Part of a series on Censorship By media Banned books  Banned films Re-edited film  Internet Music  Press  Radio  Thought Speech and expression Video games Methods Bleeping  Book burning Broadcast delay  Chilling effect Concision  Conspiracy of silence Content-control software Euphemism  Expurgation Gag order  Heckling Memory hole  Newspaper theft Pixelization  Postal  Prior restraint Propaganda model Revisionism  Sanitization/Redaction Self-censorship  Speech code Strategic lawsuit  Verbal offence Whitewashing Contexts Corporate  Political  Religious Ideological  Criminal speech Hate speech  Media bias Suppression of dissent By country Censorship  Freedom of speech Internet censorship v d e Find more about Censorship on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks

Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectionable harmful sensitive or inconvenient to the general body of people as determined by a government media outlet or other controlling body. Contents 1 Rationale 2 Types 2.1 Political 2.2 State secrets and prevention of attention 2.3 Educational sources 2.4 Music and popular culture 2.5 Copy picture and writer approval 2.6 Maps 2.7 Meta-censorship 2.8 Creative censorship 2.9 Internet 3 Implementation 4 Censorship by country 5 See also 6 Citations and notes 7 General information Rationale

The rationale for censorship is different for various types of information censored: Moral censorship is the removal of materials that are obscene or otherwise considered morally questionable. Pornography for example is often censored under this rationale especially child pornography which is illegal and censored in most jurisdictions in the world.12 Military censorship is the process of keeping military intelligence and tactics confidential and away from the enemy. This is used to counter espionage which is the process of gleaning military information. Political censorship occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. This is often done to exert control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion. Religious censorship is the means by which any material considered objectionable by a certain faith is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones. Alternatively one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their faith. Corporate censorship is the process by which editors in corporate media outlets intervene to disrupt the publishing of information that portrays their business or business partners in a negative light34 or intervene to prevent alternate offers from reaching public exposure.5 Types Political Nikolai Yezhov standing to the right of Joseph Stalin was shot in 1940. He was edited out of the photo by Soviet censors after his execution as a form of damnatio memoriae.6 This policy was commonly applied to executed political enemies during Stalin's reign. Main article: Political censorship See also: Eastern Bloc information dissemination Censorship in Cuba Censorship in the People's Republic of China and Censorship in North Korea

Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc.7 Throughout the bloc the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on their writers.8 Cultural products there reflected the propaganda needs of the state.8 Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years.9 In the Stalinist period even the weather forecasts were changed if they had the temerity to suggest that the sun might not shine on May Day.9 Under Nicolae Ceauescu in Romania weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop.9

Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader; all reporting was directed by the Communist Party or related organizations. Pravda the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available only if they were published by Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union.

Possession and use of copying machines was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of samizdat illegal self-published books and magazines. Possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by Andrei Sinyavsky was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the KGB. Another outlet for works which did not find favor with the authorities was publishing abroad.

The People's Republic of China which continues Communist rule in politics if not in the controlled economy employs some 30000 'Internet police'citation needed to monitor the internet and popular search engines such as Google and Yahoo.

Iraq under Baathist Saddam Hussein had much the same techniques of press censorship as did Romania under Nicolae Ceauescu but with greater potential violence.citation needed

Cuban media is operated under the supervision of the Communist Party's Department of Revolutionary Orientation which "develops and coordinates propaganda strategies".10 Connection to the Internet is restricted and censored.11

