For other people named Jimmy Carter see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). Jimmy Carter 39th President of the United States In office January 20 1977  January 20 1981 Vice President Walter Mondale Preceded by Gerald Ford Succeeded by Ronald Reagan 76th Governor of Georgia In office January 12 1971  January 14 1975 Lieutenant Lester Maddox Preceded by Lester Maddox Succeeded by George Busbee Member of the Georgia State Senate from the 14th District In office January 14 1963  January 10 1967 Preceded by New district Succeeded by Hugh Carter Constituency Sumter County Born James Earl Carter Jr. October 1 1924 (1924-10-01) (age 86) Plains Georgia Political party Democratic Spouse(s) Rosalynn Smith Carter (m. 1946present) Children John William Carter James Earl Carter III Donnel Jeffrey Carter Amy Lynn Carter Residence Atlanta Georgia Alma mater Georgia Southwestern College Georgia Institute of Technology United States Naval Academy Profession Farmer (peanuts) naval officer Religion Baptist1 Signature Military service Service/branch United States Navy Years of service 19461953 Rank Lieutenant Awards Nobel Peace Prize in 2002

James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr. (born October 1 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (19771981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (19711975)2 and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.

As president Carter created two new cabinet-level departments: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation price control and new technology. In foreign affairs Carter pursued the Camp David Accords the Panama Canal Treaties the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama.

Throughout his career Carter strongly emphasized human rights. He took office during a period of international stagflation which persisted throughout his term. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 19791981 Iran hostage crisis the 1979 energy crisis the Three Mile Island nuclear accident the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (at the end of 1979) and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

By 1980 Carter's popularity had eroded. He survived a primary challenge against Ted Kennedy for the Democratic Party nomination in the 1980 election but lost the election to Republican candidate Ronald Reagan. On January 20 1981 minutes after Carter's term in office ended the 52 U.S. captives held at the U.S. embassy in Iran were released ending the 444-day Iran hostage crisis.3

After leaving office Carter and his wife Rosalynn founded the Carter Center in 19824 a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization that works to advance human rights. He has traveled extensively to conduct peace negotiations observe elections and advance disease prevention and eradication in developing nations. Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project5 and also remains particularly vocal on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Naval career 1.2 Farming and prayer 2 Early political career 2.1 State Senate 2.2 Campaigns for Governor 3 Governor of Georgia 3.1 Civil rights politics 3.2 Abortion 3.3 State government reforms 3.4 Vice-Presidential aspirations in 1972 3.5 Death penalty and crime 3.6 United States Senate appointment 3.7 Other activities 4 1976 presidential campaign 5 Presidency 6 Post-Presidency 6.1 Legacy 6.2 Public image 6.3 Carter Center 6.4 Nobel Peace Prize 6.5 Diplomacy 6.5.1 North Korea 6.5.2 Middle East 6.5.3 Africa 6.5.4 Americas 6.5.5 Vietnam 6.6 Criticism of US policy 6.7 Death penalty 6.8 Torture 6.9 Author 6.9.1 Palestine Peace Not Apartheid 6.10 Involvement with Bank of Credit and Commerce International 6.11 Faith family and community 6.12 Honors and awards 6.12.1 World Justice Project 6.13 Participation in ceremonial events 6.14 Race in politics 6.15 Funeral and burial plans 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links 10.1 Biographical pages 10.2 Other links Early life With his dog Bozo in 1937 around age 13 Jimmy Carter as a midshipman at the US Naval Academy With his mother Lillian Carter February 17 1977

James Earl Carter Jr. was born on October 1 1924 in the tiny southwest Georgia city of Plains near Americus. The first president born in a hospital6 he is the eldest of four children of James Earl Carter and Bessie Lillian Gordy. Carter's father was a prominent business owner in the community and his mother was a registered nurse.

The Carter family had come from southern England (Carter's paternal ancestor arrived in the American Colonies in 1635)7 and had lived in the state of Georgia for several generations. Carter has documented ancestors who fought in the American Revolution and he is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution.8 Carter's great-grandfather Private L.B. Walker Carter (18321874) served in the Confederate States Army.9

Carter was a gifted student from an early age who always had a fondness for reading. By the time he attended Plains High School he was also a star in basketball. He was greatly influenced by one of his high school teachers Julia Coleman (18891973). While he was in high school he was in the Future Farmers of America which later changed its name to the National FFA Organization serving as the Plains FFA Chapter Secretary.10

After high school Carter enrolled at Georgia Southwestern College in Americus. Later he applied to the United States Naval Academy and after taking additional mathematics courses at Georgia Tech he was admitted in 1943. Carter graduated 59th out of 820 midshipmen at the Naval Academy.11 Carter had three younger siblings: sisters Gloria Carter Spann (19261990) and Ruth Carter Stapleton (19291983) and brother William Alton "Billy" Carter (19371988). During Carter's Presidency Billy was often in the news usually in an unflattering light.citation needed He married Rosalynn Smith in 1946. They have four children: John William "Jack" Carter (born 1947); James Earl "Chip" Carter III (born 1950); Donnel Jeffrey "Jeff" Carter (born 1952) and Amy Lynn Carter (born 1967).citation needed He is a first cousin of politician Hugh Carter and a distant cousin of Motown founder Berry Gordy Jr. on his mother's side and a cousin of June Carter Cash.12 Naval career Carter served on surface ships and on diesel-electric submarines in the Atlantic and Pacific fleets. As a junior officer he completed qualification for command of a diesel-electric submarine. He applied for the US Navy's fledgling nuclear submarine program run by then Captain Hyman G. Rickover. Rickover's demands on his men and machines were legendary and Carter later said that next to his parents Rickover had the greatest influence on him. Carter has said that he loved the Navy and had planned to make it his career. His ultimate goal was to become Chief of Naval Operations. Carter felt the best route for promotion was with submarine duty since he felt that nuclear power would be increasingly used in submarines. Carter was based in Schenectady New York and working on the nuclear propulsion system for prototype of a new submarine.13 On December 12 1952 an accident with the experimental NRX reactor at Atomic Energy of Canadas Chalk River Laboratories caused a partial meltdown. The resulting explosion caused millions of liters of radioactive water to flood the reactor buildings basement and the reactors core was no longer usable.14 He was now ordered to Chalk River joining other Canadian and American service personnel. Carter was the officer in charge of the U.S. team assisting in the shutdown of the Chalk River Nuclear Reactor.15 Once they arrived Carter's team used a model of the reactor to practice the steps necessary to disassemble the reactor and seal it off. During execution of the actual disassembly each team member including Carter donned protective gear was lowered individually into the reactor stayed for only a few seconds at a time to minimize exposure to radiation and used hand tools to loosen bolts remove nuts and take the other steps necessary to complete the disassembly process. During and after his presidency Carter indicated that his experience at Chalk River shaped his views on nuclear power and nuclear weapons including his decision not to pursue completion of the neutron bomb.16 Upon the death of his father James Earl Carter Sr. in July 1953 he was urgently needed to run the family business. Lieutenant Carter resigned his commission and he was discharged from the Navy on October 9 1953. Farming and prayer Carter took over and expanded his family business in Plains. His farming business was successful and during the 1970 gubernatorial campaign he was considered a wealthy peanut farmer.17 From a young age Carter showed a deep commitment to Christianity serving as a Sunday School teacher throughout his life. Even as President Carter prayed several times a day and professed that Jesus Christ was the driving force in his life. Carter had been greatly influenced by a sermon he had heard as a young man called "If you were arrested for being a Christian would there be enough evidence to convict you"18 Early political career State Senate Jimmy Carter started his career by serving on various local boards governing such entities as the schools hospitals and libraries among others. In the 1960s he served two terms in the Georgia Senate from the fourteenth district of Georgia. His 1961 election to the state Senate which followed the end of Georgia's County Unit System (per the Supreme Court case of Gray v. Sanders) was chronicled in his book Turning Point: A Candidate a State and a Nation Come of Age. The election involved corruption led by Joe Hurst the sheriff of Quitman County; system abuses included votes from deceased persons and tallies filled with people who supposedly voted in alphabetical order. It took a challenge of the fraudulent results for Carter to win the election. Carter was reelected in 1964 to serve a second two-year term. For a time in State Senate he chaired its Education Committee.19 In 1966 Carter declined running for re-election as a state senator to pursue a gubernatorial run. His first cousin Hugh Carter was elected as a Democrat and took over his seat in the Senate. Campaigns for Governor Main article: Georgia gubernatorial election 1966 In 1966 during the end of his career as a state senator he flirted with the idea of running for the United States House of Representatives. His Republican opponent Howard Callaway dropped out and decided to run for Governor of Georgia. Carter did not want to see a Republican Governor of his state and in turn dropped out of the race for Congress and joined the race to become Governor. Carter lost the Democratic primary but drew enough votes as a third place candidate to force the favorite liberal former governor Ellis Arnall into a runoff election setting off a chain of events which resulted in the nomination of segregationist Democrat Lester Maddox. Maddox would go on to be selected governor of Georgia by the Georgia General Assembly despite finishing a close second in a three-way general election race between Maddox Callaway and Arnall who ran as a write-in candidate. During the primary Carter ran as a moderate alternative to both liberal Arnall and conservative Maddox.19 Although he lost his strong third place finish was viewed as a success for a little-known state senator.19 Main article: Georgia gubernatorial election 1970 For the next four years Carter returned to his agriculture business and carefully planned for his next campaign for Governor in 1970 making over 1800 speeches throughout the state. During his 1970 campaign he ran an uphill populist campaign in the Democratic primary against former Governor Carl Sanders labeling his opponent "Cufflinks Carl". Carter was never a segregationist and refused to join the segregationist White Citizens' Council prompting a boycott of his peanut warehouse. His family was also one of only two that voted to admit blacks to the Plains Baptist Church.20 He "said things the segregationists wanted to hear" according to historian E. Stanly Godbold.21 Also Carter's campaign aides handed out a photograph of his opponent celebrating with black basketball players.2223 Following his close victory over Sanders in the primary he was elected Governor over Republican Hal Suit. Governor of Georgia Carter was sworn in as the 76th Governor of Georgia on January 12 1971 and held this post for one term until January 14 1975. Governors of Georgia were not allowed to succeed themselves at the time. His predecessor as Governor Lester Maddox became the Lieutenant Governor. Carter and Maddox found little common ground during their four years of service often publicly feuding with each other.2425 Civil rights politics Carter declared in his inaugural speech that the time of racial segregation was over and that racial discrimination had no place in the future of the state the first statewide office holder in the Deep South to say this in public.26 Afterwards Carter appointed many African Americans to statewide boards and offices. He was often called one of the "New Southern Governors"  much more moderate than their predecessors and supportive of