"Equador" redirects here. For the city in Brazil see Equador Rio Grande do Norte. Republic of Ecuador Repblica del Ecuador  (Spanish) Motto: "Dios patria y libertad"  (Spanish) "Pro Deo Patria et Libertate"  (Latin) "God homeland and liberty" Anthem: Salve Oh Patria  (Spanish) Hail Oh Fatherland Capital Quito 009S 7821W / 0.15S 78.35W / -0.15; -78.35 Largest city Guayaquil Official language(s) Spanish1 Ethnic groups  65% Mestizo 25% Indigenous1 7% White 3% Black Demonym Ecuadorian Government Unitary presidential republic  -  President Rafael Correa  -  Vice President Lenn Moreno Independence  -  declared August 10 1809   -  from Spain May 24 1822   -  from Gran Colombia May 13 1830   -  Recognized by Spain February 16 1830  Area  -  Total 272046 (with Galapagos) km2 (66th) 109483 sq mi sq mi   -  Water (%) 5 Population  -  2010 estimate 147906082 (65th)  -  2010 census 143068763   -  Density 53.8/km2 (151st) 139.4/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate  -  Total $119.963 billion4   -  Per capita $83274  GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate  -  Total $64831 billion4   -  Per capita $49214  Gini  42 (medium)  HDI (2010) 0.6955 (high) (77th) Currency U.S. dollar2 (USD) Time zone ECT GALT (UTC5 6) Drives on the right Internet TLD .ec Calling code +593 1 Quechua and other Amerindian languages spoken by indigenous communities. 2 Sucre until 2000 followed by the U.S. dollar and Ecuadorian centavo coins

Ecuador (i /kwdr/) officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: Repblica del Ecuador; pronounced repulika el ekwaor which literally translates to the Republic of the Equator) is a representative democratic republic in South America bordered by Colombia on the north Peru on the east and south and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America along with Chile that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galpagos Islands in the Pacific about 1000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.

Ecuador straddles the equator from which it takes its name and has an area of 272046 km2 (109483 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic centre in Latin America.6 The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic centre of Cuenca the third largest city in the country was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas.7 Ecuador is also homedespite its sizeto a great variety of species many of them endemic like those of the Galpagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world.8 The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature or ecosystem rights.9

Ecuador is a presidential republic and became independent in 1830 after having been part of the Spanish colonial empire and the republic of Gran Colombia. It is a medium-income country with an HDI score of 0.695 (2010)5 and about 35.1% of its population lives below the poverty line.10 Contents 1 History 1.1 Inca Empire 1.2 Colonization 1.3 Independence 1.4 Liberal Revolution 1.5 War with Peru 1.6 Military governments (19721979) 1.7 Return to democracy 2 Politics 3 Administrative divisions 4 Military 5 Geography 5.1 Climate 5.2 Biodiversity 6 Economy 7 Transportation 8 Demographics 8.1 Religion 8.2 Population density 8.3 Nations 8.4 Immigration and emigration 9 Culture 9.1 Cuisine 9.2 Literature 9.3 Art 9.4 Sport 10 Health 11 Education 12 Sciences and research 13 See also 14 Further reading 15 References 16 External links History Main article: History of Ecuador Typical Landscape of the Highland Region

Evidence of human cultures in Ecuador exists from circa 8800 BCE 11 Many civilizations rose throughout Ecuador such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast the Quitus (near present day Quito) and the Caari (near present day Cuenca). Each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture pottery and religious interests although consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions and whose political and military power was under the rule of the Duchicela blood line before the Inca invasion. After years of fiery resistance by the Caaris and other tribes as demonstrated by the battle of Yahuarcocha (Blood Lake) where thousands of resistance fighters were killed and thrown in the lake the region fell to the Incan expansion and was assimilated loosely into the Incan empire. Inca Empire

Through a succession of wars and marriages among the nations that inhabited the valley the region became part of the Inca Empire in 1463. When the Spanish conquistadors arrived from the north the Inca Empire was ruled by Huayna Capac who had two sons: Atahualpa being in charge of the northern parts of the empire and Huascar seated in the Incan capital Cusco. Upon Huayna Capac's death in 1525 the empire was divided in two: Atahualpa received the north with his capital in Quito; Huascar received the south with its capital in Cusco. In 1530 Atahualpa defeated his own brother Huascar and conquered the entire empire. Colonization Spanish Historical Center in Quito

Disease decimated the indigenous population during the first decades of Spanish rule  a time when the natives also were forced into the encomienda labor system for the Spanish. In 1563 Quito became the seat of a real audiencia (administrative district) of Spain and part of the Vice-Royalty of Lima and later the Vice-Royalty of Nueva Granada.

After nearly 300 years of Spanish colonization Quito was still a small city of only 10000 inhabitants. It was there on August 10 1809 (the national holiday) that the first call for independence from Spain was made in Latin America ("Primer Grito de la Independencia") under the leadership of the city's criollos like Juan Po Montfar Quiroga Salinas and Bishop Cuero y Caicedo. Quito's nickname "Luz de Amrica" ("Light of America") comes from the fact that it was the first successful attempt to produce an independent and local government although for no more than two months that had an important repercussion and inspiration for the emancipation of the rest of Spanish America. Quito is also known as "Carita de Dios" ("The Face of God") for the beauty of its religious colonial art and architecture cloistered in the amazing equatorial Andes landscape. Independence The State of Ecuador Nueva Granada and Venezuela formed The Republic of Gran Colombia. Main article: Ecuadorian War of Independence

On October 9 1820 Guayaquil became the first city in Ecuador to gain its independence from Spain. On May 24 1822 the rest of Ecuador gained its independence after Antonio Jos de Sucre defeated the Spanish Royalist forces at the Battle of Pichincha near Quito. Following the battle Ecuador joined Simn Bolvar's Republic of Gran Colombia joining with modern day Colombia and Venezuela  only to become a republic in 1830.

