This article is about the U.S. state of Hawaii. For its "Big Island" see Hawaii (island). For other uses see Hawaii (disambiguation). For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.

Coordinates: 211841N 1574747W / 21.31139N 157.79639W / 21.31139; -157.79639 State of Hawaii Mokuina o Hawaii Flag Seal Nickname(s): The Aloha State Motto(s): Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ina i ka Pono (The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness)

Anthem: Hawaii Pono (Hawaiis Own True Sons) Official language(s) English Hawaiian Demonym Hawaiian (see notes)1 Capital (and largest city) Honolulu Area  Ranked 43rd in the U.S.  - Total 10931 sq mi (28311 km2)  - Width n/a miles (n/a km)  - Length 1522 miles (2450 km)  - % water 41.2  - Latitude 1855 N to 2827 N  - Longitude 15448 W to 17822 W Population  Ranked 40th in the U.S.  - Total 1360301 (2010 Census)2 1211537 (2000) - Density 188.6/sq mi  (72.83/km2) Ranked 13th in the U.S.  - Median income  $63746 (5th) Elevation    - Highest point Mauna Kea3 13796 ft  (4205 m)  - Mean 3035 ft  (925 m)  - Lowest point Pacific Ocean3 0 ft  (0 m) Before statehood Territory of Hawaii Admission to Union  August 21 1959 (50th) Governor Neil Abercrombie Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz Legislature State Legislature  - Upper house Senate  - Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Daniel Inouye (D) Daniel Akaka (D) U.S. House delegation 1: Colleen Hanabusa (D) 2: Mazie Hirono (D) (list) Time zone Hawaii-Aleutian time zone: UTC-10 (no daylight saving time) Abbreviations HI US-HI Website hawaii.gov Hawaii State Symbols Animate insignia Bird(s) Hawaiian Goose Fish Humuhumunukunukupuaa Flower(s) Hawaiian hibiscus Mammal(s) Humpback whale Reptile Gold dust day gecko Tree Kukui nut tree Inanimate insignia Food Coconut muffin Gemstone Black coral Slogan(s) The Islands of Aloha Soil Hilo Song(s) Hawaii Ponoi Sport Surfing Outrigger canoeing Tartan Hawaii State Tartan Route marker(s) State Quarter Released in 2008 Lists of United States state insignia

Hawaii (i /hwa.i/ or /hwai/ in English; Hawaiian: Mokuina o Hawaii) is the newest of the 50 U.S. states (August 21 1959) and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean southwest of the continental United States southeast of Japan and northeast of Australia. Hawaiis natural beauty warm tropical climate inviting waters and waves and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists surfers biologists and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oahu.

The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1500 miles (2400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niihau Kauai Oahu Molokai Lnai Kahoolawe Maui and Hawaii. The last is by far the largest and is often called "The Big Island" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.

After Alaska Florida and California Hawaii has the fourth-longest coastline in the United States which is approximately 750 miles (1210 km) long.

In standard American English Hawaii is generally pronounced /hwa.i/. In the Hawaiian language it is generally pronounced hwii or hvii.

Hawaii is one of two states that do not observe daylight saving time the other being Arizona. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geography and environment 2.1 Topography 2.2 Geology 2.3 Flora and fauna 2.4 Protected areas 2.5 Climate 3 History 3.1 Pre-European contactAncient Hawaii (8001778) 3.2 James CookEuropean arrival and the Kingdom of Hawaii (17781893) 3.2.1 House of Kamehameha 3.2.2 1887 Constitution 3.3 Overthrow of 1893the Republic of Hawaii (18941898) 3.4 Annexationthe Territory of Hawaii (18981959) 3.5 Political Changes of 1954the State of Hawaii (1959present) 4 Cities and towns 5 Demographics 5.1 Population 5.2 Race and ethnicity 5.3 Ancestry groups 5.4 Languages 5.4.1 English 5.4.2 Minority languages 5.4.3 Hawaiian 5.4.4 Hawaiian Pidgin 5.4.5 Spelling of state name 5.5 Religion 6 Economy 6.1 Cost of living 7 Culture 8 Health 9 Education 9.1 Public schools 9.2 Other schools 9.3 Colleges and universities 10 Law and government 10.1 Federal government 10.2 National politics 11 Transportation 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology

The Hawaiian language word Hawaii derives from Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki with the reconstructed meaning "homeland";4 Hawaii cognates are found in other Polynesian languages including Mori (Hawaiki) Rarotongan (Avaiki) and Samoan (Savaii). (See also Hawaiki).

According to Pukui and Elbert5 "Elsewhere in Polynesia Hawaiior a cognateis the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home but in Hawaii the name has no meaning."6 Geography and environment Main article: Hawaiian Islands The main Hawaiian Islands are: Island Nickname Location Area Area rank Highest point Elevation Population (as of 2000) Density Hawaii7 The Big Island 1934N 15530W / 19.567N 155.5W / 19.567; -155.5 1 4028.0 sq mi (10432.5 km2) 1st Mauna Kea 1 13796 ft (4205 m) 148677 4 37/sq mi (14/km) Maui8 The Valley Isle 2048N 15620W / 20.8N 156.333W / 20.8; -156.333 2 727.2 sq mi (1883.4 km2) 2nd Haleakal 2 10023 ft (3055 m) 117644 2 162/sq mi (62/km) Kahoolawe9 The Target Isle 2033N 15636W / 20.55N 156.6W / 20.55; -156.6 8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2) 8th Puu Moaulanui 7 1483 ft (452 m) 0 8 0 Lnai10 The Pineapple Isle 2050N 15656W / 20.833N 156.933W / 20.833; -156.933 6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2) 6th Lnaihale 6 3366 ft (1026 m) 3193 6 23/sq. mi. (9/km) Molokai11 The Friendly Isle 2108N 15702W / 21.133N 157.033W / 21.133; -157.033 5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2) 5th Kamakou 4 4961 ft (1512 m) 7404 5 28/sq mi (11/km) Oahu12 The Gathering Place 2128N 15759W / 21.467N 157.983W / 21.467; -157.983 3 596.7 sq mi (1545.4 km2) 3rd Mount Kaala 5 4003 ft (1220 m) 876151 1 1468/sq mi (567/km) Kauai13 The Garden Isle 2205N 15930W / 22.083N 159.5W / 22.083; -159.5 4 552.3 sq mi (1430.5 km2) 4th Kawaikini 3 5243 ft (1598 m) 58303 3 106/sq mi (41/km) Niihau14 The Forbidden Isle 2154N 16010W / 21.9N 160.167W / 21.9; -160.167 7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2) 7th Mount Pnau 8 1250 ft (381 m) 160 7 2/sq mi (1/km) Topography The Hawaiian Islands located in the North Pacific Ocean Phoehoe and A lava flows side by side at the Big Island of Hawaii in September 2007 N Pali coast Kauai A true-color satellite view of Hawaii shows that most of the vegetation on the islands grow on the north-east sides which face the wind. The silver glow around the calmer south-west of the islands is the result of the shelter provided from the islands.15 An archipelago situated some 2000 mi (3200 km) southwest of the North American mainland16 Hawaii is the southernmost state of the United States and the second westernmost state after Alaska. Only Hawaii and Alaska do not share a border with another U.S. state. Hawaii is the only state of the United States that: is not geographically located in North America grows coffee is completely surrounded by water is entirely an archipelago has a royal palace does not have a straight line in its state boundary Hawaiis tallest mountain Mauna Kea stands at 13796 ft (4205 m)17 but is taller than Mount Everest if followed to the base of the mountain which lying at the floor of the Pacific Ocean rises about 33500 ft (10200 m).18 The eight main islands Hawaii Maui Oahu Kahoolawe Lanai Molokai Kauai and Niihau are accompanied by many others. Kaala is a small island near Niihau that is often overlooked. The Northwest Hawaiian Islands are a series of nine small older masses northwest of Kauai that extend from Nihoa to Kure that are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains. There are also more than 100 small rocks and islets such as Molokini that are either volcanic marine sedimentary or erosional in origin totaling 130 or so across the archipelago.19 Geology All the Hawaiian islands were formed from volcanic activity initiated at an undersea