Humanity is core in Confucianism. A simple way to appreciate Confucian thought is to consider it as being based on varying levels of honesty and a simple way to understand Confucian thought is to examine the world by using the logic of humanity. In practice the elements of Confucianism accumulated over time. There is the classical Wuchang () consisting of five elements: Ren ( Humanity) Yi ( Righteousness) Li ( Ritual) Zhi ( Knowledge) Xin ( Integrity) and there is also the classical Sizi () with four elements: Zhong ( Loyalty) Xiao ( Filial piety) Jie ( Continency) Yi ( Righteousness). There are still many other elements such as Cheng ( honesty) Shu ( kindness and forgiveness) Lian ( honesty and cleanness) Chi ( shame judge and sense of right and wrong) Yong ( bravery) Wen ( kind and gentle) Liang ( good kindhearted) Gong ( respectful reverent) Jian( frugal) Rang ( modestly self-effacing). Among all elements Ren (Humanity) and Yi (Righteousness) are fundamental. Sometimes morality is interpreted as the phantom of Humanity and Righteousness.3 Humanity Main article: Ren (Confucianism)

Ritual and filial piety are indeed the ways in which one should act towards others but from an underlying attitude of humaneness. Confucius' concept of humaneness (Chinese: ; pinyin: rn) is probably best expressed in the Confucian version of the Ethic of reciprocity or the Golden Rule: "do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you."

Confucius never stated whether man was born good or evil4 noting that 'By nature men are similar; by practice men are wide apart' 5implying that whether good or bad Confucius must have perceived all men to be born with intrinsic similarities but that man is conditioned and inuenced by study and practise. Xunzi's opinion is that men originally just want what they instinctively want despite positive or negative results it may bring so cultivation is needed. In Mencius' view all men are born to share goodness such as compassion and good heart although they may become wicked. The Three Character Classic begins with "People at birth are naturally good (kind-hearted)" which stems from Mencius' idea. All the views eventually lead to recognize the importance of human education and cultivation.

Rn also has a political dimension. If the ruler lacks rn Confucianism holds it will be difficult if not impossible for his subjects to behave humanely. Rn is the basis of Confucian political theory: it presupposes an autocratic ruler exhorted to refrain from acting inhumanely towards his subjects. An inhumane ruler runs the risk of losing the "Mandate of Heaven" the right to rule. A ruler lacking such a mandate need not be obeyed. But a ruler who reigns humanely and takes care of the people is to be obeyed strictly for the benevolence of his dominion shows that he has been mandated by heaven. Confucius himself had little to say on the will of the people but his leading follower Mencius did state on one occasion that the people's opinion on certain weighty matters should be considered. Ritual Main article: Li (Confucianism)

In Confucianism the term "ritual" (Chinese: ; pinyin: l) was soon extended to include secular ceremonial behavior and eventually referred also to the propriety or politeness which colors everyday life. Rituals were codified and treated as a comprehensive system of norms. Confucius himself tried to revive the etiquette of earlier dynasties. After his death people regarded him as a great authority on ritual behaviors.

