The first vowel letters were (alpha) (epsilon) (iota) (omicron) and (upsilon) modifications of Semitic glottal pharyngeal or glide consonants that were mostly superfluous in Greek: // ('aleph) /h/ (he) /j/ (yodh) // (ayin) and /w/ (waw) respectively. In eastern Greek which lacked aspiration entirely the letter (eta) from the Semitic glottal consonant // (heth) was also used for the long vowel // and eventually the letter (omega) was introduced for a long //. The reason for having individual letters for long open e and o lies in verb forms. Classical Greek distinguished between indicative and subjunctive by alternating between /e/ and // or /o/ and //. Most of the other vowels were not involved in such alternations so their lengths did not need to be distinguished in writing.

Greek also introduced three new consonant letters (phi) (chi) and (psi) appended to the end of the alphabet as they were developed. These consonants made up for the lack of comparable aspirates in Phoenician. In western Greek was used for /ks/ and for /k/ hence the value of the Latin letter X derived from the western Greek alphabet. The origin of these letters is disputed.

The letter (san) was used as a variant of (sigma). By classical times sigma had won and san disappeared from the alphabet. The letters (wau later called digamma) and (qoppa) also fell into disuse. The former was only needed for the western dialects and the latter was never truly needed at all. But these letters lived on in the Ionic numeral system which consisted of writing a series of letters with precise numerical values. (sampi) apparently a rare local glyph form from Ionia was introduced at latter times to stand for 900. Thousands were written using a mark at the upper left ('A for 1000 etc.). Because Greek minuscules arose at a much later date no historic minuscule actually exists for san. Minuscule forms for the other letters were only used as numbers. For the number 6 modern Greeks use an old ligature called stigma ( ) instead of digamma or / if this is not available. For 90 the modern Z-shaped qoppa forms were used: . (Note that some web browser/font combinations will show the other qoppa here.) Originally there were several variants of the Greek alphabet most importantly western (Chalcidian) and eastern (Ionic) Greek. The former gave rise to the Old Italic alphabet and thence to the Latin alphabet while the latter is the basis of the present Greek alphabet. Athens originally used the Attic script for official documents such as laws and the works of Homer: this contained only the letters from alpha to upsilon and used the letter eta for the sound "h" instead of the long "e". In 403 BC Athens adopted the Ionic script as its standard and soon the other versions disappeared. Early Greek alphabet on pottery in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens By then Greek was written left to right but originally it had been written right to left (with asymmetrical characters flipped) and in-between written either way or most likely in the so-called boustrophedon style where successive lines alternate direction. In the Hellenistic period Aristophanes of Byzantium introduced diacritics to Greek letters for pronunciation specificity. During the Middle Ages the Greek scripts underwent changes paralleling those of the Latin alphabet: while the old forms were retained as a monumental script uncial and eventually minuscule hands came to dominate. The letter is even written at the ends of words paralleling the use of the Latin long and short s. Letter names Each of the Phoenician letter names was a word that began with the sound represented by that letter; thus aleph the word for "ox" was adopted for the glottal stop // bet or "house" for the /b/ sound and so on. When the letters were adopted by the Greeks most of the Phoenician names were maintained or modified slightly to fit Greek phonology; thus aleph bet gimel became alpha beta gamma. These borrowed names had no meaning in Greek except as labels for the letters. However a few signs that were added or modified later by the Greeks do in fact have names with meanings. For example o mikron and o mega mean "small o" and "big o". Similarly e psilon and u psilon mean "plain e" and "plain u" respectively. Main letters Look up Appendix:Greek script in Wiktionary the free dictionary. Below