For other uses see Brooklyn Bridge (disambiguation). Brooklyn Bridge Carries Motor vehicles (cars only) Elevated trains (until 1944) Streetcars (until 1950) Pedestrians and bicycles Crosses East River Locale New York City (ManhattanBrooklyn) Maintained by New York City Department of Transportation Designer John Augustus Roebling Design Suspension/Cable-stay Hybrid Total length 5989 feet (1825 m)1 Width 85 feet (26 m) Longest span 1595 feet 6 inches (486.3 m) Clearance below 135 feet (41 m) at mid-span Opened May 23 1883; 128 years ago (May 23 1883)2unreliable source some sources state May 24 1883; 128 years ago (May 24 1883)3 Toll Free both ways Daily traffic 123781 (2008)4 Coordinates 404220N 735947W / 40.70569N 73.99639W / 40.70569; -73.99639 (Brooklyn Bridge)Coordinates: 404220N 735947W / 40.70569N 73.99639W / 40.70569; -73.99639 (Brooklyn Bridge) Brooklyn Bridge U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Built: 1883 Architectural style: neo-Gothic NRHP Reference#: 66000523 Significant dates Added to NRHP: 19665 Designated NHL: January 29 19646

The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883 it connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. With a main span of 1595.5 feet (486.3 m) it was the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 and the first steel-wire suspension bridge.

Originally referred to as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge and as the East River Bridge it was dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge in a January 25 1867 letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle7 and formally so named by the city government in 1915. Since its opening it has become an iconic part of the New York skyline. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964689 and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972.10 Contents 1 Construction 2 Pedestrian and vehicular access 3 Notable events 3.1 First jumper 3.2 Bungee jump 3.3 1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting 3.4 2003 plot 3.5 2006 bunker discovery 3.6 100th anniversary celebrations 3.7 125th anniversary celebrations 4 Cultural significance 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Construction Tablet signage on the Manhattan-side tower of the Brooklyn Bridge

The Brooklyn Bridge was initially designed by German immigrant John Augustus Roebling who had previously designed and constructed shorter suspension bridges such as Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct in Lackawaxen Pennsylvania Waco Suspension Bridge in Waco Texas and the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge in Cincinnati Ohio.

While conducting surveys for the bridge project Roebling sustained a crush injury to his foot when a ferry pinned it against a piling. After amputation of his crushed toes he developed a tetanus infection which left him incapacitated and soon resulted in his death not long after he had placed his 32-year-old son Washington Roebling in charge of the project.11

Washington Roebling also suffered a paralyzing injury as a result of decompression sickness shortly after the beginning of construction on January 3 1870.12 This condition first called "caisson disease" by the project physician Andrew Smith afflicted many of the workers working within the caissons.1314 After Roebling's debilitating condition left him unable to physically supervise the construction firsthand his wife Emily Warren Roebling stepped in and provided the critical written link between her husband and the engineers on site.15 Under her husband's guidance Emily had studied higher mathematics the calculations of catenary curves the strengths of materials bridge specifications and the intricacies of cable construction.161718 She spent the next 11 years assisting Washington Roebling helping to supervise the bridge's construction.

