World map indicating the Human Development Index (based on 2010 data published on November 4 2010)1   0.900 and over   0.8500.899   0.8000.849   0.7500.799   0.7000.749   0.6500.699   0.6000.649   0.5500.599   0.5000.549   0.4500.499   0.4000.449   0.3500.399   0.3000.349   under 0.300   Data unavailable World map indicating the Human Development Index category by country(20102):   Very High (Developed Country)   High (Developing country)   Medium (Developing country)   Low (Developing country)   Data unavailable

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" and separate "very high human development" "high human development" "medium human development" and "low human development" countries. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy literacy education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed a developing or an under-developed country and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. There are also HDI for states cities villages etc. by local organizations or companies. Contents 1 Origins 2 Dimensions and calculation 2.1 New methodology 2.2 Old methodology 3 2010 report 3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI 3.2 Countries not included 3.3 Non-UN members (not calculated by UNDP) 4 2009 Human Development Report 4.1 Countries not included 5 2008 statistical update 5.1 Countries not included 6 2007/2008 Human Development Report 7 Past top countries 7.1 In each original report 8 Future HDI projections 8.1 2030 list 9 Criticisms 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Origins

The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani Economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people centered policies. To produce the Human Development Reports Mahbub ul Haq brought together a group of well-known development economists including: Paul Streeten Frances Stewart Gustav Ranis Keith Griffin Sudhir Anand and Meghnad Desai. But it was Nobel laureate Amartya Sens work on capabilities and functionings that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public academics and policy-makers that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea but he went on to help Haq develop the Human Development Index (HDI). Sen was worried that it was difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the attention of policy-makers from concentration on economic to human well-being.34

Other organizations and companies also make HD Indices with differing formulae and results (see below). Dimensions and calculation

Starting with the 2010 Human Development Report the HDI combines three dimensions: A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth Access to knowledge: Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US$)

The HDI combined three dimensions up until its 2009 report: Life expectancy at birth as an index of population health and longevity Knowledge and education as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary secondary and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting). Standard of living as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity. New methodology 2010 Very High HDI nations by population size

In its 2010 Human Development Report the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:

1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI)