magma source called a hotspot. As the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean moves to the northwest the hot spot remains stationary slowly creating new volcanoes. Due to the hotspots location the only active volcanoes are located around the southern half of the Big Island. The newest volcano Lihi Seamount is located south of the Big Islands coast. The last volcanic eruption outside the Big Island occurred at Haleakal on Maui before the late 18th century though it could have been hundreds of years earlier.20 In 1790 Klauea exploded with the deadliest eruption (of the modern era) known to have occurred in what is now the United States.21 As many as 5405 warriors and their families marching on Klauea were killed by that eruption.22 Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. The Big Island has the third highest point among the worlds islands.23 Slope instability of the volcanoes has generated damaging earthquakes with related tsunamis particularly in 1868 and 1975.24 Flora and fauna Because the islands are so far from other land habitats life before human activity is said to have arrived by the 3 Ws: wind (carried through the air) waves (brought by ocean currents) and wings (birds insects and whatever they brought with them). This isolation and the wide range of environments (extreme altitude tropical climate) produced a vast array of endemic flora and fauna (see Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands). Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.25 Niihau (70 sq. mi.) Kauai (552.3 sq. mi.) Oahu (598 sq. mi.) Maui (727.3 sq. mi.) Molokai (260 sq. mi.) Lnai (140.5 sq. mi.) Kahoolawe (44.6 sq. mi.) Hawaii (4028.2 sq. mi.) Protected areas The USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor Several areas in Hawaii are under the protection of the National Park Service.26 Hawaii has two national parks: Haleakala National Park near Kula on Maui includes Haleakal the dormant volcano that formed east Maui; and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the southeast region of the island of Hawaii which includes the active volcano Klauea and its various rift zones. There are three national historical parks: Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Kalaupapa Molokai the site of a former Hansens disease colony; Kaloko-Honokhau National Historical Park in Kailua-Kona on the island of Hawaii; and Puuhonua o Hnaunau National Historical Park an ancient place of refuge. Other areas under the control of the National Park Service include Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail on the Big Island and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor on Oahu. The Papahnaumokukea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15 2006. The monument covers roughly 140000 square miles (360000 km2) of reefs atolls and shallow and deep sea out to 50 miles (80 km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean larger than all of Americas National Parks combined.27 Climate See also: List of Hawaii tornadoes and Environment of Hawaii Sunset in Kona. The colors of the sunset are partly due to vog. Hawaiis climate is typical for the tropics although temperatures and humidity tend to be a bit less extreme due to near-constant trade winds from the east. Summer highs are usually in the upper 80s F (around 31C) during the day and mid 70s (around 24 C) at night. Winter day temperatures are usually in the low to mid 80s (around 28 C) and (at low elevation) seldom dipping below the mid 60s (18 C) at night. Snow not usually associated with the tropics falls at 4205 metres (13796 ft) on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the Big Island in some winter months. Snow rarely falls on Haleakala. Mount Waialeale on Kauai has the second highest average annual rainfall on Earth about 460 inches (11.7 m). Most of Hawaii has only two seasons: the dry season from May to October and the wet season from October to April.28 Local climates vary considerably on each island grossly divisible into windward (Koolau) and leeward (Kona) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face cloud cover so resorts concentrate on sunny leeward coasts. Monthly normal low and high temperatures for various Hawaiian cities29 City Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Hilo 64F / 17.8C 64F / 17.8C 65F / 18.3C 66F / 18.9C 67F / 19.4C 68F / 20.0C 69F / 20.6C 69F / 20.6C 69F / 20.6C 68F / 20.0C 67F / 19.4C 65F / 18.3C 79F / 26.1C 79F / 26.1C 79F / 26.1C 79F / 26.1C 81F / 27.2C 82F / 27.8C 82F / 27.8C 83F / 28.3C 83F / 28.3C 83F / 28.3C 81F / 27.2C 80F / 26.7C Honolulu 66F / 18.9C 65F / 18.3C 67F / 19.4C 68F / 20.0C 70F / 21.1C 72F / 22.2C 74F / 23.3C 75F / 23.9C 74F / 23.3C 73F / 22.8C 71F / 21.7C 68F / 20.0C 80F / 26.7C 81F / 27.2C 82F / 27.8C 83F / 28.3C 85F / 29.4C 87F / 30.6C 88F / 31.1C 89F / 31.7C 89F / 31.7C 87F / 30.6C 84F / 28.9C 82F / 27.8C Kahului 63F / 17.2C 63F / 17.2C 65F / 18.3C 66F / 18.9C 67F / 19.4C 69F / 20.6C 71F / 21.7C 71F / 21.7C 70F / 21.1C 69F / 20.6C 68F / 20.0C 65F / 18.3C 80F / 26.7C 81F / 27.2C 82F / 27.8C 82F / 27.8C 84F / 28.9C 86F / 30.0C 87F / 30.6C 88F / 31.1C 88F / 31.1C 87F / 30.6C 84F / 28.9C 82F / 27.8C Lihue 65F / 18.3C 66F / 18.9C 67F / 19.4C 69F / 20.6C 70F / 21.1C 73F / 22.8C 74F / 23.3C 74F / 23.3C 74F / 23.3C 73F / 22.8C 71F / 21.7C 68F / 20.0C 78F / 25.6C 78F / 26.6C 78F / 26.6C 79F / 26.1C 81F / 27.2C 83F / 28.3C 84F / 28.9C 85F / 29.4C 85F / 29.4C 84F / 28.9C 81F / 27.2C 79F / 26.1C History Main article: History of Hawaii History of Hawaii Ancient times Monarchy Provisional Government Republic Territory   State   Hawaii is one of four states that were independent prior to becoming part of the United States along with the Vermont Republic (1791) the Republic of Texas (1845) and the California Republic (1846) and one of two along with Texas that had formal diplomatic recognition internationally.30 The Kingdom of Hawaii was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American (and some European) businessmen. It was an independent republic from 1894 until 1898 when it was annexed by the United States as a territory becoming a state in 1959.31 Hawaii was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations on Oahu carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines brought the United States into World War II. Pre-European contactAncient Hawaii (8001778) Main article: Ancient Hawaii The earliest habitation supported by archaeological evidence dates to as early as 300 BCE probably by Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas followed by a second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora in the 11th century. The first recorded European contact with the islands was in 1778 by British explorer James Cook. Polynesians from the Marquesas and possibly the Society Islands may have first populated the Hawaiian Islands between 300 and 500 CE. There is a great deal of debate regarding these dates.32 Some archaeologists and historians believe that an early settlement from the Marquesas and a later wave of immigrants from Tahiti c. 1000 introduced a new line of high chiefs the Kapu system the practice of human sacrifice and the building of heiaus. This later immigration is detailed in folk tales about Paao. Other authors argue that there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that Paao must be regarded as a myth. Kalanipuu King of Hawaii bringing presents to Captain Cook. Illustrated by John Webber artist aboard Cook's ship. Regardless of the question of Paao historians agree that the history of the islands was marked by a slow but steady growth in population and the size of the chiefdoms which grew to encompass whole islands. Local chiefs called alii ruled their settlements and launched wars to extend their sway and defend their communities from predatory rivals. James CookEuropean arrival and the Kingdom of Hawaii (17781893) The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was Hawaiis first documented contact with European