This article is about the country. For other uses see Brazil (disambiguation). Federative Republic of Brazil Repblica Federativa do Brasil (Portuguese) Flag Coat of arms Motto: "Ordem e Progresso" (Portuguese) "Order and Progress" Anthem: Hino Nacional Brasileiro (Portuguese) "Brazilian National Anthem" National seal Selo Nacional do Brasil (Portuguese) "National Seal of Brazil" Capital Braslia 1545S 4757W / 15.75S 47.95W / -15.75; -47.95 Largest city So Paulo Official language(s) Portuguese Ethnic groups (2008 1 ) 48.43% White 43.80% Brown (Multiracial) 6.84% Black 0.58% Asian 0.28% Amerindian Demonym Brazilian Government Federal presidential constitutional republic  -  President Dilma Rousseff (PT)  -  Vice President Michel Temer (PMDB)  -  President of the Chamber of Deputies Marco Maia (PT)  -  President of the Senate Jos Sarney (PMDB)  -  Chief Justice Cezar Peluso Legislature National Congress  -  Upper House Federal Senate  -  Lower House Chamber of Deputies Independence from Kingdom of Portugal   -  Declared 7 September 1822   -  Recognized 29 August 1825   -  Republic 15 November 1889   -  Current constitution 5 October 1988  Area  -  Total 8514877 km2 (5th) 3287597 sq mi   -  Water (%) 0.65 Population  -  2010 census 190732694 2   -  Density 22/km2 (182nd) 57/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate  -  Total $2.172 trillion3   -  Per capita $112393  GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate  -  Total $2.090 trillion3   -  Per capita $108163  Gini (2008) 4934  HDI (2010) 0.6995 (high) (73rd) Currency Real (R$) (BRL) Time zone BRT6 (UTC-2 to -46)  -  Summer (DST) BRST (UTC-2 to -4) Date formats dd/mm/yyyy (CE) Drives on the right ISO 3166 code BR Internet TLD .br Calling code +55

Brazil (i /brzl/; Portuguese: Brasil IPA: baziw) officially the Federative Republic of Brazil78 (Portuguese: Repblica Federativa do Brasil listen (helpinfo)) is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country both by geographical area and by population with over 190 million people.910 It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in the world.9

Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east Brazil has a coastline of over 7491 km (4655 mi).9 It is bordered on the north by Venezuela Guyana Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory such as Fernando de Noronha Rocas Atoll Saint Peter and Paul Rocks and Trindade and Martim Vaz.9 It borders with all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.

Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro lvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815 when it was elevated to United Kingdom with Portugal and Algarves. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808 when the capital of the Portuguese Kingdom was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro after Napoleon invaded Portugal.11 The independence from Portugal was achieved in 1822. Initially independent as the Empire of Brazil the country has been a republic since 1889 although the bicameral legislature now called Congress dates back to 1824 when the first constitution was ratified.11 Its current Constitution defines Brazil as a Federal Republic.12 The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District the 26 States and the 5564 Municipalities.1213

The Brazilian economy is the world's eighth largest economy by nominal GDP14 and the seventh largest by purchasing power parity.15 Brazil is one of the world's fastest growing major economies. Economic reforms have given the country new international recognition.16 Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations the G20 CPLP Latin Union the Organization of Ibero-American States Mercosul and the Union of South American Nations and is one of the BRIC Countries. Brazil is also home to a diversity of wildlife natural environments and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.9 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Portuguese colonization 2.2 Independence and Empire 2.3 Early Republic 2.4 Contemporary era 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 3.3 Environment 4 Politics 4.1 Law 4.2 Foreign relations 4.3 Military 4.4 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Components and energy 5.2 Science and technology 5.3 Transport 6 Demographics 6.1 Religion 6.2 Urbanization 6.3 Language 7 Culture 7.1 Music 7.2 Literature 7.3 Cuisine 7.4 Sports 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliographic 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology Main article: Name of Brazil

The etymology of Brazil remains unclear. Traditionally the word "Brazil" comes from brazilwood a timber tree that many sailors traded from Brazilian regions to Europe in the 16th century.17 In Portuguese brazilwood is called pau-brasil with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember" formed from Latin brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).181920 This theory is taught as official in schools of Brazil and Portugal.

However the Brazilian scholar Jos Adelino da Silva Azevedo has postulated that the word is much older either of Celtic or Phoenician origin. The Phoenicians traded a red dye extracted from a mineral mined in Celtic lands from Iberia to Ireland.21 In Irish mythology there is a Western island called Hy-Brazil and this is seen by some including Tolkien22 as one of the most likely etymological sources for the name "Brazil." The same theory was also advanced by 16th century scholars.17

In the Guarani language an official language of Paraguay Brazil is called "Pindorama." This was the name the natives gave to the region meaning "land of the palm trees." History Main article: History of Brazil Portuguese colonization Main article: Colonial Brazil See also: Indigenous peoples in Brazil and Slavery in Brazil

The land now called Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500 on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro lvares Cabral.23 The Portuguese encountered stone age natives divided into several tribes most of whom spoke languages of the TupiGuarani family and fought among themselves.24

Though the first settlement was founded in 1532 colonization was effectively begun in 1534 when Dom Joo III divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies2526 but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony.2627 The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes28 while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity.2930 By the mid-16th century sugar had become Brazil's most important export2431 and the Portuguese imported African slaves3233 to cope with the increasing international demand.2934 The first Christian mass in Brazil 1500. Through wars against the French the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567 and to the northwest taking So Lus in 1615.35 They sent military expeditions to the Amazon rainforest and conquered British and Dutch strongholds36 founding villages and forts from 1669.37 In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata in the Eastern Strip region (present-day Uruguay).38 At the end of the 17th century sugar exports started to decline39 but beginning in the 1690s the discovery of gold by explorers in the region that would later be called Minas Gerais (General Mines) in current Mato Grosso and Gois saved the colony from imminent collapse.40 From all over Brazil as well as from Portugal thousands of immigrants came to the mines.41 The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into the territory that belonged to them according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and succeeded in conquering the Eastern Strip in 1777. However this was in vain as the Treaty of San Ildefonso signed in the same year confirmed Portuguese sovereignty over all lands proceeding from its territorial expansion thus creating most of the current Brazilian borders.42 In 1808 the Portuguese royal family fleeing the troops of the French Emperor Napoleon I that were invading Portugal and most of Central Europe established themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro which thus became the seat of the entire Portuguese Empire.43 In 1815 Dom Joo VI then regent on behalf of his incapacitated mother elevated Brazil from colony to sovereign Kingdom united with Portugal.43 In 1809 the Portuguese invaded French Guiana (which was returned