is a table listing the Greek letters as well as their forms when romanized. The table also provides the equivalent Phoenician letter from which each Greek letter is derived. Pronunciations transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The classical pronunciation given below is the reconstructed pronunciation of Attic in the late 5th and early 4th century BC. Some of the letters had different pronunciations in pre-classical times or in non-Attic dialects. For details see History of the Greek alphabet and Ancient Greek phonology. For details on post-classical Ancient Greek pronunciation see Koine Greek phonology. Letter Corresponding Phoenician letter Name Transliteration1 Pronunciation Numeric value English Ancient Greek Medieval Greek (polytonic) Modern Greek (info) Ancient Greek Modern Greek Classical Ancient Greek Modern Greek Aleph Alpha a a a a 1 Beth Beta b v b v 2 Gimel Gamma () g gh g y 3 Daleth Delta d d dh d 4 He Epsilon e e 5 Zayin Zeta z zd dz z () z 7 Heth Eta e i i 8 Teth Theta th t 9 Yodh Iota () i i i i 10 Kaph Kappa () k k k c 20 Lamedh Lambda () l l 30 Mem Mu / m m 40 Nun Nu / n n 50 Samekh Xi x x ks ks 60 'Ayin Omicron o o 70 Pe Pi p p 80 Resh Rho r rh r r r r 100 Sin Sigma s s 200 Taw Tau t t 300 Waw Upsilon u y y v f () y() i 400 origin disputed (see text) Phi ph f p f 500 Chi ch ch kh k x 600 Psi ps ps 700 'Ayin Omega o o o 800 For details and different transliteration systems see Romanization of Greek. Variant forms Some letters can occur in variant shapes mostly inherited from medieval minuscule handwriting. While their use in normal typography of Greek is purely a matter of font styles some such variants have been given separate encodings in Unicode. The symbol ("curled beta") is a cursive variant form of beta (). In the French tradition of Ancient Greek typography is used word-initially and is used word-internally. The letter epsilon can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants either shaped ('lunate epsilon' like a semicircle with a stroke) or (similar to a reversed number 3). The symbol (U+03F5) is designated specifically for the lunate form used as a technical symbol. The symbol ("script theta") is a cursive form of theta () frequent in handwriting and used with a specialized meaning as a technical symbol. The symbol ("kappa symbol") is a cursive form of kappa () used as a technical symbol. The symbol ("variant pi") is an archaic script form of pi () also used as a technical symbol. The letter rho () can occur in different stylistic variants with the descending tail either going straight down or curled to the right. The symbol (U+03F1) is designated specifically for the curled form used as a technical symbol. The letter sigma in standard orthography has two variants: used only at the ends of words and used elsewhere. The form ("lunate sigma" resembling a Latin c) is a medieval stylistic variant that can be used in both environments without the final/non-final distinction. The capital letter upsilon () can occur in different stylistic variants with the upper strokes either straight like a Latin Y or slightly curled. The symbol (U+03D2) is designated specifically for the curled form used as a technical symbol. The letter phi can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants either shaped as (a circle with a vertical stroke through it) or as (a curled shape open at the top). The symbol (U+03D5) is designated specifically for the closed form used as a technical symbol. Obsolete letters The following letters are not part of the standard Greek alphabet but were in use in pre-classical times in certain dialects. The letters digamma qoppa and sampi were also used as Greek numerals. Letter Corresponding Phoenician letter Name Transliteration Pronunciation Numeric value English Greek (polytonic) Waw Digamma w w 6 Tsade (position) Sin (name) San s s (alternate) Qoph Qoppa q k before /u/ /o/ 90 Origin disputed possibly Tsade Sampi ss probably affricate but exact value debated; s ks ts are proposed 900 Digamma disappeared from the alphabet because the sound it notated the voiced labial-velar approximant w had disappeared from the Ionic dialect and most of the others. It remained in use as a numeric sign denoting the number six. In this function it was later conflated in medieval Greek handwriting with the ligature