explorers. Cook named the islands the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of his sponsor John Montagu 4th Earl of Sandwich. He published the islands' location and reported the native name as Owyhee. This spelling lives on in Owyhee County Idaho after three Hawaiian members of a trapping party killed in that area. Cook visited the islands twice. During his second visit in 1779 he attempted to abduct the King of the Big Island of Hawaii Kalanipuu and hold him as ransom for the return of a ship's boat that was taken by a minor chief and his men a tactic that had worked for Cook in Tahiti and other islands.33 Kalanipuu and his supporters fought back and Cook and four Marines were killed as Cook's party retreated to the beach and launched their boats. After Cook's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages the Hawaiian islands received many European visitors: explorers traders and eventually whalers who found the islands a convenient harbor and source of supplies. Early British influence can be seen in the design of the flag of Hawaii which has the British Union Flag in the corner. These visitors introduced diseases to the once-isolated islands and the Hawaiian population plunged precipitously34 because native Hawaiians had no resistance to influenza smallpox and measles among others. During the 1850s measles killed a fifth of Hawaii's people.35 Historical records indicated that the earliest immigration of the Chinese came from Guangdong province: a few sailors in 1778 with Captain Cook's journey more in 1788 with Kaina and some in 1789 with an American trader who settled in Hawaii in the late 18th century. House of Kamehameha During the 1780s and 1790s chiefs were often fighting for power. After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and forced cession of the island of Kauai in 1810 all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler who became known as King Kamehameha the Great. He established the House of Kamehameha a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872. After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819 missionaries to Hawaii converted many Hawaiians to Christianity. Their influence ended many ancient practices and Kamehameha III was the first Christian king. Missionary leaders included Protestant Hiram Bingham I and Joseph F. Smith of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Father Damien a Roman Catholic priest was canonized for his work in the isolated leper colony of Kalaupapa on the island of Molokai. Other missionaries and their descendants such as Henry Perrine Baldwin became active in commercial and political affairs leading to future conflicts. The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha Vwho did not name an heirresulted in the popular election of Lunalilo over Kalkaua. Lunalilo died the next year also without naming an heir. Perhaps "the People's King" (Lunalilo) wanted the people to choose his successor as they had chosen him. In 1874 the election was contested within the legislature between Kalkaua and Emma. This led to riots and the landing of U.S. and British troops and governance passed to the House of Kalkaua. 1887 Constitution In 1887 Kalkaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii which stripped the king of much of his authority. There was a property qualification for voting which disenfranchised many poorer Hawaiians and favored the wealthier white community. Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were excluded. Because the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence it is known as the "Bayonet Constitution". King Kalkaua reduced to a figurehead reigned until his death in 1891. His sister Liliuokalani succeeded him on the throne. Ship's landing force at the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy January 1893. In 1893 Queen Liliuokalani announced plans for a new constitution. On January 14 1893 a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed a Committee of Safety to overthrow the Kingdom and seek annexation by the United States. United States Government Minister John L. Stevens responding to a request from the Committee of Safety summoned a company of U.S. Marines. As one historian noted the presence of these troops effectively made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself.36 Overthrow of 1893the Republic of Hawaii (18941898) In January 1893 Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a Provisional Government composed of members of the Committee of Safety. Controversy filled the following years as the queen tried to re-establish her throne. The administration of President Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report which concluded that the removal of Liliuokalani was illegal. The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Liliuokalani be reinstated but the Provisional Government refused. Congress followed with another investigation and submitted the Morgan Report on February 26 1894 which found all parties (including Minister Stevens) with the exception of the queen "not guilty" from any responsibility for the overthrow.37 The accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports has been questioned by partisans on both sides of the debate over the events of 1893.36383940 In 1993 a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow was passed by Congress and signed by President Clinton apologizing for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.40 It is the first time in American history that the United States government has apologized for overthrowing the government of a sovereign nation. Iolani Palace in Honolulu formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii. The Provisional Government of Hawaii ended on July 4 1894 replaced by the Republic of Hawaii. The first Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii in 1885 as contract laborers for the sugar cane and pineapple plantations. Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes in 1899. The devastation caused a world wide shortage in sugar and a huge demand for the product from Hawaii. Hawaiian sugar plantation owners began to recruit the jobless but experienced laborers in Puerto Rico. Two distinct waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii have occurred in the last century. The first arrived in between 1903 and 1924; the second wave began in 1965. Annexationthe Territory of Hawaii (18981959) After William McKinley won the presidential election in 1896 Hawaii's annexation to the U.S. was again discussed. The previous president Grover Cleveland was a friend of Queen Liliuokalani. McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawaii. He met with three annexationists from Hawaii: Lorrin Thurston Francis March Hatch and William Ansel Kinney. After negotiations in June 1897 Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii.41 The treaty was never ratified by the U.S. Senate. Instead the Newlands Resolution by both houses of Congress annexed the Republic to the United States and it became the Territory of Hawaii. Despite some opposition in the islands the Newlands Resolution was passed by the House June 15 1898 by a vote of 209 to 91 and by the Senate on July 6 1898 by a vote of 42 to 21. In 1900 Hawaii was granted self-governance and retained Iolani Palace as the territorial capitol building. Despite several attempts to become a state Hawaii remained a territory for sixty years. Plantation owners and key capitalists who maintained control through financial institutions or "factors" known as the "Big Five" found territorial status convenient enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various states. Political Changes of 1954the State of Hawaii (1959present) All representative districts voted at least 93% in favor of Admission acts. Ballot (inset) and referendum results for the Admission Act of 1959 Main article: Democratic Revolution of 1954 (Hawaii) In the 1950s the power of the plantation owners was finally broken by