to France in 1817)44 and in 1816 the Eastern Strip subsequently renamed Cisplatina45 (but Brazil lost it in 1828 when it became an independent nation known as Uruguay).46 Independence and Empire Main articles: Brazilian Independence and Empire of Brazil King Joo VI returned to Europe on 26 April 1821 leaving his elder son Prince Pedro de Alcntara as regent to rule Brazil.47 The Portuguese government attempted to turn Brazil into a colony once again thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808.48 The Brazilians refused to yield and Prince Pedro stood by them declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822.49 On 12 October 1822 Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil and crowned Dom Pedro I on 1 December 1822.50 Declaration of the Brazilian independence by Emperor Pedro I on 7 September 1822. At that time most Brazilians were in favour of a monarchy and republicanism had little support.5152 The subsequent Brazilian War of Independence spread through almost the entire territory with battles in the northern northeastern and southern regions.53 The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 182454 and independence was recognized by Portugal on 29 August 1825.55 The first Brazilian constitution was promulgated on 25 March 1824 after its acceptance by the municipal councils across the country.56575859 Pedro I abdicated on 7 April 1831 and went to Europe to reclaim his daughters crown leaving behind his five year old son and heir who was to become Dom Pedro II.60 As the new emperor could not exert his constitutional prerogatives until he reached maturity a regency was created.61 Disputes between political factions led to rebellions and an unstable almost anarchical regency.62 The rebellious factions however were not in revolt against the monarchy6364 even though some declared the secession of the provinces as independent republics but only so long as Pedro II was a minor.65 Because of this Pedro II was prematurely declared of age and "Brazil was to enjoy nearly half a century of internal peace and rapid material progress."66 Brazilian forces (in blue uniform) engage the Paraguayan army (some in red uniform and other shirtless) during the War of the Triple Alliance. Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II (the Platine War the Uruguayan War and the War of the Triple Alliance which left over 50000 dead)67 and witnessed the consolidation of representative democracy mainly due to successive elections and unrestricted freedom of the press.68 Most importantly slavery was extinguished after a slow but steady process that began with the end of the international traffic in slaves in 185069 and ended with the complete abolition of slavery in 1888.70 The slave population had been in decline since Brazil's independence: in 1823 29% of the Brazilian population were slaves but by 1887 this had fallen to 5%.71 When the monarchy was overthrown on 15 November 188972 there was little desire in Brazil to change the form of government73 and Pedro II was at the height of his popularity among his subjects.7475 However he "bore prime perhaps sole responsibility for his own overthrow."76 After the death of his two sons Pedro believed that "the imperial regime was destined to end with him."77 He cared little for the regime's fate7879 and so neither did anything nor allowed anyone else to do anything to prevent the military coup backed by former slave owners who resented the abolition of slavery.808182 Early Republic Main articles: Repblica Velha Estado Novo (Brazil) and Brazilian Second Republic The Brazilian coup d'tat of 1930 raised Getlio Vargas (center with military uniform but no hat) to power. He would rule the country for fifteen years. The "early republican government was little more than a military dictatorship. The army dominated affairs both at Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power".72 In 1894 the republican civilians rose to power opening a "prolonged cycle of civil war financial disaster and government incompetence."83 By 1902 the government began a return to the policies pursued during the Empire policies that promised peace and order at home and a restoration of Brazil's prestige abroad.83 and was successful in negotiating several treaties that expanded (with the purchase of Acre) and secured the Brazilian boundaries.84 In the 1920s the country was plagued by several rebellions caused by young military officers.8586 By 1930 the regime was weakened and demoralized which allowed the defeated presidential candidate Getlio Vargas to lead a coup d'tat and assume the presidency.87 Vargas was supposed to assume the presidency temporarily but instead he closed the National Congress extinguished the Constitution ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his supporters.8889 In 1935 Communists rebelled across the country and made an unsuccessful bid for power.90 The communist threat however served as an excuse for Vargas to launch another coup d'tat in 1937 and Brazil became a full dictatorship.9192 The repression of the opposition was brutal with more than 20000 people imprisoned internment camps created for political prisoners in distant regions of the country widespread torture by the government agents of repression and censorship of the press.9394 Brazil remained neutral during the early years of World War II until the government declared war against the Axis powers in 1942.95 Vargas then forced German Japanese and Italian immigrants into concentration camps96 and in 1944 sent troops to the battlefields in Italy.9798 With the allied victory in 1945 and the end of the Nazi-fascist regimes in Europe Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in a military coup.99 Democracy was reinstated and General Eurico Gaspar Dutra was elected president and took office in 1946.100 Vargas returned to power in 1951 this time democratically elected but he was incapable of either governing under a democracy or of dealing with an active opposition and he committed suicide in 1954.101102 Contemporary era Main articles: Military dictatorship (Brazil) and History of Brazil since 1985 The transition from Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Lus Incio Lula da Silva revealed that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability. Several brief interim governments succeeded after Vargas's suicide.103 Juscelino Kubitscheck became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.104 The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably105 but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Braslia inaugurated in 1960.106 His successor was Jnio Quadros who resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.107 His vice-president Joo Goulart assumed the presidency but aroused strong political opposition108 and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military regime.109 The new regime was intended to be transitory110 but it gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.111 The repression of the dictatorship's opponents including urban guerrillas112 was harsh but not as brutal as in other Latin American countries.113 Due to the extraordinary economic growth known as an "economic miracle" the regime reached its highest level of popularity in the years of repression.114 General Ernesto Geisel became president in 1974 and began his project of re-democratization through a process that he said would be "slow gradual and safe."115116 Geisel ended the military indiscipline that had plagued the country since 1889117 as well as the torture of political prisoners censorship of the press118 and finally the dictatorship itself after he extinguished the Fifth Institutional Act.111 However the military regime continued under his chosen successor General Joo Figueiredo to complete the transition to full democracy.119 The civilians fully returned to power in 1985 when Jos Sarney assumed the presidency120 but by the end of his term he had become extremely unpopular due to the uncontrollable economic crisis and unusually high inflation.121 Sarney's unsuccessful government allowed the election in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.122 Collor was succeeded by his Vice-President Itamar Franco who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance. Cardoso produced a highly successful Plano Real (Royal or Real Plan)123 that granted stability to the Brazilian economy124 and he was elected as president in 1994 and again in 1998.125 The peaceful transition of power to Lus Incio Lula da Silva who was elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006 proved that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability.126 Lula was succeeded in 2011 by the current president Dilma Rousseff.127 Geography Main article: Geography of Brazil See also: List of countries and outlying territories by total area Topography map of Brazil Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior128 sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela Suriname Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos such as Fernando de Noronha Rocas Atoll Saint Peter and Paul Rocks and Trindade and Martim Vaz.9 Its size relief climate and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.128 Including its Atlantic islands Brazil lies between latitudes 6N and 34S and longitudes 28 and 74W. Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world after Russia Canada China and the United States and third largest in the Americas; with a total area of 8514876.599 km2 (3287612 sq mi)129 including 55455 km2 (21411 sq mi) of water.9 It spans three time zones; from UTC-4 in the western states to UTC-3 in the eastern states (and the official time of Brazil) and UTC-2 in the Atlantic islands.6 Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills mountains plains highlands and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2600 ft) in elevation.130 The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.130 The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad rolling terrain broken by low rounded hills.130 The southeastern section is more rugged with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1200 metres (3900 ft).130 These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhao mountains and the Serra do Mar.130 In the north the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system in Venezuela to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2994 metres (9823 ft) and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.9 Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers one of the world's most extensive with eight major drainage basins all of which drain into the Atlantic.131 Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water) the Paran and its major tributary the Iguau (which includes the Iguazu Falls) the Negro So Francisco Xingu Madeira and Tapajs rivers.131 Climate Main article: Climate of Brazil Snow in So Joaquim Santa Catarina in 2010 (South) and tropical climate in Cabedelo Paraiba (Northeast). The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography but most of the country is tropical.9 According to the Kppen system Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial tropical semiarid highland tropical temperate and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.132 Many regions have starkly different microclimates.133134 An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.132 Temperatures average 25 C (77 F)134 with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.133 Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal characteristic of a savanna climate.133 This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.132 In the interior northeast seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimetres (31.5 in) of rain135 most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year136 and occasionally less than this creating long periods of drought.133 Brazil's 187778 Grande Seca (Great Drought) the most severe ever recorded in Brazil137 caused approximately half a million deaths.138 The one from 1915 was devastating too.139 South of Bahia near So Paulo the distribution of rainfall changes with rain falling throughout the year .132 The south enjoys temperate conditions with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 C (64.4 F);134 winter frosts are quite common with occasional snowfall in the higher areas.132133 Biodiversity Main articles: Wildlife of Brazil and Deforestation in Brazil The Amazon Rainforest the largest tropical forest in the world. Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems such as the Amazon Rainforest recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world140 with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado sustaining the greatest biodiversity.141 In the south the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions.141 The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Much of it however remains largely undocumented and new species are regularly found.citation needed Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million.141 Larger mammals include pumas jaguars ocelots rare bush dogs and foxes; peccaries tapirs anteaters sloths opossums and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests.141142 Concern for the environment has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.143 Environment The natural heritage of Brazil is severely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture logging mining resettlement oil and gas extraction over-fishing wildlife trade dams and infrastructure water contamination climate change fire and invasive species.140 In many areas of the country the natural environment is threatened by development.144 Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.143145 At least 70 dams are said to be planned for the Amazon region including controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.146 Politics Main article: Politics of Brazil The National Congress in Braslia the capital of Brazil. The Brazilian Federation is the "indissoluble union" of three distinct political entities: the States the Municipalities and the Federal District.12 The Union the states and the Federal District and the municipalities are the "spheres of government." The Federation is set on five fundamental principles:12 sovereignty citizenship dignity of human beings the social values of labour and freedom of enterprise and political pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive legislative and judicial under the checks and balances system) is formally established by the Constitution.12 The executive and legislative are organized independently in all three spheres of government while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state/Federal District spheres. All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.147148149 Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.147 Brazil has a multi-party system for most of its history. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.12 Together with several smaller parties four political parties stand out: Workers' Party (PT) Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) and Democrats (DEM). Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive. The form of government is that of a democratic republic with a presidential system.12 The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term12 with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Dilma Rousseff who was inaugurated on January 1 2011.150 The President appoints the Ministers of State who assist in government.12 Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively. 