"L.A." redirects here. For other uses see La. This article is about the U.S. city. For other uses see Los Angeles (disambiguation). Los Angeles   City   City of Los Angeles Downtown Los Angeles Venice Griffith Observatory Hollywood Sign Flag Seal Nickname(s): L.A. the City of Angels Angeltown the Entertainment Capital of the World La-La Land1 Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Los Angeles Location in the United States Coordinates: 3403N 11815W / 34.05N 118.25W / 34.05; -118.25Coordinates: 3403N 11815W / 34.05N 118.25W / 34.05; -118.25 Country  United States State  California County Los Angeles Settled September 4 1781 Incorporated April 4 1850 Government  - Type Mayor-Council  - Body Los Angeles City Council  - Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa  - City Attorney Carmen Trutanich  - City Controller Wendy Greuel Area2  - City 502.693 sq mi (1301.970 km2)  - Land 468.670 sq mi (1213.850 km2)  - Water 34.023 sq mi (88.119 km2)  6.77% Elevation 233 (city hall) ft (71 m) Population (2010)  - City 3792621  - Rank (2nd US 48th World)  - Density 7544.6/sq mi (2913/km2)  - Urban 14940000  - Metro 15250000  - CSA 17786419  - Demonym Angeleno   2010 United States Census Time zone PST (UTC-8)  - Summer (DST) PDT (UTC7) ZIP code 9000190068 9007090084 9008690089 90091 9009390097 90099 9010190103 90174 90185 90189 90291-90293 9104091043 9130391308 9134291349 9135291353 9135691357 9136491367 9140191499 9160191609 Area code(s) 213 310/424 323 661 747/818 Website lacity.org

Los Angeles (i /ls ndls/ lawss-an-j-ls;3 Spanish: los axeles Spanish for "The Angels") with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3792621 is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States after New York City4 on a land area of 468.67 square miles (1213.8 km2) and is located in the southern region of the state. It is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area which contains nearly 17.8 million people and which is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States.567 Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties8 in the United States while the entire Los Angeles area itself is recognized and regarded as the most diverse metropolitan area in the United States.9 The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ( /ndlinoz/).10

Often known by its initials LA and nicknamed the City of Angels Los Angeles is a world center of business international trade entertainment culture media fashion science technology and education.1112 It is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. Los Angeles has been ranked the third richest city and fifth most powerful and influential city in the world behind only New York City in the United States.1314 The Los Angeles combined statistical area (CSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $831 billion (as of 2008) making it the third largest economic center in the world after the Greater Tokyo Area and the New York metropolitan area.151617 As the home base of Hollywood it is known as the "Entertainment Capital of the World" leading the world in the creation of television production video games and recorded music. The importance of the entertainment business to the city has led many celebrities to call Los Angeles and its surrounding suburbs home. Los Angeles hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics. Los Angeles is also home to renowned universities such as the University of Southern California and the University of California Los Angeles.

Los Angeles was founded on September 4 1781 by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848 at the end of the MexicanAmerican War Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 1850 five months before California achieved statehood.

Los Angeles enjoys a Mediterranean climate with an average of 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.18 Contents 1 History 2 Cityscape 2.1 Landmarks 3 Geography 3.1 Geology 3.2 Climate 3.3 Flora 3.4 Environmental issues 4 Economy 5 Culture 5.1 Media 5.2 Sports 5.3 Religion 6 Education 6.1 Colleges and universities 6.2 Schools and libraries 7 Transportation 7.1 Freeways and highways 7.2 Public transportation 7.3 Air transportation 7.4 Ports 8 Demographics 9 Government 9.1 Neighborhood councils 9.2 Crime and safety 9.3 Organized crime 10 Sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History Main article: History of Los Angeles The old city plaza 1869 Los Angeles City Hall shown here in 1931 was built in 1928 and was the tallest structure in the city until 1964 when height restrictions were removed. Downtown Los Angeles saw heavy development from the 1980s to 1990s including the construction of some of the city's tallest skyscrapers.

The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva (or Gabrieleos) and Chumash Native American tribes thousands of years ago. The first Europeans arrived in 1542 in an expedition organized by the viceroy of New Spain and commanded by Juan Rodrguez Cabrillo a Portuguese-born explorer who claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire. However he continued with his voyage up the coast and did not establish a settlement.19 The next contact would not come until 227 years later when Gaspar de Portol along with Franciscan missionary Juan Cresp reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2 1769. Cresp noted that the site had the potential to be developed into a large settlement.20

In 1771 Franciscan friar Junpero Serra built the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel near Whittier Narrows in what is now called San Gabriel Valley.21 In 1777 the new governor of California Felipe de Neve recommended to Antonio Mara de Bucareli y Ursa viceroy of New Spain that the site noted by Juan Cresp be developed into a pueblo. The town was officially founded on September 4 1781 by a group of forty-four settlers known as "Los Pobladores". Tradition has it that on this day they were escorted by four Spanish colonial soldiers two priests from the Mission and Governor de Neve. The town was named El Pueblo de Nuestra Seora la Reina de los ngeles del Ro de Porcincula (The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels on the Porcincula River).22 These pueblo settlers came from the common Hispanic culture that had emerged in northern Mexico among a racially mixed society. Two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto and therefore had African Amerindian and European ancestry. More importantly they were intermarrying.23 The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades but by 1820 the population had increased to about 650 residents.24 Today the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street the oldest part of Los Angeles.25

New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 and the pueblo continued as a part of Mexico. During Mexican rule Governor Po Pico made Los Angeles Alta California's regional capital. Mexican rule ended during the MexicanAmerican War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13 1847.

