Coordinates: 404211N 740136W / 40.70306N 74.02667W / 40.70306; -74.02667 Hudson River A sailboat on the Hudson river and Downtown Manhattan Country United States States New York New Jersey Tributaries  - left Opalescent River Boreas River Moses Kill River Batten Kill Hoosic River  - right Goodnow River Cedar River (New York) Indian River (New York) Sacandaga River Snook Kill River Mohawk River Normans Kill Vloman Kill Coeymans Creek Hannacroix Creek Coxsackie Creek Cities Glens Falls Mechanicville Troy Albany Hudson Kingston Poughkeepsie Newburgh Beacon Peekskill Yonkers New York City Fort Lee Hoboken Jersey City Source Lake Tear of the Clouds  - location Mount Marcy New York United States  - elevation 4293 ft (1309 m)  - coordinates 440624N 735609W / 44.10667N 73.93583W / 44.10667; -73.93583 Mouth Upper New York Bay  - elevation 0 ft (0 m)  - coordinates 404211N 740136W / 40.70306N 74.02667W / 40.70306; -74.02667 Length 315 mi (507 km) Basin 14000 sq mi (36260 km) Discharge for Lower New York Bay  - average 21400 cu ft/s (606 m3/s) Discharge elsewhere (average)  - Troy 15000 cu ft/s (425 m3/s) Hudson and Mohawk watersheds

The Hudson River is a 315-mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south through eastern New York. It rises at Lake Tear of the Clouds on the slopes of Mount Marcy in the Adirondack Mountains flows past Albany and finally forms the border between New York City and New Jersey at its mouth before emptying into Upper New York Bay. Its lower half is a tidal estuary1 which occupies the Hudson Fjord created during the most recent North American glaciation over the latter part of the Wisconsin Stage of the Last Glacial Maximum (26000 to 13300 years ago).2 Tidal waters influence the Hudson's flow as far north as Troy.

The river is named after Henry Hudson an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company who explored it in 1609. It had previously been observed by Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazano sailing for King Francis I of France in 1524 as he became the first European known to have entered the Upper Bay but he mistook it for an estuary. The river was named by Hudson's employers the North River (with the Delaware River called the South River) and formed the spine of the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Settlement of the colony clustered around the Hudson and its strategic importance as the gateway to the American interior led to years of competition between the English and the Dutch over control of the river and colony.

In the Eighteenth Century the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the Nineteenth Century the area inspired the Hudson River School of painting an American pastoral style as well as the idea of "wilderness" and "conservation." Contents 1 Names 2 Geography 2.1 The Narrows 2.2 North River 2.3 Haverstraw Bay 3 Transportation 4 Political boundaries 5 Tributaries 6 Theodore Roosevelt's historic route 7 Pollution and other environmental impacts 7.1 PCB contamination 7.2 Other pollutants 7.3 Other environmental impacts 7.3.1 Proposed hydroelectric facility 7.3.2 Cooling water withdrawals 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Names

The river was called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois345 or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami Muhheakantuck.

The Hudson was named the "North River" by the Dutch who called the Delaware River the "South River." The name "North River" was used in the New York City area up until the early 1900s with limited use continuing into the modern day.6 The term persists in radio communication among commercial shipping traffic especially below Tappan Zee.7

It was the English who originated the use of the name "Hudson"because Hudson had found the river while exploring for the Dutch.citation needed Geography

The official source of the Hudson is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Mountains. However the waterway from the lake is known as Feldspar Brook and the Opalescent River feeding into the Hudson at Tahawus. The actual Hudson River begins several miles north of Tahawus at Henderson Lake. The Hudson is joined at Waterford (north of Albany) by the Mohawk River its major tributary just south of which the Federal Dam separates the Upper Hudson River Valley from the Lower Hudson River Valley or simply the Hudson River Valley. The Hudson river then flows south passing between the Catskill Mountains and the Taconic Mountains widening significantly at the Tappan Zee finally flowing between Manhattan Island and the New Jersey Palisades and into the Atlantic Ocean at New York Bay an arm of the ocean where it forms New York Harbor. View of the Hudson in the 1880s showing Jersey City

The lower Hudson is actually a tidal estuary with tidal influence extending as far as the Federal Dam at Troy.1 Strong tides make parts of New York Harbor difficult and dangerous to navigate. During the winter ice floes drift south or north depending upon the tides. The Mahican name of the river Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk means "the river that flows both ways."8 The Hudson is often mistaken for one of the largest rivers in the United States but it is an estuary throughout most of its length below Troy and thus only a small fraction of fresh water about 15000 cubic feet (425 m) per second is present. The mean fresh water discharge at the river's mouth in New York is approximately 21400 cubic feet (606 m) per second. The Hudson and its tributaries notably the Mohawk River drain a large area. Parts of the Hudson River form coves such as Weehawken Cove in Hoboken and Weehawken.

