For other uses see Brooklyn (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 404134N 735925W / 40.69278N 73.99028W / 40.69278; -73.99028 Brooklyn   Borough of New York City   Kings County View of Brooklyn Bridge and Downtown Brooklyn Seal Location of Brooklyn shown in orange Coordinates: 403729N 73578W / 40.62472N 73.95222W / 40.62472; -73.95222 Country United States State New York County Kings City New York City Settled 1634 Named for Breukelen Netherlands Government  - Type Borough (New York City)  - Borough President Marty Markowitz (D)  - District Attorney Charles Hynes Area  - Total 96.90 sq mi (251 km2)  - Land 70.61 sq mi (182.9 km2)  - Water 26.29 sq mi (68.1 km2) Population  - Total 2567098  - Density 36356/sq mi (14037.1/km2) Postal Code 112 + two digits Area code(s) 347 718 917 929 Website Official www.brooklyn-usa.org

Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs with nearly 2.6 million residents1 and the second-largest in area. Since 1896 Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated county in the United States after New York County (Manhattan).2 It is also the westernmost county on Long Island.

Brooklyn was an independent city until its consolidation with New York City in 1898 and continues to maintain a distinct culture independent art scene and unique architectural heritage. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves where particular ethnic groups and cultures predominate.

Brooklyn's official motto is Een Draght Mackt Maght. Written in the (old) Dutch language it is inspired by the motto of the United Dutch Provinces and translated as In Unity There is Strength. The motto is displayed on the borough seal and flag which also feature a young robed woman bearing fasces a traditional emblem of republicanism.3 Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.4 New York's Five Boroughs at a Glance Jurisdiction Population Land Area Borough of County of 1 April 2010 Census square miles square km Manhattan New York 1585873 23 59 The Bronx Bronx 1385108 42 109 Brooklyn Kings 2504700 71 183 Queens Queens 2230722 109 283 Staten Island Richmond 468730 58 151 City of New York 8175133 303 786 State of New York 19378102 47214 122284 Source: United States Census Bureau 156 Contents 1 History 2 Government and politics 3 Economy 4 Demographics 5 Neighborhoods 6 Culture 6.1 Media 7 Parks and other attractions 7.1 Sports 8 Transportation 9 Education 10 Weather 11 Brooklyn Public Library 12 Partnerships with districts of foreign cities 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History Main article: History of Brooklyn Brooklyn 1879

The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in the area on the western end of Long Island also inhabited by a Native American people the Lenape (often referred to in contemporary colonial documents by the Lenape place-name for one of the larger native settlements:"Canarsee"). The first Dutch settlements established in 1624 were called Midwout (Midwood) and Vlacke Bos (Flatbush).7 The Dutch also purchased land during the 1630s from the Mohawks in present-day Gowanus Red Hook the Brooklyn Navy Yard and Bushwick.7 The Village of Breuckelen named for Breukelen in the province of Utrecht in the Netherlands was authorized by the Dutch West India Company in 1646; it became the first municipality in what is now New York State. At the time Breuckelen was part of New Netherland. Other villages which were later incorporated into Brooklyn were Boswijk (Bushwick) Nieuw Utrecht (New Utrecht) and Nieuw Amersfoort (Flatlands). A few houses and cemeteries still bear witness to the Dutch origins of the borough of Brooklyn.

The Dutch lost Breuckelen in the British conquest of New Netherland in 1664. In 1683 the British reorganized the Province of New York into twelve counties each of which was sub-divided into towns. Over time the name evolved from Breuckelen to Brockland to Brocklin to Brookline to Brookland and eventually to Brooklyn.7 Kings County was one of the original counties and Brooklyn was one of the original six towns within Kings County. The county was named in honor of King Charles II of England.