The 19th century for Ecuador was marked by instability with a rapid succession of rulers. The first president of Ecuador was the Venezuelan-born Juan Jos Flores who was ultimately deposed followed by many authoritarian leaders such as Vicente Rocafuerte; Jos Joaqun de Olmedo; Jos Mara Urbina; Diego Noboa; Pedro Jos de Arteta; Manuel de Ascsubi; and Flores's own son Antonio Flores Jijn among others. The conservative Gabriel Garcia Moreno unified the country in the 1860s with the support of the Roman Catholic Church. In the late 19th century world demand for cocoa tied the economy to commodity exports and led to migrations from the highlands to the agricultural frontier on the coast. Liberal Revolution Main article: Liberal Revolution of 1895 The coast-based Liberal Revolution of 1895 under Eloy Alfaro reduced the power of the clergy and the conservative land owners of the highlands and this liberal wing retained power until the military "Julian Revolution" of 1925. The 1930s and 1940s were marked by instability and emergence of populist politicians such as five-time President Jos Mara Velasco Ibarra. War with Peru Main article: History of the EcuadorianPeruvian territorial dispute   The EcuadorianPeruvian territorial dispute History of the EcuadorianPeruvian territorial dispute Gran ColombiaPeru War (1828-1829) EcuadorianPeruvian territorial dispute of 1857-1860 Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1941) Paquisha War (1981) Cenepa War (1995) Map of the dispute (in Spanish) Control over territory in the Amazon basin led to a long-lasting dispute between Ecuador and Peru. In 1941 amid fast-growing tensions between the two countries war broke out. Peru claimed that Ecuador's military presence in Peruvian-claimed territory was an invasion; Ecuador for its part claimed that Peru had invaded Ecuador. In July 1941 troops were mobilized in both countries. Peru had an army of 11681 troops who faced a poorly supplied and inadequately armed Ecuadorian force of 2300 of which only 1300 were deployed in the southern provinces. Hostilities erupted on July 5 1941 when Peruvian forces crossed the Zarumilla river at several locations testing the strength and resolve of the Ecuadorian border troops. Finally on July 23 1941 the Peruvians launched a major invasion crossing the Zarumilla river in force and advancing into the Ecuadorian province of El Oro. During the course of the war Peru gained control over part of the disputed territory and some parts of the province of El Oro and some parts of the province of Loja demanding that the Ecuadorian government give up its territorial claims. The Peruvian Navy blocked the port of Guayaquil almost cutting all supplies to the Ecuadorian troops. After a few weeks of war and under pressure by the United States and several Latin American nations all fighting came to a stop. Ecuador and Peru came to an accord formalized in the Rio Protocol signed on January 29 1942 in favor of hemispheric unity against the Axis Powers in World War II favoring Peru with the territory they occupied at the time the war came to an end. Recession and popular unrest led to a return to populist politics and domestic military interventions in the 1960s while foreign companies developed oil resources in the Ecuadorian Amazon. In 1972 construction of the Andean pipeline was completed. The pipeline brought oil from the east side of the Andes to the coast making Ecuador South America's second largest oil exporter. The pipeline in southern Ecuador did nothing however to resolve tensions between Ecuador and Peru. The Rio Protocol failed to precisely resolve the border along a small river in the remote Cordillera del Cndor region in southern Ecuador. This caused a long-simmering dispute between Ecuador and Peru which ultimately led to fighting between the two countries; first a border skirmish in JanuaryFebruary 1981 known as the Paquisha Incident and ultimately full-scale warfare in January 1995 where the Ecuadorian military shot down Peruvian aircraft and helicopters and Peruvian infantry marched into southern Ecuador. Each country blamed the other for the onset of hostilities known as the Cenepa War. Sixto Durn Balln the Ecuadorian president famously declared that he would not give up a single centimeter of Ecuador. Popular sentiment in Ecuador became strongly nationalistic against Peru: graffiti could be seen on the walls of Quito referring to Peru as the "Cain de Latinoamrica" a reference to the murder of Abel by his brother Cain in the Book of Genesis.12 Ecuador and Peru reached a tentative peace agreement in October 1998 which ended hostilities and the Guarantors of the Rio Protocol ruled that the border of the undelineated zone was set the line of the Cordillera del Cndor. While Ecuador had to give up its decades-old territorial claims to the eastern slopes of the Cordillera as well as to the entire western area of Cenepa headwaters Peru was compelled to give to Ecuador in perpetual lease but without sovereignty one square kilometre of its territory in the area where the Ecuadorian base of Tiwinza focal point of the war had been located within Peruvian soil and which the Ecuadorian Army held as their strong hold all the time during the conflict. The final border demarcation came into effect on May 13 1999. Military governments (19721979) In 1972 a "revolutionary and nationalist" military junta overthrew the government of Velasco Ibarra. The coup d'tat was led by General Guillermo Rodrguez and executed by navy commander Jorge Queirolo G. The new president exiled Jos Mara Velasco to Argentina. He remained in power until 1976 when he was removed by another military government. That military junta was led by Admiral Alfredo Poveda who was declared chairman of the Supreme Council. The Supreme Council included two other members: General Guillermo Durn Arcentales and General Luis Leoro Franco. The civil society more and more insistently called for democratic elections. Colonel Richelieu Levoyer Government Minister proposed and implemented a Plan to return to the constitutional system through universal elections. This Plan enabled the new democratically elected president to assume the duties of the executive office. Return to democracy Elections were held on April 29 1979 under a new constitution. Jaime Rolds Aguilera was elected president garnering over one million votes the most in Ecuadorian history. He took office on August 10 as the first constitutionally elected president after nearly a decade of civilian and military dictatorships. In 1980 he founded the Partido Pueblo Cambio y Democracia (People Change and Democracy Party) after withdrawing from the Concentracion de Fuerzas Populares (Popular Forces Concentration) and governed until May 24 1981 when he died along with his wife and the minister of defense Marco Subia Martinez when his Air Force plane crashed in heavy rain near the Peruvian border. Many people believe that he was assassinatedcitation needed given the multiple death threats leveled against him because of his reformist agenda deaths in automobile crashes of two key witnesses before they could testify during the investigation and the sometimes contradictory accounts of the incident. Roldos was immediately succeeded by Vice President Osvaldo Hurtado who was followed in 1984 by Len Febres Cordero from the Social Christian Party. Rodrigo Borja Cevallos of the Democratic Left (Izquierda Democrtica or ID) party won the presidency in 1988 running in the