Hypocorisms are often generated as: a reduction (in English) of a longer word to a single syllable then adding -y or -ie to the end such as movie ("moving picture") telly ("television") or Aussie ("Australian"'). a contracted form of a given name such as Tony from Anthony Rosy for Rosemarie or Vicky from Victoria. a baby-talk form approximating the name's pronunciation such as Bess for Elizabeth. a given name with a diminutive suffix; in some languages diminutive forms of names are used primarily when referring to children and the meaning can oscillate between tenderness and condescension when used for an adult. -(c)ito/-(c)ita or -(c)n/-(c)ina in Spanish such as Juanita from Juana. Extra consonants may be interposed as in Carmelina and Carmencita from Carmen or merged as in Carmina. -chen -lein -(l)i -(e)le (usually used with names) in German such as Hndchen or Hndlein (from 'Hund' meaning dog) or Kalli (from 'Karl a name) or Husle or Husele (from 'Haus' meaning house); a back vowel in the root is normally subjected to umlaut i.e. shift from u o a to respectively (e.g. Hund Hndchen Arm rmchen Holz Hlzchen). a similar form -etto/-etta in Interlingua. the usual hypocoristic endings in the Dutch are in both words and personal names alike: -tje -ke. When the name ends in a t or a d the ending is then a -je (e.g. Bert - Bertje). If the final consonant of a name is m the ending is then -pje (e.g. Bram - Brampje) -metje (Bram - Brammetje) or -mie (Bram - Brammie). For the other consonants the hypocoristic form is -tje. In the southern parts of the Netherlands the hypocoristic form is often -ke (e.g. Peer - Peerke). Also in the Frisian the usual hypocoristic ending is -ke (e.g. Ype - Ypke). But this form (and others like -ske and -tsje) often makes the name feminine (e.g. Jetse - Jetske) like in Dutch (e.g. Jan - Jantje Hans - Hansje). There is another productive hypocoristic ending: in the eastern part of the Netherlands (mostly in the province Drenthe) the female form is -chien Examples are Anne - Annechien Lammert - Lammechien. a parallel construction in Portuguese with -(z)inho/-(z)inha as in Aninha from Ana and Joozinho from Joo. same in Italian and Italian regional languages with -ino/-ina and -etto/etta as in Paolino/Paoletto and Paolina/Paoletta from Paolo and Paola. There are also -ello/-ella as in Donatello/Donatella from Donato and Donata -uccio/-uccia as in Guiduccio from Guido and -etto/-etta ad in Giulietta from Giulia. The forms -uzzo/-uzza as in Santuzza from Santa are typical of Sicilian dialect. -j- and -nj- affixes (for males and females respectively) in Esperanto; these replace the last consonant (or consonant cluster) of the root thus patro pajo (father) patrino panjo (mother). -chan -tan or -pi in Japanese such as Kana-chan from Kana and Aki-chan from Akihiro. Gemination (doubling) of the consonant or lengthening of the vowel before the -chan to provide two moras is common such as Settchan from Setsuko and Hii-chan from Hiroki. reduplication in various languages such as John-John or Didi. in Cantonese and related dialects the addition of a word-final very high tone or changed tone sometimes in combination with the addition of the prefix A before the name. The A syllable is also used in other dialects originating in southern China as a term of endearment or closeness. -ulus/-ula in Latin most famously in the case of the Roman emperor Caligula whose moniker means "little boot". He received the name from soldiers in reference to the small army sandals (caligae singular caliga) he wore when he was young. Likewise the name Ursula is derived from ursa (bear) and means "little bear". "-eleh/-leh" in Yiddish. An example is Leah - Leahleh. a combination of multiple methods from those described above. For example in Romanian Ileana becomes Ilenua by addition of a diminutive suffix and Ilenua becomes Nui by contraction.

As evident from the above-mentioned examples hypocorisms frequently demonstrate (indirectly) a phonological linguistic universal (or tendency) for high-pitched sounds to be used for smaller creatures and objects (here as more "cute" or less imposing names). Higher-pitched sounds are associated with smaller creatures due to the fact that smaller creatures can only make such high frequency sounds given their smaller larynx sizes.