The Hudson is sometimes called in geological terms a "drowned" river. The rising sea levels after the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation the most recent ice age have resulted in a marine incursion that drowned the coastal plain and brought salt water well above the mouth of the river. The deeply eroded old riverbed beyond the current shoreline Hudson Canyon is a rich fishing area. The former riverbed is clearly delineated beneath the waters of the Atlantic Ocean extending to the edge of the continental shelf. Looking downriver from Battery Park City in Manhattan Hudson from Midtown Manhattan with Javits Convention Center in foreground. The New Jersey Palisades is visible across the river. The Delaware and Hudson Canal ended at the Hudson at Kingston running southwest to the coal fields of northeastern Pennsylvania. Notable landmarks on the Hudson include West Point Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site Bard College the Culinary Institute of America Marist College the Thayer Hotel at West Point Bannerman's Castle Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line (formerly part of the New York Central Railroad system) the Tappan Zee the New Jersey Palisades Hudson River Islands State Park Hudson Highlands State ParkWalkway over the Hudson Sing Sing Correctional Facility New York Military Academy Fort Tryon Park with The Cloisters Liberty State Park and Stevens Institute of Technology. Cities and towns on the New Jersey side include Tenafly Fort Lee Edgewater West New York Weehawken Hoboken and Jersey City. Cities in New York State include Troy Albany Kingston Poughkeepsie Glens Falls Yonkers Newburgh Beacon and New York City. The natural beauty of the Hudson Valley earned the Hudson River the nickname "America's Rhine" being compared to that of the famous 40 mile (65 km) stretch of Germany's Rhine River valley between the cities of Bingen and Koblenz. A similar 30-mile (48 km) stretch on the east bank of the Hudson has been designated the Hudson River Historic District a National Historic Landmark. The Hudson was designated as one of the American Heritage Rivers in 1997. The Narrows The Narrows a tidal stream between the New York City boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn connects the upper and lower sections of New York Bay. It has long been considered the maritime "gateway" to New York City and historically has been the most important entrance into the harbor. The Narrows were most likely formed about 6000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. Previously Staten Island and Long Island were connected preventing the Hudson River from terminating via The Narrows. At that time the Hudson River emptied into the Atlantic Ocean through a more westerly course through parts of present day northern New Jersey along the eastern side of the Watchung Mountains to Bound Brook New Jersey and then on into the Atlantic Ocean via Raritan Bay. A build up of water in the Upper Bay eventually allowed the Hudson River to break through previous land mass that was connecting Staten Island and Brooklyn to form The Narrows as it exists today. This allowed the Hudson River to find a shorter route to the Atlantic Ocean via its present course between New Jersey and New York City (Waldman 2000). North River Main article: North River (Hudson River) Lower Hudson River as seen from Riverside Park in Manhattan's Upper West Side. North River is an alternate name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson usually referring to all or part of the waterway located between Manhattan and Hudson County.910111213 The colonial name given by the Dutch to the entire river in the early seventeenth century the term fell out of popular use for most of it some time in the early 1900s14 but continues in use locally by mariners and others151617 as well as on some nautical charts18 and maps. The term also lives on in the names of a variety of facilities such as the North River piers North River Tunnels and the North River Wastewater Treatment Plant and has strong historical ties with New York Harbor. Haverstraw Bay Haverstraw Bay just north of the Tappan Zee (the widest part of the river) is located between Croton