On August 27 1776 the Battle of Long Island (also called the Battle of Brooklyn) was fought in Kings County. It was the first major battle in the American Revolutionary War following the Declaration of Independence and the largest battle of the entire conflict. While General George Washington's defeat on the battlefield may have cast early doubts on his abilities as a military tactician and leader he did keep the Continental Army intact with a brilliant overnight tactical retreat across the East River.8 Gravesend established by Lady Deborah Moody

New York became the British political and military base of operations in North America. This encouraged the departure of patriots and their sympathizers while attracting loyalist refugees fleeing the other colonies. Loyalists swelled the population of the surrounding area including Brooklyn. Correspondingly the region became the focus of General Washington's intelligence activities (see Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War). The British also began to hold American patriot prisoners-of-war in rotting hulks anchored in Wallabout Bay off Brooklyn. More American prisoners died in these prison-ships than the sum of all the American battle casualties of the Revolutionary War.

The first half of the nineteenth century saw significant growth along the economically strategic East River waterfront across from New York City. Brooklyn's population expanded more than threefold between 1800 and 1820 doubled again in the 1820s and doubled yet again during the 1830s. The county encompassed two cities: the City of Brooklyn and the City of Williamsburgh. Brooklyn annexed Williamsburgh in 1854 which lost its final "h" in the process. With the addition of this new area Brooklyn grew from a substantial community of 36236 to an imposing city of 96838.dubious discuss Print of The Circle Brooklyn 1904 The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded explosive growth and in the space of a decade the City of Brooklyn annexed the towns of New Lots in 1886; Flatbush Gravesend and New Utrecht in 1894; and Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the Kings County line. In 1883 the Brooklyn Bridge was completed easing the trip to Manhattan. Brooklyn engaged in the consolidation process developing throughout the region. In 1894 Brooklyn residents voted by a slight majority to join with Manhattan The Bronx Queens and Richmond (later Staten Island) to become the five boroughs of the modern New York City. This referendum took effect in 1898. Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties. Founded in 1863 the Brooklyn Historical Society (BHS) is a museum library and educational center dedicated to preserving and encouraging the study of Brooklyn's history. BHS houses materials relating to the founding of the U.S. and the history of Brooklyn and its people. Brooklyn Heights from Lower Manhattan Government and politics See also: Government and politics in Brooklyn Since consolidation with New York City in 1898 Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education correctional institutions libraries public safety recreational facilities sanitation water supply and welfare services. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn the most populous borough had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island the least populous borough a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man one vote" decision.9 Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies the City Council the New York state government and corporations. Brooklyn's current Borough President is Marty Markowitz elected as a Democrat in 2001 and re-elected in 2005 and 2009. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of 2005 69.7% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats. Party platforms center on affordable housing education and economic development. The most controversial political issue is the proposed Atlantic Yards a large housing and sports arena project. Pockets of Republican influence exist in Bay Ridge and Dyker Heights. Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Charles J. Hynes a Democrat has been the District Attorney of Kings County since 1989. Brooklyn has 16 City Council members the largest number of any of the five boroughs. Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city's Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies. Economy See also: Economy of New York City Brooklyn Borough Hall Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy population flows and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.10 Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population or 410000 people work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services retailing and construction.10 In recent years Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back-office operations from Manhattan the rapid growth of a high-tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO and strong growth in support services such as accounting personal supply agencies and computer services firms.10 Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing but since 1975 Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004 215000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector while 27500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture fabricated metals and food products.11 The pharmaceutical company Pfizer has a manufacturing plant in Brooklyn that employs 990 workers. USS Missouri built in Brooklyn Navy Yard First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801 the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The Missouri the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered was built there as was the Maine whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish-American War. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint. From 1968-1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer12 Later tenants include industrial design firms food processing businesses artisans and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4000 jobs are at the Yard. Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors.13 Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000 91% of the approximately 38704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.14 As of August 2008update the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%.15 Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. According to the FDIC there are 37 banks and 21 credit unions operating in Brooklyn.1617 Demographics Main article: Demographics of Brooklyn Brooklyn has been New York City's most populous borough since the mid-1920s. (Key: Each borough's historical population in millions. The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island) According to the 2009 American Community Survey Brooklyn's population was 46.6% white of which 36.9% were non-Hispanic whites. Blacks made up 34.2% of the population of which 32.9% were non-Hispanic blacks. Native Americans represented 0.3% of the population while Asians made up 9.5% of the populace. Pacific Islanders comprised just 0.1% of the population and Multiracial Americans made up 1.4% of the population. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.6% of Brooklyn's population.18 According to 2005 U.S. Census Bureau estimates there are 2486235 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990) 880727 households and 583922 families living in Brooklyn.1920 The population density was 34920/square mile (13480/km). There were 930866 housing units at an average density of 13180/square mile (5090/km). Historical populations Historical populations Year Pop.  % 1698 2017 1712 1925 4.6% 1723 2218 15.2% 1737 2348 5.9% 1746 2331 0.7% 1756 2707 16.1% 1771 3623 33.8% 1790 4549 25.6% 1800 5740 26.2% 1810 8303 44.7% 1820 11187 34.7% 1830 20535 83.6% 1840 47613 131.9% 1850 138882 191.7% 1860 279122 101.0% 1870 419921 50.4% 1880 599495 42.8% 1890 838547 39.9% 1900 1166582 39.1% 1910 1634351 40.1% 1920 2018356 23.5% 1930 2560401 26.9% 1940 2698285 5.4% 1950 2738175 1.5% 1960 2627319 4.0% 1970 2602012 1.0% 1980 2231028 14.3% 1990 2300664 3.1% 2000 2465326 7.2% 2010 2504700 1.6% All figures are for Kings County. Sources: 1698177121 1790199022 201023 Of the 880727 households in Brooklyn 38.6% were married couples living together 22.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 33.7% were non-families. 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households 27.8% are made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.41. In Brooklyn the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18 10.3% from 18 to 24 30.8% from 25 to 44 20.6% from 45 to 64 and 11.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. Brooklyn has more women and girls with 88.4 males for every 100 females. Brooklyn's lesbian community is the largest out of all the New York City boroughs.24 The median income for households in Brooklyn was $32135 and the median income for a family was $36188. Males had a median income of $34317 which was higher than females whose median income was $30516. The per capita income was $16775. About 22% of families and 25.1% of the population were below the poverty line including 34% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over. Neighborhoods Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic District See also: List of Brooklyn neighborhoods and New York City ethnic enclaves Brooklyn has long been a magnet for immigrants and many ethnic groups dominate a particular neighborhood for a time although the neighborhoods are ever-changing as populations move in and out. For example during the early to mid-20th century Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years and is slowly becoming a Pakistani-American enclave. With gentrification many of Brooklyn's neighborhoods are becoming increasingly mixed with an influx of immigrants integrating its neighborhoods and this may be the permanent equilibrium. Brooklyn and Queens have been a worldwide example of poor immigrants getting along most of the time often with better results than in their home countries. It presently has substantial populations from many countries. The borough also attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these most come from Chicago Detroit San Francisco Washington D.C. Baltimore Philadelphia Boston Cincinnati and Seattle.25262728293031 Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major ethnic groups found within the New York City area. The borough is home to a large African-American community. Bedford Stuyvesant is home to one of the most famous African-American communities in the city along with Brownsville and East New York. "Bed-Stuy" is a hub for African-American culture often referenced in hip hop and African-American arts. Brooklyn's African-American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn Heights; 150159 Willow Street three original red-brick early 19th-century Federal Style houses Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians who are mainly concentrated in community of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses. Because of the large Ukrainian community it has been nicknamed "Little Odessa." However recently it has been renamed to "Little Russia" because of the overwhelming presence of the Russian population. Originally these were mostly Jews now however the Ukrainian and Russian communities of Brighton Beach represent every conceivable Russian sub-culture. While previous Russian Jews have become American Jews for the most part similarly Russian Christians have become American Christians over generations and left Brighton Beach. Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyn's Hispanic-American community. Like other neighborhoods in New York City Bushwick's Hispanic population is mainly Puerto Rican with many Dominicans and peoples from several South American nations as well. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is Hispanic its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park's population is 42% Hispanic made up of these various ethnic groups. Italian Americans are mainly concentrated in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst Dyker Heights and Bay Ridge where there are many Italian restaurants and pizzerias. Italian Americans live throughout most of southern Brooklyn including Bath Beach Gravesend Marine Park Mill Basin and Bergen Beach. The Carroll Gardens area as well as the northern half of Williamsburg also have long-standing Italian-American communities. Park Slope Orthodox Jews and Hasidic Jews have become concentrated in Borough Park where there are many yeshivas synagogues and kosher delicatessens as well as other Jewish businesses. Other notable religious Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish neighborhoods are in Kensington Midwood Williamsburg Flatbush Canarsie Sea Gate and Crown Heights. Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale in Flatbush.3233 Many non-religious Jews are concentrated in Ditmas Park Windsor Terrace and Park Slope. Jesse Jackson in-famously referred to New York as 'Hymie Town' upon coming to New York's neighborhoods as reported in the Washington Post interview with Milton Coleman in 1984. Brooklyn's Polish are largely concentrated in Greenpoint which is home to Little Poland. They are also scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn. Brooklyn's Greek Americans live throughout the borough but their businesses today are concentrated in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. Greek-owned diners are throughout the Borough. Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn especially Bensonhurst. They are concentrated in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue which is known for Chinese culture. It is called "Brooklyn's Chinatown". Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration. Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn in low to moderate concentrations in the neighborhoods of Marine Park Gerritsen Beach and Vinegar Hill. Many moved east on Long Island in the mid-twentieth century. Arab Americans live in the southwest portion of Brooklyn particularly in Bay Ridge where there are many Middle Eastern restaurants and hookah lounges. Bay Ridge has Arabs of both Christian and Islamic faiths where there are Arabic churches particularly Maronite and Coptic Orthodox churches as well as Mosques. Traditionally many Middle Eastern businesses have flourished on Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue. Brooklyn's West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights Flatbush East Flatbush Kensington and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to one of the largest communities of West Indians outside of the Caribbean being rivaled only by London Miami and Toronto. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn's West Indian restaurants and bakeries. The West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway. Culture See also: Culture of Brooklyn and Culture of New York City Brooklyn Botanic Gardens Winter Scene in Brooklyn by Francis Guy (18171820) Dallas Museum of Art Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature cinema and theater. It has the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music and the second largest public art collection in the United States housed in the Brooklyn Museum. In the late 1980s Brooklyn achieved a new cultural prominencecitation needed with the films of Spike Lee whose She's Gotta Have It and Do The Right Thing were shot there. The Brooklyn Museum opened in 1897 is the nation's second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children's Museum the world's first museum dedicated to children opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Association of Museums it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection over 30000 cultural objects and natural history specimens. The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) includes a 2109-seat opera house a 874-seat theater and the art house BAM Rose Cinemas. Bargemusic and St. Ann's Warehouse are located on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district. Brooklyn Technical High School has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after Radio City Music Hall) with a seating capacity of over 3000.34 Media The Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch at Grand Army Plaza See also: Media of New York City Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Bay Currents (Oceanfront Brooklyn) Brooklyn View The Brooklyn Paper and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation is considered to be Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies including The New York Times The New York Daily News and The New York Post. The borough is home to the bi-weekly cultural guide The L Magazine and the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet. Brooklyn Based is Brooklyn's most highly read email-based newsletter.citation needed HelloBrooklyn.com is Brooklyn's largest portal with more than 10000 links.35 Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn.36 Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet and Hamodia an Orthodox Jewish daily. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups writing in 42 languages publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. In addition many newspapers published abroad such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica are available in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn accent is often portrayed as 'typical New York' in American television and film. The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group which features programming based in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Community Access Television is the borough's public access channel. BCAT the Media program of BRIC Arts Media Bklyn shares the former Strand Theater adjoining BAM's Harvey Theater with the non-profit artists collective atelier and exhibition center Urban Glass. The facility's upcoming expansion will include a new 250-seat year-round home for BRIC's annual "Celebrate Brooklyn" performances. Parks and other attractions See also: Tourism in New York City Kwanzan Cherries in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden Prospect Park; is a 585-acre (2.37 km2) (237 ha)37 public park in central Brooklyn. The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux who created Manhattan's Central Park. Attractions include the Long Meadow a 90 acre (36 ha) meadow the Picnic House which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; Litchfield Villa the home of Edwin Clark Litchfield an early developer of the neighborhood and a former owner of a southern section of the Park;38 Prospect Park Zoo; a large nature conservancy managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society; the Boathouse housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center;39 Brooklyn's only lake covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Brooklyn Botanic Gardens; located adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden which includes a cherry tree esplanade a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden a Japanese hill and pond garden a fragrance garden a water lily pond esplanade several conservatories a rock garden a native flora garden a bonsai tree collection and children's gardens and discovery exhibits. Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border part of Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field; the first municipal airport in New York City and long closed for operatins is now part of the National Park System. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. A variety of nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains. The Astroland in Coney Island Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s but it grew as one of America's first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The Cyclone rollercoaster built in 1927 is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational at Astroland. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but is currently undergoing a renaissance: the new Luna Park opened in 2010.40 The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade is a hipster costume-and-float parade which honored David Byrne pre-punk music guru as the head merman in 1998. Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest.41 New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of the New York subway commuter rail and bus systems; it is located in the former IND Court Street subway station in Brooklyn Heights. Green-Wood Cemetery founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepoint in 1838 is both one of the most significant cemeteries in the United States and an expansive green space encompassing 478 acres (190 ha) of rolling hills and dales several ponds and a baroque chapel. Still in use the cemetery is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers such as F.A.O. Schwarz (18361911) toy store founder; William M. "Boss" Tweed (18231878) notorious boss of the New York political machine; and actor Frank Morgan (18901949) best known for his portrayal of the title character in the film The Wizard of Oz. Sports Main article: Sports in Brooklyn MCU Park in Coney Island Brooklyn has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Vince Lombardi Mike Tyson Joe Torre and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn but grew up in Wilmington North Carolina. In the earliest days of organized baseball Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24 1845. Brooklyns Excelsiors Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play such as at Mapleton Oval.42 During this Brooklyn era baseballs rules evolved into the modern game: the first fastball first changeup first batting average first triple play first pro baseball player first enclosed ballpark first scorecard first known African-American team first black championship game first road trip first gambling scandal and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn.43 Brooklyn's most famous team the Brooklyn Dodgers played at Ebbets Field and was named for "trolley dodgers".44 In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955 the Dodgers perennial National League pennant winners won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O'Malley the team's owner at the time is still vilified including by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn's ball club. More recent attempts to bring back the Dodgers have not been successful. After a 43-year hiatus professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the Brooklyn Cyclones a minor league team that plays in MCU Park in Coney Island. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets. Minor-league soccer arrived in Brooklyn when the Brooklyn Knights relocated from their previous home in Queens to the new Aviator Field complex. It includes a 2000-seat soccer-specific stadium. The team plays in the USL Premier Development League at the fourth level of US soccer. The Eastern Professional Hockey League included a team called the Brooklyn Aces into its inaugural 2008 season membership. The team will play at Aviator Sports and Recreation. In 2012 the NBA's New Jersey Nets will move to the newly built Barclays Center bringing Brooklyn back into the major leagues. At one time Brooklyn had many sporting goods manufacturers. Today 5boro a skateboard company has a factory in the borough. It is co-owned by Mark Nardelli and Steve Rodriguez. Transportation See also: Transportation in New York City Brooklyn is well served by public transit. Eighteen New York City Subway lines including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle traverse the borough and 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway. Major stations of the 170 in Brooklyn include Atlantic Avenue Pacific Street Broadway Junction DeKalb Avenue Jay Street MetroTech and Coney Island Stillwell Avenue.45 The public bus network covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan. New York's famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: East New York station Nostrand Avenue station and Atlantic Terminal the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is located near the Atlantic Avenue Pacific Street Station with ten connecting subway services. The grand majority of limited-access expressways and parkways are located in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn. These include the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway the Gowanus Expressway which is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway the Prospect Expressway New York State Route 27 the Belt Parkway and the Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly the Interboro Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway an extension of I-7846 and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway I-878.47 Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue Fourth Avenue 86th Street Kings Highway Bay Parkway Ocean Parkway Eastern Parkway Linden Boulevard McGuiness Boulevard Flatbush Avenue Pennsylvania Avenue and Bedford Avenue. Much of Brooklyn has only named streets but Park Slope Bay Ridge Sunset Park Bensonhurst and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west and numbered streets have the prefix "East". South of Avenue O related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the "West" designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 17th Street to East 108 Street and the avenues range from A-Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle Beverley Cortelyou Dorchester Ditmas Foster Farragut Glenwood Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by "North" and "South" in Williamsburg and "Bay" "Beach" "Brighton" "Plum" or "Flatlands" along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. Marine Parkway Bridge Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges the Brooklyn Manhattan and Williamsburg bridges; a vehicular tunnel the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel; and several subway tunnels. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens including the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway) the Pulaski Bridge and the JJ Byrne Memorial Bridge all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula. Historically Brooklyn's waterfront was a major shipping port especially at the Brooklyn Army Terminal in Sunset Park. Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor while the city has recently built a new cruise ship terminal in Red Hook that is to become a focal point for New York's growing cruise industry. The Queen Mary 2 the world's largest ocean liner was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge the longest suspension bridge in the United States. The Queen Mary 2 makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic runs from Southampton England. New York Water Taxi offers commuter services from Brooklyn's west shore to points in Lower Manhattan Midtown Long Island City and Breezy Point in Rockaway Queens as well as tours and charters. A Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel originally proposed in 1920s as a core project for the then new Port Authority of New York is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area. Approximately 57% of all households in Brooklyn were autoless households. The citywide rate is 55%.48 Education See also: Education in New York City and List of high schools in New York City Higgins Hall at the Pratt Institute Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education the largest public school system. Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech or just Tech) a New York City public high school is the largest specialized high school for science technology engineering and mathematics in the United States.49 Tech opened in 1922. The school's current location is across the street from Fort Greene Park. It was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of $6 million is 12 stories high and covers over half a city block.50 Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni51 (including two Nobel Laureates) its academics and the large number of graduates attending prestigious universities. Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York and was the first public co-ed liberal arts college in New York City. The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Reviews 2006 guidebook Americas Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second generation immigrants. Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for quality of students.52 Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system located in Manhattan Beach. It was recently named one of the top ten community colleges in the United States by the New York Times. Kingsborough Community College Long Island University is a private university in Downtown Brooklyn with 6417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Founded in 1970 Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York with a mission to develop and maintain high quality professional career-oriented undergraduate degree programs in the context of a liberal arts education. The College offers programs both at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels as well as Adult and Continuing Education classes for Central Brooklyn residents corporations government agencies and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights. Pratt Institute in Clinton Hill is one of the leading art design and architecture schools in the US. Pratt is a private college with undergraduate and graduate