The word "hypocorism" is the noun form in English; "hypocoristic" is the adjective form. Some other languageswhich prefer to use the original Greek word "hypocoristicon" as a noun.citation needed The noun "hypocoristicon" seems to be rarely used in English.citation needed Hypocorisms in various languages Dutch Wilhelmus Willem Wim Pim English

English also forms nicknames in a variety of manners.

Shortening often to the first syllable: Abraham Abe Alan Al Alexander Al Alec Alex Eck Lex Xander Zander Anthony Tony Ant Benjamin Benedict Ben Benny Carolyn Carol Lyn Carrie/Cary Christopher Chris Criffer Topher Deborah Deb Debby Edwin Edward Edmund Ed Eddie Elizabeth Eliza Betty Libby Liz Lizzy Lisa Beth Bess Fiona Fi Gabriel Gabe Gregory Greg Jacob Jake Jonathan Jon John Nathan Joseph Joe Joey Katherine Kate Katy Kathy Katrina Kat Trina Martin Marty Matthew Matt Megan Meg Michael Mike Nathan Nathaniel Nat Nate Peter Pete Petey Priscilla Cilla Priss Cilly Prissy Prisca Prill Raymond Ray Robert Rob Bert Bob Samuel Samantha Sam Sammy Stephanie Steph Annie Stephy Victoria Tori Vick Vicky Zachary Zach

Addition of the diminutive suffix usually -ie or -y. It is often added to the end of an already shortened name. This suffix connotes smallness or endearment. Although most often applied to the names of children it is not uncommon for an adult to be referred to by the diminutive especially by family friends and close acquaintances: Alan Al Allie Ally Alexander Alexandra Sandy; Lex Lexi Lexie; Leck Leckie Amanda Amy Mandy Anne Annie Arthur Arturo Art Artie Andrew Andy Drew Barnaby Barney Swarley Daniel Dan Danny David Dave Davy Dennis Denny Edwin Edward Edmund Ed Eddie Eddy Elaine Lainie Franklin Frank Frankie George Georgie Isabella Izzy James Jamie Jessica Jess Jessie Joel Joseph Joe Joey Jonathan Jon John Jonnie Jonny Johnnie Johnny Katherine Kate Katie Kimberly Kim Kimmy Kenneth Ken Kenny Lawrence Larry Louis Lou Louie Michael Mike Mikey Nicholas Nick Nicky Oliver Ollie Ronald Ron Ronnie Rosemary Rose Rosie/Rosy Stephen Steve Stevie Susan Sue Susie Suzy Thomas Tom Tommy Timothy Tim Timmy Tobias Toby William Will Bill Willie Willy Billy

A short form that differs significantly from the name: Barbara Babs Charles Chuck Chaz Chic Christopher Christine Kit Dorothy Dot Dottie Edward Ed Ned Ted Teddy (e.g. Edward "Ted" Kennedy) Eleanor Helen Nell Nellie Elizabeth Bess Bessie Beth Betsy Betty Liz Lizzie Gerald Jerry Henry Hal Hank Harry James Jim Jimbo Jimmy John Jack Katherine Katy Kitty Margaret Meg Peg Peggy Mary Molly Polly Philippa Pippa Pip or Pippy Richard Rick Dick Robert Bob; also Rob Robin Dobbin Sarah Sally Theodore Ted Teddy Virginia Ginger Ginny Esperanto

Esperanto forms nicknames by suffixing -njo (for females) and -jo (for males) to the first letter(s) of the basic name.2 Elizabeto Elinjo Mario Manjo Sofio Sonjo fratino franjo onklino onjo patrino panjo Aleksandro Alejo Johano Jojo Petro Pejo frato frajo onklo ojo patro pajo French Informal French has a number of diminutive nicknames although not as systematically as in English. In French for both male and female names hypocorisms are most commonly formed by dropping the last syllable: Catherine Cathy Christelle Chris Christophe Chris Frdric Fred Grgory Greg Jean-Michel Jean-Mi Joannie Jo Marie-Charlotte Macha Marie-Jose Marie-Jo Maxime Max Michael Mic Philippe Phil Stphane Steph Stphanie Steph Dropping the first syllable is also attested: Christophe Tophe Sometimes only central syllables are kept: Augustin Gus Emmanuel Manu Emmanuelle Manu Another method commonly used is doubling one