This article is about the U.S. city. For other uses see Chicago (disambiguation). "Windy City" redirects here. For other uses see Windy City (disambiguation). City of Chicago   City   Clockwise from top: Downtown Chicago the Chicago Theatre the Chicago 'L' Navy Pier Millennium Park the Field Museum and the Willis Tower Flag Seal Nickname(s): The Windy City The Second City Chi-Town Hog Butcher for the World City of Big Shoulders The City That Works and others found at List of nicknames for Chicago Motto: Latin: Urbs in Horto (English: City in a Garden) Make Big Plans (Make No Small Plans) I Will Location in the Chicago metropolitan area and Illinois City of Chicago Location in the United States Coordinates: 415255N 873740W / 41.88194N 87.62778W / 41.88194; -87.62778Coordinates: 415255N 873740W / 41.88194N 87.62778W / 41.88194; -87.62778 Country  United States State  Illinois Counties Cook DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4 1837 Named for Miami-Illinois: shikaakwa ("Wild onion") Government  - Type Mayorcouncil  - Mayor Rahm Emanuel  - City Council Aldermen Proco Moreno Bob Fioretti Pat Dowell William Burns Leslie Hairston Roderick Sawyer Sandi Jackson Michelle A. Harris Anthony Beale John Pope James Balcer George Cardenas Marty Quinn Ed Burke Toni Foulkes Joann Thompson Latasha Thomas Lona Lane Matthew O'Shea Willie Cochran Howard Brookins Jr. Ricardo Muoz Michael Zalewski Michael Chandler Daniel Solis Roberto Maldonado Walter Burnett Jr Jason Ervin Deborah Graham Ariel Reboyras Ray Suarez Scott Waguespack Richard Mell Carrie Austin Rey Coln Nicholas Sposato Emma Mitts Timothy M. Cullerton Margaret Laurino Mary OConnor Brian Doherty Brendan Reilly Michele Smith Thomas M. Tunney John Arena James Cappleman Ameya Pawar Harry Osterman Joe Moore Debra Silverstein  - State House Representative Susana A. Mendoza (D) Edward J. Acevedo (D) Luis Arroyo (D) Cynthia Soto (D) Kenneth Dunkin (D) Esther Golar (D) Karen A. Yarbrough (D) LaShawn Ford (D) Arthur L. Turner (D) Annazette Collins (D) John A. Fritchey (D) Sara Feigenholtz (D) Greg Harris (D) Harry Osterman (D) John D'Amico (D) Joseph M. Lyons (D) Michael P. McAuliffe (R) Robert S. Molaro (D) Michael J. Madigan (D) Daniel J. Burke (D) Barbara Flynn Currie (D) Elga L. Jefferies (D) Monique D. Davis (D) Mary E. Flowers (D) Milton Patterson (D) Marlow H. Colvin (D) Constance A. Howard (D) Kevin Joyce (D) Maria Antonia Berrios (D) Deb Mell (D) Deborah L. Graham(D)  - State Senate State senators Antonio Munoz (D) William Delgado (D) Mattie Hunter (D) Kimberly A. Lightford (D) Rickey R. Hendon (D) John Cullerton (D) Heather Steans (D) Ira Silverstein (D) Jeffrey Schoenberg (D) James DeLeo (D) Louis Viverito (D) Martin Sandoval (D) Kwame Raoul (D) Emil Jones III (D) James Meeks (D) Jacqueline Y. Collins (D) Donne Trotter (D) Edward Maloney (D) Iris Martinez (D)  - U.S. House Representatives Jan Schakowsky (D) Bobby Rush (D) Luis Gutirrez (D) Michael Quigley (D) Danny K. Davis (D) Jesse Jackson Jr. (D) Dan Lipinski (D) Area  - City 234.0 sq mi (606.1 km2)  - Land 227.2 sq mi (588.4 km2)  - Water 6.9 sq mi (17.9 km2)  3.0%  - Urban 2122.8 sq mi (5498 km2)  - Metro 10874 sq mi (28163.5 km2) Elevation 597 ft (182 m) Population (2010 Census)12  - City 2695598  - Rank 3rd US  - Density 11864.4/sq mi (4447.4/km2)  - Urban 8711000  - Metro 9461105 Demonym Chicagoan Time zone CST (UTC6)  - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC5) Area code(s) 312 773 872 Website cityofchicago.org 3

Chicago (/ko/ ( listen) or /ko/ local pronunciation /kao/citation needed) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the USA1 after New York City and Los Angeles. Its metropolitan area commonly named "Chicagoland" is the 27th most populous urban agglomeration in the world and the third largest in the United States456 home to an estimated 9.5 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois Indiana and Wisconsin.2 Chicago is the county seat of Cook County7 the second largest county in the United States by population after Los Angeles County California.

Chicago was founded in 1833 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed.8 Today the city retains its status as a major hub for industry telecommunications and infrastructure with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in the world. In 2008update the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors.9 As of 2010 Chicago's metropolitan area has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) amongst world metropolitan areas.10

The city is a center for business and finance and is listed as one of the world's top ten Global Financial Centers. The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Chicago as an "alpha world city".11 In a 2010 survey collaboration between Foreign Policy and A.T Kearney ranking cities Chicago ranked 6th just after Paris and Hong Kong.10 The ranking assesses five dimensions: value of capital markets diversity of human capital international information resources international cultural resources and political influence. Chicago has been ranked by Forbes as the world's 5th most economically powerful city.12 Chicago is a stronghold of the Democratic Party and has been home to many influential politicians including the current President of the United States Barack Obama.

The city's notoriety expressed in popular culture is found in novels plays movies songs various types of journals (for example sports entertainment business trade and academic) and the news media. Chicago has numerous nicknames which reflect the impressions and opinions about historical and contemporary Chicago. The best known include: "Chi-town" "Windy City" "Second City"footnote 1 and the "City of Big Shoulders."footnote 2 Chicago has also been called "the most American of big cities."16171819 Contents 1 History 1.1 20th and 21st centuries 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 4 Culture and contemporary life 4.1 City sections 4.2 Entertainment the arts and performing arts 4.3 Tourism 4.4 Parks 4.5 Cuisine 4.6 Religion 4.7 Sports 4.8 Literature 4.9 Media 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Law and government 7.1 City planning 7.2 Crime 8 Education 8.1 Schools and libraries 8.2 Colleges and universities 9 Public health 10 Transportation 10.1 Rail 10.2 Expressways 10.3 Public transportation 10.4 Cycling 10.5 Air transportation 10.6 Port 10.6.1 Facilities 11 Infrastructure 11.1 Utilities 11.2 Health systems 11.3 Telecommunications 12 Sister cities 13 Bibliography 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links History Main article: History of Chicago See also: Origin of the name "Windy City"

During the mid-18th century the area was inhabited by a native American tribe known as the Potawatomi who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. The 1780s saw the arrival of the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago Jean Baptiste Point du Sable who is believed to be of African and European descent.20 In 1795 following the Northwest Indian War an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over by some Native Americans in the Treaty of Greenville to the United States for a military post.