It is important to note that "ritual" has developed a specialized meaning in Confucianism as opposed to its usual religious meanings. In Confucianism the acts of everyday life are considered ritual. Rituals are not necessarily regimented or arbitrary practices but the routines that people often engage in knowingly or unknowingly during the normal course of their lives. Shaping the rituals in a way that leads to a content and healthy society and to content and healthy people is one purpose of Confucian philosophy. The Rites This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) Translations from the 17th century to the present have varied widely. Comparison of these many sources is needed for a true "general consensus" of what message Confucius meant to imply. Confucius argued that under law external authorities administer punishments after illegal actions so people generally behave well without understanding reasons why they should; whereas with ritual patterns of behavior are internalized and exert their influence before actions are taken so people behave properly because they fear shame and want to avoid losing face. In this sense "rite" (Chinese: ; pinyin: l) is an ideal form of social norm. The Chinese character for "rites" or "ritual" previously had the religious meaning of "sacrifice". Its Confucian meaning ranges from politeness and propriety to the understanding of each person's correct place in society. Externally ritual is used to distinguish between people; their usage allows people to know at all times who is the younger and who the elder who is the guest and who the host and so forth. Internally rites indicate to people their duty amongst others and what to expect from them. Internalization is the main process in ritual. Formalized behavior becomes progressively internalized desires are channeled and personal cultivation becomes the mark of social correctness. Though this idea conflicts with the common saying that "the cowl does not make the monk" in Confucianism sincerity is what enables behavior to be absorbed by individuals. Obeying ritual with sincerity makes ritual the most powerful way to cultivate oneself: Respectfulness without the Rites becomes laborious bustle; carefulness without the Rites become timidity; boldness without the Rites becomes insubordination; straightforwardness without the Rites becomes rudeness. (Analects VIII 2) Ritual can be seen as a means to find the balance between opposing qualities that might otherwise lead to conflict. It divides people into categories and builds hierarchical relationships through protocols and ceremonies assigning everyone a place in society and a proper form of behavior. Music which seems to have played a significant role in Confucius' life is given as an exception as it transcends such boundaries and "unifies the hearts". Although the Analects heavily promote the rites Confucius himself often behaved other than in accord with them. Loyalty Loyalty (Chinese: ; pinyin: zhng) is the equivalent of filial piety on a different plane. It is particularly relevant for the social class to which most of Confucius' students belonged because the only way for an ambitious young scholar to make his way in the Confucian Chinese world was to enter a ruler's civil service. Like filial piety however loyalty was often subverted by the autocratic regimes of China. Confucius had advocated a sensitivity to the realpolitik of the class relations in his time; he did not propose that "might makes right" but that a superior who had received the "Mandate of Heaven" (see below) should be obeyed because of his moral rectitude. In later ages however emphasis was placed more on the obligations of the ruled to the ruler and less on the ruler's obligations to the ruled. Loyalty was also an extension of one's duties to friends family and spouse. Loyalty to one's family came first then to one's spouse then to one's ruler and lastly to one's friends. Loyalty was considered one of the greater human virtues. Confucius also realized that loyalty and filial piety can potentially conflict. Filial piety Main article: Filial piety "Filial piety" (Chinese: ; pinyin: xio) is considered among the greatest of virtues and must be shown towards both the living and the dead (including even remote ancestors). The term "filial" (meaning "of a child") characterizes the respect that a child originally a son should show to his parents. This relationship was extended by analogy to a series of five relationships (Chinese: ; pinyin: wln):6 The Five Bonds Ruler to Ruled Father to Son Husband to Wife Elder Brother to Younger Brother Friend to Friend Specific duties were prescribed to each of the participants in these sets of relationships. Such duties were also extended to the dead where the living stood as sons to their deceased family. This led to the veneration of ancestors. The only relationship where respect for elders wasn't stressed was the Friend to Friend relationship. In all other relationships high reverence was held for elders. The idea of Filial piety influenced the Chinese legal system: a criminal would be punished more harshly if the culprit had committed the crime against a parent while fathers often exercised enormous power over their children. A similar differentiation was applied to other