15 political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. The largest political parties are the Workers' Party (PT) Democrats (DEM) Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB-center) Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB) Progressive Party (PP) Brazilian Labor Party (PTB) Liberal Party (PL) Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) Popular Socialist Party (PPS) Democratic Labor Party (PDT) and the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB).151 Law Main articles: Law of Brazil and Crime in Brazil Supreme Federal Court building at the Praa dos Trs Poderes. Brazilian law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions152 and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution which was promulgated on 5 October 1988 and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.153 As of April 2007 there have been 53 amendments. States have their own constitutions which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.154 Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgnicas) which act in a similar way to constitutions.12155 Legislative entities are the main source of statutes although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.12 Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.12 There are also specialized military labor and electoral courts.12 The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court. This system has been criticised over the last few decades for the slow pace of decision making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings.156 Nevertheless the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television and also via Youtube.157158 More recently in December 2009 the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items on the day planner of the ministers to inform the daily actions of the Court and the most important decisions made by them.159 Brazil continues to have high crime rates in a number of statistics despite recent improvements. More than 500000 people have been killed by firearms in Brazil between 1979 and 2003 according to a new report by the United Nations.160 In 2010 there were 473600 people incarcerated in Brazilian prisons and jails.161 Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Brazil Itamaraty Palace headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Brazil is a political and economic leader in Latin America.162163 However social and economic problems prevent it from becoming an effective global power.164 Between World War II and 1990 both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. More recently the country has aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries and engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States.165 Brazil's current foreign policy is based on the country's position as: a regional power in Latin America a leader among developing countries and an emerging world power.166 In general current Brazilian foreign policy reflects multilateralism peaceful dispute settlement and nonintervention in the affairs of other countries.167 The Brazilian Constitution also determines that the country shall seek the economic political social and cultural integration of the nations of Latin America.12168169170 An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.171 Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.171 Total aid is estimated to be around $1 billion per year that includes:171 technical cooperation of around $480 million ($30 million in 2010 provided directly by the Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC)) an estimated $450 million for in-kind expertise provided by Brazilian institutions specialising in technical cooperation In addition Brazil manages a peacekeeping mission in Haiti ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the World Food Programme ($300 million).171 This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to multilateral development agencies. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India and ahead of many western donors.171 The Brazilian South-South aid has been described as a "global model in waiting."172 Military Main article: Brazilian Armed Forces The armed forces of Brazil consist of the Brazilian Army the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force. With a total of 371199 active personnel173 they comprise the largest armed force in Latin America.174 The Army is responsible for land-based military operations and has 235978 active personnel.175 The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by the constitution but is under the control of each state's governor.12 The Navy is responsible for naval operations and for guarding Brazilian territorial waters. It is the oldest of the Brazilian armed forces and the only navy in Latin America to operate an aircraft carrier the NAe So Paulo (formerly FS Foch of the French Navy).176 The Air Force is the aerial warfare branch of the Brazilian armed forces and the largest air force in Latin America with about 700 manned aircraft in service.177 Administrative divisions Main articles: States of Brazil and Municipalities of Brazil See also: Regions of Brazil Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean North Region Northeast Region Central-West Region Southeast Region South Region Acre Amazonas Par Roraima Amap Rondnia Tocantins Maranho Bahia Piau Cear Rio Grande do Norte Paraba Pernambuco Alagoas Sergipe Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Federal District Gois Minas Gerais So Paulo Rio de Janeiro Esprito Santo Paran Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sul Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Brazil is a federation composed of 26 States one federal district (which contains the capital city Braslia) and municipalities.12 States have autonomous administrations collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. For example criminal and civil laws can only be voted by the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.12 The states and the federal district may be grouped into regions: Northern Northeast Central-West Southeast and Southern. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical not political or administrative divisions and they do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical purposes and also to define the application of federal funds in development projects. Municipalities as the states have autonomous administrations collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Union and state government.12 Each has a mayor and an elected legislative body but no separate Court of Law. Indeed a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called comarca (county). Economy Main article: Economy of Brazil An Embraer ERJ-135 commercial jet. Brazil is the world's third largest aircraft producer. Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America the world's eighth largest economy at market exchange rates and the seventh largest in purchasing power parity (PPP) according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Brazil has a Mixed economy with abundant natural resources. The Brazilian economy has been predicted to become one of the five largest in the world in the decades to come the GDP per capita following and growing.178 Its current GDP (PPP) per capita is $10200 putting Brazil in the 64th position according to World Bank data. It has large and developed agricultural mining manufacturing and service sectors as well as a large labor pool.179 Brazilian exports are booming creating a new generation of tycoons.180 Major export products include aircraft electrical equipment automobiles ethanol textiles footwear iron ore steel coffee orange juice soybeans and corned beef.181 The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets and is one of a group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries.182 Brazil pegged its currency the real to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However after the East Asian financial crisis the Russian default in 1998183 and the series of adverse financial events that followed it the Central Bank of Brazil temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float scheme while undergoing a currency crisis until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999.184 Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 of $30.4 billion185 then a record sum. Brazil's central bank paid back the IMF loan in 2005 although it was not due to be repaid until 2006.186 One of the issues the Central Bank of Brazil recently dealt with was an excess of speculative short-term capital inflows to the country which may have contributed to a fall in the value of the U.S. dollar against the real during that period.187 Nonetheless foreign direct investment (FDI) related to long-term less speculative investment in production is estimated to be $193.8 billion for 2007.188 Inflation monitoring and control currently plays a major part in the Central bank's role of setting out short-term interest rates as a monetary policy measure.189 Between 1993 and 2010 7'012 mergers & acquisitions with a total known value of 707 bil. USD with the involvement of Brazlian firms have been announced.190 The year 2010 was a new record in terms of value with 115 bil. USD of transactions. The largest transaction with involvement of Brazilian companies has been: Cia Vale do Rio Doce acquired Inco in a tender offer valued at 18.9 bil. USD. Components and energy Main articles: Agriculture in Brazil