When iron probes underneath the caisson found the bedrock to be even deeper than expected Roebling halted construction due to the increased risk of decompression sickness. He later deemed the aggregate overlying the bedrock 30 feet (9 m) below it to be firm enough to support the tower base and construction continued.19

The Brooklyn Bridge was completed thirteen years later and was opened for use on May 24 1883. The opening ceremony was attended by several thousand people and many ships were present in the East Bay for the occasion. President Chester A. Arthur and New York Mayor Franklin Edson crossed the bridge to celebratory cannon fire and were greeted by Brooklyn Mayor Seth Low when they reached the Brooklyn-side tower. Arthur shook hands with Washington Roebling at the latter's home after the ceremony. Roebling was unable to attend the ceremony (and in fact rarely visited the site again) but held a celebratory banquet at his house on the day of the bridge opening. Further festivity included the performance of a band gunfire from ships and a fireworks display.20

On that first day a total of 1800 vehicles and 150300 people crossed what was then the only land passage between Manhattan and Brooklyn. Emily Warren Roebling was the first to cross the bridge. The bridge's main span over the East River is 1595 feet 6 inches (486.3 m). The bridge cost $15.5 million to build and approximately 27 people died during its construction.21

One week after the opening on May 30 1883 a rumor that the Bridge was going to collapse caused a stampede which crushed and killed at least twelve people.22 On May 17 1884 P. T. Barnum helped to squelch doubts about the bridge's stabilitywhile publicizing his famous circuswhen one of his most famous attractions Jumbo led a parade of 21 elephants over the Brooklyn Bridge.23242526 Plan of one tower for the Brooklyn Bridge 1867 At the time it opened and for several years it was the longest suspension bridge in the world50% longer than any previously built and it has become a treasured landmark. Since the 1980s it has been floodlit at night to highlight its architectural features. The towers are built of limestone granite and Rosendale cement. Their architectural style is neo-Gothic with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. The paint scheme of the bridge is "Brooklyn Bridge Tan" and "Silver" although it has been argued that the original paint was "Rawlins Red".27 Night view of Brooklyn Bridge. At the time the bridge was built the aerodynamics of bridge building had not been worked out. Bridges were not tested in wind tunnels until the 1950swell after the collapse of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Galloping Gertie) in 1940. It is therefore fortunate that the open truss structure supporting the deck is by its nature less subject to aerodynamic problems. Roebling designed a bridge and truss system that was six times as strong as he thought it needed to be. Because of this the Brooklyn Bridge is still standing when many of the bridges built around the same time have vanished into history and been replaced. This is also in spite of the substitution of inferior quality wire in the cabling supplied by the contractor J. Lloyd Haighby the time it was discovered it was too late to replace the cabling that had already been constructed. Roebling determined that the poorer wire would leave the bridge four rather than six times as strong as necessary so it was eventually allowed to stand with the addition of 250 cables. Diagonal cables were installed from the towers to the deck intended to stiffen the bridge. They turned out to be unnecessary but were kept for their distinctive beauty. After the collapse in 2007 of the I-35W highway bridge in the city of Minneapolis increased public attention has been brought to bear on the condition of bridges across the US and it has been reported that the Brooklyn Bridge approach ramps received a rating of "poor" at its last inspection.28 According to a NYC Department of Transportation spokesman "The poor rating it received does not mean it is unsafe. Poor means there are some components that have to be rehabilitated." A $725 million project to replace the approaches and repaint the bridge was scheduled to begin in 2009.29 The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1978 book The Great Bridge by David McCullough15 and Brooklyn Bridge (1981) the first PBS documentary film ever made by Ken Burns.30 Burns drew heavily on McCullough's book for the film and used him as narrator.31 It is also described in Seven Wonders of the Industrial World a BBC docudrama series with accompanying book. Pedestrian and vehicular access Cross section diagram At various times the bridge has carried horse-drawn and trolley traffic; at present it has six lanes for motor vehicles with a separate walkway along the centerline for pedestrians and bicycles. Due to the roadway's height (11 ft (3.4 m) posted) and weight (6000 lb (2700 