descendants of immigrant laborers. Because they were born in a U.S. territory they were legal U.S. citizens. The Hawaii Republican Party strongly supported by plantation owners was voted out of office. The Democratic Party of Hawaii dominated politics for 40 years. Expecting to gain full voting rights Hawaii's residents actively campaigned for statehood. In March 1959 Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed it into law. (The act excluded Palmyra Atoll part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii from the new state.) On June 27 of that year a referendum asked residents of Hawaii to vote on the statehood bill. Hawaii voted 17 to 1 to accept. The choices were to accept the Act or to remain a territory without the option of independence.424344 The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization later removed Hawaii from the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. After statehood Hawaii quickly modernized via construction and rapidly growing tourism economy. Later state programs promoted Hawaiian culture. The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 incorporated programs such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous language and culture. Cities and towns Honolulu is the largest city and capital of Hawaii. The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the Big Island to Maui and subsequently to Oahu explains why population centers exist where they do today. Kamehameha III chose the largest city Honolulu as his capital because of its natural harbor the present-day Honolulu Harbor. Now the state capital Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of Oahu. The previous capital was Lahaina Maui and before that Kailua-Kona Hawaii. Some major towns are Hilo Kneohe Kailua Pearl City Waipahu Kahului Kailua-Kona Khei and Lhue. See also: List of sister cities in Hawaii Demographics Population Historical populations Census Pop. % 1900 154001 1910 191874 24.6% 1920 255881 33.4% 1930 368300 43.9% 1940 422770 14.8% 1950 499794 18.2% 1960 632772 26.6% 1970 769913 21.7% 1980 964691 25.3% 1990 1108229 14.9% 2000 1211537 9.3% 2010 1360301 12.3% Source: 1910-201045 Population density of the Hawaiian islands As of 2005 Hawaii has an estimated population of 1275194 an increase of 13070 or 1.0% from the prior year and an increase of 63657 or 5.3% since 2000. This includes a natural increase of 48111 people (that is 96028 births minus 47917 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 16956 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30068 people and migration within the country produced a net loss of 13112 people. The center of population of Hawaii is located between the two islands of Oahu and Molokai.46 Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.3 million due to large military and tourist populations. Oahu nicknamed "The Gathering Place" is the most populous island (and has the highest population density) with a resident population of just under one million in 597 square miles (1546 km2) about 1650 people per square mile (for comparison New Jersey which has 8717925 people in 7417 square miles (19210 km2) is the most-densely populated state with 1134 people per square mile.)47 Hawaii's 1275194 people spread over 6423 square miles (16640 km2) (including many unpopulated islands) results in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile48 which makes Hawaii less densely populated than Ohio and Illinois.49 The average projected lifespan of those born in Hawaii in 2000 was 79.8 years (77.1 years if male 82.5 if female) longer than any other state.50 U.S. military personnel make up approximately 1.3% of the population in the islands. Race and ethnicity Further information: Europeans in Oceania According to the 2008 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau White Americans made up 27.1% of Hawaii's population; 24.8% were non-Hispanic whites. Blacks or African Americans made up 2.4% (2.3% non-Hispanic). American Indians made up 0.2% ( 0.1% non-Hispanic). Asian Americans made up 38.5% (37.6% non-Hispanic). Pacific Islander Americans made up 9.0% (8.6% non-Hispanic). Individuals from some other race made up 1.4% (0.1% non-Hispanic). Multiracial Americans made up 21.4% (17.8% non-Hispanic). Hispanics and Latinos (of any race) made up 8.7%.51 Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans mainly 175000 Filipino Americans and 161000 Japanese Americans. In addition there are roughly 53000 Chinese Americans and 40000 Korean Americans. Indigenous Hawaiians number 70000 (or 5.5%). Over 110000 Hispanic and Latino Americans make Hawaii their home. Mexicans number 37000; Puerto Ricans number 35000. Also Hawaii has the highest percentage of Multiracial Americans; mixed-race individuals form roughly 21% of Hawaii's population. Eurasian Americans are a prominent mixed-race group; there are roughly 61000 Eurasian Americans in Hawaii.51 The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German (7.4%) Irish (5.2%) English (4.6%) Portuguese (4.3%) and Italian (2.7%). Approximately 82.2% of Hawaii's residents were born in the United States. Roughly 75.0% of the foreign-born residents hail from Asia.52 Hawaii is a majority-minority state. Non-Hispanic whites do not form a majority. Hawaii was the second majority-minority state. Both Hawaii and New Mexico have been majority-minority since the early 20th century. See also: Africans in Hawaii Ancestry groups Population of Hawaii51 Ancestry Percentage Main article: Filipino 13.6% See Filipino American Japanese 12.6% See Japanese American Polynesian 9.0% See Native Hawaiians German 7.4% See German American Irish 5.2% See Irish American English 4.6% See English American Portuguese 4.3% See Portuguese American Chinese 4.1% See Chinese American Korean 3.1% See Korean American Mexican 2.9% See Mexican American Puerto Rican 2.8% See Puerto Rican Italian 2.7% See Italian American African 2.4% See African American French 1.7% See French American Scottish 1.2% See Scottish American The largest ancestry groups in Hawaii as of 2008 are in the table at right. The third group of foreigners to arrive upon Hawaii's shores after those from Polynesia and Europe was from Han China. Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789. In 1820 the first American missionaries came to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways. They were instrumental in convincing the Hawaiian Chiefs to end human sacrifice.citation needed A large proportion of Hawaii's population is now of Asian ancestry (especially Chinese Japanese and Filipino.) Many are descendants of those immigrants brought to work on the sugar plantations in the 1850s and after. The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19 1868. They were not "legally" approved by the Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the Tokugawa shogunate by then replaced by the Meiji Restoration. The first Japanese government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9 1885 after Kalkaua's petition to Emperor Meiji when Kalkaua visited Japan in 1881.citation needed Almost 13000 Portuguese had come by 1899. They too worked on the sugar plantations. By October 17 1901 5000 Puerto Ricans had made new homes on the four islands.citation needed Languages The State of Hawaii has two official languages recognized in its 1978 constitution: English and Hawaiian. Article XV Section 4 specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law" italic added. Hawaii Creole English (locally referred to as 'Pidgin') is the native language of many born-and-raised residents and is a second language for many other residents. English As of the 2000 Census 73.44% of Hawaii residents age 5 and older speak only English at home.53 According to the 2008 American Community Survey 74.6% of Hawaii's residents over the age of five speak only English at home.51 Minority languages In addition 2.6% of the state's residents speak Spanish; 1.6% speak other Indo-European languages; 21.0% speak an Asian language; and 