Point in the Southeast and the town of Haverstraw in the Northwest. Haverstraw Bay is a popular destination for recreational boaters and is home to many yacht clubs and marinas including Croton Yacht Club Croton Sailing School Half Moon Bay Marina (Croton) Pennybridge Marina Minisceongo Yacht Club Stony Point Bay Marina and Haverstraw Marina and is traversed by NY Waterway's HaverstrawOssining Ferry. Transportation The George Washington Bridge connecting Fort Lee New Jersey across the Hudson River to New York City is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.19 The Tappan Zee Bridge connects Westchester and Rockland counties in New York State. Looking downriver from the Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises boat. George Washington Bridge can be seen in the background. The Hudson River is navigable for a great distance above mile 0 (at 4042.1'N. 7401.5'W.) off The Battery. The original Erie Canal opened in 1825 to connect the Hudson with Lake Erie emptied into the Hudson at the Albany Basin just three miles (5 km) south of the Federal Dam in Troy (at mile 134). The canal enabled shipping between cities on the Great Lakes and Europe via the Atlantic Ocean. The New York State Canal System the successor to the Erie Canal runs into the Hudson River north of Troy and uses the Federal Dam as the Lock 1 and natural waterways whenever possible. The first railroad in New York the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad opened in 1831 between Albany and Schenectady on the Mohawk River enabling passengers to bypass the slowest part of the Erie Canal. In northern Troy the Champlain Canal split from the Erie Canal and continued north along the west side of the Hudson to Thomson where it crossed to the east side. At Fort Edward the canal left the Hudson heading northeast to Lake Champlain. A barge canal now splits from the Hudson at that point taking roughly the same route (also parallel to the Delaware and Hudson Railway's Saratoga and Whitehall Railroad) to Lake Champlain at Whitehall. From Lake Champlain boats can continue north into Canada to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Hudson Valley also proved attractive for railroads once technology progressed to the point where it was feasible to construct the required bridges over tributaries. The Troy and Greenbush Railroad was chartered in 1845 and opened that same year running a short distance on the east side between Troy and Greenbush (east of Albany). The Hudson River Railroad was chartered the next year as a continuation of the Troy and Greenbush south to New York City and was completed in 1851. In 1866 the Hudson River Bridge opened over the river between Greenbush and Albany enabling through traffic between the Hudson River Railroad and the New York Central Railroad west to Buffalo. When the Poughkeepsie Rail Bridge opened in 1879 it became the longest single span bridge in the world. On October 3 2009 it re-opened as a pedestrian walkway over the Hudson as part of the Hudson River Quadricentennial Celebrations and connects over 25 miles of existing pedestrian trails.2021 The New York West Shore and Buffalo Railway began at Weehawken Terminal and ran up the west shore of the Hudson as a competitor to the merged New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. Construction was slow and was finally completed in 1884; the New York Central purchased the line the next year. The Bear Mountain Bridge from Bear Mountain The Hudson is crossed at numerous points by bridges tunnels and ferries. The width of the Lower Hudson River required major feats of engineering to cross the results today visible in the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge the George Washington Bridge and the Tappan Zee Bridge as well as the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels and the PATH and Pennsylvania Railroad tubes. The George Washington Bridge (signed as I-95/US 1-9/US 46) connecting Fort Lee New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.22 The Troy-Waterford Bridge at Waterford was the first bridge over the Hudson opened in 1809. The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad was chartered in 1832 and opened in 1835 