kg) posted) restrictions commercial vehicles and buses are prohibited from using this bridge. The two inside traffic lanes once carried elevated trains of the BMT from Brooklyn points to a terminal at Park Row via Sands Street. Streetcars ran on what are now the two center lanes (shared with other traffic) until the elevated lines stopped using the bridge in 1944 when they moved to the protected center tracks. In 1950 the streetcars also stopped running and the bridge was rebuilt to carry six lanes of automobile traffic. A bird soars over the Brooklyn Bridge The Brooklyn Bridge is accessible from the Brooklyn entrances of Tillary/Adams Streets Sands/Pearl Streets and Exit 28B of the eastbound Brooklyn-Queens Expressway. In Manhattan motor cars can enter from either direction of the FDR Drive Park Row Chambers/Centre Streets and Pearl/Frankfort Streets. Pedestrian access to the bridge from the Brooklyn side is from either Tillary/Adams Streets (in between the auto entrance/exit) or a staircase on Prospect St between Cadman Plaza East and West. In Manhattan the pedestrian walkway is accessible from the end of Centre Street or through the unpaid south staircase of Brooklyn Bridge-City Hall IRT subway station. View from the pedestrian walkway. The bridge's cable arrangement forms a distinct weblike pattern. The Brooklyn Bridge has a wide pedestrian walkway open to walkers and cyclists in the center of the bridge and higher than the automobile lanes. While the bridge has always permitted the passage of pedestrians across its span its role in allowing thousands to cross takes on a special importance in times of difficulty when usual means of crossing the East River have become unavailable. During transit strikes by the Transport Workers Union in 1980 and 2005 the bridge was used by people commuting to work with Mayors Koch and Bloomberg crossing the bridge as a gesture to the affected public.3233 Following the 1965 1977 and 2003 blackouts and most famously after the September 11 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center the bridge was used by people in Manhattan to leave the city after subway service was suspended. The massive numbers of people on the bridge could not have been anticipated by the original designer yet John Roebling designed it with three separate systems managing even unanticipated structural stresses. The bridge has a suspension system a diagonal stay system and a stiffening truss. "Roebling himself famously said if anything happens to one of his systems 'The bridge may sag but it will not fall.'"34 The movement of large numbers of people on a bridge creates pedestrian oscillations or "sway" as the crowd lifts one foot after another some falling inevitably in synchronized cadences. The natural sway motion of people walking causes small sideways oscillations in a bridge which in turn cause people on the bridge to sway in step increasing the amplitude of the bridge oscillations and continually reinforcing the effect. High-density traffic of this nature causes a bridge to appear to move erratically or "to wobble" as happened at opening of the London Millennium Footbridge in 2000.35 Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper c.1883 Notable events First jumper The first person to jump from the bridge was Robert E. Odlum on May 19 1885.36 He struck the water at an angle and died shortly thereafter from internal injuries.37 Steve Brodie was the most famous jumper or self-proclaimed jumper (in 1886). Bungee jump On June 1993 following 13 reconnoiters inside the metal structure and with the help of a mountain guide Thierry Devaux performed (illegally) eight acrobatic bungee jumps above the East River close to the Brooklyn pier in the early morning. He used an electric winch between each acrobatic figure.38 1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting Main article: Brooklyn Bridge shooting On March 1 1994 Lebanese-born Rashid Baz opened fire on a van carrying members of the Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish Movement striking 16-year-old student Ari Halberstam and three others traveling on the bridge.39 Halberstam died five days later from his wounds. Baz was apparently acting out of revenge for the Hebron massacre of 29 Muslims by Baruch Goldstein that had taken place days earlier on February 25 1994. Baz was convicted of murder and sentenced to a 141-year prison term. After initially classifying the murder as one committed out of road rage the Justice Department reclassified the case in 2000 as a terrorist attack. The entrance ramp to the bridge on the Manhattan side was named the Ari Halberstam Memorial Ramp in memory of the victim.40 2003 plot In 2003 truck driver Iyman Faris was sentenced to about 20 years in prison for providing material support to Al-Qaeda after an earlier plot to destroy the bridge by cutting through its support wires with blowtorches was thwarted through information the National Security Agency uncovered through