0.2% speak a different language at home.51 After English other popular languages are Tagalog (most are bilingual in Filipino) Japanese and Ilokano. Significant European immigrants and descendants also speak their native languages; the most numerous are Spanish German Portuguese and French. Tagalog speakers make up 5.37% (which includes non-native speakers of Filipino language the national co-official Tagalog-based language) followed by Japanese at 4.96% Ilokano at 4.05% Chinese at 1.92% Hawaiian at 1.68% Spanish at 1.66% Korean at 1.61% and Samoan at 1.01%.53 Hawaiian Main article: Hawaiian language The Hawaiian language has about 2000 native speakers less than 0.1% of the total population.54 According to the United States Census there were 27160 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2005.55 Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family.56 It is closely related to other Polynesian languages such as Marquesan Tahitian Mori Rapa Nui (the language of Easter Island) and less closely to Samoan and Tongan. According to Schtz (1994) the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 AD57 followed by later waves of immigration from the Society Islands and Samoa-Tonga. Those Polynesians remained in the islands thereby becoming the Hawaiian people. Their languages over time became the Hawaiian language.58 Kimura and Wilson (1983) also state "Linguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas and a secondary link in Tahiti which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands."59 Before the arrival of Captain James Cook the Hawaiian language had no written form. That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries during 18201826. They assigned letters from the Latin alphabet that corresponded to the Hawaiian sounds. Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs specially designated immersion schools were established where all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian. Also the University of Hawaii developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments. Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowels. In modern practice vowel length is indicated with a macron (kahak). Also Hawaiian uses the glottal stop as a consonant (okina). It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or opening single quote. Hawaiian-language newspapers published from 18341948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing. The okina and kahak are intended to help non-native speakers. Hawaiian Pidgin Some locals speak Hawaii Creole English (HCE) often called "pidgin". The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from English but also has words from Hawaiian Chinese Japanese Ilocano and Tagalog and Portuguese. During the 19th century the increase in immigration (mainly from China Japan Portugaland especially from the Azores archipelagoand Spain) caused a variant of English to develop. By the early 20th century pidgin speakers had children who acquired the pidgin as their first language. HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic. Most place names are retained from Hawaiian as are some names for plants or animals. For example tuna fish are often called ahi. International Market Place Honolulu 1958. HCE speakers have modified the meanings of certain English words. For example "aunty" and "uncle" refer to any adult who is a friend or to show respect for an elder. Simplified grammar is used. For example instead of "It is hot today isn't it" an HCE speaker would say simply "stay hot eh" When a word does not come to mind quickly the term "da kine" refers to any word you cannot think of. Through the surfing boom in Hawaii HCE has influenced surfer slang. Some HCE expressions such as brah and da kine have found their way to other places. Spelling of state name A somewhat divisive political issue arose when the constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state language: the exact spelling of the state's name. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood the federal government recognized Hawaii to be the official state name. Official government publications as well as department and office titles use the traditional Hawaiian spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length.60 In contrast some private entities including a local newspaper do use such symbols. The title of the state constitution is "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii". In Article XV Section 1 uses "The State of Hawaii" Section 2 "the island of Oahu" Section 3 "The Hawaiian flag" and Section 5 specifies the state motto as "Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono". Since these documents predate the modern use of the okina and the kahak in Hawaiian orthography the diacritics were not used. The nuances in the Hawaiian language debate are often not obvious or well-appreciated among English speakers outside Hawaii.61 Religion Church in Hawaii 1958 According to data provided by religious establishments religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows:626364 Christianity: 351000 (28.9%) Buddhism: 110000 (9%) Judaism: 10000 (0.8%) Other: 100000 (10%)* Unaffiliated: 650000 (51.1%)** The largest denominations by number of adherents were the Catholic Church with 240813 in 200065 and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 68128 in 2009.66 "Other" are religions other than Christianity Buddhism or Judaism; this group includes Bah' Faith Confucianism Daoism the Hawaiian religion Hinduism Islam Sikhism Shintoism Zoroastrianism and other religions. "Unaffiliated" refers to people who do not belong to a congregation; this group includes agnostics atheists humanists and the irreligious. A 2009 Gallup poll found religion was distributed as follows excluding those of other non-Judeo-Christian religions and those who had "no opinion":67 Christianity: 60.6% (37.8% Protestant/Other Christian 22.8% Roman Catholic) Mormonism: 3.3% Judaism: 0.7% Irreligious Agnostic Atheist: 21.0% A special case is Hooponopono an ancient Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness combined with prayer. It is both philosophy and way of life. Traditionally hooponopono is practiced by healing priests or kahuna lapaau among family members of a person who is physically ill. Economy See also: Hawaii locations by per capita income The history of Hawaii can be traced through a succession of dominant industries: sandalwood68 whaling69 sugarcane (see Sugar plantations in Hawaii) pineapple military tourism and education. Since statehood in 1959 tourism has been the largest industry contributing 24.3% of the Gross State Product (GSP) in 1997 despite efforts to diversify. The gross output for the state in 2003 was US$47 billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents was US$30441. Shipping dock in Hawaii Hawaiian exports include food and apparel. These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy however due to the considerable shipping distance to viable markets such as the West Coast of the United States. Food exports include coffee (see coffee production in Hawaii) macadamia nuts pineapple livestock and sugarcane. Agricultural sales for 2002 according to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service were US$370.9 million from diversified agriculture US$100.6 million from pineapple and US$64.3 million from sugarcane. Hawaii has a relatively high state tax burden. In 2003 Hawaii residents had the highest state tax per capita at US$2838. This is partly because education health care and social services are all provided directly by the state as opposed to local government in all other states. Millions of tourists contribute to the tax take by paying the general excise tax and hotel room tax; thus not all taxes come directly from residents. Business leaders however consider the state's tax burden too high contributing to both higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate.70 See the list of businesses in Hawaii for more on