runoff election against Abdal Bucaram (brother in law of Jaime Roldos and founder of the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party). His government was committed to improving human rights protection and carried out some reforms notably an opening of Ecuador to foreign trade. The Borja government concluded an accord leading to the disbanding of the small terrorist group "Alfaro Vive Carajo!" ("Alfaro Lives Dammit!") named after Eloy Alfaro. However continuing economic problems undermined the popularity of the ID and opposition parties gained control of Congress in 1990. The emergence of the indigenous population (approximately 25%) as an active constituency has added to the democratic volatility of the country in recent years. The population has been motivated by government failures to deliver on promises of land reform lower unemployment and provision of social services and historical exploitation by the land-holding elite. Their movement along with the continuing destabilizing efforts by both the elite and leftist movements has led to a deterioration of the executive office. The populace and the other branches of government give the president very little political capital as illustrated by the most recent removal of President Lucio Gutirrez from office by Congress in April 2005. Vice President Alfredo Palacio took his place and remained in office until the presidential election of 2006 in which Rafael Correa defeated Alvaro Noboa in a runoff election.13 On September 30 2010 in an alleged attempted coup d'tat President Rafael Correa was taken hostage in a hospital by police officers as part of a series of protests against cuts to the benefits of public service workers that were part of a financial austerity package.14 Politics Main article: Politics of Ecuador Palacio de Carondelet the seat of the Ecuadorian Government Ecuador is governed by a democratically elected President for a four year term. The current president of Ecuador Rafael Correa exercises his power from the presidential Palacio de Carondelet in Quito. The current constitution was written by the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly elected in 2007 and was approved by referendum in 2008. The executive branch includes 25 ministries. Provincial governors and councilors (mayors aldermen and parish boards) are directly elected. The National Assembly of Ecuador meets throughout the year except for recesses in July and December. There are thirteen permanent committees. Justices of the National Court are appointed by the Council of Social Participation for nine year terms. Ecuador has often placed great emphasis on multilateral approaches to international issues. Ecuador is a member of the United Nations (and most of its specialized agencies) and a member of many regional groups including the Rio Group the Latin American Economic System the Latin American Energy Organization the Latin American Integration Association the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America the Andean Community of Nations and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR). Administrative divisions Main articles: Provinces of Ecuador and Cantons of Ecuador Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces (Spanish: provincias) each with its own administrative capital: Map Key Province Capital 1 Azuay Cuenca 2 Bolvar Guaranda 3 Caar Azogues 4 Carchi Tulcn 5 Chimborazo Riobamba 6 Cotopaxi Latacunga 7 El Oro Machala 8 Esmeraldas Esmeraldas 9 Galpagos Puerto Baquerizo Moreno 10 Guayas Guayaquil 11 Imbabura Ibarra 12 Loja Loja Map Key Province Capital 13 Los Ros Babahoyo 14 Manab Portoviejo 15 Morona-Santiago Macas 16 Napo Tena 17 Orellana Puerto Francisco de Orellana 18 Pastaza Puyo 19 Pichincha Quito 20 Santa Elena Santa Elena 21 Santo Domingo Santo Domingo 22 Sucumbos Nueva Loja 23 Tungurahua Ambato 24 Zamora-Chinchipe Zamora The provinces are divided into cantons and further subdivided into parishes (parroquias). Military Main article: Military of Ecuador A Puma helicopter from the Army's Aviation Branch The Ecuadorian Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador) consisting of the Army Air Force and Navy have responsibility for the preservation of the integrity and national sovereignty of the national territory. The military tradition starts in the Gran Colombia where a sizeable army was stationed in Ecuador due to border disputes with Peru which claimed territories under its political control when it was a Spanish vicerroyalty. Once the Gran Colombia was dissolved after the death of Simon Bolivar in 1830 Ecuador inherited the same border disputes and had the need of creating its own professional military force. So influential was the military in Ecuador in the early republican period that its first decade was under the control of Gral. Juan Jose Flores first president of Ecuador of Venezuelan origin. The Gral. Jose Ma. Urbina and Gral. Robles are examples of military figures who became president of the country in the early republican period. Due to the continuous border disputes with Peru finally settled in the early 2000s and due to the ongoing problem with the Colombian guerrilla insurgency infiltrating Amazonian provinces the Ecuadorian Armed Forces has gone through a series of changes as an essential part of the country's existence. In 2009 the new administration at the Defense Ministry launched a deep restructuring within the forces increasing spending budget to $1691776803 an increase of 25%. (FY08)15 The icons of the Ecuadorian military forces are the Marshall Antonio Jose de Sucre and Gral. Eloy Alfaro. The Military Academy "Gral. Eloy Alfaro" (c. 1838) graduates the army officers and is located in Quito.16 The Ecuadorian Navy Academy (c. 1837) located in Salinas graduates the navy officers17 and the Air Academy "Cosme Rennella" (c.1920) located in Guayaquil graduates the air force officers.18 Other training academies for different military specialties are found across the country. Geography Main article: Geography of Ecuador The panorama dominant of the Sierra "highland" region Ecuador lies between latitudes 2N and 5S and longitudes 75 and 92W. The country has three main geographic regions plus an insular region in the Pacific Ocean: La Costa or the coast comprises the low-lying land in the western part of the country including the Pacific coastline. La Sierra ("the highlands") is the high-altitude belt running north-south along the centre of the country its mountainous terrain dominated by the Andes mountain range. La Amazona also known as El Oriente ("the east") comprises the Amazon rainforest areas in the eastern part of the country accounting for just under half of the country's total surface area though populated by less than 5% of the population. The Regin Insular is the region comprising the Galpagos Islands some 1000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean. Ecuador's capital is Quito which is in the province of Pichincha in the Sierra region. Its largest city is Guayaquil in the Guayas Province. Cotopaxi which is just south of Quito features one of the world's highest active volcanoes. The top of Mount Chimborazo (6310 m above sea level) is considered to be the most distant point from the centre of the earth given the ovoid shape of the planet.19 Climate Main article: Climate of Ecuador There is great variety in the climate largely determined by altitude. It is mild year-round in the mountain valleys; Humid Subtropical Climate incoastal