wiretapped phone conversations and interrogation of Al-Qaeda militants.41 2006 bunker discovery In 2006 a Cold War era bunker was found by city workers near the East River shoreline of Manhattan's Lower East Side. The bunker hidden within the masonry anchorage still contained the emergency supplies that were being stored for a potential nuclear attack by the Soviet Union.42 100th anniversary celebrations The centennary celebrations on May 24 1983 saw a cavalcade of cars crossing the bridge led by President Ronald Reagan. A flotilla of ships visited the harbor parades were held and in the evening the sky over the bridge was illuminated by Grucci Fireworks.43 The Brooklyn Museum exhibited a selection of the original drawings made for the bridge's construction some by Washington Roebling himself. 125th anniversary celebrations Beginning on May 22 2008 festivities were held over a five-day period to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge. The events kicked off with a live performance of the Brooklyn Philharmonic in EmpireFulton Ferry State Park followed by special lighting of the bridge's towers and a fireworks display.44 Other events held during the 125th anniversary celebrations which coincided with the Memorial Day weekend included a film series historical walking tours information tents a series of lectures and readings a bicycle tour of Brooklyn a miniature golf course featuring Brooklyn icons and other musical and dance performances.45 Just before the anniversary celebrations the Telectroscope which created a video link between New York and London was installed on the Brooklyn side of the bridge. The installation lasted for a few weeks and permitted viewers in New York to see people looking into a matching telectroscope in front of London's Tower Bridge.46 A newly renovated pedestrian connection to DUMBO was also unveiled before the anniversary celebrations.47 Cultural significance Contemporaries marveled at what technology was capable of and the bridge became a symbol of the optimism of the time. John Perry Barlow wrote in the late 20th century of the "literal and genuinely religious leap of faith" embodied in the Brooklyn Bridge ... "the Brooklyn Bridge required of its builders faith in their ability to control technology."48 References to "selling the Brooklyn Bridge" abound in American culture sometimes as examples of rural gullibility but more often in connection with an idea that strains credulity. For example "If you believe that I've got a bridge to sell you."citation needed George C. Parker and William McCloundy are two early 20th-century con-men who had (allegedly) successfully perpetrated this scam on unwitting tourists.49 The 1949 Bugs Bunny cartoon Bowery Bugs is a joking reference to Bugs "selling" a story of the Brooklyn Bridge to a naive tourist. The modern American poet Hart Crane used the Brooklyn Bridge as central metaphor and organizing structure for his second and most important book of poetry The Bridge. This book takes the form of a long poem spanning eight parts beginning with an ode ("Proem: To Brooklyn Bridge") and ending with a transfigured vision of the bridge as the unifying symbol of America ("Atlantis"). Crane briefly lived in an apartment overlooking the bridge that he later learned once housed Washington Roebling the Brooklyn Bridge's builder and son of its architect John A. Roebling. It has been shown in films such as Once Upon A Time In America Captive Women The Fifth Element Deep Impact Godzilla Aftershock: Earthquake in New York I Am Legend Life After People Cloverfield Zombi 2 Oliver & Company Enchanted and Kate & Leopold. References "NYCDOT Bridges Information". New York City Department of Transportation. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bridges/bridges.shtml#brooklyn. Retrieved 2008-08-23.  "Brooklyn Bridge historic overview". Eastern Roads. http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/brooklyn/. Retrieved 2011-05-23.  Feuerstein Gary (1998-05-29). "Brooklyn Bridge Facts History and Information". http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbridgefacts.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-23  "New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes 2008" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. March 2010. p. 63. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/bridgetrafrpt08.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-10.  "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/AllData.html.  a b "Brooklyn Bridge". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfmResourceId376&ResourceTypeStructure.  E.P.D. (January 25 1867). "Bridging the East River Another Project". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle: p. 2. Archived from the original on 2007-10-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20071019230402/http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/eagle/. Retrieved 2007-11-26.  "The Brooklyn Bridge" February 24 1975 by James B. Armstrong and S. Sydney Bradford "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination". National Park Service. 1975-02-24. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000523.pdf "The Brooklyn Bridge" February 24 1975 by James B. Armstrong and S. Sydney Bradford.  The Brooklyn BridgeAccompanying three photos from 1975. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination". National Park Service. 1975-02-24. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/66000523.pdf The Brooklyn BridgeAccompanying three photos from 1975..  "Brooklyn Bridge". ASCE Metropolitan Section. http://www.ascemetsection.org/content/view/339/872/. Retrieved 2010-06-30.  "THE BUILDING OF THE BRIDGE.; ITS COST AND THE DIFFICULTIES MET WITH-- DETAILS OF THE HISTORY OF A GREAT ENGINEERING TRIUMPH.". The New York Times. May 24 1883. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.htmlres9F01E5DC1431E433A25757C2A9639C94629FD7CF. Retrieved 2009-10-27.  Butler WP (2004). "Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges: A review". Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (4): 44559. PMID 15686275. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4028. Retrieved 2008-06-19.  Smith Andrew Heermance (1886). The Physiological Pathological and Therapeutical Effects of Compressed Air. Detroit: George S. Davis. http://books.google.com/idhLq981A5bMC&printsecfrontcover&dqDiving. Retrieved 2009-04-17.  Acott Chris (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression illness.". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004. Retrieved 2009-04-17.  a b http://www.amazon.com/dp/067145711X Amazon.com: The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge: J'aime Drisdelle: Books Weigold Marilyn (1984). Silent Builder: Emily Warren Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge. Associated Faculty Press.  McCullough David (1983). The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 421.  "Emily Warren Roebling". American Society of Civil Engineers. http://www.asce.org/PPLContent.aspxid2147487328. Retrieved 2010-06-30.  "GlassSteelandStone: Brooklyn Bridge-tower rests on sand". http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/435.php. Retrieved 2007-02-20.  Reeves Thomas C. (1975). Gentleman Boss. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 359360. ISBN 0-394-46095-2.  "Brooklyn Daily Eagle 18411902 Online". Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20071114135249/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Archive/skins/BE/NavigationSites/what.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-23.  "Dead on the New Bridge; Fatal Crush at the Western Approach". The New York Times. May 31 1883. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.htmlres980DE3DA1431E433A25752C3A9639C94629FD7CF. Retrieved 2010-02-20.  Bildner Phil (2004). Twenty-One Elephants. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0689870116.  Prince April Jones (2005). Twenty-One Elephants and Still Standing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 061844887X.  "P.T. Barnum MSN Encarta". P.T. Barnum MSN Encarta. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia761571960/ptbarnum.html.  Strausbaugh John (November 9 2007). "When Barnum Took Manhattan". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/09/arts/09expl.html. Retrieved 2008-09-21.  Gary Buiso New York Post (May 25 2010). "A True Cover Up. Brooklyn Bridge Paint Job Glosses over History". http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/brooklyn/truecoverupbrooklynbridgepaintOAD0sR49ATyRfLwvkUggRN. Retrieved October 23 2010.  Chan Sewell (August 2 2007). "Brooklyn Bridge Is One of 3 With Poor Rating". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/brooklyn-bridge-is-one-of-3-with-poor-rating/. Retrieved 2007-09-10.  "Brooklyn Bridge called 'safe' DOT says span is okay despite getting a 'poor' rating". Courier-Life Publications. Archived from the original on 2008-03-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20080316224436/http://www.baynewsbrooklyn.com/site/news.cfmnewsid18685076&BRD2384&PAG461&deptid560112&rfi6. Retrieved 2007-08-12.  Burns Ken. "Why I Decided to Make Brooklyn Bridge". Public Broadcasting Service. http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/brooklynbridge/about/. Retrieved 2010-02-20.  "Burns Ken U.S. Documentary Film Maker". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.phpentrycodeburnsken. Retrieved 2010-02-20.  Quindlen Anna (April 2 1980). "Koch Faces Day Ebulliently; He Looks Well Rested". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.htmlresF3061EFB395C12728DDDAB0894DC405B8084F1D3. Retrieved 2010-06-30.  Rutenberg Jim (December 21 2005). "On Foot on Bridge and at City Hall Bloomberg Is Irate". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/21/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/21mayor.html. Retrieved 2010-06-30.  