sign stigma ( denoting /st/) which had a similar shape in its lower case form. Sampi (also called dissigma) notated a geminated affricate that later evolved to -- (probably s) in most dialects and -- (probably t) in Attic. Its exact value is heavily discussed but ts is often proposed. Its modern name is derived from its shape: () "as if" or "like (the letter) pi".6 The order of the letters up to follows that in the Phoenician or Hebrew alphabet. Digraphs and diphthongs Further information: Greek orthography A digraph is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters in sequence. The orthography of Greek includes several digraphs including various pairs of vowel letters that used to be pronounced as diphthongs but have been shortened to monophthongs in pronunciation. Many of these are characteristic developments of modern Greek but some such as (pronounced u) and (pronounced e) were already present in Classical Greek. None of them is regarded as a letter of the alphabet. During the Byzantine period it became customary to write the silent iota in digraphs as an iota subscript ( ). Diacritics Main article: Greek diacritics In the polytonic orthography traditionally used for ancient Greek vowels can carry diacritics namely accents and breathings. The accents are the acute accent () the grave accent () and the circumflex accent (). In Ancient Greek these accents marked different forms of the pitch accent on a vowel. By the end of the Roman period pitch accent had evolved into a stress accent and in later Greek all of these accents marked the stressed vowel. The breathings are the rough breathing () marking an /h/ sound at the beginning of a word and the smooth breathing () marking the absence of an /h/ sound at the beginning of a word. The letter rho () although not a vowel always carries a rough breathing when it begins a word. Another diacritic used in Greek is the diaeresis () indicating a hiatus. In 1982 the old spelling system known as polytonic was simplified to become the monotonic system which is now official in Greece. The accents have been reduced to one the tonos and the breathings were abolished. Use of the Greek alphabet for other languages The Greek alphabet has been adopted at various times and in various places to write other languages.7 For some languages additional letters were introduced. Antiquity Most of the alphabets of Asia Minor in use c. 800-300 BC to write languages like Lydian and Phrygian were the early Greek alphabet with only slight modifications as were the original Old Italic alphabets. Some Paleo-Balkan languages including Thracian. For other neighboring languages or dialects such as Ancient Macedonian isolated words are preserved in Greek texts but no continuous texts are preserved. Some Gaulish inscriptions (in modern France) use the Greek alphabet (c. 300 BC). The Hebrew text of the Bible was written in Greek letters in Origen's Hexapla. The Bactrian alphabet adds the letter Sho and was used to write the Bactrian language under the Kushan Empire (65-250 AD).8 The Coptic alphabet adds eight letters derived from Demotic. It is still used today mostly in Egypt to write the Coptic language. Letters usually retain an uncial form different from the forms used for Greek today (compare with the forms of the Latin letters used in Gaelic script). Middle Ages An 8th century Arabic fragment preserves a text in the Greek alphabet. An Old Ossetic inscription of the 10-12c AD found in Arxyz the oldest known attestation of an Ossetic language. The Old Nubian language of Makuria (modern Sudan) adds three Coptic letters two letters derived from Meroitic script and a digraph of two Greek gammas used for the velar nasal sound. Various South Slavic dialects similar to the modern Bulgarian and Macedonian languages have been written in Greek script. The modern South Slavic languages now use modified Cyrillic alphabets.9 Early Modern Turkish spoken by Orthodox Christians (Karamanlides) was often written in Greek script and called Karamanlidika. Tosk Albanian was often written using the Greek alphabet starting in about 1500 (Elsie 1991). The printing press at Moschopolis published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century. It was only in 1908 that the Monastir conference standardized a Latin orthography for both Tosk and Gheg. Greek