and Rain Forests in lowlands. The Pacific coastal area has a tropical climate with a severe rainy season. The climate in the Andean highlands is temperate and relatively dry; and the Amazon basin on the eastern side of the mountains shares the climate of other rain forest zones. Because of its location at the equator Ecuador experiences little variation in daylight hours during the course of a year.20 Biodiversity Galpagos tortoise Ecuador is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world according to Conservation International.8 In addition to the mainland Ecuador owns the Galapagos Islands for which the country is most well known.21 Ecuador has 1600 bird species (15% of the world's known bird species) in the continental area and 38 more endemic in the Galpagos. In addition to over 16000 species of plants the country has 106 endemic reptiles 138 endemic amphibians and 6000 species of butterfly. The Galpagos Islands are well known as a region of distinct fauna famous as the place of birth of Darwin's Theory of Evolution and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.22 Despite being on the UNESCO list the Galapagos are endangered by a range of negative environmental effects threatening the existence of this exotic ecosystem.23 Additionally oil exploitation of the Amazon rain forest has led to the release of billions of gallons of untreated wastes gas and crude oil into the environment contaminating ecosystems and causing detrimental health effects to indigenous peoples.24 Economy Main article: Economy of Ecuador Refineries in Esmeraldas Ecuador's economy has heavily depended on exporting resources such as petroleum fish shrimp timber and gold. In addition it has rich agriculture: bananas flowers coffee cacao sugar tropical fruits palm oil palm hearts rice roses and corn.25 The countrys greatest national export is crude oil.26 Fluctuations in world market prices can have a substantial domestic impact. Industry is largely oriented to servicing the domestic market with some exports to the Andean Community of Nations. Deteriorating economic performance in 199798 culminated in a severe economic and financial crisis in 1999. The crisis was precipitated by the El Nio weather phenomenon in 1997 a sharp drop in global oil prices in 199798 and international emerging market instability in 199798. These factors resulted in a 7.3% contraction of GDP annual year-on-year inflation of 52.2% and a 65% devaluation of the national currency the Sucre in 1999 which helped precipitate a default on external loans later that year. In January 2000 President Jamil Mahuad announced a policy to adopt the U.S. dollar as the official currency of Ecuador and although Mahuad was forced from office his successor Gustavo Noboa continued with the plan and also entered into negotiations with the IMF. Transportation Ecuador has a network of national highways maintained by the Ministerio de Obras Pblicas y Comunicaciones (Ministry of Public Works and Communication). The Pan-American Highway connects the northern and southern portions of the country as well as connecting Ecuador with Colombia to the north and Peru to the south. The quality of roads even on truck routes is highly variable. There is an extensive network of intercity buses that use these mountain roads and highways. The most modern Ecuadorian Highway connects Guayaquil with Salinas. The Empresa de Ferrocarriles Ecuatorianos is the Ecuadorian national railway. The Interandean Railroad is essentially defunct; only the short "devils nose" section is usable. Tourists usually board the train in Alaus although some opt for a longer trip from Riobamba (if available). Demographics Main article: Demographics of Ecuador Children in rural Ecuador 2009 estimates put Ecuador's population at 14573101.27 Ecuador's population is ethnically diverse. The largest ethnic group (as of 2007) is the Mestizos who are the descendants of Spanish colonists and the indigenous people which constitute the 65% of the population based on a self-determined census. Amerindians account for 25% of the current population. The unmixed descendants of early Spanish colonists independently of their ethnic Iberian or Mediterranean origin called "Criollos" as well as immigrants from other European countries account for about 7% of the population. Afro-Ecuadorians including Mulattos and zambos are also a minority are largely based in Esmeraldas and Imbabura provinces and make up 3% of the population.1 Religion Main article: Religion in Ecuador Baslica del Voto Nacional in old downtown Quito Approximately 75% of Ecuadorians are Roman Catholic (see List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Ecuador) and 25% are Protestants.citation needed In the rural parts of Ecuador indigenous beliefs and Catholicism are sometimes syncretized. Most festivals and annual parades are based on religious celebrations many incorporating a mixture of rites and icons. The Jewish community of Ecuador which maintains a synagogue a school and a home for the aged in Quito has about 500 members.citation needed There is a small number of Eastern Orthodox Christians indigenous religions Muslims (see Islam in Ecuador) Buddhists and Bah'. Ecuador has a number of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints about 1.4% of the population or about 185000 members.2829 In 2010 there were 73215 Jehovah's Witnesses in the country.30 Population density The majority of Ecuadorians live in the central provinces inland in the Andes mountains or along the Pacific coast. The tropical forest region to the east of the mountains (El Oriente) remains sparsely populated and contains only about three percent of the population. view talk view talk Largest cities of Ecuador Source Guayaquil Quito Rank City Name Province Pop. Cuenca Portoviejo 1 Guayaquil Guayas 3573000 2 Quito Pichincha 1570201 (capital city) 3 Cuenca Azuay 400000 4 Portoviejo Manab 257000 5 Machala El Oro 250000 6 Santo Domingo de Los Colorados Santo Domingo de los Tschilas 230000 7 Ambato Tungurahua 225329 8 Manta Manab 220000 9 Loja Loja 200000 10 Riobamba Chimborazo 190 000 Nations Maldonado's College Riobamba Main article: Indigenous peoples in Ecuador The Ecuadorian constitution recognizes the "pluri-nationality" of those who want to exercise their affiliation with their native ethnic groups. Therefore in addition to criollos mestizos and Afro-Ecuadorians some people belong to the indigenous nations scattered in a few places in the coast Quechua Andean villages and the Amazonian jungle. Immigration and emigration See also: Emigration from Ecuador A small east Asian Latino community estimated at 2500 mainly consists of those of Japanese and Chinese descent whose ancestors arrived as miners farm hands and fishermen in the late 19th century.31 In the early years of World War II Ecuador still admitted a certain number of immigrants and in 1939 when several South American countries refused to accept the 165 Jewish refugees from Germany aboard the ship "Koenigstein" Ecuador granted them entry permits. Culture Quito Main article: Culture of Ecuador Ecuador's mainstream culture is defined by its Hispanic mestizo majority and like their ancestry is traditionally of Spanish heritage influenced at different degrees with Amerindian traditions and in some cases with African elements. Since African slavery was not the workforce of the Spanish colonies in the "Terra Firme" (South-America) given the subjugation of the indigenous people