commerce. Hawaii was one of the few states to control gasoline prices through a Gas Cap Law. Since oil company profits in Hawaii compared to the mainland U.S. were under scrutiny the law tied local gasoline prices to those of the mainland. It took effect in September 2005 amid price fluctuations caused by Hurricane Katrina but was suspended in April 2006. As of January 2010 the state's unemployment rate was 6.9%.71 In 2009 the United States military spent $12.2 billion in Hawaii accounting for 18% of spending in the state for that year. 75000 United States Department of Defense personnel reside in Hawaii.72 Cost of living The cost of living in Hawaii specifically Honolulu is quite high compared to most major cities in the United States. However the cost of living in Honolulu is 6.7% lower than in New York NY and 3.6% lower than in San Francisco CA.73 These numbers may not take into account certain costs such as increased travel costs for longer flights additional shipping fees and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers "outside the continental United States". While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii74 many merchants exclude Hawaii Alaska Puerto Rico and certain other US territories. The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 US Census was $272700 while the national median home value was less than half at $119600. Hawaii home values were the highest of all states including California with a median home value of $211500.75 More recent research from the National Association of Realtors places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu Hawaii at $607600 and the US median sales price at $173200. The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any US city in 2010 just above the "Silicon Valley" area of California ($602000).76 Culture Main article: Culture of Hawaii Part of Pearl Harbor with Aloha Stadium the USS Arizona USS Bowfin (submarine) museums Admiral Clarey Bridge and naval yards visible. The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian triangle of the south and central Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains only as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society there are reenactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences are strong enough to affect the United States at large including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of luaus and hula. Customs and etiquette in Hawaii Folklore in Hawaii Hawaiian mythology List of Hawaiian state parks Literature in Hawaii Music of Hawaii Polynesian Cultural Center Polynesian mythology Tourism in Hawaii Hawaii is home to numerous cultural events. The annual Merrie Monarch Festival is an international Hula competition.77 The state is also home to the Hawaii International Film Festival the premier film festival for pacific rim cinema.78 Honolulu is also home to the state's long running GLBT film festival the Rainbow Film Festival.7980 Health Main article: Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act Hawaii's health care system insures 92% (2009) of residents. Under the state's plan businesses are required to provide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week. Heavy regulation of insurance companies helps keep the cost to employers down. Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care Hawaiians require hospital treatment less frequently than the rest of the United States while total health care expenses (measured as a percentage of state GDP) are substantially lower. Given these achievements proponents of universal health care elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model for proposed federal and state health care plans. Critics however claim that Hawaii's success is due at least in part to its mild climate and to its isolated status and an economy based on tourism: businesses unhappy with paying the plan's premiums find it difficult to relocate elsewhere.81 Education Public schools Main article: Hawai'i Department of Education Hawaii has the U.S.' only school system that is unified statewide. Policy decisions are made by the fourteen-member state Board of Education. The Board sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools who oversees the state Department of Education. The Department of Education is divided into seven districts four on Oahu and one for each of the three other counties. The main rationale for centralization is to combat inequalities between highly populated Oahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands and between lower-income and more affluent areas. In most of the United States schools are funded from local property taxes. Educators struggle with children of non-native-English-speaking immigrants whose cultures are different from those of the mainland (where most course materials and testing standards originate). Public elementary middle and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandated under the No Child Left Behind Act. Some of the gap has been attributed to the Hawaii Board of Education's requirement that all eligible students take these tests and report all student test scores. Other states for example Texas and Michigan do not. Results reported in August 2005 indicate that of 282 schools across the state 185 (2/3) failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in math and reading.82 On the other hand the ACT college placement tests show that in 2005 seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9).83 In the widely accepted SAT examinations Hawaii's college-bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics. Other schools Hawaii educates more students in independent institutions of secondary education than any other state in the United States. It has four of the largest independent schools: Iolani School Kamehameha Schools Mid-Pacific Institute and Punahou School. The second Buddhist high school in the United States and first Buddhist high school in Hawaii Pacific Buddhist Academy was founded in 2003. The first native controlled public charter school was the Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School. Independent and charter schools can select their students while the regular public schools must take all students in their district. The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the United States that openly grant admission to students based on ancestry and the wealthiest schools in the United States if not the world having over nine billion US dollars in estate assets. In 2005 Kamehameha enrolled 5398 students 8.4% of the Native Hawaiian children in the state.84 See also: List of elementary schools in Hawaii List of middle schools in Hawaii and List of high schools in Hawaii Colleges and universities Graduates of secondary schools in Hawaii often enter directly into the work force. Some attend colleges and universities on the mainland or other countries and the rest attend an institution of higher learning in Hawaii. The largest is the University of Hawaii System. It consists of: the research university at Mnoa; two comprehensive campuses Hilo and West Oahu; and seven Community Colleges. Private universities include Brigham Young UniversityHawaii Chaminade University of Honolulu Hawaii Pacific University Wayland Baptist University or University of the Nations. The Saint Stephen Diocesan Center is a seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu. See also: List of colleges and universities in Hawaii Law and government See also: United States presidential election in Hawaii 2004 Politics of Hawaii and Political party strength in Hawaii The Hawaii State Capitol building as seen from the rim of Punchbowl Crater. The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii there are three branches of government: executive legislative and judicial. The executive branch is led by the Governor of Hawaii assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii both elected on the same ticket. The governor in residence at the grounds of Washington Place is the only public official elected for the state government in a statewide race; all others are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor acts as the Secretary of State. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the State Capitol. The legislative branch consists of the Hawaii State Legislaturetwenty-five members of the Hawaii Senate led by the President of the Senate and fifty-one members of the Hawaii House of Representatives led by the Speaker of the House. They also govern from the State Capitol. The judicial branch is led by the highest state court the Hawaii State Supreme Court which uses Aliilani Hale as its chambers. Lower courts are organized as the Hawaii State Judiciary. Unique to Hawaii is the lack of municipal governments. All local governments are administered at the county level. The only incorporated area in the state is a consolidated citycounty: Honolulu County which governs the entire island of Oahu. County executives are the Mayor of Hawaii Mayor of Honolulu Mayor of Kauai and Mayor of Maui all elected in nonpartisan races. Federal government Hawaii is represented in the United States Congress by four people: Colleen Hanabusa (Democrat) represents the 1st District in the House. The 1st District covers south-eastern Oahu including central Honolulu. Mazie Hirono (Democrat) represents the 2nd District in the House. The 2nd District covers the rest of the state which is mainly rural. Daniel Inouye is the senior United States Senator having served since January 3 1963. In June 2010 Senator Inouye became the longest-serving current Senator and thus received the title President pro tempore of the United States Senate. Daniel Akaka is the junior United States Senator having served since May 16 1990. Senators Inouye and Akaka were both born in 1924 making them the oldest current Senate duo. All federal officers in Hawaii administer their duties from the Prince Khi Federal Building near the Aloha Tower and Honolulu Harbor including the Federal Bureau of Investigation Internal Revenue Service and the United States Secret Service. The building is the site of the federal courts and the offices of the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii principal police officer of the Department of Justice in the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii. National politics Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2008 26.58% 120446 71.85% 325588 2004 45.26% 194191 54.01% 231708 2000 37.46% 137845 55.79% 205286 1996 31.64% 113943 56.93% 205012 1992 36.70% 136822 48.09% 179310 1988 44.75% 158625 54.27% 192364 1984 55.10% 185050 43.82% 147154 1980 42.90% 130112 44.80% 135879 1976 48.06% 140003 50.59% 147375 1972 62.48% 168865 37.52% 101409 1968 38.70% 91425 59.83% 141324 1964 21.24% 44022 78.76% 163249 1960 49.97% 92295 50.03% 92410 Hawaii supported Democrats in 10 of the last 12 presidential elections. The exceptions were 1972 and 1984. In 2004 John Kerry won the state's 4 electoral votes by a margin of 9 percentage points with 54% of the vote. Every county supported the Democratic candidate. In 1964 favorite son candidate Senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii sought the Republican presidential nomination while Patsy Mink ran in the Oregon primary in 1972. Honolulu native Barack Obama serving as United States Senator from Illinois was elected President of the United States on November 4 2008. Obama had won the Hawaiian Democratic Caucus on February 19 2008 with 76% of the vote. He was the third Hawaii-born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party and the first presidential nominee from Hawaii.8586 Transportation See also: Hawaii Department of Transportation A system of state highways encircles each main island. Only Oahu has federal highways and is the only area outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed Interstate highways. Travel can be slow due to narrow winding roads and congested in cities. Each major island has a public bus system. Commercial airlines provide most mainland and inter-island travel. Hawaiian Airlines Mokulele Airlines and go! use jets between the larger airports in Honolulu Lhue Kahului Kona and Hilo while Island Air and Pacific Wings serve smaller airports. These airlines also provide air freight service between the islands. Norwegian Cruise Lines provides passenger cruise service between the islands. The Hawaii Superferry planned to operate between Oahu and other major islands. Legal issues over environmental impact statements and protests temporarily delayed it. Service to Maui started in December 2007 but shut down in March 2009.87 See also Geography portal United States portal Hawaii portal Main articles: Outline of Hawaii and Index of Hawaii-related articles References Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians. Hawaii resident or islander is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity. The Associated Press Stylebook 42nd ed. (2007) also prescribes this usage (p. 112). "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States Regions States and Puerto Rico: April 1 2000 to July 1 2008". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-01.csv. Retrieved 2009-02-06.  a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. April 29 2005. http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest. Retrieved November 3 2006.  Pollexa reconstruction of the Proto-Polynesian lexicon Biggs and Clark 1994. The asterisk preceding the word signifies that it is a reconstructed word form. Pukui and Elbert 1986 p. 62. See also: Pukui Elbert and Mookini 1974. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Island of Hawaii U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Maui Island U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kahoolawe Island U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lnai Island U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Molokai Island U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Oahu Island U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kauai Island U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Niihau Island "Hawaiian Islands : Image of the Day". Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.phpid3510. Retrieved 2010-11-05.  "What constitutes the United States what are the official definitions". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2004-10-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20041021120319/http://interactive2.er.usgs.gov/faq/listfaqbycategory/getanswer.aspid795. Retrieved 2007-07-03.  Mauna Kea Volcano Hawaii. Unke Beata (2001). "Height of the Tallest Mountain on Earth". The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/BeataUnke.shtml.  Rubin Ken. "General Information about Hawaiian Shield Volcanoes". http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/hawvolc.html. Retrieved December 2009.  "Youngest lava flows on East Maui probably older than A.D. 1790". United States Geological Survey. September 9 1999. http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1999/990909.html. Retrieved 1999-10-04.  Living on Active VolcanoesThe Island of Hawaii U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 074-97. Human Footprints in Relation to the 1790 Eruption of Klauea Swanson D. A.; Rausch J. American Geophysical Union. "Largest islands of the world". Worldatlas.com. http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/islands.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-16.  Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (2009-11-12). "Tsunami Safety & Preparedness in Hawaii". http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/hawaii.php. Retrieved 2009-11-12.  Howard Youth. "Hawaii's Forest Birds Sing the Blues". http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm. Retrieved October 31 2008.  "Hawaii". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/state/HI. Retrieved 2008-07-15.  