racial desegregation and expanding African-Americans' rights. Abortion Although "personally opposed" to abortion after the landmark US Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade 410 US 113 (1973) Carter supported legalized abortion.27 He did not support increased federal funding for abortion services as president and was criticized by the ACLU for not doing enough to find alternatives to abortion.28 State government reforms Carter improved government efficiency by merging about 300 state agencies into 30 agencies. One of his aides recalled that Governor Carter "was right there with us working just as hard digging just as deep into every little problem. It was his program and he worked on it as hard as anybody and the final product was distinctly his." He also pushed reforms through the legislature providing equal state aid to schools in the wealthy and poor areas of Georgia set up community centers for mentally handicapped children and increased educational programs for convicts. Carter took pride in a program he introduced for the appointment of judges and state government officials. Under this program all such appointments were based on merit rather than political influence.2930 Vice-Presidential aspirations in 1972 In 1972 as US Senator George McGovern of South Dakota was marching toward the Democratic nomination for President Carter called a news conference in Atlanta to warn that McGovern was unelectable. Carter criticized McGovern as too liberal on both foreign and domestic policy yet when McGovern's nomination became a foregone conclusion Carter lobbied to become his vice-presidential running mate. During the 1972 Democratic National Convention he endorsed the candidacy of Senator Henry M. Jackson of Washington.31 Carter received 30 votes at the Democratic National Convention in the chaotic ballot for Vice President. McGovern offered the second spot to Reubin Askew from next door Florida and one of the "new southern governors" but he declined. Death penalty and crime After the US Supreme Court overturned Georgia's death penalty law in 1972 Carter quickly proposed state legislation to replace the death penalty with life in prison (an option that previously didn't exist).32 When the legislature passed a new death penalty statute Carter despite voicing reservations about its constitutionality33 signed new legislation on March 28 197334 to authorize the death penalty for murder rape and other offenses and to implement trial procedures that conformed to the newly announced constitutional requirements. In 1976 the Supreme Court upheld Georgia's new death penalty for murder. In the case of Coker v. Georgia the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional as applied to rape. Many in America were outraged by William Calley's life sentence at Fort Benning for his role in the My Lai Massacre; Carter instituted "American Fighting Man's Day" and asked Georgians to drive for a week with their lights on in support of Calley.35 Indiana's governor asked all state flags to be flown at half-staff for Calley and Utah's and Mississippi's governors also disagreed with the verdict.35 Despite his earlier support Carter soon became a death penalty opponent and during Presidential campaigns (like previous nominee George McGovern and two successive nominees Walter Mondale and Michael Dukakis) this was noted.36 Currently Carter is known for his outspoken opposition to the death penalty in all forms; in his Nobel Prize lecture he urged "prohibition of the death penalty".37 United States Senate appointment Richard Russell Jr. then-President pro tempore of the United States Senate died in office on January 21 1971. Carter only nine days into his governorship appointed state Democratic Party chair David H. Gambrell to fill an unexpired Russell term in the Senate on February 1.38 Gambrell was defeated in the next Democratic primary by the more conservative Sam Nunn. Other activities In 1973 while Governor of Georgia Carter filed a report on his 1969 UFO sighting with the International UFO Bureau in Oklahoma City.394041 In 2007 Carter stated that he did not remember why he filed the report and that he believes he probably only did it at the request of one of his children. He also stated he does not believe it was an alien spacecraft but rather that it was likely some sort of military experiment being conducted from a nearby military base.42 Carter made an appearance as the first guest of the evening on an episode of the game show What's My Line in 1974 signing in as "X" lest his name give away his occupation. After his job was identified on question seven of ten by Gene Shalit he talked about having brought movie production to the state of Georgia citing Deliverance and the then-unreleased The Longest Yard. In 1974 Carter was chairman of the Democratic National Committee's congressional as well as gubernatorial campaigns. 1976 presidential campaign Main article: United States presidential election 1976 Carter and Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley at the 1976 Illinois State Democratic Convention in Chicago Illinois When Carter entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries in 1976 he was considered to have little chance against nationally better-known politicians. He had a name recognition of only two percent. When he told his family of his intention to run for President his mother asked "President of what" The Watergate scandal was still fresh in the voters' minds and so his position as an outsider distant from Washington D.C. became an asset. The centerpiece of his campaign platform was government reorganization. The electoral map of the 1976 election Carter became the front-runner early on by winning the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. He used a two-prong strategy: In the South which most had tacitly conceded to Alabama's George Wallace Carter ran as a moderate favorite son. When Wallace proved to be a spent force Carter swept the region. In the North Carter appealed largely to conservative Christian and rural voters and had little chance of winning a majority in most states. He won several Northern states by building the largest single bloc. Carter's strategy involved reaching a region before another candidate could extend influence there. He traveled over 50000 miles visited 37 states and delivered over 200 speeches before any other candidates even announced that they were in the race.43 Initially dismissed as a regional candidate Carter proved to be the only Democrat with a truly national strategy and he eventually clinched the nomination. The media discovered and promoted Carter as Lawrence Shoup noted in his 1980 book The Carter Presidency and Beyond: What Carter had that his opponents did not was the acceptance and support of elite sectors of the mass communications media. It was their favorable coverage of Carter and his campaign that gave him an edge propelling him rocket-like to the top of the opinion polls. This helped Carter win key primary election victories enabling him to rise from an obscure public figure to President-elect in the short space of 9 months. Carter was interviewed by Robert Scheer of Playboy for its November 1976 issue which hit the newsstands a couple of weeks before the election. It was here that in the course of a digression on his religion's view of pride Carter admitted: "I've looked on a lot of women with lust. I've committed adultery in my heart many times."44 He remains the only American president to be interviewed by this magazine. As late as January 26 1976 Carter was the first choice of only four percent of Democratic voters according to a Gallup poll. Yet "by mid-March 1976 Carter was not only far ahead of the active contenders for the Democratic presidential nomination he also led President Ford by a few percentage points" according to Shoup. He chose Senator Walter F. Mondale as his running mate. He attacked Washington in his speeches and offered a religious salve for the nation's wounds.45 Carter began the race with a sizable lead over Ford who was able to narrow the gap over the course of the campaign but was unable to prevent Carter from narrowly defeating him on November 2 1976. Carter won the popular vote by 50.1 percent to 48.0 percent for Ford and received 297 electoral votes to Ford's 240. He became the first contender from the Deep South to be elected President since the 1848 election. Presidency Official White House portrait of Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter is sworn in as the 39th President of the United States by Chief Justice Warren Burger January 20 1977. Main article: Presidency of Jimmy Carter Carter was elected over Gerald Ford in 1976. His tenure was a time of continuing inflation and recession as well as an energy crisis. On January 7 1980 Carter signed Law H.R. 5860 aka Public Law 96-185 known as The Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979 bailing out Chrysler Corporation. He led the plan to deregulate the airline industry. He canceled military pay raises during a time of high inflation and government deficits. He declared amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers. He encouraged energy conservation installed solar panels on the White House4647 and wore sweaters while turning down the heat. While attempting to calm various conflicts around the World most visibly in the Middle East resulting in the signing of the Camp David Accords giving back the Panama Canal and signing the SALT II nuclear arms reduction treaty with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev the final year of his administration was marred by the Iran hostage crisis which contributed to his losing his 1980 re-election campaign to Ronald Reagan. In 1978 Carter declared a federal emergency in the neighborhood of Love Canal in the city of Niagara Falls New York. More than 800 families were evacuated from the neighborhood which was built on top of a toxic waste landfill. The Superfund law was created in response to the situation. Federal disaster money was appropriated to demolish the approximately 500 houses the 99th Street School and the 93rd Street School which were built on top of the dump and to remediate the dump and construct a containment area. This was the first time that such a thing had been done. He then said that there were several more "Love Canals" across the country and that discovering such dumpsites was "one of the grimmest discoveries of our modern era". Carter and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty June 18 1979 in Vienna. He wore a sweater on April 17 1977 and delivered a fireside chat where he declared that the energy situation was the moral equivalent of war while clenching his fist. Statement on the Panama Canal Treaty Signing Jimmy Carter's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty September 7 1977. Statement on the Panama Canal Treaty Signing audio only version Problems listening to these files See media help. One of Carter's most bitterly controversial decisions was his boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in response to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This marks the only time since the founding of the modern Olympics in 1896 that the United States has ever failed to participate in a Summer or Winter Olympics. The Soviet Union retaliated by boycotting the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and did not withdraw troops from Afghanistan until 1989 (eight years after Carter left office). Carter wrote that the most intense and mounting opposition to his policies came from the liberal wing of the Democratic Party which he attributed to Ted Kennedys ambition to replace him as president.48 Kennedy originally on board with Carter's health plan pulled his support from that legislation in the late stages; Carter states that this was in anticipation of Kennedy's own candidacy and when neither won the tactic effectively delayed comprehensive health coverage for decades.49 Carter's campaign for re-election in 1980 was one of the most difficult and least successful in history. He faced strong challenges from the right (Ronald Reagan) the center (John B. Anderson) and the left (Ted Kennedy). He had to run against his own "stagflation"-ridden economy. He alienated liberal college students who should have been his base by re-instating registration for the draft. He was defeated by Ronald Reagan. Post-Presidency Former President and First Lady Carter wave from their aircraft after the inauguration of Ronald Reagan on January 20 1981. In 1981 Carter returned to Georgia to his peanut farm which he had placed into a blind trust during his presidency to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest. He found that the trustees had mismanaged the trust leaving him over one million dollars in debt. In the years that followed he has led an active life establishing The Carter Center building his presidential library teaching at Emory University in Atlanta Georgia and writing numerous books.45 Legacy Top: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin during a joint session of the United States Congress during which President Jimmy Carter announced the results of the Camp