Railroads arrived with the completion of the Southern Pacific line to Los Angeles in 1876.26 Oil was discovered in 1892 and by 1923 the discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil producer accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.27

By 1900 the population had grown to more than 102000 people28 putting pressure on the city's water supply.29 1913's completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct under the supervision of William Mulholland assured the continued growth of the city. In the 1920s the movie and aviation industries flocked to Los Angeles with continuing growth ensuring that the city suffered less during the Great Depression. In 1932 with population surpassing one million30 the city hosted the Summer Olympics. The post-war years saw an even greater boom as urban sprawl expanded the city into the San Fernando Valley.31 In 1960 non-Hispanic whites made up 82% of the population of Los Angeles County.32 In 1969 Los Angeles became one of the birthplaces of the Internet as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) to SRI in Menlo Park.33 In 1984 the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries the 1984 Olympics became the most financially successful in history and only the second Olympics to turn a profit the other being the 1932 Summer Olympics also held in Los Angeles. During the remaining decades of the 20th century the city was plagued by increasing gang warfare drug trades and police corruptiondubious discuss. Racial tensions erupted again in 1992 with the Rodney King controversy and the large-scale riots that followed the acquittal of his police attackers. In 1994 the 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.34 Voters defeated efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city in 2002.35 Gentrification and urban redevelopment have occurred in many parts of the city most notably Hollywood Koreatown Silver Lake Echo Park and Downtown.36 Cityscape Main article: List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles Panorama of Los Angeles as viewed from Mulholland Drive. Left to right: Santa Ana Mountains downtown Hollywood (foreground) Wilshire Boulevard Port of Los Angeles Palos Verdes Peninsula Santa Catalina Island and Los Angeles International Airport. Hollywood a well-known district of Los Angeles is often mistaken as an independent city (as West Hollywood is). The city is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods37 many of which were incorporated places or communities that were annexed by the city. There are also several independent cities around Los Angeles but they are popularly grouped with the city of Los Angeles either due to being completely engulfed as enclaves by Los Angeles or lying within its immediate vicinity. Generally the city is divided into the following areas: Downtown Los Angeles The Eastside and Northeast Los Angeles South Los Angeles (still often colloquially referred to as South Central by locals) the Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Wilshire the Westside and the San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys. Some well-known communities within Los Angeles include West Adams Watts Leimert Park Baldwin Hills Venice Beach the Downtown Financial District Los Feliz Silver Lake Hollywood Koreatown Westwood and the more affluent areas of Bel Air Benedict Canyon Hollywood Hills Hancock Park Pacific Palisades Century City and Brentwood. Landmarks Important landmarks in Los Angeles include Walt Disney Concert Hall Kodak Theatre Griffith Observatory Getty Center Getty Villa Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles County Museum of Art Grauman's Chinese Theatre Hollywood Sign Hollywood Boulevard Capitol Records Tower Los Angeles City Hall Hollywood Bowl Theme Building Watts Towers Randy's Donuts Staples Center Dodger Stadium and La Placita Olvera/Olvera Street. Downtown Los Angeles is quickly becoming a landmark of itself with development of billion dollar projects such as Wilshire Grand Tower I rivaling the prominence of places such as Times Square.38 L.A. Live Grauman's Chinese Theatre Griffith Observatory Capitol Records Building Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Geography See also: Los Angeles Basin Greater Los Angeles area Los Angeles County California and List of California area codes The Los Angeles Basin Los Angeles is irregularly shaped and according to the United States Census Bureau covers a total area of 502.7 square miles (1302 km2) comprising 468.7 square miles (1214 km2) of land and 34.0 square miles (88 km2) of water. The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) longitudinally and for 29 miles (47 km) latitudinally. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km). It is the only major city in the United States bisected by a mountain range. Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city is 5080 ft (1550 m) Mount Lukens39 located at the northeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The hilly parts of Los Angeles include the entire Santa Monica Mountains which stretch from Downtown to the Pacific Ocean the Mt. Washington area north of Downtown eastern parts such as Boyle Heights the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills and the San Pedro district. Mallards on the Los Angeles River The Los Angeles River a major river which is largely seasonal is the primary drainage channel. It was straightened and lined in concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers for almost its entire length to act as a flood control channel. The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city and flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains as they diminish then south through the city center then through nearby Vernon on its way to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean. Geology Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability has produced numerous faults which cause approximately 10000 earthquakes annually.40 One of the major faults is the San Andreas Fault. Located at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate it is predicted to be the source of Southern California's next big earthquake.41 Major earthquakes to have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1994 Northridge earthquake the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake the 1971 San Fernando earthquake near Sylmar and the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. Nevertheless all but a few quakes are of low intensity and are not felt.40 The most recent earthquake felt was the 4.4 2010 Pico Rivera earthquake on March 16 2010. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to Pacific Ocean tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from the Valdivia earthquake in 1960.42 The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes.43 Climate Main article: Climate of the Los Angeles Basin Echo Park as seen with palm trees Los Angeles has a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate (Kppen climate classification Csb on the coast Csa inland) and receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid Kppen's BSh (semi-arid climate) classification. Los Angeles enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.18 The average annual temperature in downtown is 66 F (19 C): 75 F (24 C) during the day and 57 F (14 C) at night. In the coldest month January the temperature typically ranges from 59 to 73 F (15 to 23 C) during the day and 45 to 55 F (7 to 13 C) at night. In the warmest month August the temperature typically ranges from 79 to 90 F (26 to 32 C) during the day and around 64 F (18 C) at night. Temperatures exceed 90 F (32 C) on a dozen or so days in the year from one day a month in April May June and November to three days a month in July August October and to five days in September.18 Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 F (17 C).44 Average annual temperature of sea is 63 F (17 C) from 58 F (14 C) in January to 68 F (20 C) in August.45 Sunshine hours is above 3000 per year from average 7 hours of sunshine / day in December to average 12 hours of sunshine / day in July.46 The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate. As such the temperatures can vary as much as 36 F (20 C) between inland areas and the coast. California also has a weather phenomenon called "June Gloom or May Grey" which sometimes gives overcast or foggy skies in the morning at the coast but usually gives sunny skies by noon during late spring and early summer. Downtown Los Angeles averages 15.14 inches (384.6 mm) of precipitation annually which mainly occurs during the winter and spring (November through April) with generally moderate rain showers but usually as heavy rainfall and thunderstorms during Winter storms. The coast gets slightly less rainfall while the mountains get slightly more. However the San Fernando Valley Region of Los Angeles can get between 16 and 20 inches of rain per year. Years of average rainfall are rare; the usual pattern is bimodal with a short string of dry years (perhaps 78 inches/180200 millimetres) followed by one or two wet years that make up the average. Snowfall is extremely rare in the city basin but the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2 inches (5 cm) in 1932.4748 The highest recorded temperature in downtown Los Angeles is 113 F (45 C) on September 27 201049 and the lowest recorded temperature is 24 F (4 C) on December 22 1944. Climate data for Los Angeles (Downtown - USC campus) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high F (C) 68.1 (20.06) 69.6 (20.89) 69.8 (21) 73.1 (22.83) 74.5 (23.61) 79.5 (26.39) 83.8 (28.78) 84.8 (29.33) 83.3 (28.5) 79.0 (26.11) 73.2 (22.89) 68.7 (20.39) 75.6 (24.22) Daily mean F (C) 58.3 (14.61) 60.0 (15.56) 60.7 (15.94) 63.8 (17.67) 66.2 (19) 70.5 (21.39) 74.2 (23.44) 75.2 (24) 74.0 (23.33) 69.5 (20.83) 62.9 (17.17) 58.5 (14.72) 66.2 (19) Average low F (C) 48.5 (9.17) 50.3 (10.17) 51.6 (10.89) 54.4 (12.44) 57.9 (14.39) 61.4 (16.33) 64.6 (18.11) 65.6 (18.67) 64.6 (18.11) 59.9 (15.5) 52.6 (11.44) 48.3 (9.06) 56.6 (13.67) Rainfall inches (mm) 3.33 (84.6) 3.68 (93.5) 3.14 (79.8) 0.83 (21.1) 0.31 (7.9) 0.06 (1.5) 0.01 (0.3) 0.13 (3.3) 0.32 (8.1) 0.37 (9.4) 1.05 (26.7) 1.91 (48.5) 15.14 (384.6) Avg. rainy days ( 0.01 inch) 6.5 6.0 6.4 3.0 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.5 1.2 2.0 3.1 4.3 35.2 Sunshine hours 225.3 222.5 267.0 303.5 276.2 275.8 364.1 349.5 278.5 255.1 217.3 219.4 3254.2 Source: NOAA5051 Climate data for Los Angeles (LAX at the coast) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high F (C) 65.6 (18.67) 65.8 (18.78) 65.3 (18.5) 68.0 (20) 69.3 (20.72) 72.6 (22.56) 75.3 (24.06) 76.8 (24.89) 76.5 (24.72) 74.3 (23.5) 70.4 (21.33) 66.7 (19.28) 70.6 (21.44) Daily mean F (C) 57.1 (13.94) 58.0 (14.44) 58.3 (14.61) 60.8 (16) 63.1 (17.28) 66.4 (19.11) 69.3 (20.72) 70.7 (21.5) 70.1 (21.17) 66.9 (19.39) 61.6 (16.44) 57.6 (14.22) 63.3 (17.39) Average low F (C) 48.6 (9.22) 50.1 (10.06) 51.3 (10.72) 53.6 (12) 56.9 (13.83) 60.1 (15.61) 63.3 (17.39) 64.5 (18.06) 63.6 (17.56) 59.4 (15.22) 52.7 (11.5) 48.5 (9.17) 56.1 (13.39) Rainfall inches (mm) 2.98 (75.7) 3.11 (79) 2.40 (61) 0.63 (16) 0.24 (6.1) 0.08 (2) 0.03 (0.8) 0.14 (3.6) 0.26 (6.6) 0.36 (9.1) 1.13 (28.7) 1.79 (45.5) 13.15 (334) Avg. rainy days ( 0.01 in) 6.4 6.3 6.5 2.6 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 1.2 2.0 3.1 4.7 35.5 Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration50 Climate data for Los Angeles (Canoga Park in the San Fernando Valley) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high F (C) 67.9 (19.94) 69.9 (21.06) 72.0 (22.22) 77.7 (25.39) 81.3 (27.39) 88.8 (31.56) 95.0 (35) 96.0 (35.56) 91.7 (33.17) 84.4 (29.11) 74.7 (23.72) 68.8 (20.44) 80.7 (27.06) Daily mean F (C) 53.7 (12.06) 55.4 (13) 57.2 (14) 61.3 (16.28) 65.2 (18.44) 71.0 (21.67) 76.0 (24.44) 76.8 (24.89) 73.5 (23.06) 66.8 (19.33) 58.2 (14.56) 53.6 (12) 64.1 (17.83) Average low F (C) 39.5 (4.17) 40.9 (4.94) 42.3 (5.72) 44.8 (7.11) 49.1 (9.5) 53.2 (11.78) 56.9 (13.83) 57.6 (14.22) 55.2 (12.89) 49.2 (9.56) 41.7 (5.39) 38.3 (3.5) 47.4 (8.56) Rainfall inches (mm) 3.83 (97.3) 4.40 (111.8) 3.60 (91.4) 0.88 (22.4) 0.32 (8.1) 0.07 (1.8) 0.01 (0.3) 0.15 (3.8) 0.24 (6.1) 0.62 (15.7) 1.29 (32.8) 2.38 (60.5) 17.79 (451.9) Avg. rainy days ( 0.01 in) 6.2 5.9 6.1 3.0 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.7 1.3 2.0 3.2 4.4 34.6 Source: NOAA44 Flora MacArthur Park The Los Angeles area is rich in native plant species due in part to a diversity in habitats including beaches wetlands and mountains. The most prevalent botanical environment is coastal sage scrub which covers the hillsides in combustible chaparral. Native plants include: California poppy matilija poppy toyon Coast Live Oak and Giant Wildrye. Many of these native species such as the Los Angeles sunflower have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Though they are not native to the area the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra)52 and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae).53 Mexican Fan Palms California Fan Palms and Canary Island Palms can be seen throughout the Los Angeles area despite the latter being non-indeginous to Southern California. Environmental issues A view of Los Angeles covered in smog The name given by the Chumash tribe of Native Americans for the area now known as Los Angeles translates to "the valley of smoke"54 because of the smog from native campfires. Owing to geography heavy reliance on automobiles and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles airplanes locomotives shipping manufacturing and other sources.55 The smog season lasts from May to October.56 Unlike other large cities that rely on rain to clear smog Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (380 mm) of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation including the Clean Air Act. More recently the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years due to aggressive steps to reduce it electric and hybrid cars improvements in mass transit and other pollution reducing measures.57 The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium. Despite improvement the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.5859 In 2008 the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.60 In addition the groundwater is increasingly threatened by MTBE from gas stations and perchlorate from rocket fuel. With pollution still a significant problem the city continues to take aggressive steps to improve air and water conditions.6162 The city has met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010.63 Economy Further information: Los Angeles County Economy See also: Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce Companies such as US Bancorp Ernst & Young Aon Manulife Financial City National Bank Wells Fargo Bank of America Deloitte KPMG and the Union Bank of California have offices in the Downtown Financial District The Financial District of Downtown Los Angeles The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade entertainment (television motion pictures video games recorded music) aerospace technology petroleum fashion apparel and tourism. Los Angeles is also the largest manufacturing center in the western United States.64 The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the fifth-busiest port in the world and the most significant port in the Western Hemisphere and is vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.64 Other significant industries include media production finance telecommunications law healthcare and transportation. The Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $831 billion (as of 2008) making it the third largest economic center in the world after the Greater Tokyo Area and the New York-Newark-Bridgeport CSA.151617 If counted as a country the surrounding CSA has the 15th largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP.65 Los Angeles has been classified an "Alpha(-) world city" according to a 2008 study by a research group at Loughborough University in England.66 Until the mid-1990s Los Angeles was home to many major financial institutions in the western United States. Mergers meant reporting to headquarters in other cities. For instance First Interstate Bancorp merged with Wells Fargo in 1996 Great Western Bank merged with Washington Mutual in 1998 and Security Pacific Bank merged with Bank of America in 1992. Los Angeles was also home to the Pacific Exchange until it closed in 2001. The city is home to seven Fortune 500 companies. They are aerospace contractor Northrop Grumman energy company Occidental Petroleum healthcare provider Health Net metals distributor Reliance Steel & Aluminum engineering firm AECOM real estate group CB Richard Ellis and builder Tutor Perini. Other companies headquartered in Los Angeles include California Pizza Kitchen Capital Group Capstone Turbine Cathay Bank City National Bank The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf DeviantArt Far East National Bank Farmers Insurance Group Fox Entertainment Group Gibson Dunn & Crutcher Guess Hanmi Bank Herbalife J2 Global Communications The Jim Henson Company KB Home Korn/Ferry Latham & Watkins Mercury Insurance Group Oaktree Capital Management OMelveny & Myers; Paul Hastings Janofsky & Walker Premier America Premiere Radio Networks Rentech Roll International Sunkist The TCW Group Tokyopop Triton Media Group United Online and VCA Antech. The metropolitan area contains the headquarters of companies who moved outside of the city to escape its taxes but keep the benefits of proximity.67 For example Los Angeles charges a gross receipts tax based on a percentage of business revenue while many neighboring cities charge only small flat fees.68 Walt Disney Concert Hall The University of Southern California (USC) is the city's largest private sector employer and contributes $4 billion annually to the local economy.69 In January 2010 many of the aerospace firms with operations in Los Angeles County are relatively small compared to the larger corporations.70 The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Los Angeles the main one of which is located at 7001 South Central Avenue.7172 According to the city's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report73 the top ten employers in the city are the City of Los Angeles the County of Los Angeles University of Southern California Kaiser Permanente Cedars-Sinai Medical Center University of California Los Angeles Farmers Insurance Group TeamOne Fox Entertainment Group and American International Group. Culture Main article: Arts and culture of Los Angeles Kodak Theatre Hollywood Sign Los Angeles is often billed as the "Creative Capital of the World" due to the fact that one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry.74 According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation "there are more artists writers filmmakers actors dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any time in the history of civilization."75 Los Angeles is home to Hollywood globally recognized as the epicenter of the motion picture industry. A testament to its preeminence in film the city plays host to the annual Academy Awards the oldest and one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world. Furthermore there are 54 film festivals every year which translates into more than one every week.76 Finally Los Angeles is home to the USC School of Cinematic Arts the oldest and largest school of its kind in the United States. The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles' cultural identity. There are over 1000 musical theater dance and performing groups.76 According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation "there are more than 1100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week."75 The Los Angeles Music Center is one of the three largest performing arts complexes in the nation.77 The Walt Disney Concert Hall the centerpiece of the Music Center is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic. Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group and the Los Angeles Master Chorale along with the rising Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center. Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music. There are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County;78 Los Angeles has more museums per capita than any other city in the world.79 The most notable museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest encyclopedic museum west of Chicago) the Getty Center (part of the larger J. Paul Getty Trust the world's wealthiest art institution) and the Museum of Contemporary Art. A significant amount of art galleries are concentrated on Gallery Row and thousands are in attendance of the monthly Downtown Art Walk that takes place there. Media Main article: Media in Los Angeles See also: List of television shows set in Los Angeles and List of films set in Los Angeles The Fox Plaza in Century City headquarters for 20th Century Fox is a major financial district for West Los Angeles The major daily newspaper in the area is the Los Angeles Times; La Opinin is the city's major Spanish-language paper. Investor's Business Daily is distributed from its L.A. corporate offices which are headquartered in Playa Del Rey. There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers alternative weeklies and magazines including the Daily News (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley) LA Weekly Los Angeles CityBeat L.A. Record (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area) Los Angeles magazine Los Angeles Business Journal Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper) The Hollywood Reporter and Variety (entertainment industry papers) and Los Angeles Downtown News. In addition to the English- and Spanish-language papers numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages including Armenian Korean Persian Russian Chinese and Japanese. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include The Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay) and The Long Beach Press-Telegram. Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have all seven VHF allocations possible assigned to them.80 Los Angeles Times Headquarters The city has major broadcast channels as well as three PBS stations. World TV operates on two channels and the area has several Spanish-language television networks. KTBN 40 is the flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network based out of Santa Ana. A variety of independent television stations also operate in the area. Sports Dodger Stadium is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers See also: Sports in Los Angeles and History of National Football League in Los Angeles Los Angeles is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association the Los Angeles D-Fenders an NBA Development team owned by the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association. Los Angeles is also home to the USC Trojans and the UCLA Bruins in the NCAA both of which are Division I teams in the Pacific-10 Conference. The Los Angeles Galaxy and Club Deportivo Chivas USA of Major League Soccer are based in Carson. The city is the largest in the U.S. without an NFL team. There was a time when Los Angeles boasted two NFL teams the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995 with the Rams moving to St. Louis and the Raiders heading back to Oakland. Los Angeles is the second-largest city and television market in the United States but has no NFL team (see List of television stations in North America by media market). Prior to 1995 the Rams called Memorial Coliseum (19461979) and the Raiders played their home games at Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994.81 Staples Center a premier venue for sports and entertainment is home to five professional sports teams most notably the Los Angeles Lakers Since the franchise's departures the NFL as an organization and individual NFL owners have attempted to relocate a team to the city. Immediately following the 1995 NFL season Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring went as far as packing up moving vans to start play in the Rose Bowl under a new team name and logo for the 1996 season. The State of Washington filed a law suit to successfully prevent the move.82 In 2003 then NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue indicated LA would get a new expansion team a thirty-third franchise after the choice of Houston over LA in the 2002 league expansion round.83 When the New Orleans Saints were displaced from the Superdome by Hurricane Katrina media outlets reported the NFL was planning to move the team to Los Angeles permanently.84 Despite these efforts and the failure to build a new stadium for an NFL team LA is still expected to return to the league through expansion or relocation. Los Angeles has twice played host to the summer Olympic Games in 1932 and in 1984. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932 the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Super Bowls I and VII were also held in the city as well as soccer's international World Cup in 1994. Los Angeles also boasts a number of sports venues including Dodger Stadium Los Angeles Coliseum The Forum Staples Center a sports and entertainment complex that also hosts concerts and awards shows such as the Grammys. Staples Center also serves as the home arena for the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL and the Avengers of the AFL. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim of Major League Baseball and the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League are in the Los Angeles media market and are based in Anaheim in Orange County. The Angels began as an expansion franchise team in Los Angeles in 1961 and played at Los Angeles' Wrigley Field and then Dodger Stadium before moving to Anaheim in 1966.85 Religion Built in 1956 the Los Angeles California Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the second largest Mormon temple in the world Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles leads the largest archdiocese in the country.86 Cardinal Roger Mahony oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels completed in 2002 at the north end of downtown. Construction of the cathedral marked a coming of age of the Catholic heavily Latino community. There are numerous Catholic churches and parishes throughout the city. The Los Angeles California Temple the second largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956 it was the first Mormon temple built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.87 The grounds includes a visitors' center open to the public the Los Angeles Regional Family History Center also open to the public and the headquarters for the Los Angeles mission. With 621000 Jews in the metropolitan area (490000 in city proper) the region has the second largest population of Jews in the United States.8889 Many synagogues of the Reform Conservative Orthodox and Reconstructionist movements can be found throughout the city. Most are located in the San Fernando Valley and West Los Angeles. The area in West Los Angeles around Fairfax and Pico Boulevards contains a large number of Orthodox Jews. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles built in 1923 was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades.90 (It is no longer a sacred space and is being converted to a museum and community center.)91 The Kabbalah Centre devoted to one line of Jewish mysticism is also in the city. The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters churches and the Celebrity Center of Scientology. Because of Los Angeles' large multi-ethnic population a wide variety of faiths are practiced including Islam Buddhism Hinduism Zoroastrianism Sikhism Bah' various Eastern Orthodox Churches Sufism and others. Immigrants from Asia for example have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world. Education Colleges and universities Second branch of the California State Normal School in downtown Los Angeles opened its doors in 1882. There are three public universities located within the city limits: California State University Los Angeles (CSULA) California State University Northridge (CSUN) and University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Private colleges in the city include the American Film Institute Conservatory Alliant International University Syracuse University (Los Angeles Campus) American InterContinental University American Jewish University The American Musical and Dramatic Academy Los Angeles campus Antioch University's Los Angeles campus Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's Los Angeles campus (FIDM) Los Angeles Film School Loyola Marymount University (LMU is also the parent university of Loyola Law School located in Los Angeles) Marymount College Mount St. Mary's College National University of California Occidental College ("Oxy") Otis College of Art and Design (Otis) Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc) Southwestern Law School and University of Southern California (USC). The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District: East Los Angeles College (ELAC) Los Angeles City College (LACC) Los Angeles Harbor College Los Angeles Mission College Los Angeles Pierce College Los Angeles Valley College (LAVC) Los Angeles Southwest College Los Angeles Trade-Technical College and West Los Angeles College. Schools and libraries The Los Angeles Central Library in Downtown Los Angeles See also: Los Angeles County California#Colleges and universities and List of high schools in Los Angeles County California Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles as well as several surrounding communities with a student population over 800000.92 After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978 urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools.93 Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Las Virgenes Unified School District. Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts. The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city.94 Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by the County of Los Angeles Public Library many are within walking distance to City of Los Angeles residents.95 Transportation Main article: Transportation in Los Angeles Freeways and highways Main article: Southern California freeways The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area is served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. The Texas Transportation Institute which publishes an annual Urban Mobility Report ranked Los Angeles road traffic as the most congested in the United States in 2005 as measured by annual delay per traveler. The average traveler in Los Angeles experienced 72 hours of traffic delay per year according to the study. Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland Washington D.C. and Atlanta (each with 60 hours of delay).96 Despite the congestion in the city the mean travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities including New York City Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles' mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes similar to those of San Francisco and Washington D.C.97 Among the major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5 which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and then north to the Canadian border through Sacramento Portland and Seattle; Interstate 10 the southernmost eastwest coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States going to Jacksonville Florida; and U.S. Route 101 which heads to the California Central Coast San Francisco the Redwood Empire and the Oregon and Washington coasts. Public transportation Current Los Angeles Metro Rail map showing existing and under-construction lines. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County with a combined daily ridership of 1.7 million.98 The majority of this (1.4 million) is taken up by the city's bus system the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 319000 boardings per weekday.99 In 2005 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation.100 The city's subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the country's third busiest.101 The rail system includes the Red and Purple subway lines as well as the Gold Blue and Green light rail lines. The Metro Orange Line is a bus rapid transit line with stops and frequency similar those of a light rail. The city is also central to the commuter rail system Metrolink which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs. Besides the rail service provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station just north of Downtown. Air transportation LAX the fifth busiest airport in the world The main Los Angeles airport is Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX ICAO: KLAX). The sixth busiest commercial airport in the world and the third busiest in the United States LAX handled over 61 million passengers and 2 million tons of cargo in 2006. The Theme Building is pictured here.102 LAX is a hub for United Airlines103 Other major nearby commercial airports include: (IATA: ONT ICAO: KONT) LA/Ontario International Airport owned by the city of Los Angeles; serves the Inland Empire. (IATA: BUR ICAO: KBUR) Bob Hope Airport formerly known as Burbank Airport; serves the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys (IATA: LGB ICAO: KLGB) Long Beach Airport serves the Long Beach/Harbor area (IATA: SNA ICAO: KSNA) John Wayne Airport of Orange County. (IATA: PMD ICAO: KPMD) LA/Palmdale Regional Airport is owned by the city of Los Angeles and serves the northern outlying communities of the Santa Clarita and Antelope Valleys. The world's third busiest general-aviation airport is also located in Los Angeles Van Nuys Airport (IATA: VNY ICAO: KVNY).104 Ports A view of the Vincent Thomas Bridge reaching Terminal Island The Port of Los Angeles is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA the port complex occupies 7500 acres (30 km2) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach. The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.105106107 Both ports is the 5th busiest container port in the World with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008.108 Singly the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States Port's World Cruise Center serves about 800000 passengers in 2009.109 There are also smaller non-industrial harbors along LA's coastline. Safety is provided at the only beach controlled by Los Angeles City by the highly trained Los Angeles City Lifeguards.110 The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge Henry Ford Bridge Gerald Desmond Bridge and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of Avalon on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express. Demographics Main article: Demographics of Los Angeles A view of downtown Los Angeles from the air. Historical populations Year Pop.  % 1850 1610 1860 4385 172.4% 1870 5728 30.6% 1880 11183 95.2% 1890 50395 350.6% 1900 102479 103.4% 1910 319198 211.5% 1920 576673 80.7% 1930 1238048 114.7% 1940 1504277 21.5% 1950 1970358 31.0% 1960 2479015 25.8% 1970 2816061 13.6% 1980 2966850 5.4% 1990 3485398 17.5% 2000 3694820 6.0% 2010 3792621 2.6% source:111112 According to the 2010 Census the racial and ethnic composition of Los Angeles was as follows:113 White: 49.8% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 28.7%) Black or African American: 9.6% Native American: 0.7% Asian: 11.3% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.1% Two or more races: 4.6% Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 48.5% According to the 20062008 American Community Survey the top ten European ancestries were the following: German: 4.5% (170483) Irish: 3.9% (146658) English: 3.5% (129684) Italian: 2.8% (100145) Russian: 2.6% (98737) Polish: 1.6% (59774) French: 1.2% (45127) Scottish: 0.8% (28931) Swedish: 0.6% (23227) Scotch-Irish: 0.6% (22651) Source:114 Current estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau put the city's population at 3833995. The California Department of Finance estimates the population at 4094764 as of January 1 2009.115 The 2000 census116 recorded 3694820 people 1275412 households and 798719 families residing in the city with a population density of 7876.8 people per square mile (3041.3/km2). There were 1337706 housing units at an average density of 2851.8 per square mile (1101.1/km2). Los Angeles has become a multiethnic and multicultural city with major new groups of Latino and Asian immigrants in recent decades. From a metropolitan area that in 1960 was over 80% non-Hispanic white Los Angeles has been transformed into a city that now has a "majority-minority" population.117 As of the 2000 US Census the racial distribution in Los Angeles was 46.9% White American 11.2% African American 10.5% Asian American 0.8% Native American 0.2% Pacific Islander 25.7% from other races and 5.2% from two or more races. 46.5% of the population was Hispanic or Latino (of any race).118 The census indicated that 42.2% spoke English 41.7% Spanish 2.4% Korean 2.3% Tagalog 1.7% Armenian 1.5% Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) and 1.3% Persian as their first language.119 According to the census 33.5% of households had children under 18 41.9% were married couples 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present and 37.4% were non-families. 28.5% of households were made up of individuals and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size 3.56.116 The age distribution was: 26.6% under 18 11.1% from 18 to 24 34.1% from 25 to 44 18.6% from 45 to 64 and 9.7% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32. For every 100 females there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over there were 97.5 males.116 The median income for a household was $36687 and for a family was $39942. Males had a median income of $31880 females $30197. The per capita income was $20671. 22.1% of the population and 18.3% of families were below the poverty line. 30.3% of those under the age of 18 and 12.6% of those aged 65 or older were below the poverty line.116 Los Angeles has had a high degree of income disparity as compared to the rest of the country. Recently however income disparity has declined.120 The median household income of the wealthiest neighborhood was $207938 while in the poorest it was $15003.121 Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages.122 Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown Historic Filipinotown Koreatown Little Armenia Little Ethiopia Tehrangeles Little Tokyo and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot character of Los Angeles. Government See also: List of elected officials in Los Angeles The city is governed by a mayor-council system. The current mayor is Antonio Villaraigosa. There are 15 city council districts. Other elected city officials include the City Attorney Carmen Trutanich and the City Controller Wendy Greuel. The city attorney prosecutes misdemeanors within the city limits. The district attorney elected by county voters prosecutes misdemeanors in unincorporated areas and in 78 of the 88 cities in the county as well as felonies throughout the county. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) polices the city of Los Angeles but the city also maintains four specialized police agencies; The Office of Public Safety within the General Services Department (which is responsible for security and law enforcement services at city facilities including City Hall city parks and libraries the Los Angeles Zoo and the Convention Center) the Port Police within the Harbor Department (which is responsible for land air and sea law enforcement services at the Port of Los Angeles) the Los Angeles City Schools Police department which handles law enforcement for all city schools and the Airport Police within the Los Angeles World Airports Department (which is responsible for law enforcement services at all four city-owned airports including Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) LA/Ontario International Airport (ONT) LA/Palmdale Regional Airport (PMD) and Van Nuys Airport (VNY). Neighborhood councils Bunker Hill in L.A. Voters created Neighborhood Councils in the Charter Reform of 1999. First proposed by City Council member Joel Wachs in 1996 they were designed to promote public participation in government and make it more responsive to local needs. The councils cover districts that are not necessarily identical to the traditional neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Almost ninety neighborhood councils (NCs) are certified and all "stakeholders"meaning anyone who lives works or owns property in a neighborhoodmay vote for members of the councils' governing bodies. Some council bylaws allow other people with a stake in the community to cast ballots as well. The councils are official government bodies and so their governing bodies and committees must abide by California's Brown Act which governs the meetings of deliberative assemblies. The first notable concern of the neighborhood councils collectively was the opposition by some of them in March 2004 to an 18% increase in water rates by the city's Department of Water and Power. This led the City Council to approve only a limited increase pending independent review. More recently some of the councils petitioned the City Council in summer 2006 to allow them to introduce ideas for legislative action but the City Council put off a decision. The neighborhood councils have been allocated $45000 each per year for administration outreach and approved neighborhood projects. Crime and safety See also: Crime in Los Angeles The LAPD during May Day 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters Los Angeles has been experiencing significant decline in crime since the mid-1990s and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.123124 Antonio Villaraigosa is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition.125 In 2009 Los Angeles reported 314 homicides which corresponds to a rate of 7.85 (per 100000 population)a major decrease from 1993 when the all time homicide rate of over 21.1 (per 100000 population) was reported for the year.126 This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member Randal Simmons the first in LAPD's history.127 Organized crime The Los Angeles crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era128 and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s as part of the American Mafia but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs. According to the Los Angeles Police Department the city is home to 26000 gang members organized into 250 gangs.129 Among them are the Crips Bloods Hoovers Sureos Maravilla 18th Street Mara Salvatrucha and Asian street gangs. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".130 Sister cities A sign near City Hall points to the sister cities of Los Angeles Los Angeles has 25 sister cities131 listed chronologically by year joined: Eilat Israel (1959) Nagoya Japan (1959) Salvador Bahia Brazil (1962) Bordeaux France (1964) Berlin Germany (1967) Lusaka Zambia (1968) Mexico City Mexico (1969) Auckland City New Zealand (1971) Busan South Korea (1971) Mumbai Maharashtra India (1972) Tehran Iran (1972) Taipei Taiwan Republic of China (1979) Guangzhou People's Republic of China (1981) Athens Greece (1984) Saint Petersburg Russia (1984) Vancouver British Columbia Canada (1986) Giza Egypt (1989) Jakarta Indonesia (1990) Kaunas Lithuania (1991) Makati Philippines (1992) Split Croatia (1993) San Salvador El Salvador (2005) Beirut Lebanon (2006) Ischia Campania Italy (2006) Yerevan Armenia (2007) Los Angeles also has an exchange partnership with Tel Aviv Israel.132 London and Manchester England and d Poland are "friendship cities".133134 See also California portal Greater Los Angeles portal 1992 Los Angeles riots East Los Angeles (region) Largest cities in the Americas Largest cities in Southern California List of California public officials charged with crimes Los Angeles List of people from Los Angeles List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles Los Angeles in popular culture National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles California References 'La-La Land' now the dictionary definition of Los Angeles Los Angeles Times March 25 2011 U.S. Census UK /ls ndliz/ loss-an-j-leez "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100000 Ranked by July 1 2005 Population: April 1 2000 to July 1 2005" (CSV). 2005 Population Estimates. 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Retrieved July 3 2007. a b The United States Conference of Mayors and The National Association of Counties 2007; Standard & Poor's DRI June 2008. a b Bureau of Economic Analysis 2009; GDP by Metropolitan Area September 24 2009 . a b c "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Los Angeles California United States of America". Weatherbase.com. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3s159227&refer. Retrieved June 23 2010.  Willard Charles Dwight The Herald's History of Los Angeles (Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner 1901): 2124. "Father Crespi in Los Angeles". Los Angeles: Past Present and Future. http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/la/historic/crespi.html.  After a 1776 flood the mission was moved to its present site in San Gabriel The History of Los Angeles County at LAAvenue.com "Of the first forty-six pobladores (settlers) 26 were African or part-African. The remainder further demonstrates the city's multiracial beginnings: one was a Chinese from Manila two were espaol and the rest were Indian or part-Indian. ... The families settling Los Angeles were racially mixed revealing that intermarriage was already absorbing the African stock". Forbes Jack D. "The Early African Heritage in California" in Lawrence Brooks de Graaf Kevin Mulroy and Quintard Taylor eds. Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California (Los Angeles: Autry Museum of Western Heritage 2001) 79. ISBN 978-0-295-98083-6 Los Angeles Historical Chronologydead link Acuna Rodolfo Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles (New York: Version 1996): 22. Mulholland Catherine William Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles (Berkeley: University of California Press 2000): 15. "The Story of Oil in California". Priweb.org. June 25 1921. http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/signalhill/signalhill2.html. 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People at Risk In 25 U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Year-Round Particle Pollution. American Lung Association. Retrieved on January 5 2007. "Pittsburgh and Los Angeles the most polluted US cities". http://www.citymayors.com/environment/polluteduscities.html.  Lopez Theresa Adams. "Air Quality Programs at the Port of Los Angeles saw Refinement in 2005 with Focus on Ramping up in 2006PDF (109 KB)". Port of Los Angeles (News Release). February 17 2006. Staff Writer. "Air Quality Protections Take Offdead link". Environmental Defense. December 6 2004. Los Angeles meets 20 percent renewable energy goal - Bloomberg a b "City-data.com". City-data.com. http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Los-Angeles-Economy.html. Retrieved April 13 2010.  CIA World Factbook 2009: GDP (official exchange rate) October 2008. "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. GaWC Loughborough University. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html. Retrieved April 29 2009.  Muniservies.com; Evaluation of alternatives to the city's gross receipts business taxPDF (1.89 MB) UT Strategies et al. Competitiveness of City Taxes and Fees. 1997. Competitiveness 22. Evan George Trojan Dollars: Study Finds USC Worth $4 Billion Annually to L.A. County Los Angeles Downtown News December 11 2006. Hyland Alexa. "SoCals Aerospace Sector Still Has Lots of Liftdead link." Los Angeles Business Journal. January 11 2010. Retrieved on January 10 2010. "Post Office Location Los Angeles". United States Postal Service. Retrieved on April 17 2009. "Post Office Location Main office LA". United States Postal Service. Retrieved on April 17 2009. "City of Los Angeles CAFR" (PDF). http://ens.lacity.org/ctr/financial/ctrfinancial1826518402262010.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-16.  "Is Los Angeles really the creative capital of the world Report says yes". SmartPlanet. November 19 2009. http://www.smartplanet.com/business/blog/smart-takes/is-los-angeles-really-the-creative-capital-of-the-world/2202/. Retrieved April 13 2010.  