through evangelism and encomiendas the minor African descendant elements are found in the northern provinces of Esmeraldas and Imbabura thanks to the 17th century shipwreck of a slave-trading galleon in front of the northern coast of Ecuador. The few black African survivors swam to the shore and penetrated the then thick jungle under the leadership of Anton the chief of the group where they remained as free-men while maintaining their original culture not influenced by the typical elements found on other provinces of the coast or in the Andean region. Ecuador's indigenous communities are integrated into the mainstream culture to varying degrees32 but some may also practice their own indigenous cultures particularly the more remote indigenous communities of the Amazon basin. Spanish is spoken as the first language by more than 90% of the population and as first or second language by more than 98%. One part of Ecuador's population can speak Amerindian languages in some cases as a second language. Two percent of the population speak only Amerindian languages. Cuisine Ecuadorian ceviche made of shrimp lemon. Tomato sauce is used at some places but does not form a part of the recipe Ecuadorian cuisine is diverse varying with altitude and associated agricultural conditions. Most regions in Ecuador follow the traditional three course meal of soup a second course which includes rice and a protein such as meat or fish and then dessert and coffee to finish. Supper is usually lighter and sometimes consists only of coffee or herbal tea with bread. In the highland region pork chicken beef and cuy (guinea pig) are popular and are served with a variety of grains (especially rice and corn) or potatoes. In the coastal region seafood is very popular with shrimp and lobster being key parts of the diet. Plantain- and peanut-based dishes are the basis of most coastal meals. Churrasco is a staple food of the Coast Region specially Guayaquil. Arroz con menestra y carne asada (rice with beans and grilled beef) is one of the traditional dishes of Guayaquil as is fried plantain which is often served with it. In the Amazon region a dietary staple is the yuca elsewhere called cassava. Many fruits are available in this region including bananas tree grapes and peach palms. This region is a lead producer of bananas cacao beans (to make chocolate) shrimp tilapia mangos and passion fruit among other products. Literature This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) Early literature in colonial Ecuador as in the rest of Spanish America was influenced by the still existing tendencies of the Spanish Golden Age. One of the earliest examples is Jacinto Collahuazo33 an indigenous chief of a northern village in today's Ibarra born in the late 1600s. Despite of the early repression and discrimination of the native people by the Spanish Jacinto learned to read and write in Castilian but his work was written in Quechua.34 Collahuazo was imprisoned and all of his work burned. The existence of his literary work came to light many centuries later while a crew of masons were restoring the walls of a colonial church in Quito and found a hidden manuscript. The salvaged fragment is an Spanish translation from Quechua of the "Elegy to the Dead of Atahualpa"33 a poem written by Collahuazo which describes the sadness and impotence of the Inca people of having lost their king Atahualpa. Other early Ecuadorian writers include the Jesuits Juan Bautista Aguirre born in Dauledisambiguation needed in 1725 and Father Juan de Velasco born in Riobamba in 1727. Juan de Velasco wrote about the nations and chiefdoms which existed in the Kingdom of Quito (today Ecuador) before the arrival of the Spanish. His historical accounts are nationalistic featuring a romantic perspective of pre-colonial history. Famous authors from the late colonial and early republic period include: Eugenio Espejo a printer and main author of the first newspaper in Ecuadorian colonial times; Jose Joaquin de Olmedo (born in Guayaquil) famous for his ode to Simon Bolivar titled Victoria de Junin; Juan Montalvo a prominent essayist and novelist; Juan Leon Mera famous for his work "Cumanda" or "Tragedy among Savages" and the Ecuadorian National Anthem; Juan A. Martinez with A la Costa Dolores Veintimilla35 and others. Contemporary Ecuadorian writers include the novelist Jorge Enrique Adoum; the poet Jorge Carrera Andrade; the essayist Benjamn Carrin; the poets Fanny Carrin de Fierro Luis Alberto Costales ; the novelist Enrique Gil Gilbert; the novelist Jorge Icaza (author of the novel Huasipungo translated to many languages); the short story author Pablo Palacio; the novelist Alicia Yanez Cossio; Alfonso Oramas; Guayaquilean poet Karina Galvez (author of the poem "La Batalla del Pichincha")4; and U.S.-based half Ecuadorian poet Emanuel Xavier. Juan Montalvo Ambato Luis Alberto Costales Riobamba Art The best known art tendencies from Ecuador belonged to the Escuela Quitea which developed from the 16th to 18th centuries examples of which are on display in various old churches in Quito. Ecuadorian painters include: Oswaldo Guayasamn Camilo Egas and Eduardo Kingman from the Indiginist Movement; Manuel Rendon Jaime Zapata Enrique Tbara Anbal Villacs Theo Constant Len Ricaurte and Estuardo Maldonado from the Informalist Movement; and Luis Burgos Flor with his abstract Futuristic style. The indigenous people of Tigua Ecuador are also world renowned for their tradicional paintings. Sport The most popular sport in Ecuador as in most South American countries is football (soccer). Its best known professional teams include Barcelona and Emelec from Guayaquil; LDU Quito Deportivo Quito and El Nacional from Quito; Olmedo from Riobamba; and Deportivo Cuenca from Cuenca. Currently the most successful football club in Ecuador is LDU Quito and it is the only Ecuadorian club that have won the Copa Libertadores the Copa Sudamericana and the Recopa Sudamericana they were also runners-up in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup. The matches of the Ecuadorian national team are the most watched sporting events in the country. Ecuador qualified for the final rounds of both the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. The 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign was considered a huge success for the country and for its inhabitants because it was said that it had changed the people's point of view and mentality of goals that used to be very hard to achieve for Ecuadorians and now they seem much possible;  Ecuador finished in 2nd place on the qualifiers behind Argentina and above the team that would become World Champion Brazil. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup Ecuador finished ahead of Poland and Costa Rica to come in second to Germany in Group A in the 2006 World Cup. Futsal often referred to as ndor is particularly popular for mass participation. There is considerable interest in tennis in the middle and upper classes in Ecuadorian society and several Ecuadorian professional players have attained international fame. Basketball has a high profile while Ecuador's specialties include Ecuavolley a three-person variation of volleyball. Bullfighting is practiced at a professional level in Quito during the annual festivities that commemorate the Spanish founding of the city and also features in festivals in many smaller towns. Rugby union is found to some extent in Ecuador with teams in Guayaquil36 Quito37 and Cuenca. Ecuador has won only two medals in the Olympic Games both gained by 20 km racewalker Jefferson Prez who took gold in the 1996 games and silver 12 years later. Prez also set a world best in the 2003 World Championships of 1:17:21 for the 20 km distance.38 Health Main article: Health in Ecuador Biblioteca Municipal de Guayaquil The current structure of the Ecuadorian public health care system dates back to 1967.3940 The Ministry of the Public Health (Ministerio de Salud Publica del Ecuador) is the responsible entity of the regulation and creation of the public health policies and health care plans. The "Minister of Public Health" is appointed directly by the President of the republic. His current "ministro" or Ecuadorian general surgeon is Dr. David Chiriboga an specialist and investigator in communitarian medicine.41 The philosophy of the Ministry of Public Health is the social support and service to the most vulnerable population42 and its main plan of action lies around communitarian health and preventive medicine.42 The public health care system allows patients to be attended daily in public general hospitals with no previous appointment by general practitioners and specialists in the "Consulta Externa" (External Consultation) at no cost. This is done in the 4th basic specialties of pediatric gynecology clinic medicine and surgery.43 There are also public hospitals specialized to treat chronic diseases target a particular group of the population or to provide a better attention in some medical specialties. Some examples in this group are the Gynecologic Hospitals or Maternities Children Hospitals Geriatric Hospitals and Oncology Institutes. Although well equipped general hospitals are found in the major cities or capitals of province there are basic hospitals in the smaller towns and canton cities for family care consultation and treatments in pediatrics gynecology clinic medicine and surgery.43 Community health care centers (Centros de Salud) are found inside metropolitan areas of cities and in rural areas. These are Day Hospitals with attention to patients whose hospitalization is inferior to 24 hours.43 The doctors assigned to rural communities where the population of indigenous people can be substantial have under their responsibility small clinics for the attention of the patients in the same fashion as the Day Hospitals in the major cities. The attention in this case observes and respect the culture of the community.43 The public health care system shouldn't be confused with the Ecuadorian Social Security health care service which is dedicated to the individuals with formal employment and who are affiliated obligatorily through their employers. Citizens with no formal employment may still tribute to the social security system voluntarily and have access to the medical services rendered by the social security system. The Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (IESS) has under its administration several major hospitals and medical sub-centers across the nation.44 Ecuadorians have a life expectancy of 75 years.45 The infant mortality rate is 13 per 1000 live births46 a major improvement from approximately 76 in the early 1980s and 140 in 1950.47 23% of children under five are chronically malnourished.46 Population in some rural areas have no access to potable water and its supply is provided by mean of water tankers. There are 686 malaria cases per 100000 people.48 Basic health care including doctor's visits basic surgeries and basic medications has been provided free since 2008.46 However some public hospitals are in poor condition and often lack necessary supplies to attend the high demand of patients. Private hospitals and clinics are well equipped but still expensive for the majority of the population. Education Ecuadoran schoolboys in 1907. The Ecuadorian Constitution requires that all children attend school until they achieve a "basic level of education" which is estimated at nine school years.49 In 1996 the net primary enrollment rate was 96.9 percent and 71.8 percent of children stayed in school until the fifth grade.49 The cost of primary and secondary education is borne by the government but families often face significant additional expenses such as fees and transportation costs.49 Provision of public schools falls far below the levels needed and class sizes are often very large and families of limited means often find it necessary to pay for education. In rural areas only 10% of the children go on to high school. The Ministry of Education states that the mean number of years completed is 6.7. Ecuador has 61 universities many of which still confer terminal degrees according to the traditional Spanish education system50 honoring a long tradition of having some of the oldest universities in the Americas: University of San Fulgencio founded in 1586 by the Augustines San Gregorio Magno University founded in 1651 by the Jesuits and University of Santo Tomas of Aquino founded in 1681 by the Dominican order. Among the traditional conferred terminal degrees can be noted the Doctorate for medicine and law schools; Engineer Physicist Chemist or Mathematician for polytechnic or technology institutes. These terminal degrees as in the case of the Ph.D. in other countries were the main requirement for an individual to be accepted in academia as a professor or researcher. In the professional realm a terminal degree granted by an accredited institution provided automatically a professional license to the individual. However in 2004 the National Council of Higher Education (CONESUP) started the reorganization of all the degree grating schemes of the accredited universities in order to pair them with foreign counterparts. The new structure of some careers caused the dropping of subjects credits or even the name of the previously conferred diplomas. The terminal degree in law previously known as J.D. Juris Doctor (Doctor en Jurisprudencia) was replaced by the one of attorney (Abogado) with the exception of the modification of the number of credits to equate it to an undergraduate degree. In the same fashion for Med School the required time of education was considerably reduced from 9 years (the minimum needed to obtain the title of M.D. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery) to almost five with the provision that the diploma is not terminal anymore and it is given with the title of Medic (Medico). Therefore an M.D. or Ph.D. in medicine is only to be obtained overseas until the universities adjust themselves to granting schemes and curriculum as in foreign counterparts. Nonetheless a "medico" can start a career as family practitioner or general medicine physician. This new reorganization although very ambitious lacked the proper path to the homologation of diplomas for highly educated professionals graduated in the country or even for the ones graduated in foreign institutions. One of the points of conflict was the imposition of obtaining foreign degrees to current academicians. As today a master degree is as a requirement to keep an academic position and at least a foreign Ph.D. to attain or retain the status of Rector (President of a university) or Decano (Dean). For Ecuadorian researchers and many academicians trained in the country these regulations sounded illogical disappointing and unlawful since it appeared a question of a title name conflict rather than specialization or science advancement. A debate to modify this and other reforms