For other uses see Love (disambiguation). Archetypal lovers Romeo and Juliet portrayed by Frank Dicksee An illustration of the unconditional love between a little girl and her dog.

Love is an emotion of strong affection and personal attachment.1 In philosophical context love is a virtue representing all of human kindness compassion and affection. Love is central to many religions as in the Christian phrase "God is love" or Agape in the Canonical gospels.2 Love may also be described as actions towards others (or oneself) based on compassion.3 Or as actions towards others based on affection.3

In English the word love can refer to a variety of different feelings states and attitudes ranging from generic pleasure ("I loved that meal") to intense interpersonal attraction ("I love my partner"). "Love" can also refer specifically to the passionate desire and intimacy of romantic love to the sexual love of eros (cf. Greek words for love) to the emotional closeness of familial love or to the platonic love that defines friendship4 to the profound oneness or devotion of religious love. 5 This diversity of uses and meanings combined with the complexity of the feelings involved makes love unusually difficult to consistently define even compared to other emotional states.

Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and owing to its central psychological importance is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.

Helen Fisher defines what could be understood as love as an evolved state of the survival instinct primarily used to keep human beings together against menaces and to facilitate the continuation of the species through reproduction.6 Contents 1 Definitions 2 Impersonal love 3 Interpersonal love 3.1 Chemical basis 3.2 Psychological basis 3.3 Comparison of scientific models 4 Cultural views 4.1 Persian 4.2 Chinese and other Sinic cultures 4.3 Japanese 4.4 Ancient Greek 4.5 Turkish (Shaman & Islamic) 4.6 Ancient Roman (Latin) 5 Religious views 5.1 Abrahamic religions 5.1.1 Judaism 5.1.2 Christianity 5.1.3 Islam 5.2 Eastern religions 5.2.1 Buddhism 5.2.2 Hinduism 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Definitions Part of a series on Love Basic aspects Charity Human bonding Chemical basis Religious views Philosophy of love Historically Courtly love Types of emotion Eroticism Platonic love Familial love Romance See also Puppy love Limerence Love sickness Love addiction Human sexuality Unrequited love Valentine's Day Sexual intercourse Interpersonal relationship Falling in love v d e

The word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Often other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that English relies mainly on "love" to encapsulate; one example is the plurality of Greek words for "love." Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus make it doubly difficult to establish any universal definition.7

Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't love. As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like) love is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy); as a less sexual and more emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment love is commonly contrasted with lust; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones love is sometimes contrasted with friendship although the word love is often applied to close friendships. Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from 250900 A.D. of Huastec origin). Museum of Anthropology in Xalapa Veracruz Mexico.

When discussed in the abstract love usually refers to interpersonal love an experience felt by a person for another person. Love often involves caring for or identifying with a person or thing (cf. vulnerability and care theory of love) including oneself (cf. narcissism). In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.8 Two hands forming the outline of a heart shape.

Because of the complex and abstract nature of love discourse on love is commonly reduced to a thought-terminating clich and there are a number of common proverbs regarding love from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love". St. Thomas Aquinas following Aristotle defines love as "to will the good of another."9 Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value" as opposed to relative value. Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another."10