a b "Only In LA". Stevens.usc.edu. http://stevens.usc.edu/newsonlyinla.php. Retrieved April 13 2010.  a b "Microsoft PowerPoint TTMA 2008 Short presentation Compatibility Mode" (PDF). http://www.ttma.org/presentations/TTMAAugust2008Presentation.pdf. Retrieved April 13 2010. dead link "Explore the Center". Musiccenter.org. http://www.musiccenter.org/visit/index.html. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "The Los Angeles Region". Lmu.edu. May 5 2008. http://www.lmu.edu/about/TheLosAngelesRegion.htm. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Family Fun in Los Angeles". Csmc.edu. http://www.csmc.edu/1001.html. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Allocation information The Museum of Broadcast Communications". Museum.tv. http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm. Retrieved April 13 2010.  Hong Peter. "Few Tears Here". Los Angeles Times June 29 1995: B1. Business Wire. "Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring announces move of NFL franchise" February 2 1996. . Retrieved September 3 2007. Satzman Darrell. Los Angeles Business Journal. "NFL's interest in returning to LA long on desire far from reality Up Front"dead link. January 27 2003. . Retrieved September 3 2007. Joyner James. Outside the Beltway. "NFL May Move Saints to Los Angeles". October 27 2005. . Retrieved September 3 2007. Leonard Pitt Dale Pitt (1997). Los Angeles A to Z. University of California Press. pp. 560561. ISBN 0520205308.  Pomfret John. Cardinal Puts Church in Fight for Immigration Rights. Washington Post. April 2 2006. Retrieved May 28 2007 "LDS Los Angeles California Temple". Ldschurchtemples.com. http://www.ldschurchtemples.com/losangeles/. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "The Largest Jewish Communities". http://www.adherents.com/largecom/comjudaism.html. Retrieved August 13 2007.  "World Jewish Population from". SimpleToRemember.com. http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Washington Symposium and Exhibition Highlight Restoration and Adaptive Reuse of American Synagogues" Jewish Heritage Report Issue No. 1 / March 1997 "Los Angeless Breed Street Shul Saved by Politicians" Jewish Heritage Report Vol. II Nos. 12 / Spring-Summer 1998) "US Census District information". Census.gov. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe/district.html. Retrieved April 13 2010.  Magnet schools just as competitive as private schools "LA Public Library". Lapl.org. http://www.lapl.org/branches/. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Find Your Library County of Los Angeles Public Library". colapublib.org. http://www.colapublib.org/libs/index.php. Retrieved January 20 2011.  "Texas Transportation Institute Urban Mobility Report 2007 Table 1". Mobility.tamu.edu. http://mobility.tamu.edu/ums/congestiondata/nationalcongestiontables.stm. Retrieved 2011-03-16.  "American Community Survey 2006 Table S0802". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DCGeoSelectServletdsnameACS2006ESTG00.  Apta transit ridership reportdead linkPDF (158 KB) "LACMTA ridership June 2008". Metro.net. http://www.metro.net/newsinfo/ridershipavg.htm. Retrieved April 13 2010.  Les Christie (June 29 2007). "New Yorkers are Top Transit Users". Cable News Network. http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/realestate/publictransitcommutes/index.htm. Retrieved August 20 2008.  American Public Transportation Association Heavy Rail Transit Ridership Reportdead link First Quarter 2008. "LAX Volume of air traffic". Lawa.org. Archived from the original on April 14 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080414230447/http://www.lawa.org/lax/volTraffic.cfm. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "United Airlines Vacation Planning at United.com: Visit Los Angeles". United.com. http://www.united.com/page/article/067225212400.html. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Los Angeles World Airports". Lawa.org. http://www.lawa.org/vny/. Retrieved April 13 2010.  Facilities The Port of Los Angeles site "Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Safety Committee" (PDF). http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/108th%20HSC%20Mtg%20Apr%205%202006.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-16.  "Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Employers Association". Harboremployers.com. http://www.harboremployers.com/web/. Retrieved 2011-03-16.  "AAPA World Port Rankings 2008" (PDF). http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-16.  About the Port The Port of Los Angeles site "Los Angeles City Lifeguards". Lacitylifeguards.pyroinnovations.com. http://lacitylifeguards.pyroinnovations.com/. Retrieved April 13 2010.  Moffatt Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns 18501990. Lanham: Scarecrow 1996 41. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100000 Ranked by July 1 2009 Population: April 1 2000 to July 1 2009" (CSV). United States Census Bureau Population Division. July 1 2009. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-01.csv. Retrieved June 28 2010.  "Los Angeles CA Census Profile". USA Today. March 8 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/profile/ca. Retrieved March 12 2011.  "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 20062008: Los Angeles city California". 20062008 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTablebmy&-geoid16000US0644000&-qrnameACS20083YRG00DP3YR2&-dsname&-langen&-redoLogfalse. Retrieved July 9 2010.  "California" (PDF). April 30 2010. http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e-1/2009-10/documents/E-12010-PressRelease.pdf. Retrieved June 28 2010.  a b c d "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.  "Racial and Ethnic Tensions in American Communities: Poverty Inequality and Discrimination. Volume V: The Los Angeles Report". U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. "Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights for Los Angeles California". United States Census Bureau. 2000. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFactseventChangeGeoContext&geoid16000US0644000&geoContext01000US%7C04000US06&street&countyLos+Angeles&cityTownLos+Angeles&state04000US06&zip&langen&sseon&ActiveGeoDivgeoSelect&useEV&pctxtfph&pgsl010&submenuIdfactsheet1&dsnameDEC2000SAFF&cinbrnull&qrnamenull&regnull%3Anull&keyword&industry. Retrieved August 7 2008.  Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Los Angeles California Modern Language Association "Richer and Poorer: Income Inequality in Los Angeles". Unitedwayla.org. http://www.unitedwayla.org/getinformed/rr/newsletter/Pages/richerandpoorer.aspx. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Median household income neighborhood ranking Mapping L.A. Los Angeles Times". Projects.latimes.com. http://projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods/income/neighborhood/list/. Retrieved April 13 2010. dead link "City basics". Lacity.org. April 12 2005. http://www.lacity.org/mayor/deliveringresults/resultscibasic.htm. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Crime rate lowest in 50 years LAPD says". Los Angeles Wave. Wire services. January 10 2010. http://www.wavenewspapers.com/news/local/northeast-edition/80935317.html. Retrieved April 14 2010.  Northeast Edition. "LAPD year-end crime statistics". http://www.lapdonline.org/readthebeatmagazine/pdfview/43819. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members". http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml. dead link "LAPD Online Crime Rates" (PDF). http://www.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/cityprof.pdf. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Simmons Randal". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/officerskilledinthelineofduty/contentbasicview/37466. Retrieved July 9 2008.  "The Mafia Encyclopedia. mafia . three 6 mafia. mafia". Mafia.z04.org.ua. November 12 1926. http://mafia.z04.org.ua/zPage48.html. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Los Angeles Police Department Gang subsite". Lapdonline.org. http://www.lapdonline.org/getinformed/contentbasicview/1396. Retrieved April 13 2010.  "Police target 11 worst Los Angeles street gangs" Reuters AlertNet "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". Retrieved on December 18 2009. "Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership". The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles. 2007. Archived from the original on June 23 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080623075353/http://www.jewishla.org/TelAvivLAPartnership.cfm. Retrieved August 7 2008.  "Twinning link with LA". Manchester Evening News. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1128076twinninglinkwithla. Retrieved July 28 2009.  "Sister cities of Los Angeles Inc.". 2010. http://sistercitiesofla.com/. Retrieved February 8 2010.  