A regular verb has a set of conventions for conjugation (paradigm) that derives all forms from a few specific forms or principal parts (maybe only one such as the infinitive in English) in spelling or pronunciation. A verb that has conjugations deviating from this convention is said to be an irregular verb. Typically the principal parts are the root and/or several modifications of it (stems).

Conjugation is also the traditional name of a group of verbs that share a similar conjugation pattern in a particular language (a verb class). This is the sense in which teachers say that Latin has four conjugations of verbs. This means that any regular Latin verb can be conjugated in any person number tense mood and voice by knowing which of the four conjugation groups it belongs to and its principal parts. Contents 1 Examples 2 Verbal agreement 2.1 Nonverbal person agreement 3 Factors that affect conjugation 4 See also 4.1 Conjugations by language 4.2 Related topics 5 Notes 6 External links Examples

In Latin the present conjugation is o s t mus tis nt. Which means I You He/she/it we you(pl.) they(respectiviely) Indo-European languages usually inflect verbs for several grammatical categories in complex paradigms although some like English have simplified verb conjugation to a large extent. Afrikaans and Swedish have gone even further and virtually abandoned verb conjugation altogether. Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense indicative mood active voice in English German Dutch Afrikaans Icelandic Swedish Latvian Bulgarian Bosnian Serbian Croatian Polish Slovenian Hindi Persian Latin French Italian Spanish Portuguese Albanian Armenian Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek. This is usually the most irregular verb. You may notice the similarities in corresponding verb forms. Some of the conjugations may be disused like the English thou-form or have additional meanings like the English you-form which can also stand for 2nd. person singular or be impersonal. "To be" in several Indo-European languages Branch Language Present infinitive Present indicative Singular persons Plural persons 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Germanic English be am are art is are German sein bin bist ist sind seid sind Dutch zijn ben bent zijt1 is zijn zijn zijt1 zijn Afrikaans wees is Icelandic vera er ert er erum eru eru Swedish vara r r(o) Italic Latin esse sum es est sumus estis sunt Italian essere sono sei siamo siete sono French tre suis es est sommes tes sont Spanish ser soy eres es somos sois son Portuguese ser sou s somos sois so Romanian fi sunt eti este suntem suntei sunt Greek Ancient2 translittered enai eim e est esmn est eis Modern translittered none3 emai/ esai/ enai/ emaste/ este/() enai/ Albanian none4 jam je sht asht5 jemi jeni jan Armenian Western translittered llal em es enk k en Eastern translittered linel em es enk ek en Slavic Czech bt jsem jsi je jsme jste jsou Slovak by som si je sme ste s Polish by jestem jeste jest jestemy jestecie s Serbian strong translittered biti jesam jesi () jest(e) jesmo jeste jesu Serbian clitic translittered none sam si je smo ste su Croatian none sam si je smo ste su Slovenian biti sem si je smo ste so Bulgarian translittered none sm si e sme ste s Macedonian translittered none sum si e sme ste se Baltic Latvian bti esmu esi ir esam esat ir Lithuanian bti esu esi yra esame esate yra Indo-Iranian Persian bdan hastam -am hasti -i hast ast -e hastim -im hastid -id hastand -and Hindi h hai hai h ho h 1In Flemish dialects. 2 Attic. 3 'enai' is only used as a noun ("being existence"). 4 Ptc: qen. 5 In the Tosk and Geg dialects respectively. Verbal agreement

Verbal agreement or concord is a morpho-syntactic construct in which properties of the subject and/or objects of a verb are indicated by the verb form. Verbs are then said to agree with their subjects (resp. objects).

Many English verbs exhibit subject agreement of the following sort: whereas I go you go we go they go are all grammatical in standard English she go is not. Instead a special form of the verb to go has to be used to produce she goes. On the other hand I goes you goes etc. are not grammatical in standard English. (Things are different in some English dialects that lack agreement.) A few English verbs have no special forms that indicate subject agreement (I may you may she may) and the verb to be has an additional form am that can only be used with the pronoun I as the subject.

Verbs in written French exhibit more intensive agreement morphology than English verbs: je suis (I am) tu es ("you are" singular informal) elle est (she is) nous sommes (we are) vous tes ("you are" plural) ils sont (they are). Historically English used to have a similar verbal paradigm. Some historic verb forms are used by Shakespeare as slightly archaic or more formal variants (I do thou dost she doth typically used by nobility) of the modern forms.