including the Green Island Bridge the first bridge over the Hudson south of the Federal Dam.23 The Upper Hudson River Valley was also useful for railroads. Sections of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Troy and Boston Railroad and Albany Northern Railroad ran next to the Hudson between Troy and Mechanicville. North of Mechanicville the shore was bare until Glens Falls where the short Glens Falls Railroad ran along the east shore. At Glens Falls the Hudson turns west to Corinth before continuing north; at Corinth the Adirondack Railway begins to run along the Hudson's west bank. The original Adirondack Railway opened by 1871 ending at North Creek along the river. In World War II an extension opened to Tahawus the site of valuable iron and titanium mines. The extension continued along the Hudson River into Hamilton County and then continued north where the Hudson makes a turn to the west crossing the Hudson and running along the west shore of the Boreas River. South of Tahawus the route returned to the east shore of the Hudson the rest of the way to its terminus. NASA image of the lower Hudson Political boundaries The Hudson River serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York and further north between New York counties. The northernmost place with this convention is in southwestern Essex County. Hamilton Essex Warren river runs along municipal boundaries Saratoga Warren Saratoga Washington Saratoga Rensselaer Albany Rensselaer Greene Columbia Ulster Columbia Ulster Dutchess Orange Dutchess Orange Putnam Rockland Westchester Bergen (NJ) Westchester Bergen (NJ) Bronx Bergen (NJ) New York Hudson (NJ) New York Tributaries See Rivers of the Hudson River Basin for an alphabetical listing including tributaries of tributaries. View of the Catskills from Rhinecliff The Hudson near Newcomb New York a dozen miles south of its source. Lake Tear of the Clouds by Seneca Ray Stoddard (late 19th century) From north to south moving downriver Opalescent Brook Cedar River Indian River Boreas River24 Schroon River Sacandaga River Mill Creek Batten Kill Hoosic River Mohawk River Poesten Kill25 Patroon Creek Normans Kill26 Moordener Kill Coeymans Creek Catskill Creek27 whose name was applied to the Catskill Mountains Roeliff-Jansen Kill28 Esopus Creek Rondout Creek Crum Elbow Creek29 Wappinger Creek Casperkill Quassaick Creek Fishkill Creek Moodna Creek Croton River Sing Sing Kill Pocantico River30 which flows through Rockefeller State Park Preserve Sparkill Creek31 Wicker's Creek Saw Mill River Note kill as used above is the Dutch word for creek. This can obviously cause confusion since kill is an English word with a totally different meaning. Sometimes the original Dutch colonial name is retained as in Poestin Kill. Sometimes the Dutch name is redundantly combined with the English word as in Fishkill Creek (Fish Creek Creek not a creek named after the killing of fish). Theodore Roosevelt's historic route This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) On September 14 1901 then-Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was at Lake Tear of the Clouds after returning from a hike to the Mount Marcy summit when he received a message informing him that President William McKinley who had been shot two weeks earlier but was expected to survive had taken a turn for the worse. Roosevelt hiked down 10 miles (16 km) on the southwest side of the mountain to the closest stage station at Long Lake New York. He then took a 40-mile (64-km) midnight stage coach ride through the twisting Adirondack Roads to the Adirondack Railway station at North Creek where he discovered that McKinley had died. Roosevelt took the train to Buffalo where he was officially sworn in as President. The 40 mile (64 km) route is now designated the Roosevelt-Marcy Trail. Pollution and other environmental impacts The sloop Clearwater on the Hudson River PCB contamination General Electric manufacturing facilities at Hudson Falls and Fort Edward discharged between 2090001300000 lb (95590 metric tons) of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) into the river from 1947 to 1977. The PCBs caused extensive contamination of fish in the river and apparently triggered