relationships. NowPROC clarification needed filial piety is also built into law. People have the responsibility to provide for their elderly parents according to the law. The main source of our knowledge of the importance of filial piety is The Book of Filial Piety a work attributed to Confucius and his son but almost certainly written in the 3rd century BCE. The Analects the main source of the Confucianism of Confucius actually has little to say on the matter of filial piety and some sources believe the concept was focused on by later thinkers as a response to Mohism. Filial piety has continued to play a central role in Confucian thinking to the present day. Relationships Relationships are central to Confucianism. Particular duties arise from one's particular situation in relation to others. The individual stands simultaneously in several different relationships with different people: as a junior in relation to parents and elders and as a senior in relation to younger siblings students and others. While juniors are considered in Confucianism to owe their seniors reverence seniors also have duties of benevolence and concern toward juniors. This theme of mutuality is prevalent in East Asian cultures even to this day. Social harmonythe great goal of Confucianismtherefore results in part from every individual knowing his or her place in the social order and playing his or her part well. When Duke Jing of Qi asked about government by which he meant proper administration so as to bring social harmony Confucius replied: There is government when the prince is prince and the minister is minister; when the father is father and the son is son. (Analects XII 11 trans. Legge) Mencius says: "When being a child yearn for and love your parents; when growing mature yearn for and love your lassie; when having wife and child(ren) yearn for and love your wife and child(ren); when being an official (or a staffer) yearn for and love your sovereign (and/or boss)."7cite this quote The gentleman Main article: Junzi The term jnz (Chinese: ; literally "lord's child") is crucial to classical Confucianism. Confucianism exhorts all people to strive for the ideal of a "gentleman" or "perfect man". A succinct description of the "perfect man" is one who "combines the qualities of saint scholar and gentleman." In modern times the masculine translation in English is also traditional and is still frequently used. Elitism was bound up with the concept and gentlemen were expected to act as moral guides to the rest of society. They were to: cultivate themselves morally; show filial piety and loyalty where these are due; cultivate humanity or benevolence. The great exemplar of the perfect gentleman is Confucius himself. Perhaps the tragedy of his life was that he was never awarded the high official position which he desired from which he wished to demonstrate the general well-being that would ensue if humane persons ruled and administered the state. The opposite of the Jnz was the Xiorn (Chinese: ; pinyin: xiorn; literally "small person"). The character in this context means petty in mind and heart narrowly self-interested greedy superficial or materialistic. Rectification of names Main article: Rectification of Names Confucius believed that social disorder often stemmed from failure to perceive understand and deal with reality. Fundamentally then social disorder can stem from the failure to call things by their proper names and his solution to this was Zhngmng (Chinese: ; pinyin: zhngmng; literally "rectification of terms"). He gave an explanation of zhengming to one of his disciples. Zi-lu said "The ruler of Wei has been waiting for you in order with you to administer the government. What will you consider the first thing to be done" The Master replied "What is necessary to rectify names." "So! indeed!" said Zi-lu. "You are wide off the mark! Why must there be such rectification" The Master said "How uncultivated you are Yu! A superior man in regard to what he does not know shows a cautious reserve.         If names be not correct language is not in accordance with the truth of things.         If language be not in accordance with the truth of things affairs cannot be carried on to success.         When affairs cannot be carried on to success proprieties and music do not flourish.         When proprieties and music do not flourish punishments will not be properly awarded.         When punishments are not properly awarded the people do not know how to move hand or foot. Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately. What the superior man requires is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect." (Analects XIII 3 tr. Legge) Xun Zi chapter (22) "On the Rectification of Names" claims the ancient sage-kings chose names (Chinese: ; pinyin: mng) that directly corresponded with actualities (Chinese: ; pinyin: sh) but later generations confused terminology coined new nomenclature and thus could no longer distinguish right from wrong. Governance Confucian temple in Kaohsiung Taiwan Republic of China To govern by virtue let us compare it to the North Star: it stays in its place while the myriad stars wait upon it. (Analects II 1) Another key Confucian concept is that in order to govern others one must first govern oneself. When developed sufficiently the king's