programs ranked among the top ten in the country. Its graduate interior design program is ranked number one by US News and World Reports and by DesignIntelligence. Pratt was ranked among the top design schools by Newsweek and was named the top New York art school by Global Language Monitor. Pratt has over 4700 students with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include library and information science architecture and urban planning as well as numerous art and design programs. Undergraduate programs include virtually all art and design disciplines architecture writing and critical and visual studies over 25 programs in all. Pratt's contemporary sculpture park was ranked among the top campus art collections by Public Art Review. Polytechnic University (New York) the United States' second oldest private technological university founded in 1854 has its main campus in Downtown's MetroTech Center a commercial civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. As of July 2008 it merged with the much larger and wealthier NYU and is now called Polytechnic Institute of NYU. Poly's MetroTech neighbor CUNY's New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946 City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971 Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech. St. Francis College is located in Brooklyn Heights and was founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today there are over 2400 students attending the small liberal arts college. St. Francis is considered by the New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges and it has recently been ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by both Forbes Magazine and U.S. News and World Report.535455 SUNY Downstate Medical Center originally founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860 is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine College of Health Related Professions College of Nursing University Hospital of Brooklyn and the School of Graduate Studies. The Nobel Prize-winner Dr. Robert F. Furchgott is a member of the faculty. Half of the Medical Center's students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State. Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions such as Saint Francis College in Brooklyn Heights Saint Joseph's College New York in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg. Weather See also: New York City#Climate Brooklyn Public Library The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza As an independent system separate from the New York and Queens public library systems the Brooklyn Public Library56 offers thousands of public programs millions of books and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn including English Russian Chinese Spanish Hebrew and Haitian Kreyol as well as French Yiddish Hindi Bengali Polish Italian and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza and is undergoing extensive renovations and an underground expansion. There are 58 library branches placing one within a half mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art theater dance music film photography and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities. Partnerships with districts of foreign cities See also: New York City#Sister cities Jurisdiction Sister District Country Since Brooklyn Anzio Lazio Italy 1990 Brooklyn Gdynia Poland 199157 Brooklyn Beikta Istanbul Province Turkey 200558 Brooklyn Leopoldstadt Vienna Austria 2007596061 Brooklyn Borough of Lambeth (Greater London) England Crown Heights Kfar Chabad Center Israel See also New York City portal New York portal List of people from Brooklyn New York List of counties in New York National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County New York Walking Brooklyn References a b U.S. Census Bureau press release "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers New York's 2010 Census Population Totals ..." March 24 2011 and this accompanying Microsoft Excel spreadsheet Table 1. The Most Populous Counties and Incorporated Places in 2010 in New York: 2000 and 2010 which cites "U.S. Census Bureau Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File Table PL1 and ... Table P1." retrieved on April 2 2011 "Population Housing Units Area and Density: 2000" United States Census Bureau accessed May 11 2007 The webpage cannot be found. Retrieved October 10 2007. Borough of Brooklyn.blue and gold. County and City Data Book:2007 (U.S. Census Bureau) Table B-1 Area and Population retrieved on July 12 2008. New York County (Manhattan) was the nation's densest-populated county followed by Kings County (Brooklyn) Bronx County Queens County and San Francisco California. American Fact Finder (U.S. Census Bureau): New York by County - Table GCT-PH1. Population Housing Units Area and Density: 2000 Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data retrieved on February 6 2009 a b c Ellis Edward Robb (1966). The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. p. 53.  McCullagh David. 1776. Simon & Schuster. May 24 2005. ISBN 978-0-7432-2671-4 Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris. Retrieved June 12 2006. a b c New York State Department of Labor Brooklyn Report April 2006dead link New York City Economic Development Corporation Brooklyn Borough Update March 2004.1dead link A Case Study of Seatrain Shipbuilding & the Brooklyn Navy Yard New York State Dept of Labordead link U.S. Census Bureau 2001 County Business Patternsdead link "New York State Dept of Labor". Labor.state.ny.us. http://www.labor.state.ny.us/workforceindustrydata/nyc/index.shtm. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "FDIC Office Directory". .fdic.gov. http://www2.fdic.gov/idasp/main.asp. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "Credit Union Access". Credit Union Access. April 19 2007. http://creditunionaccess.com/NY-Brooklyn-credit-unions.htm. Retrieved October 24 2010.  