2. Education Index (EI)

2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) 5 2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) 6 3. Income Index (II) Finally the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a 25-year-old person or older has spent in schools) EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend with his education in his whole life) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita Old methodology HDI trends between 1975 and 2004   OECD   Eastern Europe and the CIS   Latin America and the Caribbean   East Asia   Arab States   South Asia   Sub-Saharan Africa This is the methodology used by the UNDP up until its 2009 report. The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)7 In general to transform a raw variable say x into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together) the following formula is used: where and are the lowest and highest values the variable x can attain respectively. The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with contributed by each of the following factor indices: Life Expectancy Index Education Index Adult Literacy Index (ALI) Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) GDP Other organizations/companies may include Democracy Index Population etc. which produces different number of HDI. 2010 report Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4 2010 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "Very High Development" countries:8  Norway 0.938 ()  Australia 0.937 ()  New Zealand 0.907 ( 17)  United States 0.902 ( 9)  Ireland 0.895 ()  Liechtenstein 0.891 ( 13)  Netherlands 0.890 ( 1)  Canada 0.888 ( 4)  Sweden 0.885 ( 2)  Germany 0.885 ( 12)  Japan 0.884 ( 1)  South Korea 0.877 ( 14)  Switzerland 0.874 ( 4)  France 0.872 ( 6)  Israel 0.872 ( 12)  Finland 0.871 ( 4)  Iceland 0.869 ( 14)  Belgium 0.867 ( 1)  Denmark 0.866 ( 3)  Spain 0.863 ( 5)  Hong Kong 0.862 ( 3)  Greece 0.855 ( 3)  Italy 0.854 ( 5)  Luxembourg 0.852 ( 13)  Austria 0.851 ( 11)  United Kingdom 0.849 ( 5)  Singapore 0.846 ( 5)  Czech Republic 0.841 ( 8)  Slovenia 0.828 ()  Andorra 0.824 ( 2)  Slovakia 0.818 ( 11)  United Arab Emirates 0.815 ( 3)  Malta 0.815 ( 5)  Estonia 0.812 ( 6)  Cyprus 0.810 ( 3)  Hungary 0.805 ( 7)  Brunei 0.805 ( 7)  Qatar 0.803 ( 5)  Bahrain 0.801 ()  Portugal 0.795 ( 6)  Poland 0.795 ()  Barbados 0.788 ( 5) Inequality-adjusted HDI The 2010 Human Development Report was also the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (main article) which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income life expectancy and education). Below is the list of the "Very High Development" countries under this index.9 The green arrows () red arrows () and blue dashes () represent changes in rank when compared to the 2010 HDI.  Norway 0.876 ()  Australia 0.864 ()  Sweden 0.824 ( 6)  Netherlands 0.818 ( 3)  Germany 0.814 ( 5)  Switzerland 0.813 ( 7)  Ireland 0.813 ( 2)  Canada 0.812 ()  Iceland 0.811 ( 8)  Denmark 0.810 ( 9)  Finland 0.806 ( 5)  United States 0.799 ( 8)  Belgium 0.794 ( 5)  France 0.792 ()  Czech Republic 0.790 ( 13)  Austria 0.787 ( 9)  Spain 0.779 ( 3)  Luxembourg 0.775 ( 6)  Slovenia 0.771 ( 10)  Greece 0.768 ( 2)  United Kingdom 0.766 ( 5)  Slovakia 0.764 ( 9)  Israel 0.763 ( 8)  Italy 0.752 ( 1)  Hungary 0.736 ( 11)  Estonia 0.733 ( 8)  South Korea 0.731 ( 15)  Cyprus 0.716 ( 7)  Poland 0.709 ( 11)  Portugal 0.700 ( 10) Countries mentioned (in 2010 Human Development Report) as having a "Very High Development" but which were not included in the 2010 Inequality-adjusted HDI - due to lack of data are: Andorra Bahrain Barbados Brunei Hong Kong Japan Liechtenstein Malta New Zealand Qatar Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. Countries not included Some countries were not included for various reasons mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report.10 Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cubas Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available and reported by the UNDP but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country.1112 Africa  Eritrea  Seychelles  Somalia Americas  Antigua and Barbuda  Cuba  Dominica  Grenada  Saint Kitts and Nevis  Saint Lucia  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Asia  Bhutan  Iraq  North Korea  Lebanon  Oman Europe  Monaco  San Marino Oceania  Kiribati  Marshall Islands  Nauru  Palau  Samoa  Tuvalu  Vanuatu Non-UN members (not calculated by UNDP)  Taiwan 0.868 (Ranked 18th among countries).13 2009 Human Development Report Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5 2009 and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "Very High Human Development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries.14 They are:  Norway 0.971 ( 1)  Australia 0.970 ( 2)  Iceland 0.969 ( 2)  Canada 0.966 ( 1)  Ireland 0.965 ()  Netherlands 0.964 ()  Sweden 0.963 ()  France 0.961 ( 3)  Switzerland 0.960 ( 1)  Japan 0.960 ( 2)  Luxembourg 0.960 ( 2)  Finland 0.959 ()  United States 0.956 ( 2)  Austria 0.955 ()  Spain 0.955 ( 1)  Denmark 0.955 ( 2)  Belgium 0.953 ()  Italy 0.951 ( 1)  Liechtenstein 0.951 ( 1)  New Zealand 0.950 ()  United Kingdom 0.947 ()  Germany 0.947 ()  Singapore 0.944 ( 1)  Hong Kong0.944 ( 1)  Greece 0.942 ()  South Korea 0.937 ()  Israel 0.935 ( 1)  Andorra 0.934 ( 1)  Slovenia 0.929 ()  Brunei 0.920 ()  Kuwait 0.916 ()  Cyprus 0.914 ()  