While many demonyms are derived from placenames many countries are named for their inhabitants (Finland for the Finns Germany for the Germans Thailand for the Thais Denmark for the Danes France for the Franks Slovakia for the Slovaks and Slovenia for the Slovenes). Tribes and peoples generally have a longer continuous history than their countries; tribal names often imply a descent from a single ancestor such as Rus as the legendary ancestor of the Russians. In Bantu languages the name of the land and the name of the inhabitants will have a common root distinguished by different prefixes (e.g. Buganda land and Baganda inhabitants). Adjectives as placenames

Some placenames originated as adjectives. In such cases the placename and the demonym are often the same word. This dual function is very common in French where for example Lyonnais means either the region or an inhabitant of Lyon. Examples include: Argentina: properly Repblica Argentina (Argentine Republic) or Tierra Argentina (Land of Silver) from Latin argentum (silver). In English the Spanish form Argentina is used for the country the parallel English form Argentine as demonym and general adjective. The adjectival forms of Argentinean or Argentinian are used in the United Kingdom; however the Oxford English Dictionary lists Argentine as the correct demonym.5 (Argentinian is a demonym for the Argentine an archaic name for Argentina and hence a less direct derivation.) Brazil: from pau brasil (pau: wood; brasil: ember-red color) the name of a native Brazilian tree highly regarded by the Portuguese explorers. The adjective brasil (Brazil in the old Portuguese spelling) came to be the official name for the whole country and lost its adjectival nature. Philippines: from Philippine Islands (Spanish: Islas Filipinas) named after King Philip II of Spain. Here in contrast the English form is used to mean of or relating to the Philippines whereas the Spanish masculine adjective Filipino is used for the same meanings and for the national language and as the demonym in other words as the general adjective. The English plural is Filipinos and the Spanish feminine Filipina. Suffixation

The English language uses several models to create demonyms. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location's name slightly modified in some instances. These may be modeled after Late Latin Semitic or Germanic suffixes such as: -(a)n (countries: Armenia Armenian Australia Australian Bosnia Bosnian Brunei Bruneian Chile Chilean Cuba Cuban Estonia Estonian European Union European Georgia Georgian Haiti Haitian Hungary Hungarian India Indian Italy Italian Indonesia Indonesian Jamaica Jamaican Latvia Latvian Lithuania Lithuanian North / South Korea North / South Korean Louisiana Louisianan Macedonia Macedonian Malaysia Malaysian Mexico Mexican Romania Romanian Russia Russian Singapore Singaporean South Africa South African Sri Lanka Sri Lankan United States of America American Venezuela Venezuelan; cities / states: Atlanta Atlantan Baltimore Baltimorean California Californian Catalonia Catalan Chicago Chicagoan Cincinnati Cincinnatian El Paso El Pasoan Miami Miamian Minneapolis Minneapolitan Nebraska Nebraskan Ottawa Ottawan Philadelphia Philadelphian Regina Reginan Riga Rigan Rome Roman San Antonio San Antonian San Diego San Diegan San Francisco San Franciscan San Jose San Josean Tasmania Tasmanian Tulsa Tulsan Utah Utahn) -ian (Bahamas Bahamian Barbados Barbadian Bermuda Bermudian Canada Canadian Gibraltar Gibraltarian Iran Iranian (also "Irani") Isles of Scilly Scillonian Ukraine Ukrainian; cities / states: Adelaide Adelaidian Athens Athenian Boston Bostonian Brisbane Brisbanian (also "Brisbanite") Calgary Calgarian Edmonton Edmontonian Fort Worth Fort Worthian Houston Houstonian Liverpool Liverpudlian Louisville Louisvillian New Guinea New Guinian Manchester Mancunian McKinney McKinnian Melbourne Melburnian New Orleans New Orleanian Oregon Oregonian Paris Parisian