Industry in Brazil and Energy policy of Brazil Itaipu Dam the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation and second-largest by installed capacity. Brazil's economy is diverse191 encompassing agriculture industry and many services.180192193194 The recent economic strength has been due in part to a global boom in commodities prices with exports from beef to soybeans soaring.193194 Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007195 a performance that puts agribusiness in a position of distinction in terms of Brazil's trade balance in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries.vague196197 The industry  from automobiles steel and petrochemicals to computers aircraft and consumer durables accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product.195 Industry which is often technologically advanced is highly concentrated in metropolitan So Paulo Rio de Janeiro Campinas Porto Alegre and Belo Horizonte.198 Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer with much of its energy coming from renewable sources particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; nonrenewable energy is mainly produced from oil and natural gas.199 A global power in agriculture and natural resources Brazil experienced tremendous economic growth over the past three decades.200 It is expected to become a major oil producer and exporter having recently made huge oil discoveries.201202203 The governmental agencies responsible for the energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy the National Council for Energy Policy the National Agency of Petroleum Natural Gas and Biofuels and the National Agency of Electricity.204205 Science and technology Main article: Brazilian science and technology Brazilian National Laboratory of Synchrotron Light in Campinas. Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes. But more than 73% of funding for basic research still comes from government sources.206 Some of Brazil's most notable technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute the Butantan Institute the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE. The Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin America with significant capabilitiesvague in launch vehicles launch sites and satellite manufacturing.207 Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory to fuel the country's energy demands and plans are underway to build the country's first nuclear submarine.208 Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America209 with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory a research facility on physics chemistry material science and life sciences. Transport Main article: Transport in Brazil BR-116 highway in the outskirts of Fortaleza. Brazil has a large and diverse transport network. Roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The road system totaled 1.98 million km (1.23 million mi) in 2002. The total of paved roads increased from 35496 km (22056 mi) in 1967 to 184140 km (114425 mi) in 2002.210 Recife Airport. Brazil's railway system has been declining since 1945 when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The total length of railway track was 30875 km (19186 mi) in 2002 as compared with 31848 km (19789 mi) in 1970. Most of the railway system belongs to the Federal Railroad Corp. with a majority government interest. The government also privatized seven lines in 1997.211 The So Paulo Metro was the first underground transit system in Brazil. The other metro systems are in Rio de Janeiro Porto Alegre Recife Belo Horizonte Braslia Teresina Fortaleza and Salvador. There are about 2500 airports in Brazil including landing fields: the second largest number in the world after the United States.212 So Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport near So Paulo is the largest and busiest airport handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic of the country and connecting the city with virtually all major cities across the world.213 Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at Santos. Of the 36 deep-water ports Santos Itaja Rio Grande Paranagu Rio de Janeiro Sepetiba Vitria Suape Manaus and So Francisco do Sul are some of the most important.vague214 Demographics Main articles: Demographics of Brazil and Brazilian people See also: Immigration to Brazil and Municipalities of Brazil Colour/Race (2008) White 48.43% Brown (Multiracial) 43.80% Black 6.84% Asian 0.58% Amerindian 0.28% The population of Brazil as recorded by the 2008 PNAD was approximately 190 million215 (22.31 inhabitants per square kilometer) with a ratio of men to women. of 0.95:1216 and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.217 The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions while the two most extensive regions the Center-West and the North which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants. Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970 due to a decline in the mortality rate even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4% rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years218 and to 72.6 years in 2007.219 It has been steadily falling since the 1960s from 3.04% per year between 19501960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of 0.29% by 2050 220 thus completing the demographic transition.221 According to the National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) of 2008 48.43% of the population (about 92 million) described themselves as White; 43.80% (about 83 million) as Brown (Multiracial) 6.84% (about 13 million) as Black; 0.58% (about 1.1 million) as Asian; and 0.28% (about 536 thousand) as Amerindian while 0.07% (about 130 thousand) did not declare their race.1 In 2007 the National Indian Foundation reported the existence of 67 different uncontacted tribes up from 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world.222 Most Brazilians descend from the country's indigenous peoples Portuguese settlers and African slaves.223 Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500 considerable intermarriage between these three groups has taken place. The brown population (as multiracial Brazilians are officially called; pardo in Portuguese)224225 is a broad category that includes Caboclos (descendants of Whites and Indians) Mulattoes (descendants of Whites and Blacks) and Cafuzos (descendants of Blacks and Indians).223224225226227228 Caboclos form the majority of the population in the Northern Northeastern and Central-Western regions.229 A large Mulatto population can be found in the eastern coast of the northeastern region from Bahia to Paraba228230 and also in northern Maranho231232 southern Minas Gerais233 and in eastern Rio de Janeiro.228233 From the 19th century Brazil opened its borders to immigration. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972 most of them from Portugal Italy Spain Germany Japan and the Middle-East.234 In 2008 the illiteracy rate was 11.48%235 and among the youth (ages 1519) 1.74%. It was highest (20.30%) in the Northeast which had a large proportion of rural poor.236 Illiteracy was high (24.18%) among the rural population and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.237 Religion Main article: Religion in Brazil Religion in Brazil (2000 Census)238 Religion Percent Roman Catholicism   73.8% Protestantism   15.4% No religion   7.4% Spiritism   1.3% Others   2.1% Roman Catholicism is the country's predominant faith. Brazil has the world's largest Catholic population.239 According to the 2000 Demographic Census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion) 73.57% of the population followed Roman Catholicism; 15.41% Protestantism; 1.33% Kardecist spiritism; 1.22% other Christian denominations; 0.31% Afro-Brazilian religions; 0.13% Buddhism; 0.05% Judaism; 0.02% Islam; 0.01% Amerindian religions; 0.59% other religions undeclared or undetermined; while 7.35% have no religion.238 However in the last ten years Protestantism particularly Pentecostal Protestantism while the proportion of Catholics has dropped sharply. Urbanization Main article: List of largest cities in Brazil The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are So Paulo Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte  all in the Southeastern Region  with 19.5 11.5 and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.240 Almost all of the state