David Accords September 18 1978; Bottom: Carter with Vice President Mondale and Speaker O'Neill seated behind him September 18 1978. "Remarks on the Signing of the Camp David Accords" Jimmy Carter seated with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin makes statements at a Joint session of the United States Congress following the Camp David Accords. Problems listening to this file See media help. When he first left office Carter's presidency was viewed by some as a failure.505152 In historical rankings of US presidents the Carter presidency has ranged from #19 to #34. Although Carter's presidency received mixed reviews from some historians his all-around peace keeping and humanitarian efforts since he left office have led him to be widely renowned as one of the most successful ex-presidents in US history.5354 Although Carter has also received mixed reviews in both television and film documentaries such as the Man from Plains (2007) the 2009 documentary Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace credits Carter's efforts at Camp David which brought peace between Israel and Egypt with bringing the only meaningful peace to the Middle East. The film opened the 2009 Monte-Carlo Television Festival in an invitation-only royal screening55 on June 7 2009 at the Grimaldi Forum in the presence of His Serene Highness Albert II Prince of Monaco.56 Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale are the longest-living post-presidential team in American history. On December 11 2006 they had been out of office for 25 years and 325 days surpassing the former record established by President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson who both died on July 4 1826. Jimmy Carter is one of only four presidents57 and the only one in modern history who did not have an opportunity to nominate a judge to serve on the Supreme Court. Public image The Independent writes "Carter is widely considered a better man than he was a president."58 While he began his term with a 66% approval rating59 this had dropped to 34% approval by the time he left office with 55% disapproving. 60 Much of this image in the public eye results from the Presidents proximate to him in history.61 In the wake of Nixon's Watergate Scandal exit polls from the 1976 Presidential election suggested that many still held Gerald Ford's pardon of Nixon against him62 and Carter by comparison seemed a sincere honest and well-meaning Southerner.58 Carter's administration suffered from his inexperience in politics: Carter paid too much attention to detail was quick to retreat when under fire from poltical rivals he frequently appeared to be indecisive and ineffective and did not define his priorities clearly. He seemed uninterested in working with other groups or even with Congress controlled by his own party which he denounced for being controlled by special interest groups.61 Though he made efforts to address many of these issues in 1978 the approval he won from his reforms did not last long. When Carter ran for reelection Ronald Reagan's nonchalant self-confidence contrasted to Carter's serious and introspective temperament. Carter's personal attention to detail his pestimistic attitude seeming indecisiveness and weakness with people was also accentuated by Reagan's charm and easy delegation of tasks to subordinates.6361 Ultimately the combination of the economic problems Iran hostage crisis and lack of Washington cooperation made it easy for Reagan to portray him as a weak and ineffectual leader causing Carter to become the first president since 1932 to lose a reelection bid and his presidency was largely considered a failure. Notwithstanding perceptions while Carter was in office his reputation has much improved. Carter's presidential approval rating which sat at 31% just prior to the 1980 election was polled in early 2009 at 64%.64 Carter's continued post-Presidency activities have also been favorably received. Carter explains that a great deal of this change was owed to Reagan's successor George H. W. Bush who actively sought him out and was far more courteous and interested in his advice than Reagan had been.58 Carter Center Main article: Carter Center Jimmy Carter (far right) in 1991 with President George H. W. Bush and former Presidents Gerald Ford Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan at the dedication of the Reagan Presidential Library 18 years later President of the United States of America George W. Bush invited former Presidents George H.W. Bush Bill Clinton Jimmy Carter (far right) and then-President Elect Barack Obama for a meeting and lunch at The White House. Photo taken Wednesday January 7 2009 in the Oval Office at The White House. As President Carter expressed a goal of making government "competent and compassionate." In pursuit of that vision he has been involved in a variety of national and international public policy conflict resolution human rights and charitable causes. In 1982 he established The Carter Center in Atlanta to advance human rights and alleviate unnecessary human suffering. The non-profit nongovernmental Center promotes democracy mediates and prevents conflicts and monitors the electoral process in support of free and fair elections. It also works to improve global health through the control and eradication of diseases such as Guinea worm disease river blindness malaria trachoma lymphatic filariasis and schistosomiasis. It also works to diminish the stigma of mental illnesses and improve nutrition through increased crop production in Africa. A major accomplishment of The Carter Center has been the elimination of more than 99% of cases of Guinea worm disease a debilitating parasite that has existed since ancient times from an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 to 3190 reported cases in 2009.65 The Carter Center has monitored 81 elections in 33 countries since 1989.66 It has worked to resolve conflicts in Haiti Bosnia Ethiopia North Korea Sudan and other countries. Carter and the Center actively support human rights defenders around the world and have intervened with heads of state on their behalf. Nobel Peace Prize In 2002 President Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize for his work "to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts to advance democracy and human rights and to promote economic and social development" through The Carter Center.67 Three sitting presidents Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson and Barack Obama have received the prize; Carter is unique in receiving the award for his actions after leaving the presidency. He is along with Martin Luther King Jr. one of only two native Georgians to receive the Nobel. Diplomacy Foreign trips of Jimmy Carter during his presidency. North Korea In 1994 North Korea had expelled investigators from the International Atomic Energy Agency and was threatening to begin processing spent nuclear fuel. In response then-President Clinton pressured for US sanctions and ordered large amounts of troops and vehicles into the area to brace for war. Bill Clinton secretly recruited Carter to undertake a peace mission to North Korea68 under the guise that it was a private mission of Carter's. Clinton saw Carter as a way to let North Korean President Kim Il-sung back down without losing face.69 Carter negotiated an understanding with Kim Il-sung but went further and outlined a treaty which he announced on CNN without the permission of the Clinton White House as a way to force the US into action. The Clinton Administration signed a later version of the Agreed Framework under which North Korea agreed to freeze and ultimately dismantle its current nuclear program and comply with its nonproliferation obligations in exchange for oil deliveries the construction of two light water reactors to replace its graphite reactors and discussions for eventual diplomatic relations. The agreement was widely hailed at the time as a significant diplomatic achievement.70 In December 2002 the Agreed Framework collapsed as a result of a dispute between the George W. Bush Administration and the North Korean government of Kim Jong-il. In 2001 Bush had taken a confrontational position toward North Korea and in January 2002 named it as part of an "Axis of Evil". Meanwhile North Korea began developing the capability to enrich uranium. Bush Administration opponents of the Agreed Framework believed that the North Korean government never intended to give up a nuclear weapons program but supporters believed that the agreement could have been successful and was undermined.71 In August 2010 Carter traveled to North Korea in an attempt to secure the release of Aijalon Mahli Gomes. Gomes a U.S. citizen was sentenced to eight years of hard labor after being found guilty of illegally entering North Korea. Carter successfully secured the release.72 Middle East Carter meeting with Iranian Shah Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi in Tehran Carter and experts from The Carter Center assisted unofficial Israeli and Palestinian negotiators in designing a model agreement for peace-called the Geneva Accord-in 20022003.73 Carter has also in recent years become a frequent critic of Israel's policies in Lebanon West Bank and Gaza.7475 In 2006 at the UK Hay Festival Carter stated that Israel has at least 150 nuclear weapons. He expressed his support for Israel as a country but criticized its domestic and foreign policy; "One of the greatest human rights crimes on earth is the starvation and imprisonment of 1.6m Palestinians" said Carter. He mentioned statistics showing nutritional intake of some Palestinian children was below that of the children of Sub-Saharan Africa and described the European position on Israel as "supine".76 In April 2008 the London-based Arabic newspaper Al-Hayat reported that Carter met with exiled Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal on his visit to Syria. The Carter Center initially did not confirm nor deny the story. The US State Department considers Hamas a terrorist organization.77 Within this Mid-East trip Carter also laid a wreath on the grave of Yasser Arafat in Ramallah on April 14 2008.78 Carter said on April 23 that neither Condoleezza Rice nor anyone else in the State Department had warned him against meeting with Hamas leaders during his trip.79 Carter spoke to Mashaal on several matters including "formulas for prisoner exchange to obtain the release of Corporal Shalit."80 In May 2007 while arguing that the United States should directly talk to Iran Carter again stated that Israel has 150 nuclear weapons in its arsenal.81 In December 2008 Carter visited Damascus again where he met with Syrian President Bashar Assad and the Hamas leadership. During his visit he gave an exclusive interview to Forward Magazine the first ever interview for any American president current or former with a Syrian media outlet.8283 Carter visited with three officials from Hamas who have been living at the International Red Cross office in Jerusalem since July 2010. Israel believes that these three Hamas legislators had a role in the 2006 kidnapping of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit and has a deportation order set for them.84 Africa Carter held summits in Egypt and Tunisia in 19951996 to address violence in the Great Lakes region of Africa.85 Carter played a key role in negotiation of the Nairobi Agreement in 1999 between Sudan and Uganda.86 On July 18 2007 Carter joined Nelson Mandela in Johannesburg South Africa to announce his participation in a new humanitarian organization called The Elders. In October 2007 Carter toured Darfur with several of The Elders including Desmond Tutu. Sudanese security prevented him from visiting a Darfuri tribal leader leading to a heated exchange.87 On June 18 2007 Carter accompanied by his wife arrived in Dublin Ireland for talks with President Mary McAleese and Bertie Ahern concerning human rights. On June 19 Carter attended and spoke at the annual Human Rights Forum at Croke Park. An agreement between Irish Aid and The Carter Center was also signed on this day. In November 2008 President Carter former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Graca Machel wife of Nelson Mandela were stopped from entering Zimbabwe to inspect the human rights situation by President Robert Mugabe's government. Americas Carter led a mission to Haiti in 1994 with Senator Sam Nunn and former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell to avert a US-led multinational invasion and restore to power Haiti's democratically elected president Jean-Bertrand Aristide.88 Carter visited Cuba in May 2002 and had full discussions with Fidel Castro and the Cuban government. He was allowed to address the Cuban public uncensored on national television and radio with a speech that he wrote and presented in Spanish. In the speech he called on the US to end "an ineffective 43-year-old economic embargo" and on Castro to hold free elections improve human rights and allow greater civil liberties.89 He met with political dissidents; visited the AIDS sanitarium a medical school a biotech facility an agricultural production cooperative and a school for disabled children; and