Qatar 0.910 ( 1)  Portugal 0.909 ( 1)  United Arab Emirates 0.903 ( 2)  Czech Republic 0.903 ()  Barbados 0.903 ( 2)  Malta 0.902 ( 3) Countries not included Some countries were not included for various reasons such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition the following states were also not included. Africa  Zimbabwe Asia  Iraq  North Korea Europe  Monaco  San Marino  Vatican City Oceania  Fiji  Kiribati  Marshall Islands  Federated States of Micronesia  Nauru  Palau  Tuvalu 2008 statistical update Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index A new index was released on December 18 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP) implying substantial adjustments for many countries resulting in changes in HDI values and in many cases HDI ranks.15  Iceland 0.968 ()  Norway 0.968 ()  Canada 0.967 ( 1)  Australia 0.965 ( 1)  Ireland 0.960 ()  Netherlands 0.958 ( 3)  Sweden 0.958 ( 1)  Japan 0.956 ()  Luxembourg 0.956 ( 9)  Switzerland 0.955 ( 3)  France 0.954 ( 1)  Finland 0.954 ( 1)  Denmark 0.952 ( 1)  Austria 0.951 ( 1)  United States 0.950 ( 3)  Spain 0.949 ( 3)  Belgium 0.948 ( 1)  Greece 0.947 ( 6)  Italy 0.945 ( 1)  New Zealand 0.944 ( 1)  United Kingdom 0.942 ( 4)  Hong Kong 0.942 ( 1)  Germany 0.940 ( 1)  Israel 0.930 ( 1)  South Korea 0.928 ( 1)  Slovenia 0.923 ( 1)  Brunei 0.919 ( 3)  Singapore 0.918 ( 3)  Kuwait 0.912 ( 4)  Cyprus 0.912 ( 2)  United Arab Emirates 0.903 ( 8)  Bahrain 0.902 ( 9)  Portugal 0.900 ( 4) Countries not included Some countries were not included for various reasons such as being a non-UN member unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition the following states were also not included. Africa  Somalia  Zimbabwe Europe  Andorra  Liechtenstein  Monaco  San Marino  Vatican City Oceania  Kiribati  Marshall Islands  Federated States of Micronesia  Nauru  Palau  Tuvalu 2007/2008 Human Development Report The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasilia Brazil on November 27 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world."16 Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics. The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries. A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries Gabon and South Africa are ranked 119th and 121st respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group. A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries such as those in North America Western Europe Oceania and Eastern Asia as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe Central and South America Southeast Asia the Caribbean and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year leaving the "medium development" group: Albania Belarus Brazil Libya Macedonia Russia and Saudi Arabia. On the following table green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.  Iceland 0.968 ( 1)  Norway 0.968 ( 1)  Australia 0.962 ()  Canada 0.961 ( 2)  Ireland 0.959 ( 1)  Sweden 0.956 ( 1)  Switzerland 0.955 ( 2)  Japan 0.953 ( 1)  Netherlands 0.953 ( 1)  France 0.952 ( 6)  Finland 0.952 ()  United States 0.951 ( 4)  Spain 0.949 ( 6)  Denmark 0.949 ( 1)  Austria 0.948 ( 1)  Belgium 0.946 ( 4)  United Kingdom 0.946 ( 1)  Luxembourg 0.944 ( 6)  New Zealand 0.943 ( 1)  Italy 0.941 ( 3)  Hong Kong 0.937 ( 1)  Germany 0.935 ( 1)  Israel 0.932 ()  Greece 0.926 ()  Singapore 0.922 ()  South Korea 0.921 ()  Slovenia 0.917 ()  Cyprus 0.903 ( 1)  Portugal 0.897 ( 1)  Brunei 0.894 ( 4) Past top countries The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Canada and Norway have been ranked the highest eight times each followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. In each original report The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated. 2010 (2010) Norway 2009 (2007) Norway 2008 (2006) Iceland 2007 (2005) Iceland 2006 (2004) Norway 2005 (2003) Norway 2004 (2002) Norway 2003 (2001) Norway 2002 (2000) Norway 2001 (1999) Norway 2000 (1998) Canada 1999 (1997) Canada 1998 (1995) Canada 1997 (1994) Canada 1996 (1993) Canada 1995 (1992) Canada 1994 () Canada 1993 () Japan 1992 (1990) Canada 1991 (1990) Japan 1990 () Japan Future HDI projections Further information: List of countries by future Human Development Index projections of the United Nations In April 2010 the Human Development Report Office provided17 the 2010-2030 HDI projections (quoted in September 2010 by the United Nations Development Programme in the Human Development Research paper 2010/40 pp. 4042). These projections were reached by re-calculating the HDI using (for components of the HDI) projections of the components conducted by agencies that provide the UNDP with data for the HDI. 2030 list According to these projections this would be the list of 30 top countries by HDI in 2030:  Japan 0.998  Australia 0.995  France 0.993  Spain 0.991  Canada 0.989  Norway 0.989  New Zealand 0.988  Ireland 0.984  Israel 0.984  Italy 0.984  South Korea 0.981  Netherlands 0.980  Greece 0.980  Switzerland 0.979  Slovenia 0.977  Denmark 0.977  Austria 0.976  Finland 0.976  United States 0.973  United Kingdom 0.972  Germany 0.966  Singapore 0.963  Cyprus 0.959  Croatia 0.956  Hong Kong 0.956  Slovakia 0.956  Estonia 0.953  Chile 0.948  Hungary 0.946  Poland 0.943 Criticisms The Human Development Index has been criticised on a number of grounds including failure to include any ecological considerations focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking (although many national Human Development Reports looking at subnational performance have been published by UNDP and others - so this last claim is untrue) not paying much attention to development from a global perspective and based on grounds of measurement error of the underlying statistics and formula changes by the UNDP which can lead to severe misclassifications of countries in the categories of being a 'low' 'medium' 'high' or 'very high' human development country.18 Other authors claimed that the Human Development Reports "have lost touch with their original vision and the index fails to capture the essence of the world it seeks to portray".19 The index has also been criticized as "redundant" and a "reinvention of the wheel" measuring aspects of development that have already been exhaustively studied.2021 The index has further been criticised for having an inappropriate treatment of income lacking year-to-year comparability and assessing development differently in different groups of countries.22 Economist Bryan Caplan has criticised the way HDI scores are produced; each of the three components are bounded between zero and one. As a result of that rich countries effectively cannot improve their ranking in certain categories even though there is a lot of scope for economic growth and longevity left. "This effectively means that a country of immortals with infinite per-capita GDP would get a score of .666 (lower than South Africa and Tajikistan) if its population were illiterate and never went to school."23 He argues "Scandinavia comes out on top according to the HDI because the HDI is basically a measure of how Scandinavian your country is."23 Economists Hendrik Wolff Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health education and income statistics used to construct the HDI.18 They identify three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a countrys development status and find that 11% 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because the cut-off values seem arbitrary can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics and have the potential to misguide politicians investors charity donators and the public at large which use the HDI. In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low medium and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011 the Human Development Report Office responded 24 to a January 6 2011 article in The Economist 25 which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place. The following are common criticisms directed at the HDI: that it is a redundant measure that adds little to the value of the individual measures composing it; that it is a means to provide legitimacy to arbitrary weightings of a few aspects of social development; that it is a number producing a relative ranking which is useless for inter-temporal comparisons and difficult to compare a country's progress or regression since the HDI for a country in a given year depends on the levels of say life expectancy or GDP per capita of other countries in that year.26272829 However each year UN member states are listed and ranked according to the computed HDI. If high the rank in the list can be easily used as a means of national aggrandizement; alternatively if low it can be used to highlight national insufficiencies. Using the HDI as an absolute index of social welfare some authors have used panel HDI data to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.30 Ratan Lal Basu criticises the HDI concept from a completely different angle. According to him the Amartya Sen-Mahbub ul Haq concept of HDI considers that provision of material amenities alone would bring about Human Development but Basu opines that Human Development in the true sense should embrace both material and moral development. According to him human development based on HDI alone is similar to dairy farm economics to improve dairy farm output. To quote: So human development effort should not end up in amelioration of material deprivations alone: it must undertake to bring about spiritual and moral development to assist the biped to become truly human.31 For example a high suicide rate would bring the index down. A few authors have proposed alternative indices to address some of the index's shortcomings.32 However of those proposed alternatives to the HDI few have produced alternatives covering so many countries and that no development index (other than perhaps Gross Domestic Product per capita) has been used so extensively or effectively in discussions and developmental planning as the HDI. However there has been one lament about the HDI that has resulted in an alternative index: David Hastings of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.3334 See also Sustainable development portal Education Index Democracy Index Freedom House Gini coefficient Gender Parity Index Gender-related Development Index Gender Empowerment Measure Global Peace Index Legatum Prosperity Index Living Planet Index Gross national happiness Happy Planet Index Physical quality-of-life index Human development (humanity) American Human Development Report Child Development Index Satisfaction with Life Index Genuine progress indicator Multidimensional Poverty Index Lists: List of countries by Human Development Index