American FactFinder United States Census Bureau. "Kings County New York - ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTableqrnameACS20091YRG00DP5&geoid05000US36047&dsname&langen. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.  U.S. Census Bureau "Residential Population and Components of Change New York State and Counties April 1 2000 to July 1 2005." Retrieved on August 4 2006.2 Greene and Harrington (1932). American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790. New York.  as cited in: Rosenwaike Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0815621558.  "New York State Department of Economic Development" (PDF). http://esd.ny.gov/nysdatacenter/data/populationhousing/countypophistory.pdf. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov. Retrieved March 25 2011.  Tracy Thomas (October 7 2009). "Brooklyns LGBT community to join Washington march". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/brooklyn/brooklynlgbtcommunitytojoinDbx6yQarBHGgkKnNYdYHhO. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "African Americans" Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved March 1 2008. Gibson Campbell (June 1998). Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990. U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division. Retrieved March 1 2008. Ritter John (August 28 2007). "San Francisco Hopes to Reverse Black Flight". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-08-26-urban-blacksN.htm. Retrieved October 24 2010.  Census Shows More Black Residents Are Leaving New York and Other Cities "State & County QuickFacts: California". U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html. Retrieved February 11 2007.  Brooklyn Economic Development Corporation. Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Report 2002.http://www.bedc.org/statistics/domesticmigration.htm Muhammad Nisa Islam. "D.C. exodus sparks district renewal efforts for Whites" The Final Call June 21 2007. Retrieved June 25 2007. Maimonides NY Times "Brooklyn Technical High School K430 Borough of Brooklyn Zip Code 11217". Schools.nyc.gov. October 31 2008. http://schools.nyc.gov/ChoicesEnrollment/High/Directory/school/sid3330#AdditionalInformationAnchor. Retrieved October 24 2010.  Brooklyn Events at a Glance. Retrieved October 10 2007. "Contact." ImpreMedia. Retrieved on June 1 2010. "About Prospect Park". Prospect Park Alliance: Official Web Site of Prospect Park. Prospect Park Alliance. 2008. http://www.prospectpark.org/. Retrieved November 29 2008.  "Litchfield Villa". Prospect Park Alliance: Official WebSite of Prospect Park. Prospect Park Alliance. 2008. http://www.prospectpark.org/historynature/historicplaces/hvilla.  "Audubon New York". National Audubon Society. 2008. http://ny.audubon.org/CentersEduProspectPark.html. Retrieved November 29 2008.  3. Retrieved June 29 2010. Ward Nathan. "Brooklyn Rising" American Heritage August/September 2005. "BrooklynBallParks.com". http://www.covehurst.net/ddyte/brooklyn/otherparks.html.  "Rare Sport for Connoisseurs: How Baseball Was Born in Brooklyn". Oldbrooklynbaseball.com. http://www.oldbrooklynbaseball.com. Retrieved October 24 2010.  Ebbets Field. Retrieved October 10 2007. Convissor Daniel DOT Sees More Highways As Brooklyn's Road to Clean Air Auto-Free Press January/February 1992. Retrieved November 4 2006. "Bushwick Expressway (I-78 unbuilt)". Nycroads.com. http://www.nycroads.com/roads/bushwick/. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "Cross Brooklyn Expressway (I-878 unbuilt)". Nycroads.com. http://www.nycroads.com/roads/cross-brooklyn/. Retrieved October 24 2010.  http://www.tstc.org/reports/cpsheets/Brooklynfactsheet.pdf New York City School Reports 2006-07 "Brooklyn Technical High School". Bths.edu. http://bths.edu/schoolhistory.jsprn9612672. Retrieved October 24 2010.  Brooklyn Tech Alumni Foundation Hall of Fame "Leiter's Law School Rankings". Leiterrankings.com. http://www.leiterrankings.com. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "Colleges of Many Colors". The New York Times. November 5 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/education/data.html. Retrieved August 15 2007.  "America's Best Colleges List". Forbes. 2009. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/94/colleges-09St-Francis-College94363.html. Retrieved July 8 2010.  "Baccalaureate Colleges (North) Rankings". U.S News & World Report. 2009. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/brooklyn-heights-ny/st.-francis-college-2820. Retrieved July 8 2010.  "http". //www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org. http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/. Retrieved October 24 2010.  Net P.C.. "Gdynia - International Gdynia - Twin Cities". Gdynia.pl. http://www.gdynia.pl/eng/european/city/twin/cities/490838739.html. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "Brooklyn Borough President". Brooklyn-usa.org. http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Pages/OIB/OIB05/may.htm. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "BP ''(Borough Pres.)'' Markowitz joins Vienna deputy mayor to announce new "district partnership" (March 05)". Brooklyn-usa.org. March 5 2007. http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Press/2007/mar05.htm. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "Vienna in New York 2007 (March 15 2007)". Wieninternational.at. March 15 2007. http://www.wieninternational.at/de/node/3254. Retrieved October 24 2010.  "Brooklyn in Leopoldstadt (July 5 2007)". Wieninternational.at. http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/4478. Retrieved October 24 2010.  Further reading Lynn Harris. "Park Slope: Where Is the Love" The New York Times Frank J. Trezza. "Brooklyn Navy Yard 1966-1986 the Yard was still a Shipyard not an Industrial Park" External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica article Brooklyn. 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