threw a pitch for an all-star baseball game in Havana. The visit made Carter the first President of the United States in or out of office to visit the island since the Cuban revolution of 1959.90 Carter observed the Venezuela recall elections on August 15 2004. European Union observers had declined to participate saying too many restrictions were put on them by the Hugo Chvez administration.91 A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59% "no" vote.92 The Carter Center stated that the process "suffered from numerous irregularities" but said it did not observe or receive "evidence of fraud that would have changed the outcome of the vote".93 On the afternoon of August 16 2004 the day after the vote Carter and Organization of American States (OAS) Secretary General Csar Gaviria gave a joint press conference in which they endorsed the preliminary results announced by the National Electoral Council. The monitors' findings "coincided with the partial returns announced today by the National Elections Council" said Carter while Gaviria added that the OAS electoral observation mission's members had "found no element of fraud in the process." Directing his remarks at opposition figures who made claims of "widespread fraud" in the voting Carter called on all Venezuelans to "accept the results and work together for the future".94 A Penn Schoen & Berland Associates (PSB) exit poll had predicted that Chvez would lose by 20%; when the election results showed him to have won by 20% Schoen commented "I think it was a massive fraud".95 US News and World Report offered an analysis of the polls indicating "very good reason to believe that the Penn Schoen & Berland exit poll had the result right and that Chvez's election officials  and Carter and the American media  got it wrong." The exit poll and the government's programming of election machines became the basis of claims of election fraud. An Associated Press report states that Penn Schoen & Berland used volunteers from pro-recall organization Smate for fieldwork and its results contradicted five other opposition exit polls.96 Following Ecuador's severing of ties with Colombia in March 2008 Carter brokered a deal for agreement between the countries' respective presidents on the restoration of low-level diplomatic relations announced June 8 2008.9798 Vietnam On November 18 2009 Carter visited Vietnam to build houses for the poor. The one-week program known as Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Work Project 2009 built 32 houses in Dong Xa village in the northern province of Hai Duong. The project launch was scheduled for November 14 according to the news source which quoted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Nguyen Phuong Nga. Administered by the non-governmental and non-profit Habitat for Humanity International (HFHI) the annual program of 2009 would build and repair 166 homes in Vietnam and some other Asian countries with the support of nearly 3000 volunteers around the world the organization said on its website. HFHI has worked in Vietnam since 2001 to provide low-cost housing water and sanitation solutions for the poor. It has worked in provinces like Tien Giang and Dong Nai as well as Ho Chi Minh City.99 Criticism of US policy In 2001 Carter criticized President Bill Clinton's controversial pardon of Marc Rich calling it "disgraceful" and suggesting that Rich's financial contributions to the Democratic Party were a factor in Clinton's action.100 Carter has also criticized the presidency of George W. Bush and the Iraq War. In a 2003 New York Times editorial Carter warned against the consequences of a war in Iraq and urged restraint in use of military force.101 In March 2004 Carter condemned George W. Bush and Tony Blair for waging an unnecessary war "based upon lies and misinterpretations" to oust Saddam Hussein. In August 2006 Carter criticized Blair for being "subservient" to the Bush administration and accused Blair of giving unquestioning support to Bush's Iraq policies.102 In a May 2007 interview with the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette he said "I think as far as the adverse impact on the nation around the world this administration has been the worst in history" when it comes to foreign affairs.103104 Two days after the quote was published Carter told NBC's Today that the "worst in history" comment was "careless or misinterpreted" and that he "wasn't comparing this administration with other administrations back through history but just with President Nixon's."105 The day after the "worst in history" comment was published White House spokesman Tony Fratto said that Carter had become "increasingly irrelevant with these kinds of comments."106 On May 19 2007 Mr. Blair made his final visit to Iraq before stepping down as British Prime Minister and Carter used the occasion to criticize him once again. Carter told the BBC that Blair was "apparently subservient" to Bush and criticized him for his "blind support" for the Iraq war.107 Carter described Blair's actions as "abominable" and stated that the British Prime Minister's "almost undeviating support for the ill-advised policies of President Bush in Iraq have been a major tragedy for the world." Carter said he believes that had Blair distanced himself from the Bush administration during the run-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 it might have made a crucial difference to American political and public opinion and consequently the invasion might not have gone ahead. Carter states that "one of the defenses of the Bush administration ... has been okay we must be more correct in our actions than the world thinks because Great Britain is backing us. So I think the combination of Bush and Blair giving their support to this tragedy in Iraq has strengthened the effort and has made the opposition less effective and prolonged the war and increased the tragedy that has resulted." Carter expressed his hope that Blair's successor Gordon Brown would be "less enthusiastic" about Bush's Iraq policy.107 In June 2005 Carter urged the closing of the Guantanamo Bay Prison in Cuba which has been a focal point for recent claims of prisoner abuse.108 In September 2006 Carter was interviewed on the BBC's current affairs program Newsnight voicing his concern at the increasing influence of the Religious Right on US politics.109 Due to his status as former President Carter was a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Carter announced his endorsement of Senator (now president) Barack Obama. This occurred on June 3 2008 near the end of the primary season.citation needed Speaking to the English Monthly Forward magazine of Syria Carter was asked to give one word that came to mind when mentioning President George W. Bush. His answer was: the end of a very disappointing administration. His reaction to mentioning Barack Obama was: honesty intelligence and politically adept.110 In 2009 he put weight behind allegations by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez pertaining to United States involvement in the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'tat attempt by a civilian-military junta saying that Washington knew about the coup and may have taken part.111 Death penalty Carter continues to speak out against the death penalty in the US and abroad. Most recently in his letter to the Governor of New Mexico Bill Richardson Carter urged him to sign a bill to eliminate the death penalty and institute life in prison without parole instead. The bill has already been passed by the state House and Senate. Carter wrote: As you know the United States is one of the few countries along with nations such as Saudi Arabia China and Cuba which still carry out the death penalty despite the ongoing tragedy of wrongful conviction and gross racial and class-based disparities that make impossible the fair implementation of this ultimate punishment.112 Carter also called for commutations of death sentences for many death-row inmates including Brian K. Baldwin (executed in 1999 in Alabama)113 Kenneth Foster (sentence in Texas commuted in 2007)114115 and Troy Anthony Davis (Georgia case pending).116 Torture In a 2008 interview with Amnesty International Carter criticized the alleged use of torture at Guantanamo Bay saying that it "contravenes the basic principles on which this nation was founded."117 He stated that the next President should publicly apologize upon his inauguration and state that the United States will "never again torture prisoners." Author Carter at a book signing in Phoenix Arizona Carter has been a prolific author in his post-presidency writing 21 of his 23 books. Among these is one he co-wrote with his wife Rosalynn and a children's book illustrated by his daughter Amy. They cover a variety of topics including humanitarian work aging religion human rights and poetry. Further information: Jimmy Carter bibliography Palestine Peace Not Apartheid Main articles: Palestine Peace Not Apartheid and Commentary on Palestine Peace Not Apartheid See also: Israel and the apartheid analogy In a 2007 speech to Brandeis University Carter stated: "I have spent a great deal of my adult life trying to bring peace to Israel and its neighbors based on justice and righteousness for the Palestinians. These are the underlying purposes of my new book."118 In his book Palestine Peace Not Apartheid published in November 2006 Carter states: Israel's continued control and colonization of Palestinian land have been the primary obstacles to a comprehensive peace agreement in the Holy Land.119 While he recognizes that Arab citizens in Israel proper have equal rights120 he declares that Israel's current policies in the Palestinian territories constitute "a system of apartheid with two peoples occupying the same land but completely separated from each other with Israelis totally dominant and suppressing violence by depriving Palestinians of their basic human rights."119 In an Op-Ed titled "Speaking Frankly about Israel and Palestine" published in the Los Angeles Times and other newspapers Carter states: The ultimate purpose of my book is to present facts about the Middle East that are largely unknown in America to precipitate discussion and to help restart peace talks (now absent for six years) that can lead to permanent peace for Israel and its neighbors. Another hope is that Jews and other Americans who share this same goal might be motivated to express their views even publicly and perhaps in concert. I would be glad to help with that effort.121 While some  such as a former Special Rapporteur for both the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and the International Law Commission as well as a member of the Israeli Knesset  have praised Carter for speaking frankly about Palestinians in Israeli occupied lands others  including the envoy to the Middle East under Clinton as well as the first director of the Carter Center122123  have accused him of anti-Israeli bias. Specifically these critics have alleged significant factual errors omissions and misstatements in the book.124125 The 2007 documentary film Man from Plains follows President Carter during his tour for the controversial book and other humanitarian efforts.126 In December 2009 Carter apologized for any words or deeds that may have upset the Jewish community in an open letter meant to improve an often tense relationship. He said he was offering an Al Het a prayer said on Yom Kippur the Jewish Day of Atonement.127 Involvement with Bank of Credit and Commerce International After Carter left the presidency his interest in the developing countries led him to having a close relationship with Agha Hasan Abedi the founder of Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI). Abedi was a Pakistani whose bank had offices and business in a large number of developing countries. He was introduced to Carter in 1982 by Bert Lance one of Carter's closest friends. (Unknown to Carter BCCI had secretly purchased an interest in 1978 in National Bank of Georgia which had previously been run by Lance and had made loans to Carter's peanut business.) Abedi made generous donations to the Carter Center and the Global 2000 Project. Abedi also traveled with Carter to at least seven countries in connection with Carter's charitable activities. The main purpose of Abedi's association with Carter was not charitable activities but to enhance BCCI's influence in order to open more offices and develop more business. In 1991 BCCI was seized by regulators amid allegations of criminal activities including illegally having control of several U.S. banks. Just prior to the seizure Carter began to disassociate himself from Abedi and the bank.128 Faith family and community Carter in Plains 2008 Carter and his wife Rosalynn are also well-known for their work as volunteers with Habitat for Humanity a Georgia-based philanthropy that helps low-income working people to build and buy their own homes. He teaches Sunday school and is a deacon in the Maranatha Baptist Church in his hometown of Plains Georgia.129 In 2000 Carter severed ties with the Southern Baptist Convention saying the group's doctrines did not align with his Christian beliefs.130 In April 