Further reading Allen J. Scott and Edward W Soja (1996) "The City: Los Angeles and Urban Tjheory at the End of the Twentieth Century" Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press Reyner Banham Los Angeles: The Architecture of the Four Ecologies University of California Press 1971. Mike Davis City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles Vintage Books 1992 Robert M. Fogelson The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 18501930 University of California Press 1967 Lynell George No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels Verso 1992 Paul Glover "Los Angeles: A History of the Future" Eco-Home Press 1989 Norman M. Klein The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory Verso 1997 Torin Monahan Los Angeles Studies: The Emergence of a Specialty FieldPDF (221 KB) City & Society XIV (2): 155184 2002 Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County University of California Press 2000 Marc Reisner Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water Penguin Books 1986. Peter Theroux Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City Norton 1994 David L. Ulin (ed) Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology Library of America 2002 Richard White It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West University of Oklahoma Press 1991 External links Find more about Los Angeles on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks City of Los Angeles Official Website ExperienceLA.com Los Angeles Convention & Visitors Bureau Los Angeles magazine Los Angeles website Los Angeles Neighborhood Councils Los Angeles Online Magazine LA2day Historic Bridges of Los Angeles County Los Angeles travel guide from Wikitravel Los Angeles Then and Now slideshow by Life magazine  Articles related to Los Angeles   Geographic locale Lat. and Long. 343N 11815W / 34.05N 118.25W / 34.05; -118.25 v d eCity of Los Angeles Topics History  Transportation  Culture  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Hyperion  Isanthcogna  Juyubit  Kowanga  Las Tunas  Machado  Malibu Mar Vista  Maugna  Mentryville  Motordrome  Nacaugna  Oberg  Okowvinjha  Palisades Del Rey  Pasinogna  Pimocagna  Pubugna  Quapa  Rancho Dominguez  Savannah  Saway-yanga  Sibagna  Sisitcanogna  Soledad Sulphur Springs  Sonagna  Suangna  Takuyumam  Toviseanga  Toybipet  Tuyunga  Virgenes  Wahoo  Walton Place  Wilsona v d eLos Angeles metropolitan area Population - 12874797 Counties Los Angeles Orange Major city 3.8 million Los Angeles Cities over 250K Long Beach Santa Ana Anaheim Cities and towns 100k-250k Burbank Costa Mesa Downey East Los Angeles El Monte Fullerton Garden Grove Glendale Huntington Beach Inglewood Irvine Norwalk Orange Pasadena Pomona Santa Clarita Simi Valley South Gate Thousand Oaks Torrance West Covina Bodies of water Arroyo Seco Ballona Creek Coyote Creek Los Angeles River Rio Hondo San Gabriel River San Pedro Bay Santa Ana River Santa Clara River Santa Monica Bay Regions Gateway Cities San Fernando Valley San Gabriel Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ana Valley v d eGreater Los Angeles Area Central city Los Angeles Counties Los Angeles Orange Riverside San Bernardino Ventura Satellite cities Long Beach Riverside San Bernardino Cities >200k Anaheim Glendale Huntington Beach Irvine Oxnard Santa Ana Cities and towns 100k200k Burbank Compton Corona Costa Mesa Downey East Los Angeles El Monte Fontana Fullerton Garden Grove Inglewood Lancaster Mission Viejo Moreno Valley Murrieta Norwalk Ontario Orange Palmdale Pasadena Pomona Rancho Cucamonga Santa Clarita Simi Valley South Gate Temecula Thousand Oaks Torrance Ventura Victorville West Covina Area regions Antelope Valley Conejo Valley Downtown Los Angeles East Los Angeles Gateway Cities Greater Hollywood Harbor Area Inland Empire Palos Verdes Hills Pomona Valley San Bernardino Valley San Fernando Valley San Gabriel Valley Santa Ana Valley Santa Clarita Valley South Bay South Los Angeles Westside Los Angeles Landforms Los Angeles Basin Baldwin Hills (range) Calico Mountains Catalina Island Channel Islands Coachella Valley High DesertMojave Desert Low DesertColorado Desert San Fernando Valley San Bernardino Mountains San Gabriel Mountains Santa Ana Mountains Santa Monica Mountains Santa Susana Mountains Verdugo Mountains Bodies of water Los Angeles River Aliso Creek Arroyo Seco Ballona Creek Bell Creek Big Bear Lake Coyote Creek Lake Arrowhead Lake Perris Lake Piru Malibu Creek Pacific Ocean Pyramid Lake Rio Hondo San Gabriel River San Juan Creek San Pedro Bay Santa Ana River Santa Clara River Santa Margarita River Santa Monica Bay v d eCalifornia county seats Consolidated city-county San Francisco Municipalities Alturas  Auburn  Bakersfield  Colusa  Crescent City  El Centro  Eureka  Fairfield  Fresno  Hanford  Hollister  Jackson  Lakeport  Los Angeles  Madera  Martinez  Marysville  Merced  Modesto  Napa  Nevada City  Oakland  Oroville  Placerville  Red Bluff  Redding  Redwood City  Riverside  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Inland Empire  Lake Tahoe  Los Angeles Basin  Lost Coast  Metropolitan Fresno  Mojave  North Bay (SF)  North Coast  Northern California  Owens Valley  Oxnard Plain  San Francisco Peninsula  Pomona Valley  Sacramento Valley  San Bernardino Valley  San Fernando Valley  San Francisco Bay Area  San Gabriel Valley  San Joaquin Valley  Santa Clara Valley  Santa Clara River Valley  Santa Clarita Valley  Shasta Cascade  Sierra Nevada  Silicon Valley  South Bay (LA)  South Bay (SF)  South Bay (SD)  San DiegoImperial  Southern California  South Coast  Tri-Valley  Upstate California  Victor Valley  Wine Country  Yosemite Metro areas Bakersfield  Chico  El Centro  Fresno  HanfordCorcoran  Los AngelesLong BeachGlendale  Madera  Modesto  Merced  Napa  OaklandFremontHayward  OxnardThousand OaksVentura  Redding  RiversideSan BernardinoOntario  SacramentoArden ArcadeRoseville  Salinas  San DiegoCarlsbadSan Marcos  San FranciscoSan MateoRedwood City  San JoseSunnyvaleSanta Clara  San Luis ObispoPaso Robles  Santa AnaAnaheimIrvine  Santa BarbaraSanta MariaGoleta  Santa CruzWatsonville  Santa RosaPetaluma  Stockton  VallejoFairfield  VisaliaPorterville  Yuba City Micro areas Bishop  Clearlake  Crescent City  EurekaArcataFortuna  Phoenix Lake-Cedar Ridge  Red Bluff  Susanville  TruckeeGrass Valley  Ukiah Counties Alameda  Alpine  Amador  Butte  Calaveras  Colusa  Contra Costa  Del Norte  El Dorado  Fresno  Glenn  Humboldt  Imperial  Inyo  Kern  Kings  Lake  Lassen  Los Angeles  Madera  Marin  Mariposa  Mendocino  Merced  Modoc  Mono  Monterey  Napa  Nevada  Orange  Placer  Plumas  Riverside  Sacramento  San Benito  San Bernardino  San Diego  San Francisco  San Joaquin  San Luis Obispo  San Mateo  Santa Barbara  Santa Clara  Santa Cruz  Shasta  Sierra  Siskiyou  Solano  Sonoma  Stanislaus  Sutter  Tehama  Trinity  Tulare  Tuolumne  Ventura  Yolo  Yuba v d eSummer Olympic Games host cities 1896: Athens  1900: Paris  1904: St. Louis  1908: London  1912: Stockholm  1920: Antwerp  1924: Paris  1928: Amsterdam  1932: Los Angeles  1936: Berlin  1948: London  1952: Helsinki  1956: Melbourne  1960: Rome  1964: Tokyo  1968: Mexico City  1972: Munich  1976: Montreal  1980: Moscow  1984: Los Angeles  1988: Seoul  1992: Barcelona  1996: Atlanta  2000: Sydney  2004: Athens  2008: Beijing  2012: London  2016: Rio de Janeiro v d e50 most populous cities of the United States     New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Philadelphia Phoenix San Antonio San Diego Dallas San Jose Jacksonville Indianapolis San Francisco Austin Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Detroit El Paso Memphis Baltimore Boston Seattle Washington Nashville Denver Louisville Milwaukee Portland Las Vegas Oklahoma City Albuquerque Tucson Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Kansas City Mesa Virginia Beach Atlanta Colorado Springs Omaha Raleigh Miami Cleveland Tulsa Oakland Minneapolis Wichita Arlington (2010 United States Census Bureau) v d eWorld's fifty most-populous urban areas Tokyo Yokohama Delhi Seoul Incheon Jakarta Manila Mumbai New York So Paulo Mexico City Shanghai Cairo Osaka Kobe Kyoto Kolkata Shenzhen Los Angeles Beijing Moscow Karachi Istanbul Buenos Aires Dongguan Rio de Janeiro Guangzhou Foshan Dhaka Lagos Paris Nagoya Chicago Kinshasa Lima Bogot London Taipei Ho Chi Minh City Chennai Johannesburg East Rand Bangalore Lahore Tehran Ruhr Area  (EssenDsseldorf) Bangkok Hong Kong Hyderabad Tianjin Chonqing Bandung Baghdad Santiago Kuala Lumpur Toronto Hamilton v d eMayors of cities with populations exceeding 100000 in California     Antonio Villaraigosa (Los Angeles) Jerry Sanders (San Diego) Chuck Reed (San Jose) Edwin M. Lee (San Francisco) Ashley Swearengin (Fresno) Kevin Johnson (Sacramento) Bob Foster (Long Beach) Jean Quan (Oakland) Harvey Hall (Bakersfield) Tom Tait (Anaheim) Miguel A. Pulido (Santa Ana) Ronald O. Loveridge (Riverside) Ann Johnston (Stockton) Cheryl Cox (Chula Vista) Bob Wasserman (Fremont) Sukhee Kang (Irvine) Pat Morris (San Bernardino) Jim Ridenour (Modesto) Thomas E. Holden (Oxnard) Acquanetta Warren (Fontana) William H. Batey II (Moreno Valley) John Drayman (Glendale) Cathy Green (Huntington Beach) Bob Kellar (Santa Clarita) William Dalton (Garden Grove) Susan Gorin (Santa Rosa) Jim Wood (Oceanside) Donald Kurth (Rancho Cucamonga) Paul S. Leon (Ontario) R. Rex Parris (Lancaster) Pat Hume (Elk Grove) James C. Ledford Jr. (Palmdale) Stan Skipworth (Corona) Dennis Donohue (Salinas) Elliot Rothman (Pomona) Frank Scotto (Torrance) Michael Sweeney (Hayward) Sam Abed (Escondido) Tony Spitaleri (Sunnyvale) Bill Bogaard (Pasadena) Carolyn Cavecche (Orange) F. Richard Jones (Fullerton) Jacqui Irwin (Thousand Oaks) Jesus Gamboa (Visalia) Paul Miller (Simi Valley) William D. Shinn (Concord) Gina Garbolino (Roseville) Patricia M. Mahan (Santa Clara) Osby Davis (Vallejo) Rudy Cabriales (Victorville) Ernest Gutierrez (El Monte) Tom Bates (Berkeley) Rick Trejo (Downey) Eric R. Bever (Costa Mesa) James T. Butts Jr. (Inglewood) Christy Weir (Ventura) Shelley Sanderson (West Covina) Mike Mendez (Norwalk) Claude "Bud" Lewis (Carlsbad) Harry T. Price (Fairfield) Gayle McLaughlin (Richmond) Kelly Bennett (Murrieta) David Golonski (Burbank) Jim Davis (Antioch) Carol L. Klatt (Daly City) Jeffery Comerchero (Temecula) Mayor selected from city council AL  AK  AZ  AR  CA  CO   CT  DE   FL   GA   HI   ID   IL   IN   IA   KS   KY   LA   ME   MD   MA   MI   MN   MS   MO   MT   NE   NV   NH   NJ   NM   NY   NC   ND   OH   OK   OR   PA   RI   SC   SD   TN   TX   UT   VT   VA   WA   WV   WI   WY