Love is sometimes referred to as being the "international language" overriding cultural and linguistic divisions. Impersonal love A person can be said to love an object principle or goal if they value it greatly and are deeply committed to it. Similarly compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be borne not of interpersonal love but impersonal love coupled with altruism and strong spiritual or political convictions.11 People can also "love" material objects animals or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved this condition is called paraphilia.12 Interpersonal love Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a more potent sentiment than a simple liking for another. Unrequited love refers to those feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with interpersonal relationships.11 Such love might exist between family members friends and couples. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love such as erotomania. Throughout history philosophy and religion have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the last century the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years the sciences of evolutionary psychology evolutionary biology anthropology neuroscience and biology have added to the understanding of the nature and function of love. Chemical basis Main article: Chemical basis for love Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive much like hunger or thirst.13 Helen Fisher a leading expert in the topic of love divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust attraction and attachment. Lust exposes people to others; romantic attraction encourages people to focus their energy on mating; and attachment involves tolerating the spouse (or indeed the child) long enough to rear a child into infancy. Simplified overview of the chemical basis of love Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attraction is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals including pheromones dopamine norepinephrine and serotonin which act in a manner similar to amphetamines stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side effects such as increased heart rate loss of appetite and sleep and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.14 Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachment is the bonding that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin to a greater degree than short-term relationships have.14 Enzo Emanuele and coworkers reported the protein molecule known as the nerve growth factor (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love but these return to previous levels after one year.15 Psychological basis Further information: Human bonding Same-sex marriage in Canada. Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. Psychologist Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: intimacy commitment and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment on the other hand is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last and most common form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. American psychologist Zick Rubin sought to define love by psychometrics in the 1970s. His work states that three factors constitute love: attachment caring and intimacy.16 17 Following developments in electrical theories such as Coulomb's law which showed that positive and negative charges attract analogs in human life were developed such as "opposites attract." Over the last century research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personalitypeople tend to like people similar to themselves. However in a few unusual and specific domains such as immune systems it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g. with an orthogonal immune system) since this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds.18 In recent years various human bonding theories have been developed described in terms of attachments ties bonds and affinities. Grandmother and grandchild Sri Lanka Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck whose work in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another" and simple narcissism.19 In combination love is an activity not simply a feeling. Noted psychologist Eric Fromm also maintained in his book "The art of loving" that love is not merely a feeling but is also actions and that in fact the "feeling" of love is superficial in comparison to ones commitment to love via a series of loving actions over time.11 In this sense Fromm held that love is ultimately not a feeling at all but rather is a commitment to and adherence to loving actions towards another ones self or many others over a sustained duration.11 Fromm also described Love as a conscious choice that in its early stages might originate as an involuntary feeling but which then later no longer depends on those feelings but rather depends only on conscious commitment.11 Comparison of scientific models Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive similar to hunger or thirst.13 Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. There are probably elements of truth in both views. Certainly love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin) neurotrophins (such as NGF) and pheromones and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love: sexual attraction and attachment. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath rapid heart rate); companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal. Cultural views Persian Rumi Hafez and Sa'di are icons of the passion and love that the Persian culture and language present. The Persian word for love is eshgh derived from the Arabic ishq however is considered by most to be too stalwart a term for interpersonal love and is more commonly substituted for 'doost dashtan' ('liking'). In the Persian culture everything is encompassed by love and all is for love starting from loving friends and family husbands and wives and eventually reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life. Over seven centuries ago Sa'di wrote: The children of Adam are limbs of one body Having been created of one essence. When the calamity of time afflicts one limb The other limbs cannot remain at rest. If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others You are not worthy to be called by the name of "man." Chinese and other Sinic cultures This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. "Ai" the traditional Chinese character for love () consists of a heart (middle) inside of "accept" "feel" or "perceive" which shows a graceful emotion. It can also be interpreted as a hand offering ones heart to another hand. Two philosophical underpinnings of love exist in the Chinese tradition one from Confucianism which emphasized actions and duty while the other came from Mohism which championed a universal love. A core concept to Confucianism is Ren ("benevolent love" ) which focuses on duty action and attitude in a relationship rather than love itself. In Confucianism one displays benevolent love by performing actions such as filial piety from children kindness from parent loyalty to the king and so forth. The concept of Ai () was developed by the Chinese philosopher Mozi in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" (jin'i ). In this he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Mozi by contrast believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation not just to friends family and other Confucian relations. Later in Chinese Buddhism the term Ai () was adopted to refer to a passionate caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless the latter being a key element towards enlightenment. In contemporary Chinese Ai () is often used as the equivalent of the Western concept of love. Ai is used as both a verb (e.g. wo ai ni or "I love you") and a noun (such as aiqing or "romantic love"). However due to the