List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI List of African countries by Human Development Index List of Australian states and territories by HDI List of Argentine provinces by Human Development Index List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index List of Chilean regions by Human Development Index List of Chinese administrative divisions by Human Development Index List of European countries by Human Development Index List of Indian states by Human Development Index List of Latin American countries by Human Development Index List of Mexican states by Human Development Index List of Pakistani Districts by Human Development Index List of Philippine provinces by Human Development Index List of Russian federal subjects by HDI List of South African provinces by HDI List of US states by HDI List of Venezuelan states by Human Development Index References Human Development Index (HDI) - 2010 Rankings United Nations Development Programme 1 Sakiko Fukuda-Parr The Human Development Paradigm: operationalizing Sens ideas on capabilities Feminist Economics 9(2 3) 2003 301 317 United Nations Development Programme. 1999. Human Development Report 1999. New York:Oxford University Press. Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation of the average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted into years of schooling based on theoretical durations of each level of education attended. Source: Barro R.J and J.-W.Lee.(2010). "A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World 1950-2010."NBER Working Paper No. 15902. (Expected years of schooling is a calculation of the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school or university including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ratios for primary secondary post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education and is calculated assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates were to stay the same throughout the childs life. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on education indicators. March. Montreal.) Definition Calculator etc. at UNDP site 2010 Human Development Index 2010 Human Development Complete Report International Human Rights Development Indicators UNDP "Samoa left out of UNDP index" Samoa Observer January 22 2010 Cuba country profile UNDP Report of Directorate General of Budget Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan R.O.C.(Taiwan) http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2009ENComplete.pdf Human Development Report 2009 (p. 171 204) News Human Development Reports (UNDP) HDR 2007/2008 Human Development Reports (UNDP) In: Daponte Beth Osborne and Hu difei: "Technical Note on Re-Calculating the HDI Using Projections of Components of the HDI" April 2010 United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report Office. a b Wolff H. H. Chong and M. Auffhammer (2011 forthcoming): Classification Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence from the Human Development Index Economic Journal currently available as NBER Working Paper. Ambuj D. Sagara Adil Najam "The human development index: a critical review" Ecological Economics Vol. 25 No. 3 pp. 249264 June 1998. McGillivray Mark "The human development index: yet another redundant composite development indicator" World Development Vol. 19 No. 10 pp. 14611468 Oct. 1991. T.N. Srinivasan "Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel" American Economic Review Vol. 84 No. 2 pp. 238243 May 1994. Mark McGillivray Howard White "Measuring development The UNDP's human development index" Journal of International Development Vol. 5 No. 2 pp. 183192 Nov 2006. a b Against the Human Development Index Comment Posted Posted May 22 2009 Bryan Caplan Library of Economics and Liberty UNDP Human Development Report Office's comments January 2011 The Economist The Economist (pages 60-61 in the issue of Jan 8 2011) Rao VVB 1991. Human development report 1990: review and assessment. World Development Vol 19 No. 10 pp. 14511460. McGillivray M. The Human Development Index: Yet Another Redundant Composite Development Indicator World Development 1991 vol 18 no. 10:14611468. Hopkins M. Human development revisited: A new UNDP report. World Development 1991. vol 19 no. 10 14611468. Tapia Granados JA. Algunas ideas crticas sobre el ndice de desarrollo humano. Boletn de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana 1995 Vol 119 No. 1 pp. 7487. Davies A. and G. Quinlivan (2006) A Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Trade on Human Development Journal of Socioeconomics http://www.international-relations.com/CM6-2WB/HDI-Ancient-India.htm Farhad Noorbakhsh "The human development index: some technical issues and alternative indices" Journal of International Development Vol. 10 No. 5 pp. 589605 Dec. 1998. Hastings David A. (2009) Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Working Paper WP/09/02 Hastings David A. (2011) A "Classic" Human Development Index with 232 Countries. HumanSecurityIndex.org Information Note linked to data External links Human Development Report Human Development Interactive Map Human Development Tools and Rankings Technical note explaining the definition of the HDIPDF (5.54 MB) An independent HDI covering 232 countries formulated along lines of the traditional (pre-2010) approach. 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