Peterborough Peterborian Phoenix Phoenician Saskatoon Saskatonian (Saskabusher) Toronto Torontonian Washington Washingtonian Wellington Wellingtonian) -ine (Florence Florentine (also Latin "Florentia") Philistia Philistine Argentina Argentine cf. above) -ite (Austin Austinite Brisbane Brisbanite (also "Brisbanian") Chennai Chennaite Dallas Dallasite Denver Denverite Irmo Irmite Israel Israelite (also "Israeli" depending on the usage; see below) Moscow Muscovite (also Latin "Muscovia") New Hampshire New Hampshirite Ruskin Ruskinite Seattle Seattleite Vancouver Vancouverite Wisconsin Wisconsinite) Wyoming Wyomingite) mostly for cities. -er (Arkansas Arkansawyer Auckland Aucklander Beijing Beijinger Berlin Berliner Cleveland Clevelander Detroit Detroiter Dublin Dubliner Hamburg Hamburger Hong Kong Hongkonger London Londoner Michigan Michigander Montreal Montrealer New England New Englander New York New Yorker New Zealand New Zealander (Kiwi) Pittsburgh Pittsburgher Quebec Quebecker or Quebecer though see below) Tallinn Tallinner Winnipeg Winnipegger) -(en)o (Los Angeles Angeleno or Los Angeleno Philippines Filipino cf. above) adapted from a standard Spanish suffix -(e/n)o as in salvadoreo Zamboanga City Zamboangueo andorrano or chino -ish (Denmark Danish Ireland Irish Scotland Scottish Cornwall Cornish) mostly for countries "-ish" is usually only proper as an adjective. Thus many common "-ish" forms have irregular demonyms e.g. Spain/Spanish/Spaniard; Ireland/Irish/Irishman; Denmark/Danish/Dane; England/English/Englishman; Scotland/Scottish/Scot; Poland/Polish/Pole; Flanders/Flemish/Fleming; Sweden/Swedish/Swede. -ene (Damascus Damascene Nazareth Nazarene) -ensian (Kingston-upon-Hull UK Hullensian) -ard (Spain Spaniard Savoy Savoyard) -(l)ese (Calabria Calabrese China Chinese Congo Congolese The Faroe Islands Faroese Genoa Genovese Hong Kong Hongkongese Japan Japanese Lebanon Lebanese Macau Macanese Malta Maltese Portugal Portuguese Sudan Sudanese Taiwan Taiwanese Togo Togolese the Tyrol Tyrolese Vienna Viennese Vietnam VietnameseShanghai Shanghainese) "-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective or to refer to the entirety. Thus "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese". Often used for East Asian and Francophone locations from the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e) which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish) Danensis (Danish) etc. -i (Bangladesh Bangladeshi Bengal Bengali Desh Desi Hyderabad Hyderabadi Iraq Iraqi Israel Israeli (in the Modern State of Israel) Nepal Nepali Pakistan Pakistani Somalia Somali; not Somalian) mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales and in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni Helvetii) -ic (Hispania Hispanic Turk Turkic) derives from a Latinate suffix widely used outside ethnonyms (e.g. chemical compounds) which with regard to people is mostly used adjectivally (Semite vs. Semitic Arab/Arabian vs. Arabic) to refer to a wider ethnic or linguistic group (Turkic vs. Turkish Finnic vs. Finnish). -iot(e) (Cyprus Cypriot Phanar Phanariote) especially for Greek locations. -asque (Basque Country Basque Menton Mentonasque Monaco Mongasque) -gian (Galloway Galwegian Galway Galwegian Glasgow Glaswegian Norway Norwegian) -onian (Bath Bathonian) -vian (Krakw Krakovian Oamaru Oamaruvian Oslo Oslovian Peru Peruvian Waterloo Waterluvian) -(y)an (Sioux City Sioux Cityan; not Sioux Citian) Irregular forms

There are many irregular demonyms for recently formed entities such as those in the New World. There are other demonyms that are borrowed from the native or another language.

In some cases both the location's name and the demonym are produced by suffixation for example England and English and English(wo)man (derived from the Angle tribe). In some cases the derivation is concealed enough that it is no longer morphemic: France French (or Frenchman/Frenchwoman) or Flanders Flemish or Wales Welsh.