In 1803 the United States Army built Fort Dearborn which was destroyed in the War of 1812 Battle of Fort Dearborn. The Ottawa Ojibwe and Potawatomi had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1804 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were eventually forcibly removed from their land following the Treaty of Chicago in 1833. On August 12 1833 the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of around 200 at that time.21 Within seven years it would grow to a population of over 4000. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday March 4 1837.

The name "Chicago" is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa translated as "wild onion" or "wild garlic" from the Miami-Illinois language.22232425 The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir written about the time.26 The wild garlic plants Allium tricoccum were described by LaSalle's comrade naturalist-diarist Henri Joutel in his journal of LaSalle's last expedition.2728 State and Madison Streets the busiest corner in Chicago (1897)

As the site of the Chicago Portage the city emerged as an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway Galena and Chicago Union Railroad opened in 1848 which also marked the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants abroad. Manufacturing and retail sectors became dominant among Midwestern cities influencing the American economy particularly in meatpacking with the advent of the refrigerated rail car and the regional centrality of the city's Union Stock Yards.29

In the 1850s Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas the champion of the Kansas Nebraska Act and "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.30 These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan Abraham Lincoln to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for the nation's presidency at the 1860 Republican National Convention and went on to defeat Douglas in the general election setting the stage for the American Civil War. Chicago experienced some of the fastest population growth in the world requiring infrastructure investments. In February 1856 the Chesbrough plan for the building of Chicago's and the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system was approved by the Common Council.31 The project raised much of central Chicago to a new grade. While raising Chicago out of its mud and sewage and at first improving the health of the city the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River thence into Lake Michigan polluting the primary source of fresh water for the city. Chicago responded by tunneling two miles (3 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs. In 1900 the problem of sewage was largely resolved when the city undertook a major engineering feat. The city reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that water flowed from Lake Michigan into the river instead of the water flowing from the river into the lake. It began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal leading to the Illinois River which joins the Mississippi River. Artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed a third of the city including the entire central business district Chicago experienced rapid rebuilding and growth.32 During its rebuilding period Chicago constructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885 using steel-skeleton construction.33 Labor conflicts and unrest followed including the Haymarket affair on May 4 1886. Concern for social problems among Chicago's lower classes led Jane Addams to be a co-founder of Hull House in 1889. Programs developed there became a model for the new field of social work. The city also invested in many large well-landscaped municipal parks which also included public sanitation facilities. In the 19th century Chicago became an important railroad center and in 1883 the standardized system of North American Time Zones was adopted by the general time convention of railway managers in Chicago.34 This gave the continent its uniform system for telling time. In 1893 Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of Jackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors and is considered the most influential world's fair in history.35. The University of Chicago was founded in 1892 on the same South Side location. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects Washington and Jackson Parks. 20th and 21st centuries The Chicago River is the south border (right) of the Near North Side and Streeterville and the north border (left) of Chicago Loop Lakeshore East and Illinois Center (from Lake Shore Drive's Link Bridge with Trump International Hotel and Tower at jog in the river in the center) The 1920s brought notoriety to Chicago as gangsters including the notorious Al Capone battled each other and law enforcement on the city streets during the Prohibition era. Chicago had over 1000 gangs in the 1920s.36 The 1920s also saw a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the South. Between 1910 and 1930 the black population of Chicago increased from 44103 to 233903.37 Arriving in the hundreds of thousands during the Great Migration the newcomers had an immense cultural impact. It was during this wave that Chicago became a center for jazz with King Oliver leading the way.38 In 1933 Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934 the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition Worlds Fair.39 The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.40 On December 2 1942 physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. Mayor Richard J. Daley was elected in 1955 in the era of machine politics. Starting in the early 1960s due to blockbusting many white residents as in most American cities left the city for the suburbs. Whole neighboorhoods were completely changed based on race. Structural changes in industry caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers. In 1966 James Bevel Martin Luther King Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Open Housing Movement which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall including full-scale riots or in some cases police riots in city streets. Major construction projects including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower which in 1974 became the world's tallest building) University of Illinois at Chicago McCormick Place and O'Hare International Airport were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. When Richard J. Daley died Michael Anthony Bilandic served as mayor for three years. Bilandic's subsequent loss in a primary election has been attributed to the city's inability to properly plow city streets during a heavy snowstorm. In 1979 Jane Byrne the city's first female mayor was elected. She popularized the city as a movie location and tourist destination. In 1983 Harold Washington became the first African American to be elected to the office of mayor in one of the closest mayoral elections in Chicago. After Washington won the Democratic primary racial motivations caused a few Democratic alderman and ward committeemen to back the Republican candidate Bernard Epton who ran on the race-baiting slogan Before it's too late.41 Washington's term in office saw new attention given to poor and minority neighborhoods. Washington died in office of a heart attack in 1987 shortly after being elected to a second term. Richard M. Daley son of Richard J. Daley was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development. After successfully standing for reelection five times and becoming Chicago's longest serving Mayor Richard M. Daley announced he would step down at the end of his final term in 2011. On February 23 2011 former White House chief of staff and congressman Rahm Emanuel won the municipal election to succeed Daley beating five rivals with 55 percent of the vote.42 Emanuel was sworn in as Mayor on May 16 2011. Geography Main article: Geography of Chicago Topography Aerial view of the Loop and the North Side with beaches lining the lakeshore. Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan. It sits on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. The city lies beside freshwater Lake Michigan and two riversthe Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Sideflow entirely or partially through Chicago. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal connects the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River which runs to the west of the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect moderating Chicago's climate; making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago was founded in 1833 most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.43 The overall grade of the city's central built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176 m) above sea level. The lowest points are along the lake shore at 577 ft (176 m) while the highest point at 735 ft (224 m) is a landfill located in the Hegewisch community area on the city's far south side. Chicago Half Marathon on Lake Shore Drive next to Burnham Park in the South Side The Chicago Loop is the central business district but Chicago is also a city of neighborhoods. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's lakefront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park Grant Park Burnham Park and Jackson Park. 29 public beaches are also found along the shore. Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier Northerly Island the Museum Campus and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings can be found close to the waterfront. An informal name for the Chicago metropolitan area is Chicagoland used primarily by copywriters advertising agencies and traffic reporters. There is no precise definition for the term "Chicagoland" but it generally means the city and its suburbs together. The Chicago Tribune which coined the term includes the city of Chicago the rest of Cook County eight nearby Illinois counties: Lake McHenry DuPage Kane Kendall Grundy Will and Kankakee and three counties in Indiana: Lake Porter and LaPorte.44 The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County without the city of Chicago and only Lake DuPage Kane and Will counties.45 The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook and DuPage Kane Lake McHenry and Will counties.46 Chicago Harbor Lighthouse Climate Main article: Climate of Chicago The city lies within the humid continental climate zone and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid with a July daily average of 84.7 F (29.3 C). In a normal summer temperatures exceed 90 F (32 C) on 21 days.47 Winters are cold snowy and windy with some sunny days and with a January average of 23.5 F (4.7 C). Temperatures often (43 days) stay below freezing for an entire day and subzero lows occur on eight nights per year.47 Spring and fall are mild seasons with low humidity. According to the National Weather Service Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 107 F (42 C) was recorded on June 1 1934 and July 11 1936 both at Midway Airport. The lowest temperature of 27 F (33 C) was recorded on January 20 198548 at O'Hare Airport. The city can experience extreme winter cold spells that may last for several consecutive days. Climate data for Chicago (Midway Airport) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high F (C) 67 (19.4) 75 (23.9) 86 (30) 92 (33.3) 102 (38.9) 107 (41.7) 107 (41.7) 103 (39.4) 102 (38.9) 94 (34.4) 81 (27.2) 71 (21.7) 107 (41.7) Average high F (C) 30.7 (0.72) 36.1 (2.28) 47.4 (8.56) 59.2 (15.11) 71.3 (21.83) 80.8 (27.11) 84.7 (29.28) 82.3 (27.94) 75.1 (23.94) 63.2 (17.33) 48.0 (8.89) 35.6 (2) 59.5 (15.28) Average low F (C) 16.2 (8.8) 21.3 (5.9) 30.6 (0.78) 40.2 (4.56) 50.9 (10.5) 60.7 (15.94) 66.3 (19.06) 65.0 (18.33) 56.7 (13.72) 44.9 (7.17) 33.6 (0.89) 22.2 (5.4) 42.4 (5.78) Record low F (C) 25 (31.7) 20 (28.9) 7 (21.7) 10 (12.2) 28 (2.2) 35 (1.7) 46 (7.8) 43 (6.1) 29 (1.7) 20 (6.7) 3 (19.4) 20 (28.9) 25 (31.7) Precipitation inches (mm) 1.95 (49.5) 1.78 (45.2) 2.83 (71.9) 3.82 (97) 3.86 (98) 4.16 (105.7) 3.82 (97) 3.91 (99.3) 3.45 (87.6) 2.79 (70.9) 3.22 (81.8) 2.76 (70.1) 38.35 (974.1) Snowfall inches (cm) 12.9 (32.8) 10.3 (26.2) 6.0 (15.2) 1.4 (3.6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) .1 (0.3) 2.3 (5.8) 10.1 (25.7) 43.1 (109.5) Avg. precipitation days ( 0.01 in) 11.2 8.9 11.7 11.6 11.0 10.3 9.5 9.6 8.9 9.7 11.5 11.3 125.2 Avg. snowy days ( 0.1 in) 6.2 6.2 4.5 1.0 .1 0 0 0 0 .2 2.7 7.2 28.1 Sunshine hours 136.4 138.4 186.0 216.0 282.1 312.0 319.3 282.1 228.0 192.2 114.0 105.4 2511.9 Source no. 1: Illinois State Climatologist Office (normals 19712000 extremes 19282006) 47 Source no. 2: HKO (sun only 19611990) 49 Cityscape Chicago skyline April 18 2009 from Northerly Island looking west. Chicago August 9 2010 from John Hancock Center looking south. v d eChicago Landmarks Apartments  Culture  Education  Historic Districts  Houses  Memorials and Monuments  Municipal  Skyscrapers  Transportation  Worship Architecture Further information: Architecture of Chicago List of tallest buildings in Chicago and List of Chicago Landmarks Looking north from Wacker Drive at Trump Tower and the Wrigley Building with John Hancock Center in the distance on the left side. The outcome of the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. Perhaps the most outstanding of these events was the relocation of many of the nation's most prominent architects from New England to the city for construction of the 1893 World Columbian Exposition. In 1885 the first steel-framed high-rise building the Home Insurance Building rose in Chicago ushering in the skyscraper era.50 Today Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and most dense.51 The nation's two tallest buildings are both located in Chicago; Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) and Trump International Hotel and Tower. The Loop's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building the Fine Arts Building 35 East Wacker and the Chicago Building 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Mies van der Rohe along with many others. The Merchandise Mart once first on the list of largest buildings in the world and still listed as 20th with its own ZIP code stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River. Presently the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower Trump International Hotel and Tower the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building) and the John Hancock Center. Industrial districts such as on the South Side the areas along the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Chicago Southland and Northwest Indiana are clustered. North Lake Shore Drive and the Gold Coast Chicago Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the Prairie School movements in architecture. Multiple kinds and scales of houses townhouses condominiums and apartment buildings can be found in Chicago. Large swaths of Chicago's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture. One of Chicago's suburbs Oak Park was home to the architect Frank Lloyd Wright who had designed The Robie House located near the University of Chicago. One of the city's most famous thoroughfares Western Avenue is one of the longest urban streets in the world. Other famous streets include Belmont Avenue Pulaski Road and Division Street. The City Beautiful movement inspired Chicago's Boulevards and Parkways. Culture and contemporary life See also: Culture of Chicago and List of people from Chicago A Chicago jazz club City sections Over one-third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods (from Rogers Park in the north to South Shore in the south). The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These include the Mexican villages such as Pilsen on 18th street and La Villita on 26th street the Puerto Rican enclave Paseo Boricua in the Humboldt Park neighborhood "Greektown" on South Halsted "Little Italy" on Taylor Street just west of Halsted "Chinatown" on the near South Side Polish fare reigns at Belmont-Central "Little Seoul" on and around Lawrence Avenue a cluster of Vietnamese restaurants on Argyle Street and South Asian (Indian/Pakistani) on Devon Avenue. Downtown is the center of Chicago's cultural commercial and financial institutions and home to Grant Park and many of the city's skyscapers. Many of the city's financial institutions (for example CBOT Chicago Fed) are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop" which is an eight block by five block square of city streets that are encircled by elevated rail tracks. The name "The Loop" is sometimes also used to refer to the entire downtown area. The central area often is portrayed as in the map at right to include parts of Near North Side and Near South Side as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous skyscrapers shopping museums a stadium for the Chicago Bears and convention facilities. Similarly the area just west of the Loop and the Chicago River contributes to the commercial core. The North Side contains Lincoln Park a 1200-acre (490 ha) park stretching for 5.5 mi (8.9 km) along the waterfront with the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory. The River North neighborhood features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City. As a Polonia center due to the city having a very large Polish population Chicago celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in the Jefferson Park area.52 The Chicago Cubs play in the North Side's Wrigleyville. Two North Side neighborhoods in particular Lakeview and the Andersonville area of the Edgewater neighborhood are home to many LGBT businesses and organizations. The area surrounding the North Side intersections of Halsted Belmont and Clark is a gay district known as "Boystown." The South Side is home to the University of Chicago and the Museum of Science and Industry. It also hosts one of the city's largest parades the annual African American Bud Billiken Day parade. Burnham Park stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are located here: Jackson Park bordering the waterfront hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 and is home of the aforementioned museum; slightly west sits Washington Park. U.S. automaker Ford Motor Company has an assembly plant located on the South Side. Also most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are here. The Chicago White Sox play at 35th Street. The West Side holds the Garfield Park Conservatory one of the largest collections of tropical plants of any US city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include Humboldt Park's Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Puerto Rican Day Parade as well as the National Museum of Mexican Art and St. Adalbert's Church in Pilsen. The Near West Side holds the television production company of Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Studios and the University of Illinois at Chicago. The Chicago Bulls and Chicago Blackhawks call the West Side home at the United Center sports arena. Entertainment the arts and performing arts See also: Theatre in Chicago and Visual arts of Chicago The Chicago Theatre Chicago's theatre community spawned modern improvisational theatre.53 Two renowned comedy troupes emergedThe Second City and I.O. (formerly known as ImprovOlympic). Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Steppenwolf Theatre Company (on the city's north side) the Goodman Theatre and the Victory Gardens Theater. Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at theaters such as Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre Bank of America Theatre Cadillac Palace Theatre Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University and Drury Lane Theatre Water Tower Place. Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park. Since 1968 the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Classical music offerings include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world54 which performs at Symphony Center. Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Park located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago is also a favorite destination for many Chicagoans with performances occasionally given in Chicago locations such as the Harris Theater. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 195655 and presents operas in Lithuanian. It celebrated fifty years of existence in 2006 and operates as a not-for-profit organization. It is noteworthy for performing the rarely staged Rossini's William Tell (1986) and Ponchielli's I Lituani (1981 1983 and 1991) and also for contributing experienced chorus members to the Lyric Opera of Chicago.56 The opera Jrat and Kastytis by Kazimieras Viktoras Banaitis was presented in Chicago in 1996.57 The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago is home to several other modern and jazz dance troupes such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago. Other live music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Chicago blues Chicago soul jazz and gospel. The city is the birthplace of house music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene. In the 1980s the city was a center for industrial punk and new wave. This influence continued into the alternative rock of the 1990s. The city has been an epicenter for rave culture since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie. Annual festivals feature various acts such as Lollapalooza the Intonation Music Festival and Pitchfork Music Festival. Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969 members of the Chicago Imagists such as Roger Brown Leon Golub Robert Lostutter Jim Nutt and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings. Today Robert Guinan paints gritty realistic portraits of Chicago people which are popular in Paris although he is little known in Chicago itself. Chicago is home to a number of large outdoor works by well known artists. These include the Chicago Picasso Mir's Chicago Flamingo and Flying Dragon by Alexander Calder Monument with Standing Beast by Jean Dubuffet Batcolumn by Claes Oldenburg Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor Crown Fountain by Jaume Plensa and the Four Seasons mosaic by Marc Chagall. Tourism View of Navy Pier from the 23rd floor of Lake Point Tower. The Magnificent Mile hosts numerous upscale stores as well as landmarks like the Chicago Water Tower. In 2008update Chicago attracted 32.4 million domestic leisure travelers 11.7 million domestic business travelers and 1.3 million overseas visitors.9 These visitors contributed more than US$11.8 billion to Chicago's economy.9 Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street thousands of restaurants as well as Chicago's eminent architecture continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. Most conventions are held at McCormick Place just south of Soldier Field. The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897) originally serving as the Chicago Public Library now houses the city's Visitor Information Center galleries and exhibit halls. The ceiling of its Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38 ft (12 m) Tiffany glass dome. Grant Park holds Millennium Park Buckingham Fountain (1927) and the Art Institute of Chicago. The park also hosts the annual Taste of Chicago festival. In Millennium Park there is the reflective Cloud Gate sculpture. Also an outdoor restaurant transforms into an ice rink in the winter season. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain. The fountain's two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces along with water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry's detailed stainless steel band shell the Jay Pritzker Pavilion hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies including the Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque. Navy Pier located just east of Streeterville is 3000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores restaurants museums exhibition halls and auditoriums. Its 150-foot (46 m) tall Ferris wheel is one of the most visited landmarks in the Midwest attracting about 8 million people annually.58 In 1998 the city officially opened the Museum Campus a 10-acre (4.0 ha) lakefront park surrounding three of the city's main museums each of which is of national importance: the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum the Field Museum of Natural History and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the Chicago History Museum the DuSable Museum of African American History the Museum of Contemporary Art the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum the Polish Museum of America the Museum of Broadcast Communications and the Museum of Science and Industry. The top activity while visitors tour Chicago for leisure is entertainment approximately 33% of all leisure travelers. Facilities such as McCormick Place and the Chicago Theatre contribute to this percentage.59 Parks Main article: Parks of Chicago Portage Park on the Northwest Side and Washington Square Park on the Near North Side. When Chicago was incorporated in 1837 it chose the motto Urbs in Horto a Latin phrase which translates into English as "City in a Garden". Today the Chicago Park District consists of 552 parks with over 7300 acres (3000 ha) of municipal parkland. There are 33 sand Chicago beaches a plethora of museums two world-class conservatories 16 historic lagoons and 10 bird and wildlife gardens.60 Lincoln Park the largest of the city's parks covers 1200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year making it second only to Central Park in New York City in number of visitors.61 With berths for more than 5000 boats the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system; even larger than systems in cities such as New York City Los Angeles or Miami. In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks a number of new parks have been added in recent years such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown DuSable Park on the Near North Side and most notably Millennium Park in a section of one of Chicago's oldest parks Grant Park in the Chicago Loop. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves a network of open spaces containing forest prairie wetland streams and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's periphery home to both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield. Cuisine See also: Chicago farmers' markets Chicago Dining and Food manufacturers of Chicago Chicago-style Deep Dish pizza with a rich tomato topping A Polish market in Chicago Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties all of which reflect the city's ethnic and working class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned deep-dish pizza This style is said to have originated at Pizzeria Uno. The Chicago-style thin crust is popular in the city as well. The Chicago-style hot dog typically a Vienna Beef dog loaded with an array of fixings that often includes neon green pickle relish yellow mustard pickled sport peppers tomato wedges dill pickle spear and topped off with celery salt all on a S. Rosen's poppy seed bun.62 Ketchup on a Chicago hot dog is frowned upon by enthusiasts of the Chicago-style dog but may prefer to add giardiniera. There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches among them the Italian beef sandwich which is thinly sliced beef slowly simmered au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the Maxwell Street Polish a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa on a hot dog roll topped with grilled onions yellow mustard and hot sport peppers.63 Ethnically originated creations include chicken Vesuvio with roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. Another is the Puerto Rican-influenced jibarito a sandwich made with flattened fried green plantains instead of bread. Yet another is the Greek saganaki an appetizer of cheese served flamb at the table.64 The Taste of Chicago in Grant Park runs from the final week of June through Fourth of July weekend. Hundreds of local restaurants take part. A number of well-known chefs have restaurants in Chicago including Charlie Trotter Rick Tramonto Grant Achatz and Rick Bayless. In 2003 Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination." The city is home to 23 Michelin starred restaurants with Alinea and L2O receiving three stars. Chicago features a wide selection of vegetarian cuisine with 22 fully vegetarian restaurants and many vegetarian-friendly establishments within the city.6566 Religion St. Mary of the Angels one of the city's "Polish Cathedrals" was intentionally modeled on St. Peter's Basilica. Due to its cosmopolitan history Chicago has a rich blend of religious heritage as displayed by the architecture and institutions throughout the city. Christianity is predominant among the city's population represented by the various denominations including Catholic Protestant Oriental and Orthodox churches. The city also includes adherents of Judaism Islam Buddhism Hinduism Sikhism the Bah' and others. Because of this diversity Chicago has a wealth of sacred architecture. Through the city's size and notoriety it has gained recognition as a religious center. The city played host to the first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993. Chicago contains many theological institutions which include seminaries and colleges such as the Moody Bible Institute and DePaul University. Chicago is the seat of numerous religious leaders from a host of bishops of a wide array of Christian denominations as well as other religions. In the northern suburb of Wilmette Illinois is the Bah' Temple the only temple for the Bah' Faith in North America. Pope John Paul II visited Chicago in 1979 as part of his first trip to the United States after being elected to the Papacy in 1978. Sports Main article: Sports in Chicago Chicago was named the Best Sports City in the United States by The Sporting News in 1993 2006 2010.67 The city is home to two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League (NL) who play in Wrigley Field on the North Side and the Chicago White Sox of the American League (AL) who play in U.S. Cellular Field on the South Side. Chicago is the only city that has had more than one MLB franchise every year since the AL began in 1901. The Chicago Bears one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL) have won nine NFL Championships including Super Bowl XX. The other remaining charter franchise the Chicago Cardinals also started out in the city but are now known as the Arizona Cardinals. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field just off the coast of Lake Michigan. Soldier Field The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) are one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world. During the 1990s with Michael Jordan leading them the Bulls took six NBA championships in eight seasons. The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) who began play in 1926 have won four Stanley Cups. The Blackhawks are the 2010 Stanley Cup champions and hosted the 2009 NHL Winter Classic at Wrigley Field. Both the Bulls and Blackhawks play at the United Center on the Near West Side. The Chicago Rush has been a member of the Arena Football League since 2001 and won ArenaBowl XX. The team plays in suburban Rosemont. Chicago was also home to the Chicago Bruisers and original member of the AFL. The Chicago Fire are members of Major League Soccer and reside at Toyota Park in suburban Bridgeview after playing its first eight seasons at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and four U.S. Open Cups since their founding in 1997. The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since 1977 except for in 1987 when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of five World Marathon Majors.68 In 1994 the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field on Chicago's downtown lakefront. Wrigley Field After a months long process that saw the elimination of several American and international cities Chicago was selected on April 14 2007 to represent the United States internationally in the bidding for the 2016 Summer Olympics.6970 Chicago had previously hosted the 1959 Pan American Games and the 2006 Gay Games. Chicago was selected to host the 1904 Olympics but they were transferred to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.71 On June 4 2008 the International Olympic Committee narrowed the field further and selected Chicago as one of four candidate cities for the 2016 games. On October 2 2009 Rio de Janeiro was selected instead of Chicago. Starting just off Navy Pier is Chicago Yacht Club's Race to Mackinac a 330-mile (530 km) offshore sailboat race held each July that is the longest annual freshwater sailing distance race in the world. 2010 marks the 102nd running of the "Mac".72 At the collegiate level the greater Chicago area and has four national athletic conferences represented the Big East Conference with DePaul University and the Big Ten Conference with Northwestern University in Evanston are premier national conferences. Loyola University Chicago and the University of Illinois at Chicago play Division I sports as members of the Horizon League. Literature Main article: Chicago Literature Chicago literature found its roots in the city's tradition of lucid direct journalism lending to a strong tradition of social realism. Consequently most notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself with social criticism keeping exultation in check. Writers such as Mike Royko Studs Terkel Stuart Dybek Carl Sandburg James T. Farrell Upton Sinclair Saul Bellow John Guzlowski Nelson Algren and Finley Peter Dunne have all drawn the city's literary portrait in diverse ways united by the fact that their observations brought the world's attention to focus on Chicago. Media See also: Media in Chicago List of fiction set in Chicago and Chicago International Film Festival Harpo Studios headquarters of talk show host Oprah Winfrey. The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America after New York City and Los Angeles.73 Each of the big four U.S. television networks CBS ABC NBC and Fox directly owns and operates a high-definition television station in Chicago (WBBM WLS WMAQ and WFLD respectively). WGN-TV which is owned by the Tribune Company is carried with some programming differences as "WGN America" on cable and satellite TV nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean. The city is also the home of several talk shows including The Oprah Winfrey Show on WLS-TV while Chicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRI's This American Life and NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! Chicago's PBS station can be seen on WTTW producer of shows such as Sneak Previews The Frugal Gourmet Lamb Chop's Play-Along and The McLaughlin Group just to name a few and WYCC. There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times with the former having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines such as Chicago the Dziennik Zwizkowy (Polish Daily News) Draugas (the Lithuanian daily newspaper) the Chicago Reader the SouthtownStar the Chicago Defender the Daily Herald Newcity7475 StreetWise and the Windy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazine Time Out Chicago is also published in the city. Chicago is a filming-friendly location. Since the 1980s many motion pictures have been filmed in the city most notably The Blues Brothers Ferris Bueller's Day Off Home Alone The Fugitive Blade: Trinity IRobot Wanted Batman Begins The Dark Knight and Transformers: Dark of the Moon. Chicago has also been the setting for many popular television shows. Chicago-based TV shows include the situation comedies Perfect Strangers and its spinoff Family Matters and The Bob Newhart Show. The city served as the venue for the medical dramas ER and Chicago Hope as well as the science fiction drama series Early Edition. Discovery Channel films two shows in Chicago: Cook County Jail and the Chicago version of Cash Cab. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings. Economy Main article: Economy of Chicago The Chicago Board of Trade Building Chicago has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United Statesapproximately US$506 billion according to 2007 estimates.76 The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States due to its high level of diversification.77 Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index.78 Additionally the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for six out of the seven years from 2001 to 2008.79 The Chicago metropolitan area has the third largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.80 In 2009 Chicago placed 9th on the UBS list of the world's richest cities.81 Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists John Crerar John Whitfield Bunn Richard Teller Crane Marshall Field John Farwell Morris Selz Julius Rosenwald and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry. Chicago is a major world financial center with the second largest central business district in the US.82 The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to major financial and futures exchanges including the Chicago Stock Exchange the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc") which is owned along with the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) by Chicago's CME Group. The CME Group in addition owns the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes.83 Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago school of economics the city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange) and equity style indices (on the U.S. Futures Exchange). Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower.84 The city and its surrounding metropolitan area are home to the second largest labor pool in the United States with approximately 4.25 million workers.85 In addition the state of Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies including those in Chicago.86 The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one Dow 30 company: aerospace giant Boeing which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001.8788 Two more Dow 30 companies Kraft Foods and McDonalds are in Chicago suburbs as are Sears Holdings Corporation and the technology spin-offs of Motorola. Chicago is also home to United Continental Holdings and its United Airlines. Manufacturing printing publishing and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area including Baxter International Boeing Abbott Laboratories and the Healthcare Financial Services division of General Electric. Moreover the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s Chicago became a major grain port and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many such as Armour and Company created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center. Lured by a combination of large business customers federal research dollars and a large hiring pool fed by the area's universities Chicago is also home to a growing number of web startup companies like CareerBuilder Orbitz 37signals Groupon and Feedburner.89 Late in the 19th century Chicago was part of the bicycle craze as home to Western Wheel Company which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs90 while early in the 20th century the city was part of the automobile revolution hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile which was founded there in 1907.91 Chicago was also home to the Schwinn Bicycle Company. Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings it is the largest convention center in the nation and third largest in the world.92 Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually.93 Demographics Historical populations Census Pop. % 1840 4470 1850 29963 570.3% 1860 112172 274.4% 1870 298977 166.5% 1880 503185 68.3% 1890 1099850 118.6% 1900 1698575 54.4% 1910 2185283 28.7% 1920 2701705 23.6% 1930 3376438 25.0% 1940 3396808 0.6% 1950 3620962 6.6% 1960 3550404 1.9% 1970 3366957 5.2% 1980 3005072 10.7% 1990 2783726 7.4% 2000 2896016 4.0% 2010 2695598 6.9% Main article: Demographics of Chicago During its first 100 years Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833 less than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census seven years later the population had reached over 4000. Within the span of forty years the city's population grew from slightly under 30000 in 1850 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world94 and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 the population went from about 300000 to over 3 million95 and reached its highest ever-recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census. As of the 2010 census96 there were 2695598 people with 1045560 households residing within Chicago. More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. Chicago is also one of the nation's most densely populated major cities. The racial composition of the city was: 45.0% White (31.7% non-Hispanic whites) 32.9% Black or African American 13.4% from some other race 5.5% Asian 2.7% from two or more races 0.5% American Indian Chicago has a Hispanic or Latino population of 28.9%. (Its members may belong to any race.) Based on Census data from 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $38625 and the median income for a family was $42724. Males had a median income of $35907 versus $30536 for females. About 16.6% of families and 19.6% of the population lived below the poverty line.97 According to the 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates for Total Ancestry Reported for the city of Chicago the majority of residents or 64% of 2986974 people reported their ancestry as "other groups".98 Of the 36% of residents that reported their ancestries in groups that were measured by the U.S. Census Bureau the largest groups based on the total population were: Irish (6.6%); German (6.5%); Polish (5.8%); Italian (3.5%); Assyrian (3.5%); English (2.0%); Sub-Saharan African (1.2%); American (1.1%);Filipino (1.0%); Russian (0.97%); Swedish (0.91%); French (except Basque) (0.9%); Arab (0.7%); Greek (0.6%); Dutch (0.5%); Norwegian (0.5%); Scottish (0.5%); European (0.5%); West Indian (0.5%); Lithuanian (0.4%); Ukrainian (0.38%); Czech (0.4%); Hungarian (0.3%); Scotch-Irish (0.2%); Welsh (0.2%); Danish (0.2%); French Canadian (0.2%); Slovak (0.2%); British (0.1%); Swiss (0.1%); and Portuguese (0.1%).98 The city also has a large Assyrian population numbering between 80000120000 and it is the location of the seat of the head of the Assyrian Church of the East Mar Dinkha IV. 99 Law and government Main articles: Law and government of Chicago and Political history of Chicago Daley Plaza with Picasso statue and City Hall in background. State law courts are in the building at right Chicago is the county seat of Cook County. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive elected by general election for a term of four years with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen one elected from each ward in the city. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions. During much of the last half of the 19th century Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization dominated by ethnic ward-heelers. During the 1880s and 1890s Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist anarchist and labor organizations.100 For much of the 20th century Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "solid blue" in presidential elections since 1992. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927 when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics where the Republicans have come to represent the rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains close to 25% of the state's population and as such eight of Illinois' 19 U.S. Representatives have part of Chicago in their districts. Former Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley's mastery of machine politics preserved the Chicago Democratic Machine long after the demise of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.101 During much of that time the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington. From 1989 until May 16 2011 Chicago was under the leadership of Richard M. Daley the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U S House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic mayoral and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs if needed. On May 16 2011 Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago ending a 22-year era led by Richard M. Daley. City planning See also: Community areas of Chicago and Neighborhoods of Chicago Community areas of the City of Chicago Chicago has four main sections: Downtown (which contains the Loop) the North Side the South Side and the West Side. The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white strips. These sections can further be informally subdivided or grouped for example as shown on the map (right). Further sectional references are the Northwest side and the Southwest side. In the late 1920s sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct community areas which can further be subdivided into over 200 neighborhoods. The central commercial area often is portrayed as in the map at right to include parts of Near North Side and Near South Side as well as the Loop. The North Side is the most densely populated residential section of the city and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront. The South Side is the largest section of the city encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains the University of Chicago and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago. Chicago's streets were laid out in a street grid that grew from the city's original townsite plat. Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and 16 in the other direction. The grid's regularity would provide an efficient means to develop new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets many of them originally Indian trails also cross the city. Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the Plan of Chicago but only the extension of Ogden Avenue was ever constructed. Crime Main articles: Crime in Chicago and Organized crime in Chicago Murders in the city peaked first in 1974 with 970 murders when the city's population was over three million people (resulting in a murder rate of around 29 per 100000) and again in 1992 with 943 murders resulting in a murder rate of 34 per 100000.102 Chicago along with other major US cities experienced a significant reduction in violent crime rates through the 1990s eventually recording 448 homicides in 2004 the lowest total since 1965 (15.65 per 100000.) Chicago's homicide tally remained steady throughout 2005 2006 and 2007 with 449 452 and 435 respectively. In 2008 murders rebounded to 510 2nd highest in the country breaking 500 for the first time since 2003.103104 For 2009 the murder count was down about 10% for the year to 458.105 2010 saw Chicago's murder rate at its lowest levels since 1965. Overall 435 homicides were recorded for the year a 5% decrease from 2009.106 Education Main article: Chicago Public Schools This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (April 2009) Schools and libraries Lincoln Park High School There are 675 public schools107 394 private schools 83 colleges and 88 libraries in Chicago proper. Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the governing body of the school district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are 9 selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools. They are designed to meet the needs of Chicagos most academically advanced students. The schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses.108 Northside College Preparatory High School is ranked number one in the city of Chicago. Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked number two. The Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.109 The oldest magnet school in the City of Chicago Whitney M. Young Magnet High School was opened in 1975 and was attended by the First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama. The district with an enrollment exceeding 400000 students (2005 stat.) ranks as the third largest in the US110 Chicago's private schools are largely run by religious groups with the two largest systems being the Catholic and Lutheran schools. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates the city's Catholic schools including the Jesuit preparatory schools. Some of the more prominent Catholic schools are: De La Salle Institute Gordon Technical High School Cristo Rey Jesuit High School Brother Rice High School St. Ignatius College Preparatory School St. Scholastica Academy Mount Carmel High School Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School Marist High School St. Patrick High School and Resurrection High School. In addition to Chicago's network of 32 Lutheran schools111 there are also several private schools run by other denominations and faiths such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. Additionally a number of private schools are run in a completely secular educational environment such as the Latin School of Chicago the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park the Francis W. Parker School the Chicago City Day School in Lake View the Feltre School in River North and the Morgan Park Academy. Chicago is also home of the private Chicago Academy for the Arts a high school focused on six different categories of the arts such as Media Arts Visual Arts Music Dance Musical Theatre and Theatre. The Chicago Public Library system operates 79 public libraries including the central library two regional libraries and numerous branches distributed throughout the city. Colleges and universities For a more comprehensive list see List of colleges and universities in Chicago. The University of Chicago as seen from the Midway Plaisance Since the 1850s Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities that are in the city proper or in the immediate environs. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States as determined by U.S. News & World Report. Three top-tier research (RU/VH) universities are found in or adjacent to the city: Northwestern University; the University of Chicago; and the University of Illinois at Chicago.112 Other selective national universities include the Illinois Institute of Technology; Loyola University Chicago; and DePaul University.113 Other notable schools include: Chicago State University; the School of the Art Institute of Chicago the Illinois Institute of Art - Chicago; EastWest University; National-Louis University; North Park University; Northeastern Illinois University; Columbia College Chicago; Robert Morris University; Roosevelt University; Saint Xavier University; Dominican University; and Rush University. William Rainey Harper the first president of the University of Chicago was instrumental in the creation of the junior college concept establishing nearby Joliet Junior College as the first in the nation in 1901.114 His legacy continues with the multiple community colleges in the Chicago proper including the seven City Colleges of Chicago Richard J. Daley College KennedyKing College Malcolm X College OliveHarvey College Harry S Truman College Harold Washington College and Wilbur Wright College in addition to the privately held MacCormac College. Chicago proper also has a large concentration of graduate schools seminaries and theological schools such as the Adler School of Professional Psychology The Chicago School of Professional Psychology the Catholic Theological Union Moody Bible Institute and the University of Chicago Divinity School. Public health Although Chicago as a whole is in compliance with federal laws regulating particulates many areas of the city have high concentrations of soot from diesel exhaust.115 Transportation Main articles: Transportation in Chicago and Roads and freeways in Chicago A CTA Brown Line train leaving the Madison/Wabash station in the Chicago Loop. Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution as it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.116 Rail Six of the seven Class I railroads meet in Chicago with the exception being the Kansas City Southern Railway.117 As of 2002 severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).118 About one-third of the country's freight trains pass through the city making it a major national bottleneck.119 Announced in 2003 the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency (CREATE) initiative is using about $1.5B in private railroad state local and federal funding to improve rail infrastructure in the region to reduce freight rail congestion by about one third.120 This is also expected to have a positive impact on passenger rail and road congestion as well as create new greenspace.121 Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. Many Amtrak long distance services originate from Union Station. The services terminate in San Francisco Washington D.C. New York City Indianapolis New Orleans Portland Seattle Milwaukee Quincy St. Louis Carbondale Boston Grand Rapids Port Huron Pontiac Los Angeles and San Antonio. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built but it was ultimately never completed. The Metra service provides commuter rail service. It has 11 lines radiating north west and south. Expressways Main article: Roads and freeways in Chicago Night view of the Chicago Skyway tollbooths at the entrance to Chicago's southern city limits Nine interstate highways run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower Kennedy and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson. When referring to the expressways local citizens tend to use the names of the expressways rather than the interstate numbers primarily because the names denote certain sections of the interstate(s). The Kennedy Expressway and the Dan Ryan Expressway are the busiest state maintained routes in the City of Chicago and its suburbs.122 Public transportation The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA Metra and Pace. The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) handles public transportation in the city of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a rapid transit elevated and subway system known as the 'L' (for "elevated") with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve both Midway and O'Hare Airports. The CTA's rail lines consist of the Red Blue Green Orange Brown Purple Pink and Yellow lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24 hour service which makes Chicago one of the few cities in the world (and one of only three cities in the United States of America) to offer rail service every day of the year for 24 hours around the clock. A new rapid transit line the Circle Line is also in the planning stages by the CTA. Metra the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network operates an 11-line commuter rail service in Chicago and its suburbs. The Metra Electric Line shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's South Shore Line which provides commuter service between South Bend and Chicago. Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.123 Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America). Cycling Main article: Bicycling in Chicago Chicago offers a wide array of bicycle transportation facilities and events including several miles of on-street bike lanes 10000 bike racks 170 miles (270 km) of bike route signage124 a state-of-the-art central bicycle commuter station in Millennium Park and the annual Bike Chicago festival.125 The network has 100 mi (160 km) of on-street bike lanes and 50 mi (80 km) of off-street trails.126 Bicycles are permitted on CTA trains and their fleet of over 2000 buses that have been equipped with racks that carry bikes. The successes of the Bike Program are due in large part to Mayor Daley's leadership and the incorporation of bicycling into the mandates and programs of the Chicago Department of Transportation CTA Chicago Park District and the Mayor's Office of Special Events in partnership with the Active Transportation Alliance.127 The Chicago Park District maintains an 18-mile (29 km) multi-use path popular with bicycle commuters along Lake Michigan called the Lakefront Trail. Air transportation Main article: Transportation in Chicago#Airports The "Gershwin Tunnel" at O'Hare Airport between concourses B and C in Terminal 1 operated by United Airlines. Chicago is served by Midway International Airport on the South Side and O'Hare International Airport the world's second busiest airport on the far Northwest Side. In 2005 O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second busiest by total passenger traffic (due to government enforced flight caps).128 Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport located in nearby Gary Indiana serves as the third Chicago area airport. Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines the world's second-largest airline by revenue-passenger-kilometers and the city is a hub for American Airlines. Midway is a hub for low-cost carrier Southwest Airlines. Port Main article: Port of Chicago The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago Illinois operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District Calumet Harbor is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.129 Facilities Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River it includes 100 acres (0.40 km2) of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780000 square meters (8390000 square feet) of storage. Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the Grand Calumet River and Little Calumet River 6 miles (9.7 km) inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29000 square meters (315000 square feet) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing. Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800000 barrels) storage facilities along Lake Calumet. The Illinois International Port district also operates Foreign Trade Zone #22 which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's city limits. Infrastructure Utilities Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south the Wisconsin border to the north the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois ComEd (a division of Exelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Because of this ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently the city started the installation of wind turbines on government buildings with the aim to promote the use of renewable energy.130131132 Natural Gas is provided by Peoples Gas a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group which is headquartered in Chicago. Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled mainly in the Calumet area. From 1995 to 2008 the city had a blue bag program to divert certain refuse from landfills.133 In the fall of 2007 the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling similar to that of other cities due to low participation rates in the blue bag program. After completion of the pilot the city will determine whether to roll it out to all wards. The new Prentice Women's Hospital at the McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University. Health systems Chicago is home to the Illinois Medical District on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago Jesse Brown VA Hospital and John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County the largest trauma-center in the city. The University of Chicago Medical Center was ranked the 14th best hospital in the country by U.S. News & World Report.134 It is the only hospital in Illinois ever to be included in the magazine's "Honor Roll" of the best hospitals in the United States.135 The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2010-11;136 the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by U.S. News & World Report; the new Prentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago which is currently under construction. The University of Illinois College of Medicine at UIC is the largest medical school in the United States (2600 students including those at campuses in Peoria Rockford and UrbanaChampaign).137 In addition the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove. The American Medical Association Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education American Osteopathic Association American Dental Association Academy of General Dentistry American Dietetic Association American Association of Nurse Anesthetists American College of Surgeons American Society for Clinical Pathology American College of Healthcare Executives and the American Hospital Association and Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association are all based in Chicago. Telecommunications Using only 3% of the total available bandwidth capacity and 13% of the available fiber pairs Chicago area data centers move data for local area regional and international networks.8 Sister cities Chicago has 28 Sister Cities.138 Like Chicago many of them are or were the second city of their country or they are the main city of a country that has had many immigrants settle in Chicago. Paris is a Partner City due to the one sister city policy of their respective French commune.139 To celebrate the sister cities Chicago hosts a yearly festival in Daley Plaza which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities.138 In addition the Chicago Sister Cities program hosts a number of delegation and formal exchanges.138 In some cases these exchanges have led to further informal collaborations such as the academic relationship between the Buehler Center on Aging Health & Society at the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of Ukraine (originally of the Soviet Union) that was originally established as part of the Chicago-Kyiv sister cities program.140 Warsaw (Poland) 1960 Milan (Italy) 1973 Osaka (Japan) 1973 Casablanca (Morocco) 1982 Shanghai (China) 1985 Shenyang (China) 1985 Gothenburg (Sweden) 1987 Accra (Ghana) 1989 Prague (Czech Republic) 1990 Kyiv (Ukraine) 1991 Mexico City (Mexico) 1991 Toronto (Canada) 1991 Birmingham (United Kingdom) 1993 Vilnius (Lithuania) 1993 Hamburg (Germany) 1994 Petah Tikva (Israel) 1994 Paris (France) 1996 Partner City Athens (Greece) 1997 Durban (South Africa) 1997 Galway (Ireland) 1997 Moscow (Russia) 1997 Lucerne (Switzerland) 1998 So Paulo (Brazil) 2000 Delhi (India) 2001 Amman (Jordan) 2004 Belgrade (Serbia) 2005 Lahore (Pakistan) 2007 Busan (South Korea) 2007 Bogot (Colombia) 2009 Curitiba (Brazil) 2010 Bibliography Clymer Floyd (1950). 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OCLC 37246254.  Spears Timothy B. (2005). Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city 18711919. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76874-0. OCLC 56086689.  See also Chicago portal List of cities with most skyscrapers National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago Notes A. J. Liebling coined the "Second City" phrase and applied it to Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.13 In recent times it is also used to boost Chicago's status as the second most prestigious city in the United States in many areas such as entertainment culture and finance.14 Carl Sandburg referred to Chicago as the "City of Broad Shoulders" in one of his poems referencing both the blue-collar power house of Chicago's early economy as well as its numerous skyscrapers (whose steel frame designs were largely pioneered in Chicago).15 References a b "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Illinois' 2010 Census Population Totals Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting". U.S. Census Bureau. http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn31.html. Retrieved 2011-02-20.  a b "Population Change for the Ten Most Populous and Fastest Growing Metropolitan Statiscal Areas: 2000 to 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. 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Retrieved 2009-05-04.  "chicagohistory.org". Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1322.html. Retrieved 2009-05-04.  "America's Best Hospitals". U.S. News and World Report. 2005. Archived from the original on May 5 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060505165655/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/honorroll.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-31.  "National survey again names University of Chicago Hospitals to the Honor Roll of the best US hospitals". University of Chicago Hospitals. 2005. http://www.uchospitals.edu/about/awards/usnews.html. Retrieved 2006-06-06.  accessdate2011-05-29 About The University of Illinois College of Medicine (2007). UIC College of Medicine at www.medicine.uic.edu/about. a b c "Chicago Sister Cities". Chicago Sister Cities International. 2009. http://www.chicagosistercities.com/. Retrieved 22 July 2009.  "Le jumelage avec Rome" (in French). Municipalit de Paris. http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lutpageid6587&documenttypeid5&documentid16467&portletid14974. Retrieved 2008-07-09.  Berdes PhD Celia; Levin Andrew. "Director Emeritus James Webster Looks Backward Forward". Annual Report 2008. Buehler Center on Aging Health & Society. pp. 57. http://www.northwestern.edu/aging/pdf/Annual2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-01. dead link Further reading Cronon William (1992) 1991. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393308731. OCLC 26609682.  Grossman James R.; Keating Ann Durkin; Reiff Janice L. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226310159. OCLC 54454572.  Miller Donald L. (1996). City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0684801949. OCLC 493430274.  Pacyga Dominic A. (2009). Chicago: A Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226644316. OCLC 298670853.  Smith Carl S. (2006). The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City. Chicago visions + revisions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226764710. OCLC 261199152.  Swanson Stevenson (1997). Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City. Chicago Tribune (Firm). Chicago: Cantigny First Division Foundation. ISBN 1890093033. OCLC 36066057.  External links Listen to this article (info/dl) This audio file was created from a revision of Chicago dated 2005-07-22 and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. 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populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties v d eMunicipalities and communities of DuPage County Illinois County seat: Wheaton Cities Aurora  Batavia  Chicago  Darien  Elmhurst  Naperville  Oakbrook Terrace  St. Charles  Warrenville  West Chicago  Wheaton  Wood Dale Villages Addison  Bartlett  Bensenville  Bloomingdale  Bolingbrook  Burr Ridge  Carol Stream  Clarendon Hills  Downers Grove  Elk Grove Village  Glendale Heights  Glen Ellyn  Hanover Park  Hinsdale  Itasca  Lemont  Lisle  Lombard  Oak Brook  Roselle  Schaumburg  Villa Park  Wayne  Westmont  Willowbrook  Winfield  Woodridge Townships Addison  Bloomingdale  Downers Grove  Lisle  Milton  Naperville  Wayne  Winfield  York Unincorporated communities Cloverdale  Eola  Flowerfield  Keeneyville  Medinah  Palisades  York Center Footnotes This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties v d e State of Illinois Springfield (capital) Topics Buildings and structures  Communications  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Stark  Stephenson  Tazewell  Union  Vermilion  Wabash  Warren  Washington  Wayne  White  Whiteside  Will  Williamson  Winnebago  Woodford v d eMayors of cities with populations exceeding 100000 in Illinois     Rahm Emanuel (Chicago) Tom Weisner (Aurora) Larry Morrissey (Rockford) Arthur Schultz (Joliet) A. George Pradel (Naperville) J. Michael Houston (Springfield) Jim Ardis (Peoria) Dave Kaptain (Elgin) AL  AK  AZ  AR  CA  CO   CT  DE   FL   GA   HI   ID   IL   IN   IA   KS   KY   LA   ME   MD   MA   MI   MN   MS   MO   MT   NE   NV   NH   NJ   NM   NY   NC   ND   OH   OK   OR   PA   RI   SC   SD   TN   TX   UT   VT   VA   WA   WV   WI   WY v d e50 most populous cities of the United States     New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Philadelphia Phoenix San Antonio San Diego Dallas San Jose Jacksonville Indianapolis San Francisco Austin Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Detroit El Paso Memphis Baltimore Boston Seattle Washington Nashville Denver Louisville Milwaukee Portland Las Vegas Oklahoma City Albuquerque Tucson Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Kansas City Mesa Virginia Beach Atlanta Colorado Springs Omaha Raleigh Miami Cleveland Tulsa Oakland Minneapolis Wichita Arlington (2010 United States Census Bureau) v d eWorld's fifty most-populous urban areas Tokyo Yokohama Delhi Seoul Incheon Jakarta Manila Mumbai New York So Paulo Mexico City Shanghai Cairo Osaka Kobe Kyoto Kolkata Shenzhen Los Angeles Beijing Moscow Karachi Istanbul Buenos Aires Dongguan Rio de Janeiro Guangzhou Foshan Dhaka Lagos Paris Nagoya Chicago Kinshasa Lima Bogot London Taipei Ho Chi Minh City Chennai Johannesburg East Rand Bangalore Lahore Tehran Ruhr Area  (EssenDsseldorf) Bangkok Hong Kong Hyderabad Tianjin Chonqing Bandung Baghdad Santiago Kuala Lumpur Toronto Hamilton