Some languages with verbal agreement can leave certain subjects implicit when the subject is fully determined by the verb form. In Spanish for instance subject pronouns do not need to be explicitly present even though in French its close relative they are obligatory. The Spanish equivalent to the French je suis (I am) can be simply soy (lit. "am"). The pronoun yo (I) in the explicit form yo soy is only required for emphasis or to clear ambiguity in complex texts. Some languages have a richer agreement system in which verbs also agree with some or all of their objects. Ubykh exhibits verbal agreement for the subject direct object indirect object benefaction and ablative objects (a.w3.s.xe.n.t'u.n you gave it to him for me). Basque can show agreement not only for subject direct object and indirect object but it also on occasion exhibits agreement for the listener as the implicit benefactor: autoa ekarri digute means "they brought us the car" (neuter agreement for listener) but autoa ekarri ziguten means "they brought us the car" (agreement for feminine singular listener). Languages with a rich agreement morphology facilitate relatively free word order without leading to increased ambiguity. The canonical word order in Basque is Subject-Object-Verb. However all permutations of subject verb and object are permitted as well. Nonverbal person agreement In some languages1 predicative adjectives and copular complements receive a form of person agreement that is distinct from that used on ordinary predicative verbs. Although this is a form of conjugation in that it refers back to the person of the subject it is not verbal because it always derives from pronouns that have become cliticised to the nouns to which they refer.2 An example of nonverbal person agreement along with contrasting verbal conjugation can be found from Beja3 (person agreement morphemes in bold): wun.tu.wi you (fem.) are big had.b.wa you (masc.) are a sheik e.n.fr he flees Another example can be found from Ket3: fmba.di I am a Tungus d.fen I am standing In Turkic and a few Uralic and Australian Aboriginal languages predicative adjectives and copular complements take affixes that are identical to those used on predicative verbs but their negation is different. For example in Turkish: ko.uyor.sun you are running avu.sun you are a sergeant but under negation this becomes (negative morphemes boldface): ko.m.uyor.sun you are not running avu deil.sin you are not a sergeant For this reason the person agreement morphemes used with predicative adjectives and nominals in Turkic languages are considered to be nonverbal in character. In some analyses they are viewed as a form of verbal takeover by a copular strategy. Factors that affect conjugation Common grammatical categories according to which verbs can be conjugated are the following: Finite verb forms: Grammatical person Grammatical number Grammatical gender Grammatical tense Grammatical aspect Grammatical mood Grammatical voice Non-finite verb forms. Other factors which may affect conjugation are: Degree of formality (see T-V distinction Honorific speech in Japanese) Inclusiveness and exclusiveness in the 1st. person plural Transitivity Valency See also Conjugations by language Category:Conjugations Indo-European copula Related topics Agreement (linguistics) Inflection Redundancy (language) Screeve Strong inflection Verb Verb argument Volition (linguistics) Weak inflection Notes Stassen Leon; Intransitive Predication (Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory); published 1997 by Oxford University Press; p. 39. ISBN 0199258932 Stassen; Intransitive Predication; pp. 77 & 284-288 a b Stassen Intransitive Predication; p. 40 External links Conjugations at Wiktionary Wikipedia's sister project the conjugation EnglishSpanish and French conjugator. Onoma Spanish conjugator. It provides information about the irregularities and conjugates invented verbs. Excellent English Verb Conjugation Site All verbs - all forms - all tenses Many variants No mistakes: www.conjugation.com English Verb Conjugations English verb phonetic and orthographic constraints Lexicon of Linguistics: Conjugation Verbix (Spanish Portuguese French Italian English &c.) Multi-Language conjugation (English and Portuguese) French conjugation (More 12000 verbs) Italian Verbs Coniugator and Analyzer Regular and Irregular Verbs and also Neologisms spanish.verbconjugation.net shows you how to conjugate Spanish verbs Korean conjugation A Korean verb conjugation tool that explains the conjugations for learners of Korean Online verb conjugation online English Spanish Italian French and German verb conjugation Kaso Verb Conjugation System (FOSS) Side by side conjugations in English Italian and Spanish