capitals are the largest cities in their states except for Vitria the capital of Esprito Santo and Florianpolis the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of So Paulo (Campinas Santos and the Paraba Valley) Minas Gerais (Steel Valley) Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley) and Santa Catarina (Itaja Valley).241 view talk view talk Largest cities of Brazil 2010 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics estimate242 So Paulo Rio de Janeiro Rank City Name State Pop. Rank City Name State Pop. Salvador Braslia 1 So Paulo So Paulo 11244369 11 Belm Par 1392031 2 Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 6323037 12 Goinia Gois 1301892 3 Salvador Bahia 2676606 13 Guarulhos So Paulo 1222357 4 Braslia Federal District 2562963 14 Campinas So Paulo 1080999 5 Fortaleza Cear 2447409 15 So Lus Maranho 1011943 6 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 2375444 16 So Gonalo Rio de Janeiro 999901 7 Manaus Amazonas 1802525 17 Macei Alagoas 932608 8 Curitiba Paran 1746896 18 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro 855046 9 Recife Pernambuco 1536934 19 Teresina Piau 814439 10 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 1409939 20 Natal Rio Grande do Norte 803811 Language Main articles: Languages of Brazil Portuguese language and Brazilian Portuguese Museum of the Portuguese Language in So Paulo the first language museum in the world. The official language of Brazil is Portuguese10 which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers radio television and for business and administrative purposes. The exception to this is in the municipality of So Gabriel da Cachoeira where Nheengatu an indigenous language of South America has been granted co-official status with Portuguese.243 Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.244 Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development influenced by the Amerindian and African languages.245 As a result the language is somewhat different mostly in phonology from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries. These differences are comparable to those between American and British English.245 In 2008 the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) which included representatives from all countries with Portuguese as the official language reached an agreement on the reform of Portuguese into one international language as opposed to two diverged dialects of the same language. All CPLP countries were given from 2009 until 2014 to adjust to the necessary changes.246 Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas and a number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.245 There are significant communities of German (mostly the Hunsrckisch a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian dialect of Venetian origin) speakers in the south of the country both of which are influenced by the Portuguese language.247248 Brazil is the first country in South America to offer Esperanto to High School students.249 Culture Main article: Culture of Brazil The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other influences the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles.250 The culture was however also strongly influenced by African indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.251broken citation Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian German and other European immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil.252broken citation The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language cuisine music dance and religion.253 Machado de Assis poet and novelist whose work extends to almost all literary genres is widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writer.254 Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)255256 to Romanticism Modernism Expressionism Cubism Surrealism and Abstractionism. Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim in recent years.257broken citation Music Brazilian music encompasses various regional styles influenced by African European and Amerindian forms. It developed distinctive styles among them samba MPB choro Sertanejo brega forr frevo maracatu bossa nova and ax. Literature Brazilian literature dates back to the 16th century to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil such as Pro Vaz de Caminha filled with descriptions of fauna flora and natives that amazed Europeans that arrived in Brazil.258broken citation Brazil produced significant works in Romanticism novelists like Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and Jos de Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar in his long career also treated Indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels O Guarany Iracema Ubirajara.259 Cuisine Main article: Brazilian cuisine Feijoada a dish made with black beans pork rice collard greens cassava flour and orange Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region reflecting the country's mix of native and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.260 Examples are Feijoada considered the country's national dish;261 and regional foods such as vatap moqueca polenta and acaraj.262 Brazil has a variety of candies such as brigadeiros (chocolate fudge balls) cocada(a coconut sweet) and beijinhos (coconut truffles with a guava jam know as goiabada). Peanut is used to make paoca rapadura and p-de-moleque. Local common fruits like aa cupuau mango papaya cocoa cashew guava orange passionfruit pineapple and hog plum are turned in juices and used to make chocolates popsicles and ice cream.263 Popular snacks are pastel (a pastry) coxinha (chicken croquete) po de queijo (cheese bread and cassava flour / tapioca) pamonha (corn and milk paste) esfirra (Lebanese pastry) kibbeh (from Arabic cuisine) empanada(pastry) and empada little salt pies filled with shrimps or hearth of palm. But the everyday meal consist mosty of rice and beans with beef and salad.264 Its common to mix it with cassava flour (farofa). Fried potatoes fried cassava fried banana fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.265 The national beverage is coffee and cachaa is Brazil's native liquor. Cachaa is distilled from sugar cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail Caipirinha. Sports Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Brazil.266 The most popular sport in Brazil is football (soccer). The Brazilian national football team is ranked among the best in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings and has won the World Cup tournament a record five times.267 Basketball volleyball auto racing and martial arts also attract large audiences. Brazil men's national volleyball team for example currently holds the titles of the World League World Grand Champions Cup World Championship and the World Cup. Others sports practiced in Brazil are tennis team handball swimming and gymnastics have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the last decades. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: beach football268 futsal (indoor football)269 and footvolley emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts Brazilians developed Capoeira270 Vale tudo271 and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.272 In auto racing three Brazilian drivers have won the Formula One world championship eight times.273274275 Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events including the 1950 FIFA World Cup276 and has been chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup.277 The So Paulo circuit Autdromo Jos Carlos Pace hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.278 So Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963279 and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007.279 On 2 October 2009 Brazil was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games the first to be held in South America.280 In May 2010 Brazil launched TV Brasil Internacional an international television station initially broadcasting to 49 countries. 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Ferraccioli Patrcia; Silveira Eliane Augusta da.(2010) Cultural feeding influence on palative memories in the usual brazilian cuisine. Rev. enferm. UERJ;18(2):198-203 abr.-jun. 2010. 