a rapid evolutionary change in the Atlantic tomcod which after about 50 years of exposure evolved a two amino acid change in its AHR2 receptor gene causing the receptor to bind more weakly with PCBs than normal.32 The mutation does not prevent the tomcods from accumulating PCBs in their bodies and passing them on to striped bass and whatever else eats them.32 The toxic chemicals also accumulated in sediments that settled to the river bottom.33 In 1966 Pete Seeger and Toshi Seeger founded Hudson River Sloop Clearwater an environmental education organization and an actual boat (a sloop) that promotes awareness of the river and its history. Clearwater has gained national recognition for its activism starting in the 1970s to force a clean-up of PCB contamination of the Hudson caused by GE and other companies.34 In 1976 the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation banned all fishing in the Upper Hudson due to health concerns with PCBs.3536 In 1983 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) declared a 200-mile (322-km) stretch of the river from Hudson Falls to New York City to be a Superfund site requiring cleanup. GE began sediment dredging operations to clean up the PCBs on May 15 2009.37 Other pollutants Bird's-eye view of the Hudson from the Walkway Over the Hudson Other ongoing pollution issues affecting the river include: accidental sewage discharges urban runoff heavy metals furans dioxin pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).38 A study reported in the August 2008 issue of the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry suggests that mercury in common Hudson River fish including striped bass yellow perch largemouth bass smallmouth bass and carp has declined strongly over the past three decades. The conclusions were extracted from a large database of mercury analyses of fish fillets accumulated by NYSDEC and collected over much of the length of the Hudson from New York City waters to the Adirondack watershed. The research indicates that the trends are in line with the recovery that the Hudson River has experienced over the past few decades now that activist groups government officials and industry are beginning to cooperate to help clean up the river system.39 NYSDEC has listed various portions of the Hudson as having impaired water quality due to PCBs cadmium and other toxic compounds. Hudson River tributaries with impaired water quality (not necessarily the same pollutants as the Hudson main stem) are Mohawk River Dwaas Kill Schuyler Creek Saw Mill River Esopus Creek Hoosic River Quaker Creek and Batten Kill. Many lakes in the Hudson drainage basin are also listed.40 Other environmental impacts Proposed hydroelectric facility In 1980 Consolidated Edison (Con Ed) agreed to drop its 17-year fight to build a pumped-storage hydroelectricity facility on Storm King Mountain.41 The actions of local citizen organizations that led to the Con Ed decision spurred the creation of Riverkeeper a non-profit environmental organization that grew into a global umbrella organization the Waterkeeper Alliance.42 Cooling water withdrawals In 2010 NYSDEC charged that the Indian Point Energy Center a nuclear power plant in Buchanan is violating the Clean Water Act due to its large withdrawals of water from the Hudson which kills millions of fish and other aquatic organisms each year. The state is demanding that Entergy the plant operator construct cooling towers to mitigate the environmental impacts.43 The Hudson River estuary system is part of The National Estuarine Research Reserve System.44 See also Hudson Valley portal New York City portal New Jersey portal Hudson River Chain Hudson River Region AVA List of Hudson River Islands List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River List of ferries across the Hudson River in New York City List of New Jersey rivers List of New York rivers Upper Hudson River Valley Hudson Canyon - A submarine canyon extending hundreds of miles into the Atlantic Ocean that connects Hudson River to the deep ocean basin. Hudson River Waterfront Walkway US Airways Flight 1549 which had a forced landing in the Hudson in January 2009 Geography of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary References Notes a b "The Hudson River Estuary - The Basics". Life.bio.sunysb.edu. http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  The Hudson as Fjord New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Hoffman Charles Fenno (1839). Wild scenes in the forest and prairie (Chapter II: Ko nea rau neh neh or The Flying Head). Original from Oxford University. p. 31. http://books.google.com/booksidJHoEAAAAQAAJ&pgRA1-PA48&dq%22The+Flying+Head%22&asbrr1&ieISO-8859-1#PRA1-PA31M1.  