2006 Carter former-President Bill Clinton and Mercer University President Bill Underwood initiated the New Baptist Covenant. The broadly inclusive movement seeks to unite Baptists of all races cultures and convention affiliations. Eighteen Baptist leaders representing more than 20 million Baptists across North America backed the group as an alternative to the Southern Baptist Convention. The group held its first meeting in Atlanta January 30 through February 1 2008.131 Carter's hobbies include painting132 fly-fishing woodworking cycling tennis and skiing. The Carters have three sons one daughter eight grandsons three granddaughters and two great-grandsons. Their eldest son Jack was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in Nevada in 2006 losing to incumbent John Ensign. Jack's son Jason was elected to the Georgia State Senate in 2010. Honors and awards Former President and Navy submariner Jimmy Carter (left) hoists a replica of the USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23) given to him by Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton (right) at a naming ceremony in the Pentagon on April 28 1998 4 U.S. Presidents. Former President Carter (right) walks with from left George H.W. Bush George W. Bush and Bill Clinton during the dedication of the William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock Arkansas on November 18 2004 Carter has received honorary degrees from many American and foreign colleges and universities. They include: LL.D. (honoris causa) Morehouse College 1972; Morris Brown College 1972; University of Notre Dame 1977; Emory University 1979; Kwansei Gakuin University 1981; Georgia Southwestern College 1981; New York Law School 1985; Bates College 1985; Centre College 1987; Creighton University 1987; University of Pennsylvania 1998 D.E. (honoris causa) Georgia Institute of Technology 1979 PhD (honoris causa) Weizmann Institute of Science 1980; Tel Aviv University 1983; University of Haifa 1987 D.H.L. (honoris causa) Central Connecticut State University 1985; Trinity College 1998; Hoseo University 1998 Doctor (honoris causa) G.O.C. University 1995; University of Juba 2002 Honorary Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland 2007 Honorary Fellow of Mansfield College Oxford 2007 Among the honors Carter has received are the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1999 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Others include: Freedom of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne England 1977 Silver Buffalo Award Boy Scouts of America 1978 Gold medal International Institute for Human Rights 1979 International Mediation medal American Arbitration Association 1979 Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize 1979 International Human Rights Award Synagogue Council of America 1979 Conservationist of the Year Award 1979 Harry S. Truman Public Service Award 1981 Ansel Adams Conservation Award Wilderness Society 1982 Human Rights Award International League of Human Rights 1983 World Methodist Peace Award 1985 Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism 1987 Edwin C. Whitehead Award National Center for Health Education 1989 Jefferson Award American Institute of Public Service 1990 Liberty Medal National Constitution Center 1990 Spirit of America Award National Council for the Social Studies 1990 Physicians for Social Responsibility Award 1991 Aristotle Prize Alexander S. Onassis Foundation 1991 W. Averell Harriman Democracy Award National Democratic Institute for International Affairs 1992 Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace US Institute of Peace 1993 Humanitarian Award CARE International 1993 Conservationist of the Year Medal National Wildlife Federation 1993 Rotary Award for World Understanding 1994 J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding 1994 National Civil Rights Museum Freedom Award 1994 UNESCO Flix Houphout-Boigny Peace Prize 1994 Great Cross of the Order of Vasco Nunz de Balboa Panama 1995 Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Award Africare 1996 Humanitarian of the Year GQ Awards 1996 Kiwanis International Humanitarian Award 1996 Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace Disarmament and Development 1997 Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Awards for Humanitarian Contributions to the Health of Humankind National Foundation for Infectious Diseases 1997 United Nations Human Rights Award 1998 The Hoover Medal 1998 The Delta Prize for Global Understanding University of Georgia 1999 International Child Survival Award UNICEF Atlanta 1999 William Penn Mott Jr. Park Leadership Award National Parks Conservation Association 2000133 Zayed International Prize for the Environment 2001 Jonathan M. Daniels Humanitarian Award VMI 2001 Herbert Hoover Humanitarian Award Boys & Girls Clubs of America 2001 Christopher Award 2002 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences 2007134 Berkeley Medal University of California campus May 2 2007 International Award for Excellence and Creativity Palestinian Authority 2009135 Mahatma Gandhi Global Nonviolence Award Mahatma Gandhi Center for Global Nonviolence James Madison University (to be awarded September 21 2009 in Harrisonburg Virginia and to be shared with his wife Rosalynn Carter) Recipient of 2009 American Peace Award along with Rosalynn Carter136 International Catalonia Award 2010 In 1998 the US Navy named the third and last Seawolf-class submarine honoring former President Carter and his service as a submariner officer. It became one of the first US Navy vessels to be named for a person living at the time of naming.137 World Justice Project President Jimmy Carter serves as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project.138 The World Justice Project works to lead a global multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.139 Participation in ceremonial events Carter has participated in many ceremonial events such as the opening of his own presidential library and those of Presidents Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton. He has also participated in many forums lectures panels funerals and other events. Carter delivered a eulogy at the funeral of Coretta Scott King and most recently at the funeral of his former political rival but later his close personal friend and diplomatic collaborator Gerald Ford. Race in politics Carter ignited debate in September 2009 when he stated "I think an overwhelming portion of the intensely demonstrated animosity toward President Barack Obama is based on the fact that he is a black man that he is African-American."140141 Obama disagreed with Carter's assessment. On CNN Obama stated "Are there people out there who don't like me because of race I'm sure there are...that's not the overriding issue here."142 Funeral and burial plans Carter intends to be buried in front of his home in Plains Georgia. In contrast most Presidents since Herbert Hoover have been buried at their presidential library or presidential museum with the exception of John F. Kennedy who is buried at Arlington National Cemetery and Lyndon B. Johnson who is buried at his own ranch. Both President Carter and his wife Rosalynn were born in Plains. Carter also noted that a funeral in Washington D.C. with visitation at the Carter Center is being planned as well.143 See also Biography portal United States Navy portal Electoral history of Jimmy Carter Jack Carter (politician) (born 1947; eldest son of former US President Jimmy Carter) Jason Carter (politician) Raymond Lee Harvey assassination conspirator Jimmy Carter rabbit incident History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-1988) References Warner Greg. "Jimmy Carter says he can 'no longer be associated' with the SBC". Baptist Standard. http://www.baptiststandard.com/2000/1023/pages/carter.html. Retrieved December 13 2009. "He said he will remain a deacon and Sunday school teacher at Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains and support the church's recent decision to send half of its missions contributions to the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship."  "Jimmy Carter". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Humanities Council. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jspidh-676. Retrieved December 9 2007.  "Iran Hostage Crisis ends History.com This Day in History 1/20/1981". History.com. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/1/20. Retrieved June 8 2010.  "Timeline and History of The Carter Center". The Carter Center. Retrieved February 16 2010. "Jimmy Carter and Habitat for Humanity". Habitat for Humanity Int'l. http://www.habitat.org/how/carter.aspx.  "Jimmy Carter". USA-Presidents.org. http://www.usa-presidents.info/carter.htm.  "The Nation: Magnus Carter: Jimmy's Roots". Time. August 22 1977. Retrieved February 16 2010. "The California Compatriot" (PDF). California Society SAR. Spring 2007. p. 23. http://www.californiasar.org/images/SpringCompatriot07R.pdf. Retrieved September 4 2007.  Jimmy Carter American Moralist by Kenneth Earl Morris 1996 page 23 "National FFA Organization: Prominent Former Members" (PDF). National FFA Organization. http://www.ffa.org/documents/aboutprominentmembers.pdf.  DeGregorio William A. (2005). The Complete Book of US Presidents.. Volume 1. Fort Lee: Barricade Books.  Cash John R. with Patrick Carr. (1997) Johnny Cash the Autobiography. Harper Collins Paul Post Soldiers of Saratoga County: From Concord to Kabul (2010) p 105 Great Events from History II: 19451966 Frank Northen Magill 1995 page 554 Memoirs of a Hayseed Physicist by Peter Martel 2008 page 64 Newspaper article When Jimmy Carter faced radioactivity head-on by Arthur Milnes The Ottawa Citizen Wednesday January 28 2009 New Crop of Governors TIME. Carter Jimmy; Richardson Don (1998). Conversations with Carter. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 1555878016.  a b c "Jimmy Carter (b. 1924)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Updated May 9 2008. Retrieved February 16 2010. People & Events: James Earl ("Jimmy") Carter Jr. (1924) American Experience PBS. Retrieved March 18 2006. American Experience Jimmy Carter Transcript. The Claremont Institute Malaise Forever. "Jimmy Carter" Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005 accessed March 18 2006. Archived October 31 2009. Peter Applebome (January 14 1990). "In Georgia Reprise Maddox on Stump". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htmlres9C0CEFDF143FF937A25752C0A966958260&sec&spon&pagewantedall. Retrieved February 13 2008.  Race Matters Lester Maddox Segregationist and Georgia Governor Dies at 87. "President Jimmy Carter still far ahead of his time at Black Journalism Review". Blackjournalism.com. http://www.blackjournalism.com/p183. Retrieved June 8 2010.  John-Henry Westen (November 7 2005) Jimmy Carter Using Abortion to Split Support for Republicans LifeSiteNews.com http://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2005/nov/05110707.html  Skinner Kudelia Mesquita Rice (2007). The Strategy of Campaigning. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472116270. http://books.google.com/idF0dCiDh4fMsC. Retrieved October 20 2008.  Hugh S. Sidey (December 26 2009) Carter Jimmy World Book Student http://photo.pds.org:5005/student/printarticleidar097440 dead link World Book Encyclopedia (Hardcover) Jimmy Carter entry World Book January 2001 ISBN 071660101X  Our Campaigns US President D Convention Race July 10 1972. Craig Brandon The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History 1999 p. 242. "Campaign to End the Death Penalty". Nodeathpenalty.org. http://www.nodeathpenalty.org/content/newabolitionist.phpissueid8&storyid100. Retrieved June 8 2010. dead link "State by State Database". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved February 18 2011. a b Frum David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York New York: Basic Books. pp. 8485. ISBN 0465041957.  Democrats shift on death penalty The Boston Globe. CNN.com Carter Nobel Peace Prize speech December 10 2002. GAMBRELL David Henry Biographical Information. Martin Robert Scott (October 15 1999). "Celebrities Have Close Encounters Too". Space.com. Archived from the original on May 24 2009. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090524230119/http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/phenomena/celebrityufo991015.html. Retrieved April 16 2004.  Horvath Alex (February 7 2003). "Bolinas man's film says we are not alone". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgifile/c/a/2003/02/07/NB128511.DTL&typeprintable. Retrieved April 16 2007.  Stenger Richard (October 22 2002). "Clinton aide slams Pentagon's UFO secrecy". CNN. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/TECH/space/10/22/ufo.records/index.html. Retrieved April 16 2007.  The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe July 25 2007 episode. PBS Amex Jimmy Who. "The Playboy Interview: Jimmy Carter." Robert Scheer. Playboy November 1976 Vol. 23 Iss. 11 pp. 6386. a b American Presidency Brinkley and Dyer 2004. "Maine college to auction off former White House solar panels". October 28 2004. http://www.unity.edu/news/solar1004.htm. Retrieved January 31 2010.  "White House Solar Panels: What Ever Happened To Carter's Solar Thermal Water Heater (VIDEO)". Huffington Post. January 27 2009. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/27/white-house-solar-panelsn160575.html. Retrieved January 31 2010.  Carter JimmyOur Endangered Values: Americas Moral Crisis p.8 (2005) Simon & Shuster http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/09/16/60minutes/main6872344.shtml. Retrieved 09/16/2010 Cinnamon Stillwell (December 12 2006). "Jimmy Carter's Legacy of Failure". Sfgate.com. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgif/g/a/2006/12/13/cstillwell.DTL. Retrieved June 8 2010.  January 21 2000 (January 21 2000). "Jimmy Carter: Why He Failed Brookings Institution". Brookings.edu. http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2000/0121politicshess.aspx. Retrieved June 8 2010.  Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/09171181030500.html.  PBS Online/WGBH "People & Events: Jimmy Carter's Post-Presidency" American Experience: Jimmy Carter 19992001. Retrieved August 4 2008. Brinkley Douglas (Fall 1996). "The rising stock of Jimmy Carter: The 'hands on' legacy of our thirty-ninth President". Diplomatic History 20 (4): 505530. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00285.x. ISSN 0145-2096.  Leffler Rebecca (June 4 2009). "The Hollywood Reporter". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/contentdisplay/world/news/e3if90a53b1b75730c95f2c168b2d3a2790. Retrieved September 6 2010. dead link World Screen http://www.worldscreen.com/articles/display/21252 The other three presidents are William Henry Harrison Zachary Taylor and Andrew Johnson. a b c "Jimmy Carter:39th president - 1977-1981". London: independent.co.uk. January 22 2009. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/presidents/jimmy-carter-1482922.html. Retrieved 2009-01-28.  Gallup Gallup Poll a b c http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Kennedy-Bush/Jimmy-Carter-Disaffection-of-the-public.html "Polls: Ford's Image Improved Over Time". CBS News. December 27 2006. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/27/opinion/polls/main2301584.shtml.  Dionne Jr E. J. (May 18 1989). "WASHINGTON TALK; Carter Begins to Shed Negative Public Image". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htmlres950DEFDE1039F93BA25756C0A96F948260&sec&spon&pagewantedall. Retrieved 2009-01-28.  "Time kind to former presidents CNN poll finds". CNN. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/01/07/time-kind-to-former-presidents-cnn-poll-finds.  Carter Center Guinea Worm Eradication Program. Retrieved September 19 2010. The Carter Center: Waging Peace Through Elections. Retrieved September 19 2010. Norwegian Nobel Committee 2002 Nobel Peace Prize announcement1 October 11 2002. Retrieved August 4 2008. Marion V. Creekmore A Moment of Crisis: Jimmy Carter The Power of a Peacemaker and North Korea's Nuclear Ambitions (2006). Washington Monthly Online. ""Rolling Blunder" by Fred Kaplan". Washingtonmonthly.com. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.kaplan.html. Retrieved June 8 2010.  James Brooke (September 5 2003) Carter Issues Warning on North Korea Standoff New York Times http://cartercenter.org/documents/nondatabase/nytimesarticle.htm  Muravchik Joshua (February). "Our Worst Ex-President". Commentary Magazine. https://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/our-worst-ex-president-10824pageall. Retrieved July 5 2008.  Justin McCurry (August 27 2010). "guardian.co.uk on Gomes release". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/27/north-korea-us-prisoner-jimmy-carter. Retrieved September 6 2010.  BBC News "Moderates launch Middle East plan" December 1 2003. Retrieved August 4 2008. Douglas G. Brinkley. The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize (1999) pp. 99123. Kenneth W. Stein "My Problem with Jimmy Carter's Book" Middle East Quarterly 14.2 (Spring 2007). "Israel 'has 150 nuclear weapons'". BBC News. May 26 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7420573.stm.  "Jimmy Carter Planning to meet Mashaaldead link" Jerusalem Post April 9 2008. "Carter lays wreath at Arafat's gravedead link." Associated Press. April 15 2008. "Carter: Rice did not advise against Hamas meeting." CNN April 23 2008. Paris Lebanon and Syria Trip Report by Former US President Jimmy Carter: December 516 2008 The Carter Center December 18 2008. Jimmy Carter says Israel had 150 nuclear weapons Times. "PR-USA.net". PR-USA.net. November 1 2007. http://pr-usa.net/index.phpoptioncomcontent&taskview&id160253&Itemid96. Retrieved June 8 2010.  Jimmy Carter speaks to Forward Magazinedead link. Int'l Red Cross Sheltering Hamas Terrorist Officials Press Release African Leaders Gather to Address Great Lakes Crisis May 2 1996. Retrieved August 4 2008. The Nairobi Agreement December 8 1999. Retrieved August 4 2008. Jimmy Carter blocked from meeting Darfur chief: Mail & Guardian Online. Larry Rohter "Showdown with Haiti: Diplomacy; Carter in Haiti pursues peaceful shift" New York Times September 18 1994. Retrieved August 4 2008. Carter Center News JulyDecember 2002. Retrieved August 4 2008. BBC News Lift Cuba embargo Carter tells US May 15 2002. Retrieved August 4 2008. Jose De Cordoba and David Luhnow "Venezuelans Rush to Vote on Chvez: Polarized Nation Decides Whether to Recall President After Years of Political Rifts" Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition) New York City August 16 2004 p. A11. "Venezuelan Audit Confirms Victory" BBC News BBC September 21 2004. Retrieved November 5 2005. Carter Center (2005). Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report. Retrieved January 25 2006. Newman Lucia (August 17 2004). "Winner Chavez offers olive branch". CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/americas/08/16/venezuela.recall/. Retrieved July 5 2008.  M. Barone "Exit polls in Venezuela" US News & World Report August 20 2004. "US Poll Firm in Hot Water in Venezuela". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on August 20 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040820102645/http://abcnews.go.com/wire/World/ap2004081991.html. Retrieved November 29 2010.  The Carter Center (June 8 2008). "Ecuador and Colombia Presidents Accept President Carter's Proposal to Renew Diplomatic Relations at the Level of Charg d'Affaires Immediately and Without Preconditions". Press release. http://www.cartercenter.net/news/pr/EcCol060608.html. Retrieved June 8 2008. dead link "Colombia Ecuador restore ties under deal with Carter". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). June 8 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN0628014920080606. Retrieved June 8 2008.  Cu Tng thng M Jimmy Carter n Vit Nam (Vietnamese) "Carter slams Clinton pardon". CNN.com. February 21 2001. Archived from the original on May 17 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080517104118/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/02/21/clinton.pardon.03/index.html#2. Retrieved July 5 2008.  Jimmy Carter "Just War or a Just War" New York Times March 9 2003. Retrieved August 4 2008. "Jimmy Carter: Blair Subservient to Bush". Associated Press. The Washington Post. August 27 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082701094.html. Retrieved July 5 2008.  Frank Lockwood "Carter calls Bush administration worst ever" Arkansas Democrat-Gazette May 19 2007. Retrieved August 4 2008. "Jimmy Carter Can Only Blame Himself" American Thinker May 25 2007. "Carter: Anti-Bush remarks 'careless or misinterpreted'" Associated Press May 21 2007. Retrieved May 21 2007. "'Carter is irrelevant' Bush administration shoots back" Associated Press May 20 2007. Retrieved May 21 2007. Archived by the Wayback Machine beta. a b "Carter attacks Blair's Iraq role". BBC News. May 19 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6672035.stm. Retrieved July 5 2008.  Associated Press "Carter says US should close detention center at Guantanamo" June 8 2005. Retrieved August 4 2008. Newsnight audio recording September 2006 BBC. Jimmy Carter Speaks to Forward Magazine.dead link "Americas US 'likely behind' Chavez coup". Al Jazeera English. September 21 2009. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/09/200992116049879437.html. Retrieved June 8 2010.  "NEW VOICES: Jimmy Carter Urges New Mexico Governor to Support Death Penalty Repeal Death Penalty Information Center". Deathpenaltyinfo.org. http://deathpenaltyinfo.org/new-voices-jimmy-carter-urges-new-mexico-governor-support-death-penalty-repeal. Retrieved June 8 2010. dead link "Brian Baldwin Center on Wrongful Convictions". Law.northwestern.edu. http://www.law.northwestern.edu/wrongfulconvictions/issues/deathpenalty/Executinginnocent/alBaldwinbsummary.html. Retrieved June 8 2010.  "Jimmy Carter Desmond Tutu Urge Texas to Stay Execution of Kenneth Foster". Democracynow.org. http://www.democracynow.org/2007/8/29/jimmycarterdesmondtutuurgetexas. Retrieved June 8 2010.  "Clemency Death Penalty Information Center". Deathpenaltyinfo.org. http://deathpenaltyinfo.org/clemency. Retrieved June 8 2010. dead link The Carter Center (September 19 2008). "Carter Center Press Releases President Carter Calls for Clemency for Troy Davis". The Carter Center. http://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/clemencytroydavis.html. Retrieved June 8 2010.  Torture can never be justified on YouTube Remarks by Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter at Brandeis University The Carter Center January 23 2007. Retrieved September 19 2010. a b "Simon & Schuster: Palestine Peace Not Apartheid (Hardcover) Read an Excerpt" Simon & Schuster November 2006. Retrieved April 9 2007. Jimmy Carter Issues Letter to Jewish Community on Palestine Peace Not Apartheid The Carter Center December 15 2006. Retrieved April 9 2007. 2 "Speaking Frankly about Israel and Palestine" The Los Angeles Times December 8 2006 Op-Ed. Retrieved January 4 2007. Dennis Ross "Don't Play With Maps" The New York Times January 9 2007. Retrieved January 4 2009. Kenneth W. Stein "My Problem with Jimmy Carter's Book" Middle East Forum Spring 2007. Retrieved January 4 2009. Julie Bosman "Carter View of Israeli 'Apartheid' Stirs Furor" The New York Times December 14 2006. Retrieved March 29 2008. Alan Dershowitz (November 22 2006). "The World According to Carter". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/article/43958. Retrieved September 25 2007.  Sony Classics Pictures Jimmy Carter: Man from Plains. Retrieved August 4 2008. BLUESTEIN GREG (December 23 2009). "Ex-President Carter offers apology to Jews". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jbsZguu729ClJ-oEgGYnptaa8cIAD9CP9SI80. Retrieved December 24 2009. dead link "16 BCCI And Georgia Politicians". Fas.org. http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1992rpt/bcci/16ga.htm. Retrieved September 6 2010.  Maranatha Baptist Church. Retrieved August 4 2008. Somini Sengupta "Carter Sadly Turns Back on National Baptist Body" New York Times October 21 2000. Retrieved August 4 2008. New Baptist Covenant. Retrieved August 4 2008. Carter Jimmy Letter to Artist Mia LaBerge February 14 2008. "Salute to the Parks Awards: Past Awardees". National Parks Conservation Association. http://www.npca.org/annualdinner/pastawardees.html#mott. Retrieved June 14 2010.  Presidents who have won Grammies UpVenue. David Lev "Gush Etzion Residents: Keep Carter out of our Town" Israel National News June 14 2009. "The American Peace Award". The American Peace Award. http://americanpeaceaward.org/recipient09.html. Retrieved June 8 2010.  Jamie McIntyre "Navy to name submarine after former President Jimmy Carter" CNN April 8 1998. Retrieved August 4 2008. "Honorary Chairs". World Justice Project. http://worldjusticeproject.com/honorary-chairs. Retrieved February 24 2010.  "About the". World Justice Project. http://worldjusticeproject.com/about/. Retrieved February 24 2010.  "NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams: News and videos from the evening broadcast NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams: News and videos from the evening broadcast- msnbc.com". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032619/ns/nightlynewswithbrianwilliams#32884816. Retrieved June 8 2010.  7:27 pm ET (September 16 2009). "White House disputes Carters analysis - Capitol Hill- msnbc.com". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32869276/ns/politics-capitolhill/. Retrieved June 8 2010.  O'Brien Michael (September 19 2009). "Obama plays down role of race in criticism The Hill's Blog Briefing Room". Thehill.com. http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/59451-obama-plays-down-role-of-race-in-criticism. Retrieved June 8 2010.  Associated Press President Carter Talks of Funeral Plans December 3 2006. Retrieved October 13 2009. Further reading Allen Gary. Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter '76 Press 1976. Berggren D. Jason and Rae Nicol C. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith Foreign Policy and an Evangelical Presidential Style." Presidential Studies Quarterly 2006 36(4): 606632. Issn: 0360-4918 Busch Andrew E. Reagan's Victory: The Presidential Election of 1980 and the Rise of the Right (2005) online review by Michael Barone Freedman Robert. "The Religious Right and the Carter Administration." Historical Journal 2005 48(1): 231260. Issn: 0018-246x Godbold Jr. E. Stanly. Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter: The Georgia Years 19241974 (Oxford University Press; 2010) 354 pages New York Times article TOPICS; Thermostatic Legacy January 1 1981 Thursday (NYT); Editorial Desk Late City Final Edition Section 1 Page 18 Column 1 Harris David (2004). The Crisis: the President the Prophet and the Shah1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam. Little Brown.  Regarding the failed Iranian mission to rescue the American hostages Bourne Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-19543-7.  Clymer Kenton. "Jimmy Carter Human Rights and Cambodia." Diplomatic History 2003 27(2): 245278. Issn: 0145-2096 Dumbrell John (1995). The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation (2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-4693-9.  Fink Gary M.; and Hugh Davis Graham (eds.) (1998). The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post-New Deal Era. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0895-8.  Flint Andrew R.; and Joy Porter (March 2005). "Jimmy Carter: The re-emergence of faith-based politics and the abortion rights issue". Presidential Studies Quarterly 35 (1): 2851. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00234.x.  Gillon Steven M. (1992). The Democrats' Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07630-4.  Glad Betty (1980). Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-07527-3.  Hahn Dan F. (1992). "The rhetoric of Jimmy Carter 19761980". In in Theodore Windt and Beth Ingold. Essays in Presidential Rhetoric (3rd ed.). Dubuque Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. pp. 331365. ISBN 0-8403-7568-9.  Hargrove Erwin C. (1988). Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1499-5.  Jones Charles O. (1988). The Trusteeship Presidency: Jimmy Carter and the United States Congress. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1426-X.  Jorden William J. (1984). Panama Odyssey. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-76469-3.  Kaufman Burton I. (1993). The Presidency of James Earl Carter Jr. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0572-X.  Kucharsky David (1976). The Man From Plains: The Mind and Spirit of Jimmy Carter. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-064891-0.  Mattson Kevin with a foreword by Hendrik Hertzberg What the Heck Are You Up To Mr. President: Jimmy Carter America's 'Malaise' and the Speech That Should Have Changed the Country Bloomsbury USA 2010. Morgan Iwan. "Jimmy Carter Bill Clinton and the New Democratic Economics." Historical Journal 2004 47(4): 10151039. Issn: 0018-246x Ribuffo Leo P. (1989). "God and Jimmy Carter". In in M. L. Bradbury and James B. Gilbert. Transforming Faith: The Sacred and Secular in Modern American History. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 141159. ISBN 0-313-25707-8.  Ribuffo Leo P. (1997). "'Malaise' revisited: Jimmy Carter and the crisis of confidence". In in John Patrick Diggins (ed.). The Liberal Persuasion: Arthur Schlesinger Jr. and the Challenge of the American Past. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 164185. ISBN 0-691-04829-0.  Rosenbaum Herbert D.; and Alexej Ugrinsky (eds.) (1994). The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter. Westport Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 83116. ISBN 0-313-28845-3.  Schram Martin (1977). Running for President 1976: The Carter Campaign. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2245-5.  Schmitz David F. and Walker Vanessa. "Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: the Development of a Post-cold War Foreign Policy." Diplomatic History 2004 28(1): 113143. Issn: 0145-2096 Strong Robert A. (Fall 1986). "Recapturing leadership: The Carter administration and the crisis of confidence". Presidential Studies Quarterly 16 (3): 636650. ISSN 0360-4918.  Strong Robert A. (2000). Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2445-1.  White Theodore H. (1982). America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President 19561980. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-039007-7.  Witcover Jules (1977). Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency 19721976. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-45461-3.  Primary sources Further information: Jimmy Carter bibliography Califano Joseph A. Jr. Governing America: An insider's report from the White House and the Cabinet. 1981 Jordan Hamilton. Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency. 1982 Lance Bert. The Truth of the Matter: My Life in and out of Politics. 1991 External links Find more about Jimmy Carter on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Jimmy Carter Library and Museum The Carter Center: Advancing Human Rights and Alleviating Suffering Works by or about Jimmy Carter in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Oral History Interview with Jimmy Carter from Oral Histories of the American South PBS American Experience Video Biography of Jimmy Carter Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Partnership Foundation Text and Audio of Carter's Crisis of Confidence (Malaise) Speech Text and Notes to Carter's Undelivered Energy Speech Simon & Schuster Audio homepage for Jimmy Carter Interpretive essay in New Georgia Encyclopedia Website about Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Jimmy Carter's Visit to Cuba May 1217 2002 Extensive essay on Jimmy Carter and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs Wit and Wisdom of Jimmy Carter slideshow by Life magazine Extensive collection of Oral History Transcripts on the Carter Administration from the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa) Biographical pages Biography via whitehouse.gov Biography via Britannica.com Jimmy Carter Biography via ourgeorgiahistory.com Navy Years via submarinehistory.com Other links Interview about the SALT II negotiations for the WGBH series War and Peace in the Nuclear Age Inaugural Address of Jimmy Carter via re-quest.net Encyclopaedia Britannica Jimmy Carter State of the Union Addresses: 1978 1979 1980 1981 (written message) at UCSB's American Presidency Project Audio recordings of Carter's speeches via Michigan State University Nobel lecture Oslo Norway (December 10 2002) Nobel Prize for Carter About the malaise speech via PBS The malaise speech text via PBS The 1980 October Surprise "The US President was here"  about Carterpuri a village in Haryana India named after President Carter Instruments of Statecraft: US Guerrilla Warfare Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism 19401990 Chap. 3 The Carter Years Korea Society Podcast: A Moment of Crisis: Jimmy Carter's 1994 Mission to Pyongyang Works by Jimmy Carter at Project Gutenberg Jimmy Carter at the Internet Movie Database Jimmy Carter's thoughts on Earth Day 2006 Jimmy Carter's op/ed commentaries for Project Syndicate Interview with Jimmy Carter (August 2006) Interview with Jimmy Carter on Current Campaign (April 2007) Interview with Jimmy Carter (April 2007) on Speaking of Faith with Krista Tippett Jimmy Carter on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos v d eJimmy Carter Presidency Presidency of Jimmy Carter  Camp David Accords  Torrijos-Carter Treaties  National Energy Policy  Iran hostage crisis  Operation Eagle Claw  1979 energy crisis  SALT  Department of Energy  Department of Education  Department of Health and Human Services  Executive Order 12148  Executive Order 12170 Elections Electoral history  1966 gubernatorial election  1970 gubernatorial election  1976 presidential primaries  1976 presidential election  1980 presidential primaries  1980 presidential election Post-Presidency and other activities Carter Center  Library and Museum  Habitat for Humanity  Global Elders  CarterMenil Human Rights Prize  Jimmy Carter National Historic Site  Nairobi Agreement 1999  USS Jimmy Carter  UFO incident Family Rosalyn Carter (wife)  Jack Carter (son)  Amy Carter (daughter)  Lillian Gordy Carter (mother)  Jason Carter (grandson) Books (Complete list)  Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid  We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land  White House Diary Awards and honors Nobel Peace Prize  Presidential Medal of Freedom  Freedom of the City  Silver Buffalo Award  Philadelphia Liberty Medal  United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights  Hoover Medal  Christopher Award  Grammy Award Political offices Preceded by Gerald Ford President of the United States January 20 1977  January 20 1981 Succeeded by Ronald Reagan Preceded by Lester Maddox Governor of Georgia 1971  1975 Succeeded by George Busbee Georgia Senate Preceded by Redistricting Georgia State Senator from the 14th district January 1963 January 1967 Succeeded by Hugh Carter (D) Party political offices Preceded by George McGovern Democratic Party Presidential candidate 1976 1980 Succeeded by Walter Mondale United States order of precedence Preceded by John G. Roberts Chief Justice of the United States United States order of precedence Former President of the United States Succeeded by George H. W. Bush Former President of the United States v d ePresidents of the United States George Washington  John Adams  Thomas Jefferson  James Madison  James Monroe  John Quincy Adams  Andrew Jackson  Martin Van Buren  William Henry Harrison  John Tyler  James K. Polk  Zachary Taylor  Millard Fillmore  Franklin Pierce  James Buchanan  Abraham Lincoln  Andrew Johnson  Ulysses S. Grant  Rutherford B. Hayes  James A. Garfield  Chester A. Arthur  Grover Cleveland  Benjamin Harrison  Grover Cleveland  William McKinley  Theodore Roosevelt  William Howard Taft  Woodrow Wilson  Warren G. Harding  Calvin Coolidge  Herbert Hoover  Franklin D. Roosevelt  Harry S. Truman  Dwight D. Eisenhower  John F. Kennedy  Lyndon B. Johnson  Richard Nixon  Gerald Ford  Jimmy Carter  Ronald Reagan  George H. W. Bush  Bill Clinton  George W. Bush  Barack Obama v d eDemocratic Party Chairpersons of the DNC Hallett  McLane  Smalley  Belmont  Schell  Hewitt  Barnum  Brice  Harrity  Jones  Taggart  Mack  McCombs  McCormick  Cummings  White  Hull  Shaver  Raskob  Farley  Flynn  Walker  Hannegan  McGrath  Boyle  McKinney  Mitchell  Butler  Jackson  Bailey  O'Brien  Harris  O'Brien  Westwood  Strauss  Curtis  White  Manatt  Kirk  Brown  Wilhelm  DeLee  Dodd/Fowler  Romer/Grossman  Rendell/Andrew  McAuliffe  Dean  Kaine  Wasserman Schultz Presidential tickets Jackson/Calhoun  Jackson/Van Buren  Van Buren/R. M. Johnson  Polk/Dallas  Cass/Butler  Pierce/King  Buchanan/Breckinridge  Douglas/H. V. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane SD)  McClellan/Pendleton  Seymour/Blair  Greeley/Brown  Tilden/Hendricks  Hancock/English  Cleveland/Hendricks  Cleveland/Thurman  Cleveland/Stevenson I  W. J. Bryan/Sewall  W. J. Bryan/Stevenson I  Parker/H. G. Davis  W. J. Bryan/Kern  Wilson/Marshall  Cox/Roosevelt  J. W. Davis/C. W. Bryan  Smith/Robinson  Roosevelt/Garner  Roosevelt/Wallace  Roosevelt/Truman  Truman/Barkley  Stevenson II/Sparkman  Stevenson II/Kefauver  Kennedy/Johnson  Johnson/Humphrey  Humphrey/Muskie  McGovern/(Eagleton Shriver)  Carter/Mondale  Mondale/Ferraro  Dukakis/Bentsen  Clinton/Gore  Gore/Lieberman  Kerry/Edwards  Obama/Biden Parties by state and territory State Alabama  Alaska  Arizona  Arkansas  California  Colorado  Connecticut  Delaware  Florida  Georgia  Hawaii  Idaho  Illinois  Indiana  Iowa  Kansas  Kentucky  Louisiana  Maine  Maryland  Massachusetts  Michigan  Minnesota  Mississippi  Missouri  Montana  Nebraska  Nevada  New Hampshire  New Jersey  New Mexico  New York  North Carolina  North Dakota  Ohio  Oklahoma  Oregon  Pennsylvania  Rhode Island  South Carolina  South Dakota  Tennessee  Texas  Utah  Vermont  Virginia  Washington  West Virginia  Wisconsin  Wyoming Territory District of Columbia  Puerto Rico Conventions (List) 1832 (Baltimore)  1835 (Baltimore)  1840 (Baltimore)  1844 (Baltimore)  1848 (Baltimore)  1852 (Baltimore)  1856 (Cincinnati)  1860 (Baltimore)  1864 (Chicago)  1868 (New York)  1872 (Baltimore)  1876 (Saint Louis)  1880 (Cincinnati)  1884 (Chicago)  1888 (Saint Louis)  1892 (Chicago)  1896 (Chicago)  1900 (Kansas City)  1904 (Saint Louis)  1908 (Denver)  1912 (Baltimore)  1916 (Saint Louis)  1920 (San Francisco)  1924 (New York)  1928 (Houston)  1932 (Chicago)  1936 (Philadelphia)  1940 (Chicago)  1944 (Chicago)  1948 (Philadelphia)  1952 (Chicago)  1956 (Chicago)  1960 (Los Angeles)  1964 (Atlantic City)  1968 (Chicago)  1972 (Miami Beach)  1976 (New York)  1980 (New York)  1984 (San Francisco)  1988 (Atlanta)  1992 (New York)  1996 (Chicago)  2000 (Los Angeles)  2004 (Boston)  2008 (Denver)  2012 (Charlotte) Affiliated organizations 21st Century Democrats  America Votes  Blue Dog Coalition  Center for American Progress  College Democrats of America  Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee  Democratic Governors Association  Democratic Leadership Council  Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee  Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee  Democrats Abroad  National Conference of Democratic Mayors  National Federation of Democratic Women  National Stonewall Democrats  Progressive Democrats of America Young Democrats of America  Young Democrats of America High School Caucus Related articles History  Superdelegate v d eGovernors and Lieutenant Governors of Georgia   Governors Council Presidents (17751776) Ewen  Walton  Ewen Presidents (17761777) Bulloch  Gwinnett Governors (since 1777) Treutlen  Houstoun  Glascock  Cuthbert  Wereat  Walton  Howly  Wells  Heard  Davies  Brownson  Martin  Hall  Houstoun  Elbert  Telfair  Mathews  Handley  Walton  Telfair  Mathews  Irwin  Jackson  Emanuel  Tattnall  Milledge  Irwin  Mitchell  Early  Mitchell  Rabun  Talbot  Clark  Troup  Forsyth  Gilmer  Lumpkin  Schley  Gilmer  McDonald  Crawford  Towns  Cobb  H. Johnson  J.E. Brown  J. Johnson  Jenkins  Ruger  Bullock  Conley  J. Smith  Colquitt  Stephens  Boynton  McDaniel  Gordon  Northen  Atkinson  Candler  Terrell  H. Smith  J.M. Brown  H. Smith  Slaton  J.M. Brown  Slaton  N. Harris  Dorsey  Hardwick  Walker  Hardman  Russell  E. Talmadge  Rivers  E. Talmadge  Arnall  Thompson  H. Talmadge  Griffin  Vandiver  Sanders  Maddox  Carter  Busbee  J.F. Harris  Miller  Barnes  Perdue  Deal   Lieutenant Governors Thompson Griffin Vandiver Byrd Geer Smith Maddox Miller Howard Taylor Cagle v d e Cold War Participants and notable figures  ANZUS  NATO  Non-Aligned Movement  SEATO  Warsaw Pact 1940s Yalta Conference  Operation Unthinkable  Potsdam Conference  Gouzenko Affair  War in Vietnam (19451946)  Iran crisis of 1946  Greek Civil War  Corfu Channel Incident  Restatement of Policy on Germany  First Indochina War  Truman Doctrine  Asian Relations Conference  Marshall Plan  Czechoslovak coup d'tat of 1948  TitoStalin split  Berlin Blockade  Western betrayal  Iron Curtain  Eastern Bloc  Chinese Civil War (Second round) 1950s Korean War  1953 Iranian coup d'tat  Uprising of 1953 in East Germany  1954 Guatemalan coup d'tat  Partition of Vietnam  First Taiwan Strait Crisis  Geneva Summit (1955)  Pozna 1956 protests  Hungarian Revolution of 1956  Suez Crisis  Sputnik crisis  Second Taiwan Strait Crisis  Cuban Revolution  Kitchen Debate  AsianAfrican Conference  Bricker Amendment  McCarthyism  Operation Gladio  Hallstein Doctrine 1960s Congo Crisis  SinoSoviet split  1960 U-2 incident  Bay of Pigs Invasion  Berlin Wall  Cuban Missile Crisis  Vietnam War  1964 Brazilian coup d'tat  United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (19651966)  South African Border War  Rhodesian Bush War  Transition to the New Order  Domino theory  ASEAN Declaration  Laotian Civil War  Greek military junta of 19671974  Six-Day War  War of Attrition  Cultural Revolution  Sino-Indian War  Prague Spring  Goulash Communism  SinoSoviet border conflict 1970s Dtente  Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty  Black September in Jordan  Cambodian Civil War  Realpolitik  Ping Pong Diplomacy  Four Power Agreement on Berlin  1972 Nixon visit to China  1973 Chilean coup d'tat  Yom Kippur War  Strategic Arms Limitation Talks  Angolan Civil War  Mozambican Civil War  Ogaden War  Sino-Albanian split  CambodianVietnamese War  Sino-Vietnamese War  Iranian Revolution  Operation Condor  Bangladesh Liberation War   Korean Air Lines Flight 902 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan  IranIraq War   1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts  Solidarity (Soviet reaction)  Contras  Central American crisis  RYAN  Korean Air Lines Flight 007  Able Archer 83  Star Wars  Invasion of Grenada  People Power Revolution  Tiananmen Square protests of 1989  United States invasion of Panama  Fall of the Berlin Wall  Revolutions of 1989  Glasnost  Perestroika 1990s Democratic Revolution in Mongolia  Breakup of Yugoslavia  Dissolution of the Soviet Union  Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Foreign policy Truman Doctrine  Marshall Plan  Containment  Eisenhower Doctrine  Domino theory  Kennedy Doctrine  Peaceful coexistence  Ostpolitik  Johnson Doctrine  Brezhnev Doctrine  Nixon Doctrine  Ulbricht Doctrine  Carter Doctrine  Reagan Doctrine  Rollback Ideologies Capitalism (Chicago school  Keynesianism  Monetarism  Neoclassical economics  Supply-side economics  Thatcherism  Reaganomics)  Communism (MarxismLeninism  Castroism  Eurocommunism  Guevarism  Juche  Left communism  Maoism  Stalinism  Titoism  Trotskyism)  Liberal democracy  Social democracy Organizations ASEAN  CIA  Comecon  EEC  KGB  MI6  Stasi Propaganda Active measures  Izvestia  Pravda  Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty  Red Scare  TASS  Voice of America  Voice of Russia Races Arms race  Nuclear arms race  Space Race See also Brinkmanship  NATORussia relations  Soviet and Russian espionage in U.S.  Soviet Union  United States relations  USSoviet summits  World War III Category  Portal  Timeline v d e Notable figures of the Cold War Soviet Union Joseph Stalin  Vyacheslav Molotov  Andrei Gromyko  Nikita Khrushchev  Anatoly Dobrynin  Leonid Brezhnev  Alexei Kosygin  Yuri Andropov  Konstantin Chernenko  Mikhail Gorbachev  Nikolai Ryzhkov  Eduard Shevardnadze  Gennady Yanayev  Boris Yeltsin United States Harry S. Truman  George Marshall  Joseph McCarthy  Dwight D. Eisenhower  John Foster Dulles  John F. Kennedy  Robert F. Kennedy  Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.  Lyndon B. Johnson  Richard Nixon  Henry Kissinger  Gerald Ford  Jimmy Carter  Ronald Reagan  George H. W. Bush People's Republic of China Mao Zedong  Zhou Enlai  Hua Guofeng  Deng Xiaoping  Zhao Ziyang Japan Hirohito  Shigeru Yoshida  Ichir Hatoyama  Nobusuke Kishi  Eisaku Sat  Kakuei Tanaka  Takeo Miki  Takeo Fukuda  Masayoshi hira  Zenko Suzuki  Yasuhiro Nakasone  Noboru Takeshita  Ssuke Uno  Toshiki Kaifu West Germany Konrad Adenauer  Walter Hallstein  Willy Brandt  Helmut Schmidt  Helmut Kohl United Kingdom Winston Churchill  Clement Attlee  Ernest Bevin  Anthony Eden  Harold Macmillan  Alec Douglas-Home  Harold Wilson  Edward Heath  James Callaghan  Margaret Thatcher Italy Alcide De Gasperi  Palmiro Togliatti  Giulio Andreotti  Aldo Moro  Enrico Berlinguer  Francesco Cossiga  Bettino Craxi France Charles de Gaulle  Alain Poher  Georges Pompidou  Valry Giscard d'Estaing  Franois Mitterrand Finland Urho Kekkonen Spain Francisco Franco  Luis Carrero-Blanco  Juan Carlos I  Adolfo Surez  Felipe Gonzlez People's Republic of Poland Bolesaw Bierut  Wadysaw Gomuka  Edward Gierek  Wojciech Jaruzelski  Pope John Paul II  Lech Wasa Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King  Louis St. Laurent  John Diefenbaker  Lester Pearson  Pierre Trudeau  Joe Clark  John Turner  Brian Mulroney  Kim Campbell Eastern Bloc Enver Hoxha (Albania)  Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)  Mtys Rkosi  Imre Nagy  Jnos Kdr (Hungary)  Nicolae Ceauescu (Romania)  Alexander Dubek (Czechoslovakia)  Walter Ulbricht  Erich Honecker (East Germany)  Todor Zhivkov (Bulgaria) South and East Asia Chiang Kai-shek  Chiang Ching-kuo (Taiwan)  Syngman Rhee  Park Chung-hee (South Korea)  Kim Il-sung (North Korea)  Ho Chi Minh (North Vietnam)  Ngo Dinh Diem (South Vietnam)  Pol Pot (Cambodia)  U Nu  Ne Win (Burma)  Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bangladesh)  Indira Gandhi  Jawaharlal Nehru (India)  Sukarno  Suharto  Mohammad Hatta  Adam Malik (Indonesia)  Muhammad Ayub Khan  Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Pakistan)  Corazon Aquino  Nur Misuari  Jose Maria Sison  Ferdinand Marcos  Imelda Marcos (Philippines)  Latin America Fidel Castro  Che Guevara (Cuba)  Juan Domingo Pern  Jorge Rafael Videla  Leopoldo Galtieri (Argentina)  Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua)  Salvador Allende  Augusto Pinochet (Chile)  Getlio Vargas  Lus Prestes  Leonel Brizola  Joo Goulart  Castelo Branco (Brazil)  Rmulo Betancourt (Venezuela) Middle East Mohammad Reza Pahlavi  Mohammad Mosaddegh  Ayatollah Khomeini (Iran)  Saddam Hussein (Iraq)  Gamal Abdel Nasser  Anwar Sadat (Egypt)  Muammar Gaddafi (Libya)  Menachem Begin (Israel)  Mohammad Najibullah  Ahmad Shah Massoud (Afghanistan) Africa Julius Nyerere (Tanzania)  Patrice Lumumba  Mobutu Sese Seko (Congo/Zaire)  Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)  Idi Amin (Uganda)  Agostinho Neto  Jos Eduardo dos Santos  Jonas Savimbi (Angola)  Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia) Category  Portal  Timeline of events v d eLaureates of the Nobel Peace Prize Kofi Annan / United Nations (2001)  Jimmy Carter (2002)  Shirin Ebadi (2003)  Wangari Maathai (2004)  International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei (2005)  Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus (2006)  Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007)  Martti Ahtisaari (2008)   Barack Obama (2009)  Liu Xiaobo (2010) Complete roster: 19011925  19261950  19511975  19762000  2001present v d e2002 Nobel Prize winners Chemistry: John Bennett Fenn (United States) Koichi Tanaka (Japan) Kurt Wthrich (Switzerland) Literature: Imre Kertsz (Hungary) Peace: Jimmy Carter (United States) Physics: Raymond Davis Jr. (United States) Masatoshi Koshiba (Japan) Riccardo Giacconi (United States) Physiology or Medicine: Sydney Brenner (United Kingdom) H. Robert Horvitz (United States) John E. Sulston (United Kingdom) v d eTime Persons of the Year Jimmy Carter (1976)  Anwar Sadat (1977)  Deng Xiaoping (1978)  Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)  Ronald Reagan (1980)  Lech Wasa (1981)  The Computer (1982)  Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)  Peter Ueberroth (1984)  Deng Xiaoping (1985)  Corazon Aquino (1986)  Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)  The Endangered Earth (1988)  Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)  George H. W. Bush (1990)  Ted Turner (1991)  Bill Clinton (1992)  The Peacemakers: Yitzhak Rabin / Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk / Yasser Arafat (1993)  Pope John Paul II (1994)  Newt Gingrich (1995)  David Ho (1996)  Andrew Grove (1997)  Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)  Jeffrey P. Bezos (1999)  George W. Bush (2000) Complete roster  19271950  19511975  19762000  2001present v d eUnited States presidential election 1976 Democratic Party Convention  Primaries Nominee: Jimmy Carter VP Nominee: Walter Mondale Candidates: Birch Bayh  Lloyd Bentsen  Jerry Brown  Robert Byrd  Hugh Carey  Frank Church  Fred R. Harris  Hubert Humphrey  Henry M. Jackson  Leon Jaworski  Barbara Jordan  Eugene McCarthy  Ellen McCormack  Walter Mondale  Jennings Randolph  Terry Sanford  Milton Shapp  Sargent Shriver  Adlai Stevenson III  Mo Udall  George Wallace Republican Party Convention  Primaries Nominee: Gerald Ford VP Nominee: Bob Dole Candidiates: James L. Buckley  Ronald Reagan  Harold Stassen  Third party and independent candidates American Party Nominee: Thomas J. Anderson American Independent Party Nominee: Lester Maddox Communist Party USA Nominee: Gus Hall VP Nominee: Jarvis Tyner Libertarian Party Nominee: Roger MacBride VP Nominee: David Bergland People's Party Nominee: Margaret Wright VP Nominee: Benjamin Spock Prohibition Party Nominee: Ben Bubar VP Nominee: Earl Dodge Socialist Workers Party Nominee: Peter Camejo VP Nominee: Willie Mae Reid U.S. Labor Party Nominee: Lyndon LaRouche Other 1976 elections: House  Senate  Gubernatorial v d eUnited States presidential election 1980 Republican Party Convention  Primaries  Primary results Nominee: Ronald Reagan VP Nominee: George H. W. Bush Candidates: John B. Anderson  Howard Baker   George H. W. Bush   John Connally  Phil Crane  Bob Dole  Ben Fernandez  Harold Stassen Democratic Party Convention  Primaries  Primary results Nominee: Jimmy Carter VP Nominee: Walter Mondale Candidates: Jerry Brown  Ted Kennedy  Ron Dellums  William Proxmire Independent Candidate: John B. Anderson VP candidate: Patrick Lucey  Other independent and third party candidates Citizens Party Nominee: Barry Commoner VP Nominee: LaDonna Harris Libertarian Party Nominee: Ed Clark VP Nominee: David Koch Prohibition Party Nominee: Ben Bubar VP Nominee: Earl Dodge Socialist Party USA Nominee: David McReynolds VP Nominee: Diane Drufenbrock Socialist Workers Party Nominee: Andrew Pulley  Alternate nominees: Richard Congress Clifton DeBerry Workers World Party Nominee: Deirdre Griswold VP Nominee: Gavrielle Holmes Independents and other candidates Lyndon LaRouche  Maureen Smith/ Running mate: Elizabeth Cervantes Barron  Warren Spannaus Other 1980 elections: House  Senate  Gubernatorial v d eThe Elders Martti Ahtisaari  Kofi Annan  Ela Bhatt  Lakhdar Brahimi  Gro Harlem Brundtland  Fernando Henrique Cardoso  Jimmy Carter  Graa Machel  Mary Robinson  Desmond Tutu (chair) Honorary Elders: Nelson Mandela  Aung San Suu Kyi Former Elder: Muhammad Yunus Persondata Name Carter Jimmy Alternative names Carter James Earl Jr. Short description President of the United States Date of birth October 1 1924 (1924-10-01) (age 86) Place of birth Plains Georgia United States Date of death Place of death