personal virtue spreads beneficent influence throughout the kingdom. This idea is developed further in the Great Learning and is tightly linked with the Taoist concept of wu wei (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: w wi): the less the king does the more gets done. By being the "calm center" around which the kingdom turns the king allows everything to function smoothly and avoids having to tamper with the individual parts of the whole. This idea may be traced back to early Chinese shamanistic beliefs such as the king being the axle between the sky human beings and the Earth. Another complementary view is that this idea may have been used by ministers and counselors to deter aristocratic whims that would otherwise be to the detriment of the state's people. Meritocracy In teaching there should be no distinction of classes. (Analects XV 39) The main basis of his teachings was to seek knowledge study and become a better person. Although Confucius claimed that he never invented anything but was only transmitting ancient knowledge (see Analects VII 1) he did produce a number of new ideas. Many European and American admirers such as Voltaire and H. G. Creel point to the revolutionary idea of replacing nobility of blood with nobility of virtue. Jnz ( lit. "lord's child") which originally signified the younger non-inheriting offspring of a noble became in Confucius' work an epithet having much the same meaning and evolution as the English "gentleman". A virtuous plebeian who cultivates his qualities can be a "gentleman" while a shameless son of the king is only a "small man". That he admitted students of different classes as disciples is a clear demonstration that he fought against the feudal structures that defined pre-imperial Chinese society. Another new idea that of meritocracy led to the introduction of the Imperial examination system in China. This system allowed anyone who passed an examination to become a government officer a position which would bring wealth and honour to the whole family. The Chinese Imperial examination system seems to have been started in 165 BC when certain candidates for public office were called to the Chinese capital for examination of their moral excellence by the emperor. Over the following centuries the system grew until finally almost anyone who wished to become an official had to prove his worth by passing written government examinations. His achievement was the setting up of a school that produced statesmen with a strong sense of patriotism and duty known as Rujia (Chinese: ; pinyin: Rji). During the Warring States Period and the early Han Dynasty China grew greatly and the need arose for a solid and centralized corporation of government officers able to read and write administrative papers. As a result Confucianism was promoted by the emperor and the men its doctrines produced became an effective counter to the remaining feudal aristocrats who threatened the unity of the imperial state. Since then Confucianism has been used as a kind of "state religion" with authoritarianism a kind of legitimism paternalism and submission to authority used as political tools to rule China. Most Chinese emperors used a mix of Legalism and Confucianism as their ruling doctrine often with the latter embellishing the former. Influence in 17th-century Europe "Life and works of Confucius by Prospero Intorcetta 1687. The works of Confucius were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationed in China.8 Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius and father Prospero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius into Latin in 1687.9 It is thought that such works had considerable importancecitation needed on European thinkerswho of the period particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.910 Influence in modern times Important military and political figures in modern Chinese history continued to be influenced by Confucianism like the Muslim warlord Ma Fuxiang.11 The New Life Movement relied heavily on Confucianism. The Kuomintang party purged China's education system of western ideas introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Education came under the total control of state which meant in effect the Kuomintang party via the Ministry of Education. Military and political classes on the Kuomintang's Three principles of the people were added. Textbooks exams degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the staet as were all universities.12 Criticism For many years since the era of Confucius there have generated various critiques against Confucianism including Laozi's comment and Mozi's critique. Lu Xun also criticised Confucianism heavily for shaping Chinese people into the state they became in the late Qing Dynasty: this is greatly portrayed through his works A Madman's Diary and The True Story of Ah Q. In modern times waves of critique along with vilification against Confucianism arose. Taiping Rebellion May Fourth Movement and Cultural Revolution are some upsurges of those waves in China. Taiping rebels described many sages in Confucianism as well as gods in Taoism and Buddhism as bogie. Marxists during Cultural Revolution described Confucius as the general representative of class of slave owners. Numerous opinions and interpretations