syllable of the name: Andr Dd Annie Nini Augustin Tintin Christine Kikine Christophe Totophe Joseph Jojo Julie Juju Louis Loulou all female names ending in -tine Titine For male names the ending -ot is attested although its use is rather dated: Charles Charlot Jean Jeannot Jules Julot Pierre Pierrot It was also sometimes (but rarely) used for females: Marguerite Margot The ending -et for males was used around the Renaissance and is now obsolete: Henri Henriquet Jacques Jacquet For female names the ending -ette was used in the first half of the 20th century and even often given as the official name: Anne Annette Jeanne Jeannette Marie Mariette Paule Paulette Some names in -ette are not actual hypocorisms but the only existing femalized form of a male name: Antoine (male) Antoinette (female) Pierre (male) Pierrette (female) Nicolas (male) Nicolette (female) (rare and dated) Colette The ending -on is rarer often dated or obsolete used for both genders: Antoinette Toinon Franoise Fanchon Henri Riton Marie Marion Louis Louison Louise Louison The ending -ou is also rare: Anne Nanou A special case is the ending in -ick/ -ic which is the French writing for the hypocoristic form in Breton "-ig" used for both genders. The "-ig" form in Breton means "Little ...". This diminutive in its French form of "ick" or "ic" became in vogue for official names in the second half of the 20th century: Annick (original in Breton: Annaig) from Anne Soizic (original: Soazig) from Frasoaz the Breton writing for the French "Franoise" Loc probably from the French Louis Yannick (original: Yannig) from Yann meaning "John" in Breton In Breton the diminutive form "...ig" can be given to any kind of names nouns or adjectives (un tammig a few) while in French it relates only to Christian names. The name Soazig shows more than the ending "ig". Often in Breton a hypocoristic form of a Christian name can be made by putting away the first syllable. "Frasoaz" becomes a familiar "Soaz" then given to a child the name is "Soazig" but not as an official name. This is also a difference between French and Breton: the diminutive ending "...ig" in Breton is only used as a temporary form for young children while "...ick" is official and permanent in French names and has lost his sense of a diminutive. For words French often produces hypocorisms either by truncating a word after the letter o or by chopping off the end of the word and adding an o: McDo from McDonalds; gynco from gyncologue; dico from dictionnaire; dodo (childish word for sleep from dormir to sleep); colo from cologiste; catho from catholique; psycho from psychologie. The ending -oche (with or without an intervening consonant or phoneme to make it easier to pronounce) is also sometimes used: cinoche (cinma) MacDoche (McDonalds) fastoche (easy-peezy from facile easy). Words or names may also be shortened or abbreviated without an O: fixs from fixations 'ski bindings'; Jean-Phi from Jean-Philippe; amphi from amphithatre (large classroom or lecture hall); cin (another informal word for cinma). These words are familiar/informal versions of the underlying words. The connotation of familiarity (my friend Jean-Phi as opposed to my new work colleague Jean-Philippe; cinoche the place I often go for entertainment as opposed to cinma the neutral word for a movie theater) is what makes them hypocorisms. German Hypocorisms of first names are commonly based on truncation only keeping the first (Max) or last (Hans) syllable(s) sometimes in contracted form as these examples show. Often the ending -i is added to these truncated nameforms. The