3 "Futebol o esporte mais popular do Brasil destaque no Via Legal :: Notcias". Jusbrasil.com.br. http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/74894/futebol-o-esporte-mais-popular-do-brasil-e-destaque-no-via-legal. Retrieved 2011-04-16.  "Football in Brazil". Goal Programme. International Federation of Association Football. 2008-04-15. http://www.fifa.com/associations/associationbra/goalprogramme/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  "Beach Soccer". International Federation of Association Football. http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/beachsoccer/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  "Futsal". International Federation of Association Football. http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/futsal/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  "The art of capoeira". BBC. 2006-09-20. http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/09/13/capoeirafeature.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  "Brazilian Vale Tudo". I.V.C. http://valetudo.com.br/. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  "Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Official Website". International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation. http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  Donaldson Gerald. "Emerson Fittipaldi". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. http://www.formula1.com/teamsanddrivers/halloffame/282/. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  Donaldson Gerald. "Nelson Piquet". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. http://www.formula1.com/teamsanddrivers/halloffame/181/. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  Donaldson Gerald. "Ayrton Senna". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. http://www.formula1.com/teamsanddrivers/halloffame/45/. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil". Previous FIFA World Cups. International Federation of Association Football. http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition7/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  "2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil". International Federation of Association Football. http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/brazil2014/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  "Formula 1 Grande Premio do Brasil 2008". The Official Formula 1 Website. http://www.formula1.com/races/indetail/brazil804/circuitdiagram.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  a b "Chronological list of Pan American Games". Pan American Sports Organization. http://odepapaso.org/paso/chrono.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06. dead link "Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio" The Guardian 2 October 2009. "Brazil launches international TV station for Africa". BBC News. 2010-05-25. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/latinamerica/10152301.stm. Retrieved 2010-10-30.  Bibliographic Azevedo Aroldo. O Brasil e suas regies. So Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional 1971. (Portuguese) Barman Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil 18251891. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 (English) Boxer Charles R.. O imprio martimo portugus 14151825. So Paulo: Companhia das Letras 2002. ISBN 8535902929 (Portuguese) Bueno Eduardo. Brasil: uma Histria. So Paulo: tica 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN 8508082134 Calmon Pedro. Histria da Civilizao Brasileira. Braslia: Senado Federal 2002. (Portuguese) Carvalho Jos Murilo de. D. Pedro II. So Paulo: Companhia das Letras 2007. (Portuguese) Coelho Marcos Amorim. Geografia do Brasil. 4th ed. So Paulo: Moderna 1996. (Portuguese) Digues Fernando. A revoluo braslica. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva 2004. (Portuguese) Enciclopdia Barsa. Volume 4: Batrquio Camaro Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopdia Britannica do Brasil 1987. (Portuguese) Fausto Boris and Devoto Fernando J. Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de histria comparada (18502002) 2nd ed. So Paulo: Editoria 34 2005. ISBN 8573263083(Portuguese) Gaspari Elio. A ditadura envergonhada. So Paulo: Companhia das Letras 2002. ISBN 8535902775 (Portuguese) Janotti Aldo. O Marqus de Paran: incios de uma carreira poltica num momento crtico da histria da nacionalidade. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia 1990. (Portuguese) Lyra Heitor. Histria de Dom Pedro II (18251891): Asceno (18251870). v.1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia 1977. (Portuguese) Lyra Heitor. Histria de Dom Pedro II (18251891): Declnio (18801891). v.3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia 1977. (Portuguese) Lustosa Isabel. D. Pedro I: um heri sem nenhum carter. So Paulo: Companhia das letras 2006. ISBN 8535908072 (Portuguese) Moreira Igor A. G. O Espao Geogrfico geografia geral e do Brasil. 18. Ed. So Paulo: tica 1981. (Portuguese) Munro Dana Gardner. The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton 1942. (English) Schwarcz Lilia Moritz. As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II um monarca nos trpicos. 2nd ed. So Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1998. ISBN 8571648379 (Portuguese) Skidmore Thomas E. Uma Histria do Brasil. 4th ed. So Paulo: Paz e Terra 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN 8521903138 Souza Adriana Barreto de. Duque de Caxias: o homem por trs do monumento. Rio de Janeiro: Civilizao Brasileira 2008. (Portuguese) ISBN 9788520008645 Vainfas Ronaldo. Dicionrio do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva 2002. ISBN 8573024410 (Portuguese) Vesentini Jos William. Brasil sociedade e espao Geografia do Brasil. 7th Ed. So Paulo: tica 1988. (Portuguese) Vianna Hlio. Histria do Brasil: perodo colonial monarquia e repblica 15th ed. So Paulo: Melhoramentos 1994. (Portuguese) Further reading Alves Maria Helena Moreira (1985). State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Austin TX: University of Texas Press.  Amann Edmund (1990). The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso. World Development (pp. 18051819).  "Background Note: Brazil". US Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm.  Bellos Alex (2003). Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life. London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc.  Bethell Leslie (1991). Colonial Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.  Costa Joo Cruz (1964). A History of Ideas in Brazil. Los Angeles CA: University of California Press.  Fausto Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.  Furtado Celso. The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.  Leal Victor Nunes (1977). Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.  Malathronas John (2003). Brazil: Life Blood Soul. Chichester: Summersdale.  Martinez-Lara Javier (1995). Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change. Macmillan.  Prado Jnior Caio (1967). The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil. Los Angeles CA: University of California Press.  Schneider Ronald (1995). Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse. Boulder Westview.  Skidmore Thomas E. (1974). Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  Wagley Charles (1963). An Introduction to Brazil. New York New York: Columbia University Press.  The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil. New York NY: World Almanac Books. 2006.  