In some of the latter cases the noun is formed by adding -man or -woman for example English/Englishman/Englishwoman; Irish/Irishman/Irishwoman; Chinese/Chinese man/Chinese woman (versus the archaic or derogatory terms Chinaman/Chinawoman which are not the preferred nomenclature). From Latin or Latinization Ashbourne Ashburnian (Essiburn) Colchester Colcestrian Exeter Exonian Halifax Haligonian Leeds Leodensian (Ledesia) Lviv Leopolitan (Leopolis) Manchester Mancunian (Mancunia) Melbourne Melburnian (Melburnia) Naples Neapolitan (Neapolis) Newcastle Novocastrian (Novum Castrum) St Albans Verulamian (Verulamium) University of Cambridge Cantabrigian University of Oxford Oxonian Venice Venetian From native or other languages Aguascalientes (lit. "hot waters") Hidroclido from Mexicos state and city. Barbados Bajan A colloquial term a shortened form of Barbadian Bar-bajan Bajan Birmingham Brummie Botswana Batswana (plural) Motswana (singular) Brittany Breton (from French) Burkina Faso Burkinab Colchester Colcestrian County Cork Corkonian Fontainebleau Bellifontain (from French) Glasgow Glaswegian Hartlepool Hartlepudlian Karnataka Kannadiga (from the local demonym) Kiribati i-Kiribati Kosovo Kosovar (Albanian) Lesotho Basotho (from Sesotho) Liverpool Liverpudlian or Scouser Lyon Lyonnais (from French) Mumbai India Mumbaikar (either gender) Mumbaikars Netherlands Dutch (from Middle Dutch: Duuts High German: Deutsch or Proto-Germanic: *eudiskaz (all three meaning "national/popular")) Nice Niois (from French) Nunavut Nunavummiuq (from Inuktitut) Pegswood Pegswardian Quebec Qubcois (from French) Rivire-du-Loup Louperivois Stockport Stopfordian Tamil Nadu Tamilian The Hague Hagenees (people born in the inner city) Hagenaar (people born elsewhere) Twente Tukker Vanuatu ni-Vanuatu Irregular singular forms Madagascar Malagasy Spain Spaniard Seychelles - Seychellois Isle of Man Manx Soviet Union Soviet Czech Republic Czech St Etienne Stephanois Switzerland Swiss Sweden Swede New World forms In the case of most Canadian provinces and territories and U.S. states it is unusual to use demonyms as attributive adjectives (for example "Manitoba maple" not "Manitoban maple"); thus they are generally used only predicatively ("Ben Franklin was Pennsylvanian") or substantively ("Eight Virginians have become Presidents of the United States"). There are some exceptions the attributive adjective for Alaska for many is Alaskan; the same is true for Alberta (Albertan) Texas (Texan) and Hawaii (Hawaiian). Antioquia Caldas Risaralda and Quindo Paisa Brisbane Brisvegan Buenos Aires Porteo Canada Canadien (male) Canadienne (female) when referring to someone of French-Canadian heritage Quebec Quebecker or Quebecer English alternatives to Qubcois (which may carry language and political implications) Halifax Haligonian Toronto Torontonian Arizona Arizonan Arizonian Zonie (derogatory) Waterloo Waterluvian Connecticut Connecticuter (uncommon) Nutmegger (common) Indianapolis Indianapolitan Indiana Hoosier Los Angeles Angeleno Maine Mainer Maryland Marylander ( /mrlndr/ marr-i-lnd-r sometimes /mrlndr/ mair-lnd-r) Massachusetts Bay Stater8 Mexico City Chilango Michigan Michigander or Michiganian (coming from the Upper Peninsula Yooper) Minneapolis Minneapolitan Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundlander Labradorian Oklahoma Okie Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Yinzer Phoenix Arizona Phoenician Portland Portlander Rio de Janeiro Fluminense (State) Carioca (City) So Paulo Paulista (State) Paulistano (City) Sydney Sydneysider Texas Texan (see also Texian and Tejano) According to Webster's New International Dictionary 1993 a person who is a native or resident of Connecticut is a "Connecticuter" although many prefer "Connecticutian" or the slightly shorter "Connecticite"; The nickname "Nutmegger" which is not a demonym is also used. A person who is a native or resident of Indiana is a Hoosier an irregular demonym whose origin is obscure. The state's official nickname is "The Hoosier State." Hoosier is also an attributive adjective (e.g.: "the Hoosier Lottery"). Demonyms like "Indianan" or "Indianian" are attributed to the state by federal publications and dictionaries but are confusing at best and not used in practice. (Since "Indiana" literally means "land of the Indians" the historical mistake initiated by Columbus becomes inherently absurd and clunky: "of the people of the land of the Indians" or perhaps "of the land of the land of the Indians" or even "of the land of the land of the land of the people of india") A search of the state's official website at in.gov on June 16 2010 found 13 instances of the word Indianian and 47 of the word Indianan compared