of Confucianism of which many are actually opposed by Confucianism were invented. Confucianism has a related principle idea called "He Er Bu Tong" ( peaceful but different or harmonious while diversified). Although people have differences in opinions interests preferences profiles... they should first keep peace and people should live in harmony with each other and meanwhile keep their diversity. There are still other critique related Confucian ideas e.g. If what others say is right and your fault is true change it. If not be careful of committing that kind of fault () Learn others' virtues and reflect on your own weak points when you see others' (). Women in Confucian thought Confucianism "largely defined the mainstream discourse on gender in China from the Han dynasty onward"13 and its strict obligatory gender roles as a cornerstone of family and thus societal stability continue to shape social life throughout East Asia. Confucians taught that a virtuous woman was supposed to uphold three subordinations: be subordinate to her father before marriage to her husband after marriage and to her son after her husband died. Men could remarry and have concubines whereas women were supposed to uphold the virtue of chastity when they lost their husbands.14 Chaste widows were revered as heroes during the Ming and Qing periods 13 and were deemed so central to Chinas culture and the fate of all peoples the Yongle Emperor distributed 10000 copies of the Biographies of Exemplary Women to various non-Chinese countries for their moral instruction. The Biographies of Exemplary Women or Lien Zhuan served as Confucianism's seminal textbook for Chinese women for two millennia but cementing the "cult of chastity" as an exemplar of Chinese superiority also condemned many widows to lives of "poverty and loneliness."13 However recent reexaminations of Chinese gender roles suggest that Daoism and the ying-yang dichotomy played an even greater part in stifling female roles and that many women flourished within Confucianism13. During the Han dynasty period the important Confucian text Lessons for Women (Njie) was written by Ban Zhao (45-114 CE): by a woman for women. She wrote the Njie ostensibly for her daughters instructing them on how to live proper Confucian lives as wives and mothers. Although this is a relatively rare instance of a female Confucian voice Ban Zhao almost entirely accepts the prevailing views concerning women's proper roles; they should be silent hard-working and compliant. She stresses the complementarity and equal importance of the male and female roles according to yin-yang theory but she clearly accepts the dominance of the yang-male. Her only departure from the standard male versions of this orthodoxy is that she insists on the necessity to educate girls and women. We should not underestimate the significance of this point as education was the bottom line qualification for being a junzi or "noble person"...her example suggests that the Confucian prescription for a meaningful life as a woman was apparently not stifling for all women. Even some women of the literate elite for whom Confucianism was quite explicitly the norm were able to flourish by living their lives according to that model.13 Debate over classification There is debate about the classification of Confucianism as a religion or a philosophy. Many attributes common among religionssuch as ancestor worship ritual and sacrificeapply to the practice of Confucianism; however the religious features found in Confucian texts can be traced to traditional non-Confucian Chinese beliefs (Chinese folk religion). The position adopted by some is that Confucianism is a moral science or philosophy.15 The problem clearly depends on how one defines religion. Since the 1970s scholars have attempted to assess the religious status of Confucianism without assuming a definition based on the Western model (for example Frederick Streng's definition "a means of ultimate transformation"16). Under such a definition Confucianism can legitimately be considered a religious tradition.17 Ahmadiyya view Mirza Tahir Ahmad the fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in his book Revelation Rationality Knowledge & Truth has argued that Confucianism was a religion and elaborates further in attempting to explain through particular references that the religion in its original pristine form was a monotheistic religion divinely revealed to Confucius who he describes as a prophet of God.18 Names Strictly speaking there is no term in Chinese which directly corresponds to "Confucianism." Several different terms are used in different situations several of which are of modern origin: "School of the scholars" (Chinese: ; pinyin: Rji) "Teaching of the scholars" (Chinese: ; pinyin: Rjio) "Study of the scholars" (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Rxu) "Teaching of Confucius" (Chinese: ; pinyin: Kngjio) "Kong Family's Business" (Chinese: ; pinyin: Kngjidin)19 Three of these use the Chinese character r meaning "scholar". These names do not use the name "Confucius" at all but instead center on the figure or ideal of the Confucian scholar; however the suffixes of ji jio and xu carry different implications as to the nature of Confucianism itself. Rji contains the character ji which literally