specially the one which granted control of the Higher Education System by the government was practically passed with consensus by the multi-partisan National Assembly on August 4 2010 but vetoed by the president Rafael Correa who wanted to keep the law strictly as it was originally redacted by his political party and SENPLADES (National Secretary of Panning and Development). Due to this change there are many highly educated professionals and academicians under the old structure but estimated that only 87% of the faculty in public universities have already obtained a master's degree and fewer than 5% have Ph.D. (although many of them have already Ecuadorian granted Doctorate degrees). About 300 institutes of higher education offer two to three years of post-secondary vocational or technical training. Sciences and research This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) The most notable icons in Ecuadorian sciences are the mathematician and cartographer Pedro Vicente Maldonado born in Riobamba in 1707 and the printer independence precursor and medical pioneer Eugenio Espejo born in 1747 in Quito. Among other notable Ecuadorian scientists and engineers are Lieutenant Jose Rodriguez Lavandera51 a pioneer who built the first submarine in Latin America in 1837; Reinaldo Espinosa Aguilar (18981950) a botanist and biologist of Andean flora; and Jos Aurelio Abelardo Dueas (18801961) a chemist and inventor of a method of textile serigraphy. The major areas of scientific research in Ecuador have been in the medical fields tropical and infectious diseases treatments agricultural engineering pharmaceutical research and bioengineering. Being a small country and consumer of foreign technology Ecuador has favored the research supported by entrepreneurship in information technology. The antivirus Checkprogram and banking protection system MdLock are a product of Ecuadorian development.52 The scientific production in hard sciences has been limited due to lack of funding but focused around science of materials in Physics and Statistics in Mathematics. In the case of engineering fields the majority of the scientific production comes from the top three polytechnic institutions: ESPOL (Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral) ESPE (Escuela Superior Politecnica del Ejercito) and EPN (Escuela Politecnica Nacional). Contemporary Ecuadorian scientists who have been recognized by international institutions are Eugenia del Pino (born 1945) the first Ecuadorian to be elected to the United States National Academy of Science and Arturo Villavicencio who was part of the working group of the IPCC which shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore for their dissemination of the effects of climate change. Currently the politics of research and investigation are managed by the National Secretary of Higher Education Science and Technology Senescyt.53 See also Ecuador portal Ecuadorian Notable People Ingapirca List of mountains in Ecuador Lost Pyramid of Puay National symbols of Ecuador Further reading Ades H. and Graham M. (2010) The Rough Guide to Ecuador Rough Guides Becker M. (2008) Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador's Modern Indigenous Movements Duke University Press Books Becker M. and Clark A. K. (2007) Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador University of Pittsburgh Press Blakenship J. (2005) Caar: A Year in the Highlands of Ecuador University of Texas Press Brown J. and Smith J. (2009) Moon Guidebook: Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands Avalon Travel Publishing Crowder N. (2009) Culture Shock! Ecuador: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette Marshall Cavendish Corporation Gerlach A. (2003) Indians Oil and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador SR Books Handelsman M. H. (2008) Culture and Customs of Ecuador Greenwood Hurtado O. (2010) Portrait of a Nation: Culture and Progress in Ecuador Madison Books O'Connor E. (2007) Gender Indian Nation: The Contradictions of Making Ecuador 18301925 University of Arizona Press Pineo R. (2007) Ecuador and the United States: Useful Strangers University of Georgia Press Roos W. and Van Renterghem O. (2000) Ecuador in Focus: A Guide to the People Politics and Culture Latin America Bureau Sawyer S. (2004) Crude Chronicles: Indigenous Politics Multinational Oil and Neoliberalism in Ecuador Duke University Press Books Striffler S. (2001) In the Shadows of State and Capital: The United Fruit Company Popular Struggle and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador 19001995 Duke University Press Books Torre C. de la and Striffler S. (2008) The Ecuador Reader: History Culture Politics Duke University Press Books Various (2010) Insight Guidebook: Ecuador & Galpagos Insight Guides Various (2009) Lonely Planet Guide: Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands Lonely Planet Whitten N. E. (2011) Histories of the Present: People and Power in Ecuador University of Illinois Press Whitten N. E. (2003) Millennial Ecuador: Critical Essays on Cultural Transformations and Social Dynamics University Of Iowa Press References a b CIA World Factbook (Expand "people" tab) Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (PDF). texttables.pdf World Population Prospects Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. texttables.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-12.  Preliminary result of Ecuadorian census held on 28 November 2010. a b c d "Ecuador". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspxsy2008&ey2011&scsm1&ssd1&sortcountry&ds.&br1&pr1.x32&pr1.y4&c248&sNGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp0&a. Retrieved 2011-04-21.  a b "Human Development Report 2010". United Nations. 2010. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2010ENTable1.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2010.  "UNESCO". Whc.unesco.org. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  "UNESCO". Whc.unesco.org. 1999-12-02. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/863. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  a b Conservation International Sitedead link The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund: about the New Constitution 2008 Celdf.orgdead link. Retrieved 2009-09-07. "Indexmundi.com". Indexmundi.com. 2010-02-19. http://www.indexmundi.com/ecuador/populationbelowpovertyline.html. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  1 Roos Wilma and van Renterghem Omer Ecuador New York 2000 p.5. With less than four percent of the poll to be counted (364000 votes) Correa's lead was more than 950000 Bloomberg 2dead link "A Comparative Atlas of Defence in Latin America / 2008 Edition". http://www.ccmr.org/public/libraryfileproxy.cfm/lid/5603. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  History of the "Escuela Superior Militar Eloy Alfaro" History of the "Escuela Superior Naval del Ecuador" History of the "Escuela Superior Militar de Aviacion Cosme Rennella" "CIA The World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ec.html. Retrieved 2010-12-22.  "CIA Site Redirect Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world.../ec.html. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  "Ecuador Biodiversity Conservation" (PDF). http://www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2005/lac/pdf/518-001.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  "Unesco World Heritage". Whc.unesco.org. http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfmcid31&idsite1. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  Lemonick Michael D. (1995-10-30). "Time Magazine Report". Time.com. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0881698363500.html. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  San Sebastian M. and Hurtig A.K. "Oil Exploitation in the Amazon Basin of Ecuador: A Public Health Emergency." Pan American Journal of Public Health 15(3) 2004. "Background Note: Ecuador. US Department of State". State.gov. 2010-05-24. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35761.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  3dead link CIA World Factbook July 2009 population estimate. Retrieved 28 April 2010. "Ecuador LDS Newsroom". Newsroom.lds.org. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20080617143951/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/ecuador. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  "Ecuador-LDS Newsroom Country Profile". Newsroom.lds.org. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20080617143951/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/ecuador. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  "Official 2010 report". http://www.watchtower.org/e/statistics/worldwidereport.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-16.  Etnicidad Ecuatorianadead link South-images.com Photos Indigenous people of Ecuador a b BorjaPiedad. Boceto de Poesa Ecuatoriana'Journal de la Academia de Literatura Hispanoamericana' 1972 The use of the Quipu were banned by the Spanish (Robertson W.S.- "History of the Latin-American Nations" 1952) and in order to preserve their work many Inca poets had to resort in the use of the Latin alphabet to write in his native Quechua language. The history behind the Inka drama "Ollantay" the oldest literary piece of existence in any indigenous language in America (Karnis Survinving Pre-Columbian Drama The Johns Hopkins University Press 1952) shares some similarities with the work of Collahuazo Dolores Veintimilla Brief biography "Monos Rugby Club". Monosrugbygye.blogspot.com. 2004-02-26. http://monosrugbygye.blogspot.com/. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  "Quito Rugby Football Club". Quitorugby.tripod.com. http://quitorugby.tripod.com/. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  "The pride of Ecuador". Synergos.org. 1996-08-14. http://www.synergos.org/voices/se/perez.html. Retrieved 2010-12-22.  Larrea Julio. 25 Aos de Vida Institucional Imprenta del Ministerio de Salud Publica Quito 2008. History of the Ministry of Public Health Ministro de Salud Publica Dr. David Chiriboga a b Program of the Ministry of Public Health Ecuador a b c d Public health care network Ministry of Public Health Ecuador Medical Services Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social CIA The World Factbook Rank Order Life Expectancy At Birth a b c By DAVID OLSONThe Press-Enterprise (2009-09-19). "Still in its infancy Ecuador's free health care has growing pains Ecuador Special Reports". PE.com. http://www.pe.com/reports/2009/ecuador/stories/PENewsLocalSecuadorsystem20.15cd6e8.html. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  Rex A. Hudson. "Labor". Ecuador: A country study (Dennis M. Hanratty ed.). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (1989).  This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain. Fightingdiseases.orgdead link a b c "Ecuador". Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (2001). Bureau of International Labor Affairs U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain. Spanish Education System Spanish Education System (Text in Spanish) J.R.Lavandera Biography Checkprogram press release Link to Secretaria Nacional de Educacion Superior Ciencia y Tecnologia External links Find more about Ecuador on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Global Integrity Report: Ecuador has analysis of corruption and anti-corruption in Ecuador. President of Ecuador (Spanish) Chief of State and Cabinet Members Ecuador entry at The World Factbook Ecuador at UCB Libraries GovPubs Ecuador at the Open Directory Project Wikimedia Atlas of Ecuador Ecuador travel guide from Wikitravel Poema 'La Batalla del Pichincha'. 5 v d eCountries and dependencies of South America Sovereign states Argentina  Bolivia  Brazil  Chile  Colombia  Ecuador  France (French Guiana)  Guyana  Netherlands (Bonaire)  Panama  Paraguay  Peru  Suriname  Uruguay  Venezuela Dependencies Netherlands Aruba  Curaao United Kingdom Falkland Islands  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands  International membership v d eLatin Union Member nations Andorra  Angola  Bolivia  Brazil  Cape Verde  Chile  Colombia  Costa Rica  Cte d'Ivoire  Cuba  Dominican Republic  East Timor  Ecuador  El Salvador  France  Guatemala  Guinea-Bissau  Haiti  Honduras  Italy  Mexico  Moldova  Monaco  Mozambique  Nicaragua  Panama  Paraguay  Peru  Philippines  Portugal  Romania  San Marino  So Tom and Prncipe  Senegal  Spain  Uruguay  Venezuela Permanent observers Argentina  Holy See  Sovereign Military Order of Malta Official languages Catalan  French  Italian  Portuguese  Romanian  Spanish v d eUnion of South American Nations Member states Argentina  Bolivia  Brazil  Chile  Colombia  Ecuador  Guyana  Paraguay  Peru  Suriname  Uruguay  Venezuela Summits South American Energy Summit  2004 South American Summit  2010 South American Summit Topics Cusco Declaration  Constitutive Treaty  President Pro Tempore  Secretary General  Bank of the South  South American Parliament  Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America  Mercosur  Andean Community v d eAndean Community of Nations Members Bolivia  Colombia  Ecuador  Peru Associate members Argentina  Brazil  Chile  Paraguay  Uruguay  Venezuela Observers Mexico  Panama v d eMercosur  Mercosul  (Southern Common Market) Full Members Argentina  Brazil  Paraguay  Uruguay Becoming Full Members Venezuela Associate members Bolivia  Chile  Colombia  Ecuador  Peru Observers Mexico v d eOrganization of American States (OAS) Antigua and Barbuda  Argentina  Barbados  Brazil  Belize  Bahamas  Bolivia  Chile  Costa Rica  Cuba  Canada  Dominica  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  El Salvador  Grenada  Guatemala  Guyana  Haiti  Honduras  Jamaica  Mexico  Nicaragua  Panama  Paraguay  Peru  St. Lucia  St. Vincent and the Grenadines  St. Kitts and Nevis  Suriname  Trinidad and Tobago  United States  Uruguay  Venezuela v d eOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Algeria  Angola  Ecuador  Iran  Iraq  Kuwait  Libya  Nigeria  Qatar  Saudi Arabia  United Arab Emirates  Venezuela v d e Ecuador topics Politics and law Constitution  Constitutional Tribunal  Elections  Flag  Foreign relations  Military  National Congress  Political parties  President  Vice President History Gran Colombia   EcuadorianPeruvian War  Paquisha War  Cenepa War  199899 banking crisis  Economic history  2010 coup d'tat attempt and crisis Geography and environment Birds  Cities  Climate  Islands  Mammals  Mountains  National parks  Provinces  Rivers  Volcanoes Economy and infrastructure Airports  Banking  Central Bank  Coffee production  Communications  Currency  Mining  Transport  Trade unions  Water supply and sanitation Culture and society Cinema  Cuisine  Demographics  Education  Health  Indigenous peoples  Newspapers  Holidays  Music  Notable people  Religion  Social class  Sport  Smoking  Television