spelling is still occasionally used for the local Albanian dialects (Arvanitika) in Greece. Aromanian (Vlach) has been written in Greek characters. There is not yet a standardized orthography for Aromanian but it appears that one based on the Romanian orthography will be adopted. Gagauz a Turkic language of the northeast Balkans. Surguch a Turkic language spoken by a small group of Orthodox Christians in northern Greece. Urum or Greek Tatar. Derived alphabets The Greek alphabet gave rise to various others:3 The Latin alphabet an offshoot of an archaic western form of the Greek alphabet The Gothic alphabet devised in Late Antiquity to write the Gothic language The Glagolitic alphabet devised in the Middle Ages for writing Slavic languages The Cyrillic alphabet which replaced the Glagolitic alphabet shortly afterwards The International Phonetic Alphabet contains many Latin and Greek letters. It is also considered a possible ancestor of the Armenian alphabet and had an influence on the development of the Georgian alphabet. Greek in mathematics Main article: Greek letters used in mathematics science and engineering Greek symbols are traditionally used as names in mathematics physics and other sciences. When combined with Latin characters the Latin characters usually indicate variables while the Greek ones indicate parameters. Many symbols have traditional uses such as lower case epsilon () for an arbitrarily small positive number lower case pi () for the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter capital sigma () for summation and lower case sigma () for standard deviation. Greek encodings For the usage in computers a variety of encodings have been used for Greek online many of them documented in RFC 1947. The two principal ones still used today are ISO/IEC 8859-7 and Unicode. ISO 8859-7 supports only the monotonic orthography; Unicode supports the polytonic orthography. ISO/IEC 8859-7 For the range A0-FF (hex) it follows the Unicode range 370-3CF (see below) except that some symbols like etc. are used where Unicode has unused locations. Like all ISO-8859 encodings it is equal to ASCII for 00-7F (hex). Greek in Unicode Unicode supports polytonic orthography well enough for ordinary continuous text in modern and ancient Greek and even many archaic forms for epigraphy. With the use of combining characters Unicode also supports Greek philology and dialectology and various other specialized requirements. However most current text rendering engines do not support combining characters well so though alpha with macron and acute can be represented as U+03B1 U+0304 U+0301 this rarely renders well: .10 There are 2 main blocks of Greek characters in Unicode. The first is "Greek and Coptic" (U+0370 to U+03FF). This block is based on ISO 8859-7 and is sufficient to write Modern Greek. There are also some archaic letters and Greek-based technical symbols. This block also supports the Coptic alphabet. Formerly most Coptic letters shared codepoints with similar-looking Greek letters; but in many scholarly works both scripts occur with quite different letter shapes so as of Unicode 4.1 Coptic and Greek were disunified. Those Coptic letters with no Greek equivalents still remain in this block (U+03E2 to U+03EF). To write polytonic Greek one may use combining diacritical marks or the precomposed characters in the "Greek Extended" block (U+1F00 to U+1FFF). Greek and Coptic1 Unicode.org chart (PDF)   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U+037x U+038x U+039x U+03Ax U+03Bx U+03Cx U+03Dx U+03Ex U+03Fx Notes 1. As of Unicode version 6.0 Greek Extended1 Unicode.org chart (PDF)   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U+1F0x U+1F1x U+1F2x U+1F3x U+1F4x U+1F5x U+1F6x U+1F7x U+1F8x U+1F9x U+1FAx U+1FBx U+1FCx U+1FDx U+1FEx U+1FFx Notes 1. As of Unicode version 6.0 Combining and letter-free diacritics Combining and spacing (letter-free) diacritical marks pertaining to Greek language: combining spacing sample description U+0300 U+0060 (  ) "varia / grave accent" U+0301 U+00B4 U+0384 (  ) "oxia / tonos / acute accent" U+0304 U+00AF (  ) "macron" U+0306 U+02D8 (  ) "vrachy / breve" U+0308 U+00A8 (  ) "dialytika / diaeresis" U+0313 U+02BC (  ) "psili / comma above" (spiritus lenis) U+0314 U+02BD (  ) "dasia / reversed comma above" (spiritus asper) U+0342 (  ) "perispomeni" (circumflex) U+0343 (  ) "koronis" ( U+0313) U+0344 U+0385 (  ) "dialytika tonos" (deprecated U+0308 U+0301) U+0345 U+037A (  ) "ypogegrammeni / iota subscript". Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet IBM code pages 437 860 861 862 863 and 865 contain the letters (plus as an alternate interpretation for ). See also Ancient Greek phonology Arvanitic alphabet Attic numerals a system of acrophonic representing numbers using letters of the Greek alphabet Euboean alphabet Cumae alphabet English pronunciation of Greek letters Greek Font Society Greek letters used in mathematics science and engineering Greek numerals a system of sequential representing numbers using letters of the Greek alphabet Greek spelling alphabet Hellenic phonetic alphabet Greeklish List of Greek words with English derivatives List of XML and HTML character entity references Phoenician alphabet Romanization of Greek Greek transliteration Category:Hellenic scripts Bibliography Elsie Robert (1991). "Albanian Literature in Greek Script: the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing" (PDF 0.0 bytes). Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 15 (20). http://www.elsie.de/pub/pdfarticles/A1991AlbLitGreek.pdf.  Humez Alexander; Nicholas Humez (1981). Alpha to omega: the life & times of the Greek alphabet. Godine. ISBN 0-87923-377-X.  A popular history more about Greek roots in English than about the alphabet itself. Jeffery Lilian Hamilton (1961). The local scripts of archaic Greece: a study of the origin of the Greek alphabet and its development from the eighth to the fifth centuries B.C.. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814061-4.  Macrakis Michael S. (ed.) (1996). Greek letters: from tablets to pixels: proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Greek Font Society. Oak Knoll. ISBN 1-884718-27-2.  Includes papers on history typography and character coding by Hermann Zapf Matthew Carter Nicolas Barker John A. Lane Kyle McCarter Jerme Peignot Pierre MacKay Silvio Levy et al. Hansen and Quinn (1992 - especially noted for an excellent discussion on traditional accents and breathings as well as verbal formation). Greek - An Intensive Course Second Revised Edition. Fordham University Press.  Powell Barry B. (1991). Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet.  discusses dating early inscriptions and ties to origin of texts of Homer. ISBN 052158907X Macrakis Stavros M. (1996). Character codes for Greek: Problems and modern solutions. http://www.writingsystems.net/systems/greek/languages.htm.  Includes discussion of the Greek alphabet used for languages other than Greek. C. J. Ruijgh (1998) Sur la date de la cration de lalphabet grec. Mnemosyne 51 658687 Cook B. F. Greek Inscriptions 1987 Notes Pierre Swiggers Transmission of the Phoenician Script to the West in Daniels and Bright The World's Writing Systems 1996 "The earliest Greek inscriptions yet known are scratched on pottery. They can be dated about 730 BC but it is likely that the Greeks were already writing a generation or two earlier perhaps on more perishable materials like leather or wood." (B.F. Cook Greek Inscriptions 1987:9) a b c d Coulmas Florian (1996). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.. ISBN 0-631-21481-X.  The date of the earliest inscribed objects; A.W. Johnston "The alphabet" in N. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis eds Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 2003:263-76 summarizes the present scholarship on the dating. Dionysius Thrax. (Art of Grammar) (6. On the Sound): . ++ . Consonants are the remaining seventeen: b g d z th k l m n x p r s t ph ch ps. They are called consonants because they don't have a sound on their own but when arranged with vowels they produce a sound. "Greek Letter Sampi". http://www.parthia.com/fonts/sampi.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-04.  see S. Macrakis 1996 for bibliography New Findings in Ancient Afghanistan the Bactrian documents discovered from the Northern Hindu-Kush lecture by Prof. Nicholas Sims-Williams (University of London) "Dva balgarski rakopisa s gracko pismo" Balgarski starini 6 1920; Andr Mazon and Andr Vaillant L'Evangelaire de Kulakia un parler slave de Bas-Vardar Bibliothque d'tudes balkaniques 6 1938; Jrgen Kristophson "Das Lexicon Tetraglosson des Daniil Moschopolitis" Zeitschrift fr Balkanologie 9:11; Max Demeter Peyfuss Die Druckerei von Moschopolis 1731-1769: Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung in Erzbistum Achrida Wiener Archiv fr Geschichte des Slawentums und Osteuropas 13 1989. For extended discussion of problematic Greek letter forms in Unicode see Greek Unicode Issues. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Greek alphabet Unicode 5.1 Greek range Examples of Greek handwriting Greek Unicode Issues Unicode FAQ - Greek Language and Script Unicode 5.1 alphabetic test for Greek Unicode range Unicode 5.1 numeric test for Greek Unicode range Unicode 5.1 test for all Greek-related Unicode ranges Typography Collection of free fonts: greekfontsociety.gr (Greek) Collection of free truetype polytonic fonts: enoriaka.gr v d eGreek language  E History Proto-Greek (c. 30001600 BC)  Mycenaean (c. 16001000 BC)  Ancient Greek (c. 1000330 BC)  Koine Greek (c. 330 BC330)  Medieval Greek (3301453)  Modern Greek (from 1453) Alphabet Orthography  Diacritics  History  Romanization  Numerals  Linear B  Kai  Dipylon inscription  Cypriot syllabary Letters Alpha  Beta  Gamma  Delta  Epsilon  Zeta  Eta  Theta  Iota  Kappa  Lambda  Mu  Nu  Xi  Omicron  Pi  Rho  Sigma  Tau  Upsilon  Phi  Chi  Psi  Omega  Obsolete: Digamma  Heta  Koppa  Stigma  San  Sampi Phonology Ancient Greek (accent)  Koine Greek  Modern Greek Grammar Ancient Greek (tables)  Modern Greek Dialects Cappadocian  Cretan  Cypriot  Chalkidiki  Demotic  Greek-Calabrian  Griko  Katharevousa  Misthiotica  Pontic  Tsakonian  Yevanic Literature Ancient Greek  Byzantine  Modern Greek Related Topics Greek Wikipedia  Exonyms  Morphemes  Terms of Endearment  Place names  Proverbs  Greek language question  Graeco-Armenian  Graeco-Aryan  Western Greek alphabet  Greeklish  A Greek-English Lexicon  Hellenic Quest  Pre-Greek substrate Promotion and Study Hellenic Foundation for Culture  Center for the Greek language v d eTypes of writing systems Overview History of writing  Grapheme Lists Writing systems (undeciphered  inventors)  Languages by writing system / by first written accounts  Types  Abjads Numerals Aramaic  Arabic  Hebrew  Jawi  Nabataean  Pahlavi  Pegon  Phoenician  Proto-Canaanite  Psalter  Sabaean  Samaritan  South Arabian  Sogdian  Syriac  Tifinagh  Ugaritic  Abugidas Brahmic Ahom  Balinese  Batak  Baybayin  Brhm  Buhid  Burmese  Chakma  Cham  Devangar  Dhives Akuru  Eastern Nagari  Grantha  Gujarati  Gupta  Gurmukh  Hanun'o  Javanese  Kadamba  Kaithi  Kalinga  Kannada  Khmer  Lanna  Lao  Lepcha  Limbu  Lontara  Malayalam  Meitei Mayek  Mithilakshar  Modi  Mon  Ngar  Nepal  Old Kawi  Old Sundanese  Oriya  Pallava  Phagspa  Ranjana  Rejang  Rencong  rad  Saurashtra  Sinhala  Siddha  Soyombo  Sundanese  Sylheti Nagari  Tagbanwa  Tai Dam  Tai Le  Takri  Tamil  Telugu  Thai  Tibetan  Tocharian  Varang Kshiti Others Boyd's syllabic shorthand  Canadian Aboriginal  Ge'ez  Japanese braille  Kharoh  Meroitic  Pitman shorthand  Pollard script  Sorang Sompeng  Tna  Thomas Natural Shorthand  Alphabets Linear Armenian  Avestan  Beitha Kukju  Borama  Coptic  Cyrillic  Deseret  Eclectic shorthand  Elbasan  Fraser  Gabelsberger shorthand  Georgian  Glagolitic  Gothic  Gregg shorthand  Greek  Greco-Iberian alphabet  Euboean  Hangul  International Phonetic  Kaddare  Latin  Manchu  Mandaic  Mongolian  Neo-Tifinagh  N'Ko  Ogham  Ol Chiki  Old Hungarian  Old Italic  Old Permic  Orkhon  Osmanya  Runic  Shavian alphabet  New Tai Lue  Bassa Vah  Visible Speech Non-linear Braille (Hebrew  Korean)  Maritime flags  Morse code  New York Point  Semaphore line  Flag semaphore  Moon type  Ideo/Pictograms Aztec  Blissymbol  DanceWriting  Dongba  Mkmaq  New Epoch Notation Painting  Nsibidi  SignWriting  Logograms Chinese Traditional  Simplified  Ch Nm  Hanja  Kanji Chinese-based Jurchen  Khitan  Tangut script  Zhuang Other logo-syllabic Anatolian  Cuneiform  Maya  Yi Logo-consonantal Demotic  Hieratic  Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu-Arabic  Abjad  Greek (Attic)  Roman  Semi-syllabaries Full Celtiberian  Northeastern Iberian  Southeastern Iberian Redundant Southwest  Pahawh Hmong  Zhyn fho  Syllabaries Afaka  Cherokee  Cypriot  Geba  Hiragana  Katakana  Kikakui  Kpelle  Linear B  Man'ygana  Nshu  Old Persian Cuneiform  Vai  Woleai  Yi  Yugtun