to more than 20000 of the word Hoosier. Double forms Some regions and populaces also have double forms as the concepts of nation and state are diverging once more. Hence one whose genetic ancestors were from Britain is a Briton whereas one with a passport from the country is considered British. The Franks settled France but the citizens are French. This may be the case for states that were formed or dissolved relatively recently. As in the examples below another reason for double forms of demonyms may be in relation to historical cultural or religious issues. Greek gods but Ode on a Grecian UrnGreek may apply to anything connected with Greece but Grecian is restricted to ancient culture. Israelite but IsraeliIsraelite pertaining to the ancient tribes and kingdom of Israel; Israeli pertaining to the modern nation of the same name. Scotch whisky but Scottish artScotch used primarily for food and drink products of Scotland (broth oats. Also mist) in most other contexts it is archaic and often considered mildly derogatory; Scottish for anything else pertaining to Scotland. Confusingly Scots is also used adjectivally when referring to the people of Scotland and/or to either Scots Gaelic or Scots English (Lowlands). Asian refers to people from Asia Oriental refers to objects Due to the flexibility of the international system the opposite is often also true where one word might apply to multiple groups. The U.S. Department of State states that 98 percent of the Austrian population is ethnically German9 while the CIA World Factbook contradicts this assertion by saying Austrians are a separate group (see Various terms used for Germans).10 Fiction Literature and science have created a wealth of demonyms that are not directly associated with a cultural group such as Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell) Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons Earthling (from the diminutive -ling ultimately from Old English -ing meaning 'descendant') as a possible name for the people of Earth (as also "Terran" "Terrene" "Tellurian" "Earther" "Earthican" and "terrestrial") and Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver's Travels. Some of these like Venusians for a putative resident of Venus are technically incorrect; to conform with the Latin etymon they should be Venerians. Said demonyms of planets are often used astronomically to describe characteristics such as surface satellites and weather of the same planets: e.g. a Jovian storm. Cultural problems There will often be differences between endonyms (terms used by groups themselves) and exonyms (terms used by outsiders to describe a group). Exonyms often lack the internal variety of endonyms: they often lump together groups who see themselves as distinct. For example terms like Iroquois Aztec Mori and Eskimo might be used by outsiders to refer to groups as a whole whereas members of each of these groups will favor more differentiated endodyms. In extreme cases groups may take an exonym as being pejorative; one prominent example is the case of the Inuit of Canada who are often grouped together with the linguistically related but distinct Yupik people by the exonym Eskimo. Languages also might make use of grammatical differences that are lost when translated: in Czech for example the language is etina the nation is esko or esk republika and the people are ei. The governments of both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China officially adhere to the One-China policy use "Chinese" to describe their nationals and refuse to have diplomatic relations with states that recognize the other. However in the Republic of China consisting mostly of Taiwan many inhabitants do not consider themselves Chinese while some consider themselves both Chinese and Taiwanese.11 Both North Korea and South Korea officially refer to their nationals simply as Koreans since they recognize a single nationhood even if they refuse to recognize each other. They have diplomatic relations with states that recognize their rival. The demonym for citizens of the United States of America suffers a similar problem albeit non-politically because "American" may ambiguously refer to both the nation the USA and the conjoined continent pair North and South America. The word "American" in English may to most English speakers refer exclusively to a person place or object from the USA but the word "americano" in Spanish would usually refer to anyone from the entire Americas including Latin Americans and Latin Americans speaking English might also use the word "American" in the same way. Until the United States rose to world prominence in the 20th century many Europeans would also use the word "American" in their