Australia is Buddhism (2.1%) followed by Islam (1.7%) Hinduism (0.8%) and Judaism (0.5%). Overall fewer than 6% of Australians identify with non-Christian religions.226 Weekly attendance at church services in 2004 was about 1.5 million: about 7.5% of the population.227 According to an international survey conducted by Germany's Bertelsmann Foundation "Australia is one of the least religious nations in the western world coming in 17th out of 21 surveyed" and that "Nearly three out of four Australians say they are either not at all religious or that religion does not play a central role in their lives.".228 A survey of 1718 Australians by the Christian Research Association at the end of 2009 suggested that the numbers of people attending religious services in Australia has dropped from 23 per cent in 1993 to 16 per cent in 2009 and while 60 per cent of 15-29-year-old respondents in 1993 identified with Christian denominations 33 per cent did in 2009.229 Education Main article: Education in Australia Main article: Tertiary education fees in Australia School attendance is compulsory throughout Australia. All children receive 11 years of compulsory education from the age of 6 to 16 (Year 1 to 10)230 before they can undertake two more years (Years 11 and 12) contributing to an adult literacy rate that is assumed to be 99%. A preparatory year prior to Year 1 although not compulsory is almost universally undertaken.230 In the Programme for International Student Assessment Australia regularly scores among the top five of thirty major developed countries (member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Government grants have supported the establishment of Australia's 38 universities; all but one is public.citation needed OECD places Australia as among the most expensive nations to attend university.231 There is a state-based system of vocational training known as TAFE Institutes and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople.232 Approximately 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications193 and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. The ratio of international to local students in tertiary education in Australia is the highest in the OECD countries.233 Health Main article: Health care in Australia Total expenditure on health (including private sector spending) is around 9.8 per cent of GDP.234 Australia introduced universal health care in 1975.235 Known as Medicare it is now nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the Medicare levy currently set at 1.5%.236 The states manage hospitals and attached outpatient services while the Commonwealth funds the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (reducing the costs of medicines) and general practice.235 Life expectancy in Australia is 78.7 years for males and 83.5 years for females born in 2006.237 Australia has the highest rates of skin cancer in the world238 while cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease.239 Australia has one of the highest proportions of overweight citizens amongst developed nations.240 Culture Main article: Culture of Australia The Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne was the first building in Australia to be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004241 Since 1788 the basis of Australian culture has been strongly influenced by Anglo-Celtic Western culture.242243 Distinctive cultural features have also arisen from Australia's natural environment and Indigenous cultures.244245 Since the mid-20th century American popular culture has strongly influenced Australia particularly through television and cinema.246 Other cultural influences come from neighbouring Asian countries and through large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking nations.246247 Arts Main article: Visual arts of Australia Sunlight Sweet by Australian landscape artist Arthur Streeton. Australian visual arts are thought to have begun with the cave and bark paintings of its Indigenous peoples. The traditions of Indigenous Australians are largely transmitted orally through ceremony and the telling of Dreamtime stories.248 From the time of European settlement a theme in Australian art has been the natural landscape244 seen for example in the works of Albert Namatjira249 Arthur Streeton and others associated with the Heidelberg School244 and Arthur Boyd.250 The country's landscape remains a source of inspiration for Australian modernist artists; it has been depicted in acclaimed works by the likes of Sidney Nolan251 Fred Williams252 Sydney Long253 and Clifton Pugh.254 Australian artists influenced by modern American and European art include cubist Grace Crowley255 surrealist James Gleeson256 and pop artist Martin Sharp.257 Contemporary Indigenous Australian art is the only art movement of international significance to emerge from Australia258259 and "the last great art movement of the 20th century";260 its exponents have included Emily Kngwarreye.261262 Art critic Robert Hughes has written several influential books about Australian history and art and was described as the "world's most famous art critic" by The New York Times.263 The National Gallery of Australia and state galleries maintain Australian and overseas collections.264 Main articles: Theatre of Australia and Dance in Australia Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's Australia Council.265 There is a symphony orchestra in each state266 and a national opera company Opera Australia267 well-known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland.268 At the start of the 20th century Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers.269 Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.270271272 Performance of Aboriginal song and dance in the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney Australian literature has also been influenced by the landscape; the works of writers such as Banjo Paterson Henry Lawson and Dorothea Mackellar captured the experience of the Australian bush.273 The character of the nation's colonial past as represented in early literature is popular with modern Australians.244 In 1973 Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature274 the first Australian to have achieved this.275 Australian winners of the Man Booker Prize have included Peter Carey and Thomas Keneally;276 David