Abbatt William (1906). The Magazine of History with Notes and Queries (INDIAN LEGENDS VIII: THE FLYING HEAD A LEGEND OF SACONDAGA LAKE). Original from Harvard University. p. 282. http://books.google.com/booksidxAOAAAAYAAJ&pgPA282&dq%22The+Flying+Head%22&asbrr1&ieISO-8859-1.  Coppe Henry (edited by) (1900). The Classic and the Beautiful from the Literature of Three Thousand Years (THE FLYING HEAD A LEGEND OF SACONDAGA LAKE). Original from the New York Public Library: Carson & Simpson. p. 220. http://books.google.com/booksidfL8CAAAAYAAJ&pgPA224&dq%22The+Flying+Head%22&asbrr1&ieISO-8859-1#PPA220M1.  Steinhauer Jennifer. "F.Y.I" The New York Times May 15 1994. Accessed January 17 2008. "The North River was the colonial name for the entire Hudson River just as the Delaware was known as the South River. These names went out of use sometime early in the century said Norman Brouwer a historian at the South Street Seaport Museum." Stanne Stephen P.; Roger G. Panetta Brian E. Forist (1996). The Hudson An Illustrated Guide to the Living River. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2270-6.  Rittner 2002 p. 18. The Random House Dictionary (2009)("Part of the Hudson River between NE New Jersey and SE New York.") The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'Fourth Edition (2006) ("An estuary of the Hudson River between New Jersey and New York City flowing into Upper New York Bay.") Webster's New World College Dictionary (2005) ("The lower course of the Hudson River between New York City & NE N.J.") The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2009) ("An estuary of Hudson River between SE New York & NE New Jersey" ) Joint Report With Comprehensive Plan and Recommendations New York New Jersey Port and Harbor Development Commission (1926) Steinhauer Jennifer."F.Y.I"The New York Times May 15 1994. Accessed January 17 2008. "The North River was the colonial name for the entire Hudson River just as the Delaware was known as the South River. These names went out of use sometime early in the century said Norman Brouwer a historian at the South Street Seaport Museum." "North River Historic Ship Society". Nrhss.org. http://www.nrhss.org/historicvessels.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  The Great North River Tugboat Race and Competition "North River Power Squadron". Northriversquadron.org. http://www.northriversquadron.org/. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  "Sea Paddle Nyc". Surfline.com. 2008-08-20. http://www.surfline.com/surf-news/lopez-doerner-malloy-and-friends-brave-the-hudson-to-raise-autism-awareness-sea-paddle-nyc17842//. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey - George Washington Bridge". http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/george-washington-bridge.html. Retrieved 2010-11-11.  http://img35.imageshack.us/img35/2940/cimg0281s.jpg "Walkway over the Hudson". Walkway.org. http://walkway.org/. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey - George Washington Bridge". http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/george-washington-bridge.html. Retrieved 2010-10-02.  "NEB&W Self-Guided Tour of Troy & Green Island". Railroad.union.rpi.edu. 2007-12-13. http://railroad.union.rpi.edu/images/Open-house/Self-guided-tour-of-Troy.asp. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  "Riverfacts.comBoreas River". Riverfacts.com. http://www.riverfacts.com/rivers/12033.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  "RiverFacts.comPoesten Kill". Riverfacts.com. http://www.riverfacts.com/rivers/12199.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  "RiverFacts.comNormans Kill". Riverfacts.com. http://www.riverfacts.com/rivers/12175.