External links Find more about Brazil on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Wikisource has original text related to this article: CIA World Fact Book 2004/Brazil Tourist Guide of Brazil Brazil Business Guide Brazilian Federal Government Chief of State and Cabinet Members Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics Information and Pictures Tourism of Brazil Brazil entry at The World Factbook Brazil at UCB Libraries GovPubs Brazil at the Open Directory Project Country Profile from the U.S. Library of Congress (1997) Brazil travel guide from Wikitravel Video report on Brazil in 1961  Links to related articles v d e Brazil History First inhabitants  Colonization  Empire  Old Republic  Vargas Era  Second Republic  Military rule  Contemporary Geography Regions  States  Municipalities  Islands  Coastline  Climate  Environment  Extreme points  Protected areas  Capitals Governance Constitution  President  National Congress  Foreign relations  Law  Law enforcement  Military Politics Elections  Political parties  Human rights (LGBT rights) Economy Real  Central Bank  List of companies  Agriculture  Industry  Economic history  Telecommunications  Tourism  Transport  Science and technology  Energy Society Demographics  People  Languages  Religion  Immigration  Education  Health  Crime  Social issues  Largest cities  Apartheid Culture Art (general)  Carnival  Cuisine  Cinema  Holidays  Literature  Music  Painting  Sculpture  Sports Category  Portal  WikiProject   Geographic locale Lat. and Long. 1545S 4757W / 15.75S 47.95W / -15.75; -47.95 (Brasilia)  Colombia  Venezuela  Suriname  Guyana  French Guiana Atlantic Ocean  Bolivia  Peru Atlantic Ocean    Brazil      Argentina  Paraguay  Uruguay Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean v d eCountries and dependencies of South America Sovereign states Argentina  Bolivia  Brazil  Chile  Colombia  Ecuador  France (French Guiana)  Guyana  Netherlands (Bonaire)  Panama  Paraguay  Peru  Suriname  Uruguay  Venezuela Dependencies Netherlands Aruba  Curaao United Kingdom Falkland Islands  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands  International membership v d eLatin Union Member nations Andorra  Angola  Bolivia  Brazil  Cape Verde  Chile  Colombia  Costa Rica  Cte d'Ivoire  Cuba  Dominican Republic  East Timor  Ecuador  El Salvador  France  Guatemala  Guinea-Bissau  Haiti  Honduras  Italy  Mexico  Moldova  Monaco  Mozambique  Nicaragua  Panama  Paraguay  Peru  Philippines  Portugal  Romania  San Marino  So Tom and Prncipe  Senegal  Spain  Uruguay  Venezuela Permanent observers Argentina  Holy See  Sovereign Military Order of Malta Official languages Catalan  French  Italian  Portuguese  Romanian  Spanish v d eCommunity of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) Members: Angola  Brazil  Cape Verde  East Timor  Guinea-Bissau  Mozambique  Portugal  So Tom and Prncipe Observers: Mauritius  Senegal  Equatorial Guinea In Process: Andorra  Morocco  Philippines  Galicia  Macau  Malacca  Goa  Croatia  Romania  Ukraine v d eUnion of South American Nations Member states Argentina  Bolivia  Brazil  Chile  Colombia  Ecuador  Guyana  Paraguay  Peru  Suriname  Uruguay  Venezuela Summits South American Energy Summit  2004 South American Summit  2010 South American Summit Topics Cusco Declaration  Constitutive Treaty  President Pro Tempore  Secretary General  Bank of the South  South American Parliament  Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America  Mercosur  Andean Community v d eMercosur  Mercosul  (Southern Common Market) Full Members Argentina  Brazil  Paraguay  Uruguay Becoming Full Members Venezuela Associate members Bolivia  Chile  Colombia  Ecuador  Peru Observers Mexico v d eOrganization of American States (OAS) Antigua and Barbuda  Argentina  Barbados  Brazil  Belize  Bahamas  Bolivia  Chile  Costa Rica  Cuba  Canada  Dominica  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  El Salvador  Grenada  Guatemala  Guyana  Haiti  Honduras  Jamaica  Mexico  Nicaragua  Panama  Paraguay  Peru  St. Lucia  St. Vincent and the Grenadines  St. Kitts and Nevis  Suriname  Trinidad and Tobago  United States  Uruguay  Venezuela v d eGroup of Eight Plus Five (G8+5) G8  Canada   France   Germany   Italy   Japan   Russia   United Kingdom   United States +5  Brazil   China   India   Mexico   South Africa v d eGroup of Twenty (G-20) Argentina Australia Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany India Indonesia Italy Japan Mexico Russia Saudi Arabia South Africa South Korea Turkey United Kingdom United States v d eNations in the Group of 15 (G-15)      Algeria  Argentina  Brazil  Chile  Egypt  India  Indonesia  Iran  Jamaica  Kenya  Malaysia  Mexico  Nigeria  Peru  Senegal  Sri Lanka  Venezuela  Zimbabwe v d eBRICS countries Brazil    Russia    India    China    South Africa v d eSouth Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Members Angola  Argentina  Benin  Brazil  Cameroon  Cape Verde  Republic of the Congo  Democratic Republic of the Congo  Cte d'Ivoire  Equatorial Guinea  Gabon  The Gambia  Ghana  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Liberia  Namibia  Nigeria  So Tom and Prncipe  Senegal  Sierra Leone  South Africa  Togo  Uruguay Ministerial Meetings 2nd (1993)  3rd (1994)  4th (1996)  5th (1998)  6th (2007) v d ePortuguese Empire North Africa  15th century 14151640  Ceuta 14581550  Alccer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 14711550  Arzila (Asilah) 14711662  Tangier 14851550  Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487 middle 16th century  Ouadane 14881541  Safim (Safi) 1489  Graciosa 16th century 15051769  Santa Cruz do Cabo  de Gu (Agadir) 15061525  Mogador (Essaouira) 15061525  Aguz (Souira Guedima) 15061769  Mazagan (El Jadida) 15131541  Azamor (Azemmour) 1515  So Joo da Mamora (Mehdya) 15771589  Arzila (Asilah) Sub-Saharan Africa  15th century 14551633  Arguin 14701975  So Tom1 14741778  Annobn 14781778  Fernando Poo (Bioko) 14821637  Elmina (So Jorge  da Mina) 14821642  Portuguese Gold Coast 14961550  Madagascar (part) 14981540  Mascarene Islands 16th century 15001630  Malindi 15001975  Prncipe1 15011975  Portuguese E. Africa  (Mozambique) 15021659  St. Helena 15031698  Zanzibar 15051512  Quloa (Kilwa) 15061511  Socotra 15571578  Accra 15751975  Portuguese W. Africa  (Angola) 15881974  Cacheu2 15931698  Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 16421975  Cape Verde 16451888  Ziguinchor 16801961  So Joo Baptista de Ajud 16871974  Bissau2 18th century 17281729  Mombassa (Mombasa) 17531975  So Tom and Prncipe 19th century 18791974  Portuguese Guinea 18851975  Portuguese Congo (Cabinda)   1 Part of So Tom and Prncipe from 1753.   2 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. Southwest Asia  16th century 15061615  Gamru (Bandar-Abbas) 15071643  Sohar 15151622  Hormuz (Ormus) 15151648  Quriyat 1515   Qalhat 15151650  Muscat 1515   Barka 15151633 Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 15211602  Bahrain (Muharraq and Manama) 15211529  Qatif 15211551 Tarut Island 15501551  Qatif 15881648  Matrah 17th century 1620   Khor Fakkan 1621   As Sib 16211622  Qeshm 1623   Khasab 1623   Libedia 1624   Kalba 1624   Madha 16241648  Dibba Al-Hisn 1624   Bandar-e Kong Indian subcontinent  15th century 14981545  Laccadive Islands       (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India 15001663  Cochim (Kochi) 15021661  Quilon (Coulo/Kollam) 15021663  Cannanore (Kannur) 15071657  Negapatam (Nagapatnam) 15101962  Goa 15121525  Calicut (Kozhikode) 15181619  Paliacate (Pulicat) 15211740  Chaul 15231662  Mylapore 15281666  Chittagong 15311571  Chalium 15341601  Salsette Island 15341661  Bombay (Mumbai) 15351739  Baam (Vasai-Virar) 15361662  Cranganore (Kodungallur) 15401612  Surat 15481658  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) 16th century (continued) Portuguese India (continued) 15591962  Daman and Diu 15681659  Mangalore 15791632  Hugli 15981610  Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 15181521  Maldives 15181658  Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 15581573  Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 16871749  Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 17791954  Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania  16th century 15111641  Portuguese Malacca 15121621  Moluccas (Maluku Islands) 15221575  Ternate 15761605  Ambon 15781650  Tidore 15121665  Makassar 15531999  Macau 15711639  Decima (Dejima Nagasaki) 17th century 16421975  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1 19th century Macau 18641999  Coloane 18491999  Portas do Cerco 18511999  Taipa 18901999  Ilha Verde 20th century Macau 19381941  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1  1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002 East Timor's independence was recognized by Portugal & the world. North America and the North Atlantic Ocean  15th century 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century 15001579  Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 15001579  Labrador 15161579  Nova Scotia Central and South America  16th century 15001822  Brazil 15361620  Barbados 17th century 16801777  Nova Colnia do Sacramento 19th century 18081822  Cisplatina (Uruguay) Portuguese colonization of the Americas Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia