For other uses see Commute. Commuters on the New York City Subway during rush hour. Rush hour at Shinjuku Station Yamanote Line Traffic jam in Baltimore Maryland

Commuting is regular travel between one's place of residence and place of work or full time study. Contents 1 History 2 Suburbs 3 Traffic 4 Pollution 5 References 6 External links History

The word commuter derives from early days of rail travel in US cities such as New York Philadelphia Boston and Chicago where in the 1840s the railways engendered suburbs from which travellers paying a reduced or 'commuted' fare into the city. Later the back formations "commute" and "commuter" were coined therefrom. Commuted tickets would usually allow the traveller to repeat the same journey as often as they liked during the period of validity: normally the longer the period the cheaper the cost per day.1

Before the 19th century most workers lived less than an hour's walk from their work. Today many people travel daily to work a long way from their own towns cities and villages especially in industrialised societies. Depending on factors such as the high cost of housing in city centres lack of public transit or traffic congestion modes of travel may include automobiles motorcycles trains buses and bicycles. Suburbs

Commuting has had a large impact on modern life. It has allowed cities to grow to sizes which were previously not practical and it has led to the proliferation of suburbs. Many large cities or conurbations are surrounded by commuter belts also known as metropolitan areas commuter towns dormitory towns or bedroom communities. The prototypical commuter lives in one of these areas and travels daily to work or to school in the core city. Institutions that have few dormitories or near-campus student housing are called commuter schools in the United States.

As urban sprawl pushes farther and farther away from central business districts new businesses can appear in outlying cities leading to the existence of the reverse commuter who lives in a core city but works in the suburbs and to a type of secondary commuter who lives in a more distant exurb and works in the outlying city or industrial suburb. Traffic

Most commuters travel at the same time of day resulting in the morning and evening rush hours with congestion on roads and public transport systems not designed or maintained well enough to cope with the peak demands. As an example Interstate 405 located in Southern California is one of the busiest freeways in the United States. Commuters may sit up to two hours in traffic during rush hour. Construction or accidents on the freeway distract and slow down commuters contributing to even longer delays. Pollution

The suburbs in the United States and elsewhere tend to have less air pollution than their neighboring inner cities even though more workers in the inner cities use public transport. Some governments and employers have introduced employee travel reduction programs that encourage such alternatives as car-pooling and telecommuting. Some are also carpooling using Internet sites to save money.2 Alternatives like personal rapid transit have also been proposed to reap the energy-efficiency benefits of a mass transit system while maintaining the speed and convenience of individual transport.

Cars not carrying passengers use fuel and roads less efficiently than shared cars or public transport and increase traffic congestion. However commuting alone by car is often a more efficient method for people doing so as their travel times tend to be lower. Commuting by car is a major factor contributing to air pollution. Carpool lanes help commuters reach their destinations more quickly encourage people to drive together and reduce air pollution. References Paumgarten Nick (16 April 07) "There and Back Again: The soul of the commuter" The New Yorker: para 14 http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fafactpaumgartenprintabletrue retrieved 9 Oct 09  http://www.jayride.co.nz Example of carpooling website External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Commuting Look up commuting in Wiktionary the free dictionary. US Commuting Averages (2002) Some Commuters are travelling from France to London Platform 11 - Ireland's National Rail Commuter Group Identifying the 12 types of drivers during a work commute