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  "Riverfacts.comCatskill Creek". Riverfacts.com. http://www.riverfacts.com/rivers/12050.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  "Riverfacts.comRoeliff Jansen Kill". Riverfacts.com. http://www.riverfacts.com/rivers/12217.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  "Crum Elbow Creek". Hhr.highlands.com. http://www.hhr.highlands.com/crumelbowcreek.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  Pocantico River photograph "Sparkill Creek". Sparkill Creek. http://www.sparkillcreek.com/. Retrieved 2011-04-26.  a b "Pollution Triggers Genetic Resistance Mechanism in a Coastal Fish". Science Daily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110217141513.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-18.  "Frequently Asked Questions". Hudson River PCBs. New York NY: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/hudson/faqs.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-05.  Hudson River Sloop Clearwater Beacon NY. "History." Accessed 2010-10-05. EPA. "Hudson River PCBs." February 5 2009. "National Priorities List Fact Sheets: Hudson River PCBs". EPA. http://www.epa.gov/Region2/superfund/npl/0202229c.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-31.  "The Hudson River Dredging Project". General Electric. http://www.hudsondredging.com/. Retrieved 2009-10-22.  New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). Albany NY. (2007). "Hudson River Estuary Program: Cleaning the river: Improving water quality". p. 24. Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20080227042436/http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediationhudsonpdf/hrepc.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-31.  Levinton J.S.; Ochron S.T.P. (2008). "Temporal and geographic trends in mercury concentrations in muscle tissue in five species of hudson river USA fish". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27 (8): 16911697. doi:10.1897/07-438.1.  NYSDEC. "Final New York State 2008 Section 303(d) List of Impaired Waters Requiring a TMDL/Other Strategy."dead link May 26 2008. Marist College Poughkeepsie NY. "The Scenic Hudson Decision." Marist Environmental History Project. Accessed 2010-10-05. Cronin John; Kennedy Robert; Gore Al (1999). The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780684846255.  Wald Matthew L. (2010-08-23). "Nuclear Plants Use of River Water Prompts $1.1 Billion Debate With State". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/science/earth/23cooling.html.  "Network of 27 Protected Areas". NOAA. http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Reserves.html. Retrieved 2007-01-27. dead link Bibliography Rittner Don (2002). Troy NY: A Collar City History. Charleston SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0738523682. http://books.google.com/booksid36IWs6w6tZMC.  External links Historic Hudson River Towns Inc. - Official site Hudson Riverkeeper Hudson River Sloop Clearwater Scenic Hudson Hudson River Foundation The River Project HudsonWatch.net - dealing with General Electric Company's Hudson River/PCB Cleanup and related matters Hudson River Watertrail Association The Hudson River Environmental Society Hudson River Maritime Museum Hudson River History Groundwork Hudson Valley & Saw Mill River Coalition Chronology - Hudson River Beczak Environmental Education Center  Articles and topics related to Hudson River v d eCapital District of New York Central communities Albany (History  City Hall  Coat of Arms)  Schenectady (City Hall)  Troy (History)  List of all incorporated places Largest communities (over 20000 in 2000) Bethlehem  Clifton Park  Town of Colonie  Glenville  Guilderland  Niskayuna  Queensbury  Rotterdam  Saratoga Springs Medium-sized communities (10000 to 20000 in 2000) City of Amsterdam  Brunswick  Cohoes  East Greenbush  Glens Falls  Gloversville  Halfmoon  Malta  North Greenbush  Schodack  Watervliet  Wilton Small communities (5000 to 10000 in 2000) Town of Amsterdam  Ballston Spa  Cobleskill  Village of Colonie  Duanesburg  City of Johnstown  Town of Johnstown  Kinderhook  Mechanicville  New Scotland  Rensselaer  Sand Lake  Scotia  Town of Stillwater  Waterford