own languages to refer to anyone from the entire Americas (more often to those of native American descent) and not just to people from the United States. To give a more specific English-language demonym for US citizens other than "American" however would be somewhat challenging: United Statian is awkward in English but it exists in Spanish (estadounidense) French (tatsunien(ne) although americain(e) is preferred) Portuguese (estado-unidense or estadunidense) Italian (statunitense) and also in Interlingua (statounitese). US American (for the noun) and US-American (when used as a compound modifier preceding a noun) is another option and is a common demonym in German (US-Amerikaner). Latin Americans (who are the most affected by this use of American) also have yanqui (Yankee) and the euphemism norteamericano/norte-americano 'North American' which technically includes the USA Mexico and Canada but is frequently used in Spanish to refer to the United States only. Frank Lloyd Wright popularized Usonian from the abbreviation for United States of North America and which is used in Esperanto (country Usono demonym Usonano adjective usona). In the spirit of Sydneysider Statesider is also sometimes seen. See main article: Names for Americans. Sharing a demonym does not necessarily bring conflict. During the 1996 Olympics the residents of Atlanta Georgia gave a rousing applause to the Eurasian state of Georgia during the opening ceremony. Many cities that share the same name have sister city relations such as Toledo Ohio and Toledo Spain. The demonyms for the Caribbean nations Dominican Republic and Dominica though pronounced differently are spelled the same way Dominican. The former country's demonym is the ordinary English adjective "Dominican" stressed on the second syllable. The demonym for Dominica like the name of the country is stressed on the third syllable: /dmnikn/. Another example is the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Their nationals are both known as Congolese. A few residents of the island of Lesbos tried to ban homosexual women from being called lesbians but it was rejected by a court in Athens.12 See also List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names List of regional nicknames Macedonia naming dispute Nationality -onym especially ethnonym and Exonym and endonym References a b George H. Scheetz (1988). Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon. Schutz Verlag.  ) National Geographic Society (U.S (February 1990). "Gentils Demonyms: Whats in a Name". National Geographic Magazine 177: 170. http://books.google.com/idkrIOAAAAIAAJ&qdemonym&dqdemonym.  William Safire (1997-12-14). "On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htmlres9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp1.  What Do You Call a Person From... A Dictionary of Resident Names by Paul Dickson (Facts on File February 1990). ISBN 978-0-8160-1983-0. a b "Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/.  "Aristotle's Constitution of Athens edited by J.E. Sandy at the Internet Archive". p. 116. http://www.archive.org/details/constitutionofat00arisuoft.  "Demonyms". http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/countries/demonyms.html.  "Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 2 Section 35: Designation of citizens of commonwealth". The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/2-35.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-29. : "Bay Staters shall be the official designation of citizens of the commonwealth". "U.S. Department of State". U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State. 2007-08-28. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3165.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-28.  "CIA World Factbook". CIA World Factbook. CIA World Factbook. 2007-08-28. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/au.html#People. Retrieved 2007-08-28.  Yun-han Chu and Chia-lung Lin (1617 December 1998). "The Construction of Taiwanese Identity and Cross-Strait Relations". Taiwan Security Research. http://www.taiwansecurity.org/TS/TS-Lin.htm. Retrieved 7 December 2009. "A general survey conducted after the 1996 presidential election found that 47.8% of the population said that they were proud of being of both Taiwanese and Chinese compared to 20.8% proud of being only a Taiwanese and not as a Chinese and only 5.5% proud of being a Chinese and not as a Taiwanese."  Court rules lesbians are not just from Lesbos External links Look up demonym or gentilic in Wiktionary the free dictionary. www.geography-site.co.uk Alphabetical list of world demonyms. www.everything2.com Demonyms of the World. www.peoplefrom.co.uk Demonyms of the United Kingdom.