name might also undergo a sound shift (Sepp). Further diminutives can be added with the suffixes -lein or -chen e. g. Gretchen as a diminutive for Grete. Anna Anne Anni Anton Toni Georg Schorsch (mostly Bavarian and Swiss German) Ignaz Nazi (Bavarian; out of use) Johannes Hannes Hans Hansi Josef Joseph Sepp (Bavarian) Jupp (Rhinelandic) Karl Kalle Kalli Margarete Grete Maximilian Max Susanne Susanna Susann Susi Therese Theresia Resi (mostly Bavarian) Ulrich Uli (Ueli in Swiss German) Wilhelm Willi Sometimes female names may have the ending -el instead of -i or any other shortening especially in southern Germany: Barbara Babsi Brbel Ursula Uschi Ulla Ursel Christina Christine Trina Trine (northern Germany) Tina Tine Christel An ending for nicknames sometimes considererd typical german is -z: Friedrich Fritz (but compare the much softer Fidi from northern Germany) Heinrich Heini Heinz Hinz Konrad Kunz Hungarian Hypocorisms of first names are commonly based on truncation only keeping the first (Kat-; Jul-) syllable sometimes in contracted form as these examples show. Often the ending -i is added to these truncated nameforms (Kati Laci Julcsi gi Feri). Further diminutives can be added with the suffixes -csi or -ka e. g. Julcsi and Lacika as a diminutive respectively for Jlia and Lszl. The shorter forms are often can be given as first names in their own right (Tni Lili Bni etc.) Anna (Anne) Ani(ka) Gyrgy (George) Gyuri Jnos (John) Jancsi Jzsef (Joseph) Jzsi Kroly (Charles) Karcsi Margit (Margaret) Manyi Manci Zsuzsa (Susan) Zsuzsi Terz (Theresa) Trzsi (obsolete) Vilmos (William) Vili Italian Some diminutive forms can be further modified by abbreviation depending on the region. Some diminutive can be abbreviation of more than one name (ex. Pippo' can be Giuseppe or Filippo Lele can be diminutive of pretty much all the names which end in "ele": Gabriele Raffaele Emanuele). As catholic tradition until 1945 a child was forced to be named after a saint or a byblical persona therefore some people have an Anglosaxon Hypocorism which derives from a very obsolete italian name ex. Calogero Gerardo or Virginio become Jerry Genoeffa becomes Jenny Anastasia becomes Stacy and Maria Grazia becomes Grace. Agatino Tino Antonio Antonino Tonino (south Italy) Tot (Naples) Calogero Gerry Domenico Mimmo Filippo Pippo Filo Gaetano Nino (Campania) Tano (Sicily) Giovanni Giovannino Nino Giuann (southern Italy) Gianni Zani (Venice) Nanni (Rome) Giuseppe Peppe Peppino Pino Pippo Puccio Pucci (southern Italy) Pinin (Piedmont) Geppo Geppetto Beppe Grazia Graziella Guglielmo Guglielmino Mino Guglia Luigi Luigino Gino Gigi Gigetto (Rome) Matteo Teo Pasquale Pasqualino Lino Raffaele Raffalino Lino Lello Lele Salvatore Turi Turiddu Uccio (Sicily) Tot (Palermo) Salvo (Catania) Totore Rino (Naples) Vincenzo Enzo Polish In Polish there are multiple affixes used to create the diminutive. Some of them are -ka -sia -cia -unia -enka -ka -lka for feminine nouns and -ek -u -ciek -czek -u -eki -lki for masculine (among others). Here is a list of common names with some of them: Agnieszka Aga Aleksandra Ola Oleka Aleksander Olek Alek Olu Anna Ania Anka Anusia Anna-Maria Ania Antoni Antek Arkadiusz Arek Aru Barbara Basia Baka Bartomiej Bartek Bartu Bartosz Bartek Bartu Dariusz Darek Dareczek Edward Edek Edzio Elbieta Ela Elunia Emila Emilka Emilie Ewa Ewka Ewusia Grzegorz Grzesiek Grze Henryka Henia Henryk Henio Heniek Iwona Iwonka Iwcia Iwa Iwka Jakub Kuba Kubu Jarosaw Jarek Jaru Jan Ja Janek Janeczek Janusz Januszek Jerzy Jurek Jerzyk Joanna Joasia Asia Julia Julcia Katarzyna Kasia