Counties Albany  Columbia  Fulton  Greene  Montgomery  Rensselaer  Saratoga  Schenectady  Schoharie  Warren  Washington History Mohawks  Mahicans  Fort Orange  Rensselaerswyck  Beverwyck  Albany Plan of Union  Timeline of town creation  Tech Valley Geography Hudson River (Valley)  Mohawk River  Erie Canal  Lake Albany  Lake George  Albany Pine Bush (Rensselaer Lake  Woodlawn Preserve)  Adirondack Mountains  Catskill Mountains  Rensselaer Plateau Religion and culture Culture in New York's Capital District  Sports in New York's Capital District  Episcopal Diocese of Albany  Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany Education Public school districts List of school districts in New York's Capital District Higher education List of colleges and universities in New York's Capital District Newspapers Albany Times-Union  Metroland  Glens Falls Post-Star  The Saratogian  Schenectady Gazette  Troy Record TV/Radio v d eBroadcast television in the Capital District Local stations WRGB (6.1 CBS 6.2 This TV) WTEN (10.1 ABC 10.2 Weather 10.3 RTV) WNYT (13.1 NBC 13.2 Weather 13.3 Weather Radar) WMHT (17.1 PBS 17.2 ThinkBright 17.3 HD) WXXA (23.1 Fox 23.2 Untamed Sp) WNGN-LP 35 / WNGX-LP 42 (FN) WCWN (45.1 The CW 45.2 Uni Sp) WNYA / WNYA-CD (51.1 MNTV 51.2 Antenna TV) W52DF 52 (silent) Outlying area stations WVBK-CA 2 (RSN' Manchester VT) W04AJ 4 (PBS; Glens Falls) W04BD 4 (PBS; Schoharie) WNCE-CA 8 (A1; Glens Falls) WYBN-CA 14 (RSN; Cobleskill) WCDC (19.1 ABC; Adams MA) WVBG-LP 25 (RSN; Greenwich) W36AX 36 (PBS / VPT; Manchester VT) W47CM 47 (silent; Glens Falls) WYPX (55.1 Ion 55.2 qubo 55.3 Life; Amsterdam) W53AS 53 (PBS / VPT; Bennington VT) Adjacent locals Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television WKTV (2.1 NBC 2.2 The CW; Utica) WVER (28.1 HD 28.2 PBS / VPT 28.3 Create 28.4 World; Rutland VT) WRNN (62.1 IND / JTV 62.3 FUNi; Kingston) Cable-only stations YNN Capital Region TW3 YES SNY MSG Network Defunct stations WEDG-TV (UPN cable-only) New York State television: Albany/Schenectady  Binghamton  Buffalo  Burlington/Plattsburgh  Elmira  New York City  Rochester  Syracuse  Utica  Watertown Vermont Broadcast television: Albany/Schenectady  Boston MA  Burlington/Plattsburgh Massachusetts television: Albany  Boston  Providence  Springfield v d eRadio stations in the Albany / Schenectady / Troy market by FM frequency 88.3  89.1  89.7  89.9  90.3/93.1  90.7/94.9  90.7  90.7  90.9  91.1  91.5  92.3  92.9  93.5  93.7  94.5  94.7  95.5  95.9  96.3  96.7  97.3  97.5  97.7  97.9  98.3  98.5  98.5  99.5  100.3  100.9  101.3  101.7  101.9  102.3  102.7  103.1  103.5  103.9  104.5  104.9  105.7  106.1  106.5  107.1  107.7 by AM frequency 560  590  810  900  930  980  1160  1190  1230  1240  1300  1330  1340  1400  1440  1460  1490  1540  1570 NOAA Weather Radio frequency 162.550 by callsign W226AC  W235AY  W291BY  WABY  WAJZ  WAMC (AM)  WAMC-FM  WBAR  WBPM  WCDB  WCKL  WCKM  WCQL  WCSS  WCTW  WDCD  WDDY  WENT  WEQX  WEXT  WFFG  WFLY  WFNY  WGDJ  WGNA  WGXC  WGY  WGY-FM  WHAZ  WHAZ-FM  WHUC  WHVP  WIZR  WJIV  WKBE  WKKF  WKLI  WLJH  WMHT  WMYY  WNYQ  WOFX  WOPG  WPGL  WPTR  WPYX  WQAR  WQBJ  WQBK  WQSH  WRIP  WROW  WRPI  WRUC  WRVE  WSDE  WTMM  WTRY  WUAM  WVCR  WVKZ  WVTL  WXL34  WYAI  WYJB  WYKV  WZCR  WZMR Defunct stations WGFM  WHRL  WRSA  WROW-FM  WTRI  WXKW New York Radio Markets: Albany-Schenectady-Troy Binghamton Buffalo-Niagara Falls Elmira-Corning Hamptons-Riverhead Ithaca Nassau-Suffolk (Long Island) New York City Newburgh-Middletown (Mid Hudson Valley) Olean Plattsburgh Poughkeepsie Rochester Syracuse Utica-Rome Watertown Other New York Radio Regions: Jamestown-Dunkirk North Country Saratoga See also: List of radio stations in New York Clear-channel stations with extended nighttime coverage. Broadcasts in HD Radio Capital District Portal v d eAmerican Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket  Connecticut  Cuyahoga  Detroit  Hanalei  Hudson  Lower Mississippi  Potomac  New  Rio Grande  St. Johns  Upper Mississippi  Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna  Willamette v d eDutchess County New York drainage basins Basins Hudson River  Roeliff Jansen Kill  Wappinger Creek  Fishkill Creek  Ten Mile River  Croton River