Julavits Robert (August 26 2003). "Point of Collapse". The Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/2003-08-26/news/point-of-collapse/. Retrieved 2010-02-20.  Steven Henry Strogatz (2003). Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order. New York: Hyperion. pp. 174175 312 320. ISBN 0786868449.  The Life and Times of Prof. Robert Emmet Odlum 1885 "Odlum's Leap to Death". The New York Times: p. 1. May 20 1885. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.htmlres990DE4D91739E533A25753C2A9639C94649FD7CF. Retrieved 2008-04-15.  "Brooklyn Bridge". SunnyDream. http://www.sunnydream.info/index.phppagebrooklyn. Retrieved 2010-06-25.  Sexton Joe (March 2 1994). "4 Hasidic Youths Hurt in Brooklyn Bridge Shooting". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/nyregion/4-hasidic-youths-hurt-in-brooklyn-bridge-shooting.html. Retrieved 2010-06-30.  "In Memoriam". Ari Halberstam Memorial Site. http://www.arihalberstam.com/in-memoriam/. Retrieved 2010-06-30.  "Iyman Faris". GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/iymanfaris.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-30.  Lovgren Stefan (March 24 2006). "Cold War "Time Capsule" Found in Brooklyn Bridge". National Geographic. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0324060324brooklyn.html. Retrieved 2010-02-20.  NYC Roads. "The Brooklyn Bridge". http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/brooklyn/. Retrieved October 23 2010.  Burke Kerry; Hutchinson Bill (May 23 2008). "Brooklyn Bridge turns 125 with a bang". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/nylocal/brooklyn/2008/05/22/2008-05-22brooklynbridgeturns125withabang.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01.  "Brooklyn Bridge 125th Anniversary Celebration". ASCE Metropolitan Section. http://www.ascemetsection.org/content/view/121/830/. Retrieved 2009-08-01.  Ryzik Melena (May 21 2008). "Telescope Takes a Long View to London". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/arts/design/21tele.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01.  Farmer Ann (May 21 2008). "This Way to Brooklyn This Way". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/welcome-to-dumbo-its-right-under-you/. Retrieved 2009-08-01.  Cultural Significance Cohen Gabriel (November 27 2005). "For You Half Price". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/27/nyregion/thecity/27brid.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-20.  Further reading Cadbury Deborah. (2004) Dreams of Iron and Steel. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-716307-X Haw Richard. (2005). The Brooklyn Bridge: A Cultural History. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3587-5 Haw Richard. (2008). Art of the Brooklyn Bridge: A Visual History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-95386-3 McCullough David. (1972). The Great Bridge. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-21213-3 Odlum Catherine 1885. The Life and Times of Prof Robert Emmet Odlum. Washington DC. gray & Clarkson Strogatz Steven. (2003). Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order. New York: Hyperion books. 10-ISBN 0-7868-6844-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-7868-6844-5 (cloth) 2nd ed. Hyperion 2004. 10-ISBN 0-7868-8721-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-7868-8721-7 (paper) Strogartz Steven Daniel M. Abrams Allan McRobie Bruno Eckhardt and Edward Ott. et al. (2005). "Theoretical mechanics: Crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge" Nature Vol. 438 pp 4344.link to Nature articleMillennium Bridge opening day video illustrating "crowd synchrony" oscillations Trachtenberg Alan. (1965). Brooklyn Bridge: Fact and Symbol. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226811158 2nd ed. 1979 ISBN 0-226-81115-8 (paper) External links New York City portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brooklyn Bridge Images of the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge from the collections of the Museum of the City of New York The Brooklyn Bridge: A Study in Greatness by John Stern and Carrie Wilson NYCroads.com Brooklyn Bridge Transportation Alternatives Fiboro Bridges Brooklyn Bridge The story of Brooklyn Bridge by CBS Forum Panorama of Brooklyn Bridge 1899 Extreme Photo Constructions Brooklyn Bridge at Structurae Great Buildings entry for the Brooklyn Bridge American Society of Civil Engineersdead link Railroad Extra Brooklyn Bridge and its Railway Images of the Brooklyn Bridge from the Brooklyn Museum Brooklyn Bridge Photo Gallery with a Flash VR 360 of the Brooklyn Bridge Pedestrian Walkway Opening Ceremonies of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge May 24 1883 at Project Gutenberg Brooklyn Bridge at Historical Marker Database  Crossings of the East River Upstream Manhattan Bridge Brooklyn Bridge Downstream Cranberry Street Tunnel  World's longest suspension bridge span Preceded by John A. 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