Censorship also takes place in capitalist nations such as Uruguay. In 1973 a military coup took power in Uruguay and the State practiced censorship. For example writer Eduardo Galeano was imprisoned and later was forced to flee. His book Open Veins of Latin America was banned by the right-wing military government not only in Uruguay but also in Chile and Argentina.12 Critics of the Campaign finance reform in the United States claim that this reform imposes widespread restrictions on political speech.1314 State secrets and prevention of attention The Rhodesia Herald of September 21 1966. Wieczr Wrocawia - Daily newspaper of Wrocaw People's Republic of Poland March 2021 1981 with censor intervention on first and last pages --- under the headlines "Co zdarzyo si w Bydgoszczy" (What happened in Bydgoszcz) and "Pogotowie strajkowe w caym kraju" (Country-wide strike alert). The censor had removed a section regarding the strike alert; hence the workers in the printing house blanked out an official propaganda section. The right-hand page also includes a hand-written confirmation of that decision by the local "Solidarno" Trade Union. In wartime explicit censorship is carried out with the intent of preventing the release of information that might be useful to an enemy. Typically it involves keeping times or locations secret or delaying the release of information (e.g. an operational objective) until it is of no possible use to enemy forces. The moral issues here are often seen as somewhat different as the proponents of this form of censorship argues that release of tactical information usually presents a greater risk of casualties among one's own forces and could possibly lead to loss of the overall conflict. During World War I letters written by British soldiers would have to go through censorship. This consisted of officers going through letters with a black marker and crossing out anything which might compromise operational secrecy before the letter was sent. The World War II catchphrase "Loose lips sink ships" was used as a common justification to exercise official wartime censorship and encourage individual restraint when sharing potentially sensitive information. An example of "sanitization" policies comes from the USSR under Joseph Stalin where publicly used photographs were often altered to remove people whom Stalin had condemned to execution. Though past photographs may have been remembered or kept this deliberate and systematic alteration to all of history in the public mind is seen as one of the central themes of Stalinism and totalitarianism. Censorship is occasionally carried out to aid authorities or to protect an individual as with some kidnappings when attention and media coverage of the victim can sometimes be seen as unhelpful.1516 Educational sources A National Geographic Magazine censored by the Nashravaran Journalistic Institute. The offending cover was about the subject of love and the picture hidden beneath the white sticker is of an embracing couple.17 February 2006. The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate since their target audience is young people and the term "whitewashing" is the one commonly used to refer to removal of critical or conflicting events. The reporting of military atrocities in history is extremely controversial as in the case of The Holocaust (or Holocaust denial) Bombing of Dresden the Nanking Massacre as found with Japanese history textbook controversies the Armenian Genocide the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the Winter Soldier Investigation of the Vietnam War. In the context of secondary school education the way facts and history are presented greatly influences the interpretation of contemporary thought opinion and socialization. One argument for censoring the type of information disseminated is based on the inappropriate quality of such material for the young. The use of the "inappropriate" distinction is in itself controversial as it changed heavily. A Ballantine Books version of the book Fahrenheit 451 which is the version used by most school classes18 contained approximately 75 separate edits omissions and changes from the original Bradbury manuscript. Music and popular culture See also: Censorship of music Music censorship has been implemented by states religions educational systems families retailers and lobbying groups and in most cases they violate international conventions of human rights.19 Aside from the usual justifications of pornography language and violence some movies are censored due to changing racial attitudes or political correctness in order to avoid ethnic stereotyping and/or ethnic offense despite its historical or artistic value. One example is the still withdrawn "Censored Eleven" series of animated cartoons which may have been innocent then but are "incorrect" now. Copy picture and writer approval Copy approval is the right to read and amend an article usually an interview before publication. Many publications refuse to give copy approval but it is increasingly becoming common practice when dealing with publicity anxious celebrities.20 Picture approval is the right given to an individual to choose which photos will be published and which will not. Robert Redford is well known for insisting upon picture approval.21 Writer approval is when writers are chosen based on whether they will write flattering articles or not. Hollywood publicist Pat Kingsley is known for banning certain writers who wrote undesirably about one of her clients from interviewing any of her other clients.citation needed Maps Main article: Censorship of maps Censorship of maps is often employed for military purposes. For example the technique was used in former East Germany especially for the areas near the border to West Germany in order to make attempts of defection more difficult. Censorship of maps is also applied by Google maps where certain areas are grayed out or areas are purposely left out-dated with old imagery.22 Meta-censorship In this form of censorship any information about existence of censorship and the legal basis of the censorship is censored rules of censoring are classified and removed texts or phrases are not marked. Creative censorship There are many ways that censors exhibit creativity but a specific variant is of concern in which censors rewrite texts giving these texts secret co-authors. This form of censorship is used in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.citation neededoriginal research Internet Main article: Internet censorship Internet censorship is control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet. The legal issues are similar to offline censorship. One difference is that national borders are more permeable online: residents of a country that bans certain information can find it on websites hosted outside the country. A government can try to prevent its citizens from viewing these even if it has no control over the websites themselves. Barring total control on Internet-connected computers such as in North Korea and Cuba total censorship of information on the Internet is very difficult (or impossible) to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the Internet. Pseudonymity and data havens (such as Freenet) allow unconditional free speech as the technology guarantees that material cannot be removed and the author of any information is impossible to link to a physical identity or organization. In some cases Internet censorship may involve deceit. In such cases the censoring authority may block content while leading the public to believe that censorship has not been applied. This may be done by having the ISP provide a fake "Not Found" error message upon the request of an Internet page that is actually found but blocked (see 404 error for details).2324252627 In November 2007 "Father of the Internet" Vint Cerf stated that he sees government control of the Internet failing due to private ownership.28 The Australian government announced in December 2009 that it will introduce internet censorship legislation before the next Australian federal election.29 Implementation Censored pre-press proof of two articles from "Notcias da Amadora" a Portuguese newspaper 1970 The former Soviet Union maintained a particularly extensive program of state-imposed censorship. The main organ for official censorship in the Soviet Union was the Chief Agency for Protection of Military and State Secrets generally known as the Glavlit its Russian acronym. The Glavlit handled censorship matters arising from domestic writings of just about any kindeven beer and vodka labels. Glavlit censorship personnel were present in every large Soviet publishing house or newspaper; the agency employed some 70000 censors to review information before it was disseminated by publishing houses editorial offices and broadcasting studios. No mass medium escaped Glavlit's control. All press agencies and radio and television stations had Glavlit representatives on their editorial staffs. Sometimes a specific and unique information whose very existence is barely known to the public is kept in a subtle near-censorship situation being regarded as "subversive" or "inconvenient". Michel Foucault's 1978 text "Sexual Morality and the Law" (later republished as "The Danger of Child Sexuality") for instance - originally published as La loi de la pudeur literally "the law of decency" defends the decriminalization of statutory rape and the abolition of age of consent laws. When a publisher comes under pressure to suppress a book but has already entered into a contract with the author they will sometimes effectively censor the book by deliberately ordering a small print run and making minimal if any attempts to publicize it. This practice became known in the early 2000s as privishing.30 Censorship by country Main article: Censorship by country See also Book banning Book burning Chilling Effect Federal Communications Commission Market for loyalties theory Newspeak Self-censorship Strategic lawsuit against public participation Taboo Video game controversy Freedoms: Academic freedom Freedom of the press Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Scientific freedom Citations and notes http://www.missingkids.com/enUS/documents/CPLegislationReport.pdf http://www.csecworldcongress.org/en/index.htm Timothy Jay (2000). Why We Curse: A Neuro-psycho-social Theory of Speech. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 208209. ISBN 1556197586.  David Goldberg Stefaan G. Verhulst Tony Prosser (1998). Regulating the Changing Media: A Comparative Study. Oxford University Press. pp. 207. ISBN 0198267819.  http://news.cnet.com/2010-10713-1021938.html The Commissar vanishes (The Newseum) Major & Mitter 2004 p. 6 a b Major & Mitter 2004 p. 15 a b c Crampton 1997 p. 247 "10 most censored countries". The Committee to Protect Journalists. http://www.cpj.org/censored/censored06.html.  "Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance". Reporters Without Borders. 2006. http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapportgbmd1.pdf.  http://www.democracynow.org/2009/5/28/eduardo "The Trick of Campaign Finance Reform". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.giantleap.org/envision/campaign.htm.  "Felonious Advocacy". reason. http://www.reason.com/news/show/132594.html.  New York Times The Raw Story Investigative News and Politics Lundqvist J.. "More pictures of Iranian Censorship". http://viewsdesk.com/2006/more-pictures-of-iranian-censorship/. Retrieved August 2007-01-21.  Bradbury Ray. Fahrenheit 451. Del Rey Books. April 1991. "What is Music Censorship". Freemuse.org. 1 January 2001. http://www.freemuse.org/sw2338.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-25.  Ian Mayes (2005-04-23). "The readers' editor on requests that are always refused". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0146835100.html. Retrieved August 2007-01-21.  Barber Lynn (2002-01-27). "Caution: big name ahead". London: The Observer. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0690363982900.html. Retrieved August 2007-01-21.  Jenna Johnson (2007-07-22). "Google's View of D.C. Melds New and Sharp Old and Fuzzy". News (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/21/AR2007072101296.html. Retrieved 2007-07-22.  https://publicaffairs.linx.net/news/p154 "The Internet Watch Foundation must learn from the Wikipedia debacle". The Daily Telegraph (London). 2008-12-10. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/shanerichmond/5938187/TheInternetWatchFoundationmustlearnfromtheWikipediadebacle/.  Fisher Frank (2008-12-09). "A nasty sting in the censors' tail". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/dec/09/scorpions-virgin-killer-censorship.  http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/britispscensorwikipedia/ Bangkok Post : The old fake '404 Not Found' routine Cerf sees government control of Internet failing abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/12/15/2772467.htm Winkler David (11 July 2002). "Journalists Thrown 'Into the Buzzsaw'". CommonDreams.org. http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0711-05.htm.  General information Abbott Randy. "A Critical Analysis of the Library-Related Literature Concerning Censorship in Public Libraries and Public School Libraries in the United States During the 1980s." Project for degree of Education Specialist University of South Florida December 1987. ED 308 864 Burress Lee. Battle of the Books. Metuchen NJ: The Scarecrow Press 1989. ED 308 508 Butler Judith "Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative"(1997) Foucault Michel edited by Lawrence D. Kritzman. Philosophy Culture: interviews and other writings 19771984 (New York/London: 1988 Routledge ISBN 0-415-90082-4) (The text Sexual Morality and the Law is Chapter 16 of the book). O'Reilly Robert C. & Parker Larry. "Censorship or Curriculum Modification" Paper presented at a School Boards Association 1982 14 p. ED 226 432 Hansen Terry. The Missing Times: News media complicity in the UFO cover-up 2000. ISBN 0-7388-3612-5 Hendrikson Leslie. "Library Censorship: ERIC Digest No. 23." ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education Boulder Colorado November 1985. ED 264 165 Hoffman Frank. "Intellectual Freedom and Censorship." Metuchen NJ: The Scarecrow Press 1989. ED 307 652 Marek Kate. "Schoolbook Censorship USA." June 1987. ED 300 018 Mathiesen Kay Censorship and Access to Information HANDBOOK OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTER ETHICS Kenneth E. Himma Herman T. Tavani eds. John Wiley and Sons New York 2008 National Coalition against Censorship (NCAC). "Books on Trial: A Survey of Recent Cases." January 1985. ED 258 597 Ringmar Erik A Blogger's Manifesto: Free Speech and Censorship in the Age of the Internet (London: Anthem Press 2007) Small Robert C. Jr. "Preparing the New English Teacher to Deal with Censorship or Will I Have to Face it Alone" Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of English 1987 16 p. (Arguing that an English teacher should get advice from school librarians in preparing to encounter three levels of censorship: Rejection of adolescent fiction and popular teen magazines as having low value Experienced colleagues discouraging "difficult" lesson plans Outside interest groups limiting students' exposure. ED 289 172) Supreme Court rejects advocates' plea to preserve useful formats Terry John David II. "Censorship: Post Pico." In "School Law Update 1986" edited by Thomas N. Jones and Darel P. Semler. ED 272 994 World Book Encyclopedia volume 3 (C-Ch) pages 345 346 Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy Look up censorship in Wiktionary the free dictionary. v d ePropaganda techniques Ad hominem  Bandwagon effect  Big Lie  Blood libel  Buzzword  Card stacking  Censorship  Code word  Dog-whistle politics  Doublespeak  Euphemism  Framing  Glittering generality  Government-organized demonstration  Historical revisionism  Ideograph  Indoctrination  Lawfare  Lesser of two evils principle  Limited hangout  Loaded language  Mass games  Newspeak  Obscurantism  Plain folks  Political correctness  Public relations  Slogan  Spin  Weasel word v d eInternet censorship   Internet censorship by country Countries Afghanistan  Australia  Azerbaijan  Belarus  Bhutan  Brazil  Canada  China (Hong Kong)  Cuba  Denmark  Egypt  Finland  France  Germany  Iceland  India  Iran  Ireland  Italy  Kazakhstan  Malawi  Malaysia  Morocco  Myanmar  Nepal  New Zealand  North Korea  Pakistan  Romania  Saudi Arabia   Singapore  South Africa  South Korea  Sri Lanka  Syria  Thailand  Tunisia  Turkey  Turkmenistan  United Kingdom  United States  Uzbekistan  Venezuela  Vietnam Sites Facebook  Google  Twitter  Wikipedia  YouTube