means "house" or "family". In this context it is more readily construed as meaning "school of thought" since it is also used to construct the names of philosophical schools contemporary with Confucianism: for example the Chinese names for Legalism and Mohism end in ji. Rjio and Kngjio contain the Chinese character jio the noun "teach" used in such as terms as "education" or "educator". The term however is notably used to construct the names of religions in Chinese: the terms for Islam Judaism Christianity and other religions in Chinese all end with jio. Rxu contains xu 'study'. The term is parallel to -ology in English being used to construct the names of academic fields: the Chinese names of fields such as physics chemistry biology political science economics and sociology all end in xu. See also Confucianism portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Confucianism Four Books Five Classics Thirteen Classics Neo-Confucianism Korean Confucianism Neo-Confucianism in Japan Confucianism in Indonesia Wen Tianxiang Temple of Confucius Confucian view of marriage Confucian art Boston Confucians References http://books.google.com/booksidoOYQbqxfIk4C&pgPT193&dq1.5+billion+confucianism&hlen&eiKqpiTcz6O8y28QOP-YXyCA&saX&oibookresult&ctresult&resnum2&ved0CCsQ6AEwAQ#vonepage&q1.5%20billion%20confucianism&ffalse Lo Ping-cheung (1999) Confucian Ethic of Death with Dignity and Its Contemporary Relevance Society of Christian Ethics http://arts.hkbu.edu.hk/pclo/e5.pdf  "Yuandao" by Han Yu: Ren and Yi are specific names Dao and De (Dao De means morality) are phantom position() Homer H. Dubs: 'Nature in the Teaching of Confucius' p. 233 Lun Yu (Yang Huo) 13 May 2009 Chinese Legal Theories The first was Michele Ruggieri who had returned from China to Italy in 1588 and carried on translating in Latin Chinese classics while residing in Salerno a b "Windows into China" John Parker p.25 ISBN 0890730504 The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation John Hobson pp 194195 ISBN 0521547245 Stphane A. Dudoignon Hisao Komatsu Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission transformation communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 250. ISBN 00415368359. http://books.google.com/booksidMJzB6wrz6Q4C&pgPA251&dqma+fuxiang+military+academy&hlen&eiAadTPPfNIP78AaV-OVR&saX&oibookresult&ctresult&resnum2&ved0CDgQ6AEwAQ#vonepage&qma%20fuxiang%20confucianism%20%20northern&ffalse. Retrieved 2010-06-28.  Werner Draguhn David S. G. Goodman (2002). China's communist revolutions: fifty years of the People's Republic of China. Psychology Press. p. 39. ISBN 0700716300. http://books.google.com/booksid0Caknr1VAqMC&dqma+bufang+communist+saw&qriding+it+of+western+texts+and+models#vonepage&qit%20of%20western%20texts%20and%20models%20confucian&ffalse. Retrieved 2011-04-09.  a b c d e Adler Joseph A. (Winter 2006). "Daughter/Wife/Mother or Sage/Immortal/Bodhisattva Women in the Teaching of Chinese Religions". ASIANetwork Exchange vol. XIV no. 2. http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Women.htm. Retrieved May 18 2011.  Vohra Ranbir (1999). China's Path to Modernization: A Historical Review from 1800 to the Present 3rd edition. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0130807478.  Centre for Confucian Science (Korea); Introduction to Confucianism Streng Frederick "Understanding Religious Life" 3rd ed. (1985) p. 2 Taylor Rodney L. "The Religious Dimensions of Confucianism" (1990); Tu Weiming and Mary Evelyn Tucker eds. "Confucian Spirituality" 2 vols. (2003 2004); Adler Joseph A. "Confucianism as Religion / Religious Tradition / Neither: Still Hazy After All These Years" (2006) http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part2section3.html This phrase of a certain negative context became popular after its usage in many Anti-Confucianism movements in China most notably the May Fourth Movement and the Cultural Revolution. See 1 and 2 for more details. Further reading Creel Herrlee G. Confucius and the Chinese Way. Reprint. New York: Harper Torchbooks. (Originally published under the title Confuciusthe Man and the Myth.) Fingarette Herbert. Confucius: The Secular as Sacred ISBN 1-57766-010-2. Ivanhoe Philip J. Confucian Moral Self Cultivation. 2nd rev. ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. Nivison David S. The Ways of Confucianism. Chicago: Open Court Press. Max Weber The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism. Xinzhong Yao (2000) An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Translations of Texts Attributed to Confucius The Analects (Lun Yu) Confucian Analects (1893) Translated by James Legge. The Analects of Confucius (1915; rpr. NY: Paragon 1968). Translated by William Edward Soothill. The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation (New York: Ballantine 1998). Translated by Roger T. Ames Henry Rosemont. The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors (New York: Columbia University Press 1998). Translated by E. Bruce Brooks A. Taeko Brooks. The Analects of Confucius (New York: W.W. Norton 1997). Translated by Simon Leys Analects: With Selections from Traditional Commentaries (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing 2003). Translated by Edward Slingerland. 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