Kaka Kasieka Kasiunia Krzysztof Krzysiek Krzy Maciej Maciek Maciu Magorzata Magosia Magoka Goka Gosia Gosieka Maria Marysia Maryka Marysieka Mirosaw Mirek Mireczek Mirko Miru Pawe Paweek Piotr Piotrek Piotru Roman Romek Romeczek Romu Ryszard Rysiek Sawomir Sawek Tadeusz Tadek Tadzio Tomasz Tomek Tomu Tomcio Tomaszek Tomeczek Wadysaw Wadek Wodzimierz Wodek Witold Witek Wojciech Wojtek Wojtu Zofia Zosia Zoka Zbigniew Zbyszek Romanian Adrian Adi Alexandru Ale Alex Alecu Sandu Claudiu Clau Diu Diuu Constantin Costic Titi Cristian Cristi Daniel Dan DaniDnu Dorina Dori Elena Ema Lena Lenua Eugen Jenic; Eugenia Jeni Fernanda Anda Florentina Ina Gabriel Gabi Georgeta Geta Georgina Gina Gheorghe Georgic Gic Gigi Gu Horaiu Hori Ileana Nui Ion Ioan Ionel Ionu Nelu Maria Mrioara Mimi Mioara Monica Moni Nicolae Nicu Nicuor Nae Octavian Tavi Ovidiu Ovi Petre Petric Petru Petrior Raluca Ralu Uca tefan Fane Fnel tefnel Tiberiu Tibi Teodor Teo Valentin Vali Vasile Lic Vasilic Vlad Vldu Russian Russian has a wide variety of diminutive forms for names to the point that for non-Russian speakers it can be difficult to connect a nickname to the original. Diminutive forms for nouns are usually distinguished with an - (-ik) - (-ok) - (-yok) (masculine gender) --/-- (-chk-/-shk-) and --/-- (-onk-/-enk-) suffixes. Names can be somewhat more arbitrary but still follow a loose pattern. A list of common names and their diminutive forms: Aleksey Alyosha Alyoshen'ka Alyoshka Lyosha Lyoshka Lyoha Aleksandr and Aleksandra Sasha Sashen'ka Sashechka Sashka Sanya San'ka Shura Shurka Shurik Shurochka Anastasiya Nastas'ya Nastya Nasten'ka Nastyushka Nastyona Nast'ka Asya Stasya Andrey Andryusha Andryuha Dyusha Dyukha Dron Anna Anya Anyuta Anyutka Anechka Annushka Nyuta Nyura Nyurka Nyusha Artyom TyomaTyomych Boris Borya Boren'ka Boryusha Bor'ka Dmitry Dima Dimka Dimochka Dimulia Dimon Dimych Mitya Miten'ka Mityusha Mit'ka Galina Galya Galka Galechka Gennady Gena Gesha Genka Genych Genchik Genochka Georgiy Zhora Gosha Goga Yury Gleb Glebka Grigoriy Grisha Grinya Irina Ira Irochka Irunya Irisha Irishka Irka Irinka Irusya Ivan Vanya Ivanushka Vanechka Van'ka Vanyusha Kirill Kiryusha Kirya Konstantin Kostya Kosten'ka Kostik Kost'ka Kseniya and Oksana Oksanka Ksana Sana Ksyuha Ksyusha Leonid Lyonya Lyonechka Lyon'ka Lev Lyova Lyovochka Lyovka Mariya Masha Manya Mashen'ka Mashechka Mashka Marusya Mikhail Misha Mishen'ka Mischechka Mishanya Mishka Mishutka Miha Nadezhda Nadya Nad'ka Naden'ka Nadyusha Nataliya Natasha Nata Natashen'ka Natusen'ka Natusik Natashka Nikolay Kolya Kolen'ka Nikolen'ka Nikolasha Kol'ka Kolyan Oleg Olezhka Olezha Olezhek Olegushka Lega Lyoka Olga Olya Olen'ka Olechka Pavel Pasha Pashka Pashen'ka Pavlik Pyotr Petya Pet'ka Peten'ka Petrusha Petyunya Radimir Radya Mira Roman Roma Romka Romochka Romych Sergey Seryozha Seryoga Seryozhen'ka Seryozhka Seriy Stepan Styopa Styopan'ka Stepan'chik Styopushka Styopka Stanislav Stasya Stasik Stasen'ka Sofiya Sonya Sonechka Sofa Sofochka Svetlana Sveta Svetochka Svetyushka Svetka Svyatoslav and Vyacheslav Slava Slavik Slavochka Tatyana Tanya Tanechka Tanyusha Tan'ushka Tan'ka Tan'chik Vadim Vadik Vadimka Vadya Vadisha Vadyusha Valery and Valeria Valera Lera Lerusha Valerka Viacheslav Slava Slavik Slavian Slavutich Viktor Vitya Viten'ka Vit'ka Vitaly Vitalik Viktoriya Vika Vikulechka Vik Vladimir Volodya Vova Vovochka Voloden'ka Vovka Volod'ka Vovan Yaroslav Yarik Yaroshka Yefim Fima Fimochka Yekaterina Katerina Katya Katechka Katen'ka Katyukha Katyusha Kat'ka Yevgeny and Yevgenia Zhenya Zhenechka Zhen'ka Zheka Yuriy Yura