Williamson David Malouf and J. M. Coetzee who recently became an Australian citizen are also renowned writers277 and Les Murray is regarded as "one of the leading poets of his generation".278 Media Main articles: Television in Australia Cinema of Australia Media of Australia Australian literature and Music of Australia The Australian cinema industry began with the 1906 release of The Story of the Kelly Gang which is regarded as being the world's first feature-length film279 but both Australian feature film production and the distribution of British-made features declined dramatically after World War I as American studios and distributors monopolised the industry280 and by the 1930s around 95% of the feature films screened in Australia were produced in Hollywood. By the late 1950s feature film production in Australia had effectively ceased and there were no all-Australian feature films made in the decade between 1959 and 1969.281 Thanks to initiatives by the Gorton and Whitlam federal governments the New Wave of Australian cinema of the 1970s brought provocative and successful films some exploring the nation's colonial past such as Picnic at Hanging Rock and Breaker Morant282 while the so-called "Ocker" genre produced several highly successful urban-based comedy features including The Adventures of Barry McKenzie and Alvin Purple.283284285 Later hits included Mad Max and Gallipoli.286287 More recent successes included Shine and Rabbit-Proof Fence.288289 Notable Australian actors include Judith Anderson290 Errol Flynn291 Nicole Kidman Hugh Jackman Heath Ledger Geoffrey Rush and current joint director of the Sydney Theatre Company Cate Blanchett.292293 Australia has two public broadcasters (the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the multicultural Special Broadcasting Service) three commercial television networks several pay-TV services294 and numerous public non-profit television and radio stations. Each major city has at least one daily newspaper294 and there are two national daily newspapers The Australian and The Australian Financial Review.294 In 2010 Reporters Without Borders placed Australia 18th on a list of 178 countries ranked by press freedom behind New Zealand (8th) but ahead of the United Kingdom (19th) and United States (20th).295 This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia;296 most print media are under the control of News Corporation and Fairfax Media.297 Cuisine Main article: Australian cuisine The food of Indigenous Australians was largely influenced by the area in which they lived. Most tribal groups subsisted on a simple hunter-gatherer diet hunting native game and fish and collecting native plants and fruit. The general term for native Australian flora and fauna used as a source of food is bush tucker.298299 The first settlers introduced British food to the continent300 which much of what is now considered typical Australian food is based on the Sunday roast has become an enduring tradition for many Australians.301 Since the beginning of the 20th century food in Australia has increasingly been influenced by immigrants to the nation particularly from Southern European and Asian cultures.300301 Australian wine is produced in 60 distinct production areas totaling approximately 160000 hectares mainly in the southern cooler parts of the country. The wine regions in each of these states produce different wine varieties and styles that take advantage of local climates and soil types. The predominant varieties are Shiraz Cabernet Sauvignon Chardonnay Merlot Smillon Pinot noir Riesling and Sauvignon blanc.302303304194305306 In 1995 an Australian red wine Penfolds Grange won the Wine Spectator award for Wine of the Year the first time a wine from outside France or California achieved this distinction.307 Sport Main article: Sport in Australia Cricket has been an important part of Australia's sporting culture since the 19th century.308 Around 24% Australians over the age of 15 regularly participate in organised sporting activities in Australia.193 Australia has strong international teams in cricket field hockey netball rugby league and rugby union having been Olympic or world champions at least twice in each sport in the last 25 years for both men and women where applicable.309310311312313314315316 Australia is also powerful in track cycling rowing and swimming having consistently been in the top-five medal-winners at Olympic or World Championship level since 2000.317318319 Swimming is the strongest of these sports; Australia is the second-most prolific medal winner in the sport in Olympic history.320321322 Some of Australia's most internationally well-known and successful sportspeople are swimmers Dawn Fraser Murray Rose Shane Gould and Ian Thorpe; sprinters Shirley Strickland Betty Cuthbert and Cathy Freeman;323 tennis players Rod Laver Roy Emerson Ken Rosewall Evonne Goolagong and Margaret Court; cricketers Donald Bradman and Shane Warne; three-time Formula One world champion Jack Brabham; five-time motorcycle grand prix world champion Mick Doohan; golfers Greg Norman and Karrie Webb;324 cyclist Hubert Opperman; and prodigious billiards player Walter Lindrum.325 Nationally other popular sports include Australian rules football horse racing squash surfing soccer and motor racing. Australia has participated in every summer Olympics of the modern era326 and every Commonwealth Games.327 Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney328 and has ranked among the top six medal-takers since 2000.329 Australia has also hosted the 1938 1962 1982 and 2006 Commonwealth Games.330 Other major international events held in Australia include the Australian Open tennis grand slam tournament international cricket matches and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix. The highest-rating television programs include sports telecasts such as the summer Olympics FIFA World Cup State of Origin and the grand finals of the National Rugby League and Australian Football League.331 See also Australia portal Main articles: Outline of Australia and Index of Australia-related articles Notes Australia also has a royal anthem "God Save the Queen (or King)" which is played in the presence of a member of the Royal family when they are in Australia. In all other appropriate contexts the national anthem of Australia "Advance Australia