Joshua Reichert and Theodore Roosevelt IV. "Treasure Islands". http://www.pewtrusts.org/ideas/ideasitem.cfmcontentitemid3417&contenttypeid15&page15&issue16&issuenameProtecting%20ocean%20life&nameOp-eds%20(Pew). Retrieved June 15 2006.  Climate of Hawaii. Hawaii WeatherHawaii Weather ForecastHawaii Climate. US CODE: Title 207512. Findings. Hawaii State Government. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge University Press. 1989. pp. 7779. ISBN 0521273161.  Kuykendall "The Hawaiian Kingdom Volume I: Foundation and Transformation" p18 "Cook's plan was to get the king on board the Resolution and keep him there until the stolen boat was returneda plan that had been effective under similar circumstances in the south Pacific". Hawaii (state United States). Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Migration and Disease. Digital History. a b Russ William Adam (1992). The Hawaiian Revolution (189394). Associated University Presses. p. 350. ISBN 0945636431.  Kuykendall R.S. (1967) The Hawaiian Kingdom 18741893. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 648. Kinzer Stephen (2006). Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq. Times Books. ISBN 0805078614.  "Limbaugh repeated false claim that U.S. was "strictly neutral" in overthrow of Hawaiian queen". Media Matters. http://mediamatters.org/items/200508220002.  a b Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Standdead link by Bruce Fein. "1897 Hawaii Annexation Treaty". The Morgan Report. http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.phptitle1897AnnexationTreaty. Retrieved August 14 2010.  Human Rights differs from Equal Rights. Support For The Hawaiian Sovereignty Elections Council. Hawaii Reporter: Hawaii Reporterdead link. "Resident Population Data - 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php. Retrieved 2011-04-16.  "Population and Population Centers by State  2000". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved 2008-12-04.  New Jersey Quickfacts. Hawaii Quickfacts. Top 12 states in population densitydead link. Average life expectancy at birth by state. a b c d e American FactFinder United States Census Bureau. "Hawaii ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2008". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTablebmy&-contextadp&-qrnameACS20081YRG00DP5&-dsnameACS20081YRG00&-treeid308&-redoLogtrue&-callergeoselect&-geoid04000US15&-format&-langen. Retrieved 2010-05-15.  American FactFinder United States Census Bureau. "Hawaii Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2008". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTablebmy&-geoid04000US15&-qrnameACS20081YRG00DP2&-contextadp&-dsname&-treeid308&-langen&-redoLogtrue&-format. Retrieved 2010-05-15.  a b Language Map Data Center. Lyovin Anatole V. (1997). An Introduction to the Languages of the World p. 258. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. ISBN 0-19-508116-1. U.S. Census (2005). "U.S. Census Press Releases". http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/factsforfeaturesspecialeditions/004522.html dead link. Public Information Offce. Lyovin (1997:257258) Schtz (1994:334336; 338 20n) Elbert & Pukui (1979:3536) Kimura & Wilson (1983:185) "Hawaiian language". Wow Polynesia. 2009-12-02. http://www.wowpolynesia.com/hawaiian-language/. Retrieved 2011-04-16.  "Ocean City - Somers Point - North Wildwood - Wildwood - Wildwood Crest Real Estate for Sale". Joezarroli.com. 2005-08-17. http://joezarroli.com/agent/additionalpagep.phpusernamezarroliprops&pageno7. Retrieved 2011-04-16.  State of Hawaii Data Book 2000 Section 1 Population Table 1.47. Glenmary Research Centerdead link. Honolulu Advertiser. "Glenmary Research Center" (PDF). http://www.glenmary.org/grc/RCMS2000/Catholic%20rankingstables.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-15. dead link "LDS Newsroom Statistical Information". Newsroom.lds.org. Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20080730060850/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/statistical-information. Retrieved 2010-05-15.  Gallup Poll Daily tracking. Hawaii sandalwood trade. Whaling in Hawaii. Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News. Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics Associated Press "Study: Military spent $12B in Hawaii in 2009" Military Times 1 June 2011. Cost of Living Wizard on The New York Times website FreeShipping.org for examples of stores that ship free to Hawaii Historic Housing Values on www.census.gov Metropolitan Median Prices from the National Association of Realtors(r). "Merrie Monarch Festival 2005 The Honolulu Advertiser Hawaii's Newspaper". The Honolulu Advertiser. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/current/il/merriemonarch05. Retrieved 2010-05-15.  1dead link USA. "19th Annual Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival at Doris Duke Theatre :: Honolulu Hawaii Nightlife Event Guide". Hnlnow.com. http://www.hnlnow.com/events/index.phpcomdetail&eID10075&year2008&month5. Retrieved 2010-05-15.  "Honolulu Star-Bulletin Features". Archives.starbulletin.com. 2001-05-29. http://archives.starbulletin.com/2001/05/29/features/index.html. Retrieved 2010-05-15.  "Hawaii Health Care Is Called a Model for U.S.". New York Times. 1993-05-19. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htmlres9F0CE7DD123BF93AA25756C0A965958260.  POSTED: 5:58 pm HST August 18 2005 (2005-08-18). "Two-Thirds Of Hawaii Schools Do Not Meet Requirements Education News Story KITV Honolulu". Thehawaiichannel.com. http://www.thehawaiichannel.com/education/4870699/detail.html. Retrieved 2010-05-15.  Honolulu Advertiser August 17 2005 p. B1 Ishibasha Koren (November 2005). "Official Enrollment". Archived from the original on 2010-02-25. http://www.webcitation.org/5noCEgxNn. Retrieved December 2009.  Rudin Ken (2009-12-23). "NPR's ''Political Junkie'' 23 December 2009 accessed 30 December 2009". Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todaysjunkiesegmentontotn5.html. Retrieved 2010-05-15.  Heard on Tell Me More (2008-10-29). "Asian Writer Ponders First Asian President Too". Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.phpstoryId96126355. Retrieved 2010-05-15.  "Aloha Superferry Alakai leaves Hawaii to find job". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. March 29 2009. http://www.starbulletin.com/news/20090329AlohaSuperferry.html. dead link Further reading The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV. Bushnell O. A. 1993. The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawaii. ISBN 0824814576. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press Kinzer Stephen 2007 Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. ISBN 0805082409. Times Books Lyovin Anatole V. (1997). An Introduction to the Languages of the World. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. ISBN 0-19-508116-1.  Pukui Mary Kawena; Samuel H. Elbert (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-0703-0.  Schamel Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii." Social Education 63 7 (November/December 1999): 402408. Stokes John F.G. 1932. "Spaniard and the Sweet Potato in Hawaii and Hawaiian-American Contacts." American Anthropologist New Series v 34 n 4 pp. 594600. External links Wikinews has related Hawaii news: June 4: Brazilian surfer wins world championship in Pichilemu Chile April 27: U.S. President Barack Obama releases original birth certificate July 25: Brush fire starts in Hawaii's Makua Valley February 27: Pacific Rim braces for tsunami following major Chilean earthquake Find more about Hawaii on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Official state website Hawaii at the Open Directory Project Hawaii travel guide from Wikitravel Hawaii State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture USGS real-time geographic and other scientific resources of Hawaii Energy Data & Statistics for Hawaii Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands at NASA's Earth Observatory Documents relating to Hawaiian Statehood Dwight D. 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