Yurka Some names can also be modified with a -ka ending to add a further level of familiarity but are not normally used for adults who are not family members. Serbian Aleksandar Aca Sale Saa Aleksandra Sandra Saa Saka Ana Anica Dragana Gaga Gordana Goga Goca Katarina Kaa Kata Lena Lene Lenka Ljiljana Ljilja Ljubomir Ljuba Jelena Jela Jeca Jovan Joca Jovica Marija Mara Mirjana Mira Mirka Slobodan Sloba Boba Sneana Snea Vladimir Vlada Vlatko Zvonimir Zvonko Zoran Zoki Kiza Spanish See also: Spanish naming customs and Philippine name Spanish forms diminutives by adding one of several diminutive suffixes. -ito/a -cito/a -ecito/a -ico/a -cico/a -illo/a -cillo/a -uelo/a -zuelo/a -ete/a -n -io/a: Juana Juanita Ju Jorge Jorgito Jor Antonio Anton Antoito Antoete Antoillo Too It is common for a person to be known by 2 first names: Jos Luis Mara Teresa Juan Carlos etc. Combining the 2 names into one is another common way to form a hypocorism: Mara Teresa Maritere Mayte Marite Mara Luisa Marisa Mara del Carmen Mayca Mamme Mamen Mara Isabel Maribel Marisa Luz Mara Luzma Mara Fernanda Marifer Mafer Mara Salvadora Marisa Juan Carlos Juanca Juan Esteban Juanes Juan Manuel Juanma Juan Miguel Juanmi Many Spanish nicknames however are or can seem very unlike the original name. Notice however that the -ch- t sound is common in these diminutives: Alberto Berto Beto Alfonso Fon Fonso Fonsi Poncho Anastasio Tasio Tacho Aniceto Cheto Antonio Too Beatriz Bea Beti Carlos Cacho Concepcin Concha Conchita Conchi Consuelo Chelo Diego Yago Dolores Lola Eduardo Edu Lalo Enrique Quique Rico Ernesto Neto Feliciano Chano Felipe Feli Pipe Federico Quico Kiko Fernanda Fer Nanda Fernando Fer Nando Fercho Francisco Fran Paco Curro Pancho Pacho Quico Graciela Chela Gra Guadalupe Lupe Lupita Guillermo Guille Guillo Memo Picho Ignacia Nacha Ignacio Nacho Isabel Isa Chavela Chabela Chabel Chava Jess Chuy Chus Chucho Suso Jorge Coque Jos Pepe Chepe Jos Mara Chema Josema Juan Juancho Juani Laura Lala Lau Yaya Lidia Yiya Luis Lucho Gicho Luisa Lucha Manuel Manu Manolo Lolo Mara Fernanda Mfer Marifer Mara Jos Cot Marijose Majo Maximina Chimina Mercedes Meche Miguel Migue Ramn Moncho Monchi Ramoncito Refugio Mara del Refugio Cuca Roberto Rober Berto Beto Rosario Chayo Charo Santiago Santi Chago Sergio Checo Silvia Chiva Soledad Sole Lola Vicente Vicen Chente Also several names (especially female) may have their endings cut off and the vowel -"i" added at the end in the formation of pet names: Beatriz Beti Javier Javi (m.) Javy Leticia Leti Pilar Mara del Pilar Pili Susana Susi Speakers of Philippine languages follow the same system. Swedish Male hypocorisms are often based on the first syllable of the name (shortening it if it's long) plus the ending -"e": Anders Adde Ante Andreas Adde Ante Bengt Bengan Benke Bo Bosse Daniel Danne Filip Fille Frans Frasse Fredrik Fredde Gustav Gurra Henrik Henke Henning Henke Jan Janne Joakim Jocke John Jonte Jonatan Jonte Karl Kalle Krister Krille Kristian Krille Kristoffer Krille Stoffe Lars Lasse Leif Leffe Magnus Mange Mikael Micke Oskar Orre Per Pelle Perra Pontus Putte Roland Rolle Sebastian Sebbe Basse Sigvard Sigge Stefan Steffe Sven Svempa Svenne Tobias Tobbe Tomas Tompa Torbjrn Tobbe Torsten Totta Ulf Uffe Viktor Vicke Vilhelm Ville These forms may be quite old: the oldest possible attestation may be the name Sibbi on the Rk Runestone dating to about 800 AD. See also Diminutive Nickname Term of endearment References Oxford English Dictionary online edition: "hypocorism". Retrieved 24 June 2008. http://www.esperanto.mv.ru/Seppik/lec19.html