Fair" is played.1 a b English does not have de jure status.2 a b There are minor variations from these three time zones see Time in Australia. a b Australia describes the body of water south of its mainland as the Southern Ocean rather than the Indian Ocean as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). In 2000 a vote of IHO member nations defined the term "Southern Ocean" as applying only to the waters between Antarctica and 60 degrees south latitude.10 The Oxford English Dictionary records a first occurrence in 1908 in the form Oss. Oz is often taken as an oblique reference to the fictional Land of Oz in the film The Wizard of Oz (1939) based on L. Frank Baum's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900).16 Australians' "image of Australia as a 'Land of Oz' is not new and dedication to it runs deep".17 The spelling Oz is likely to have been influenced by the 1939 film though the pronunciation was probably always with a /z/ as it is also for Aussie sometimes spelt Ozzie.18 The Baz Luhrmann film Australia (2008) makes repeated reference to The Wizard of Oz which appeared just before the wartime action of Australia. Some critics have even speculated that Baum was inspired by Australia in naming the Land of Oz: "In Ozma of Oz (1907) Dorothy gets back to Oz as the result of a storm at sea while she and Uncle Henry are traveling by ship to Australia. So like Australia Oz is somewhere to the west of California. Like Australia Oz is an island continent. Like Australia Oz has inhabited regions bordering on a great desert. One might almost imagine that Baum intended Oz to be Australia or perhaps a magical land in the center of the great Australian desert."19 References It's an Honour  Symbols  Australian National Anthem and DFAT  "The Australian National Anthem"; "National Symbols". Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (29th ed.). 2002 (updated 2005). http://web.archive.org/web/20070611101901/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/40thparl/national+symbols.pdf. Retrieved 7 June 2007.  a b "Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies". 1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings Sydney. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/confer/04/speech18b.htm. Retrieved 11 January 2009.  "English has no de jure status but it is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language." The Macquarie Dictionary Collins English Dictionary. Bishopbriggs Glasgow: HarperCollins. 2009. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-00-786171-2.  "Population clock". Australian Bureau of Statistics website. Commonwealth of Australia. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63OpenDocument. Retrieved 12 April 2011.  The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation. Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Australia". 2006 Census QuickStats. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/LocationSearchcollectionCensus&period2006&areacode0&producttypeQuickStats&breadcrumbPL&action401. Retrieved 14 October 2008.  a b c d "Australia". IMF website. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspxsy2008&ey2011&scsm1&ssd1&sortcountry&ds.&br1&c193&sNGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp0&a&pr.x109&pr.y5. Retrieved 12 April 2011.  "Distribution of family income  Gini index". The World Factbook. CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html. Retrieved 2009-09-01.  a b "Human Development Report 2010 tables". United Nations. 2010. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2010ENTablesreprint.pdf. Retrieved 25 April 2011.  Rosenberg Matt (20 August 2009). "The New Fifth OceanThe World's Newest Ocean  The Southern Ocean". About.com: Geography. http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/fifthocean.htm. Retrieved 5 April 2010.  Both Australian Aborigines and Europeans Rooted in Africa  50000 years ago. "Australian Social Trends". Australian Bureau of Statistics website. 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Retrieved 23 April 2010.  "Australian Film Commission. What are Australians Watching" Free-to-Air 19992004 TVdead link. Bibliography Denoon Donald et al. (2000). A History of Australia New Zealand and the Pacific. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-17962-3. Hughes Robert (1986). The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-50668-5. Davison Graeme; Hirst John; Macintyre Stuart (1999). The Oxford Companion to Australian History. Melbourne Vic.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553597-9.  Emily Kngwarreye  Paintings (no editor given) (1996). North Ryde NSW: Craftsman House / G + B Arts International. ISBN 90-5703-681-9. Germaine Max (1990). Artists & Galleries of Australia. Roseville Vic.: Craftsman House. ISBN 976-8097-02-7.  Johnson Vivien (2007). Papunya Painting: Out of the Desert. Canberra: National Museum of Australia. ISBN 978-1-876944-58-2.  Jupp James (2001). The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation its people and their origins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80789-1.  Macintyre Stuart (2000). A Concise History of Australia. Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62359-6. McCulloch Alan; Susan McCulloch Emily McCulloch Childs (2006). The new McCulloch's encyclopedia of Australian art. Fitzroy VIC: Aus Art Editions in association with The Miegunyah Press. ISBN 0-522-85317-X. Powell JM (1988). An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe. Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25619-4. Robinson GM Loughran RJ and Tranter PJ (2000) Australia and New Zealand: economy society and environment. London: Arnold; NY: OUP; 0340720336 paper 0-340720328 hard. Smith Bernard; Smith Terry (1991). Australian painting 17881990. Melbourne Vic.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554901-5.  Teo Hsu-Ming; White Richard (2003). Cultural history in Australia. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 0-86840-589-2.  External links Find more about Australia on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Listen to this article (2 parts)  (info) Part 1  Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of Australia dated 2006-01-17 and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. 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