influence of Confucian Ren the phrase Wo ai ni (I love you) carries with it a very specific sense of responsibility commitment and loyalty. Instead of frequently saying "I love you" as in some Western societies the Chinese are more likely to express feelings of affection in a more casual way. Consequently "I like you" (Wo xihuan ni ) is a more common way of expressing affection in Chinese; it is more playful and less serious.20 This is also true in Japanese (suki da ). The Chinese are also more likely to say "I love you" in English or other foreign languages than they would in their mother tongue. Japanese In Japanese Buddhism ai () is passionate caring love and a fundamental desire. It can develop towards either selfishness or selflessness and enlightenment. Amae () a Japanese word meaning "indulgent dependence" is part of the child-rearing culture of Japan. Japanese mothers are expected to hug and indulge their children and children are expected to reward their mothers by clinging and serving. Some sociologists have suggested that Japanese social interactions in later life are modeled on the mother-child amae. Ancient Greek Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word "love" is used. For example Ancient Greek has the words philia eros agape storge and xenia. However with Greek (as with many other languages) it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time the Ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo having the same meaning as phileo. Agape ( agp) means love in modern-day Greek. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I love. It generally refers to a "pure" ideal type of love rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. However there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It has also been translated as "love of the soul." Eros ( rs) (from the Greek deity Eros) is passionate love with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word erota means in love. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as "love of the body." Philia ( phila) a dispassionate virtuous love was a concept developed by Aristotle. It includes loyalty to friends family and community and requires virtue equality and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It can also mean "love of the mind." Storge ( storg) is natural affection like that felt by parents for offspring. Xenia ( xena) hospitality was an extremely important practice in Ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and his guest who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythologyin particular Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Turkish (Shaman & Islamic) In Turkish the word "love" comes up with several meanings. A person can love a god a person parents or family. But that person can "love" just one person from the opposite sex which they call the word "ak." Ak is a feeling for to love or being "in love" (Ak) as it still is in Turkish today. The Turks used this word just for their loves in a romantic or sexual sense. If a Turk says that he is in love (Ak) with somebody it is not a love that a person can feel for his or her parents; it is just for one person and it indicates a huge infatuation. The word is also common for Turkic languages such as Azerbaijani (eq) and Kazakh (). Ancient Roman (Latin) The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word "love." Amre is the basic word for to love as it still is in Italian today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amansa lover amator "professional lover" often with the accessory notion of lecheryand amica "girlfriend" in the English sense often as well being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is amor (the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact that the name of the City Romein Latin: Romacan be viewed as an anagram for amor which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times)21 which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. This same root also produces amicus"friend"and amicitia "friendship" (often based to mutual advantage and corresponding sometimes more closely to "indebtedness" or "influence"). Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia) which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love) which addresses in depth everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents. Complicating the picture somewhat Latin sometimes uses amre where English would simply say to like. This notion however is much more generally expressed in Latin by placere or delectre which are used more colloquially the latter used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus. Diligere often has the notion "to be affectionate for" "to esteem" and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun diligentia however has the meaning of "diligence" or "carefulness" and has little semantic overlap with the verb. Observare is a synonym for diligere; despite the cognate with English this verb and its corresponding noun observantia often denote "esteem" or "affection." Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean "charitable love"; this meaning however is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word there is no corresponding verb. Religious views Main article: Religious views on love Abrahamic religions Robert Indiana's 1977 Love sculpture spelling ahava in Israel Judaism In Hebrew Ahava is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love between God and God's creations. Chesed often translated as loving-kindness is used to describe many forms of love between human beings. The commandment to love other people is given in the Torah which states "Love your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus 19:18). The Torah's commandment to love God "with all your heart with all your soul and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:5) is taken by the Mishnah (a central text of the Jewish oral law) to refer to good deeds willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions willingness to sacrifice all of one's possessions and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5). Rabbinic literature differs as to how this love can be developed e.g. by contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature. As for love between marital partners this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (Ecclesiastes 9:9). The biblical book Song of Solomon is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between God and his people but in its plain reading reads like a love song. The 20th-century Rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu Vol. 1). Christianity Sacred Love Versus Profane Love (160203) by Giovanni Baglione The Christian understanding is that love comes from God. The love of man and womaneros in Greekand the unselfish love of others (agape) are often contrasted as "ascending" and "descending" love respectively but are ultimately the same thing.22 There are several Greek words for "love" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles. Agape: In the New Testament agap is charitable selfless altruistic and unconditional. It is parental love seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another. Phileo: Also used in the New Testament phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love." Two other words for love in the Greek language eros (sexual love) and storge (child-to-parent love) were never used in the New Testament. Christians believe that to Love God with all your heart mind and strength and Love your neighbor as yourself are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of the Jewish Torah according to Jesus; cf. Gospel of Mark chapter 12 verses 2834). Saint Augustine summarized this when he wrote "Love God and do as thou wilt." The Apostle Paul glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing love in the famous poem in 1 Corinthians he wrote "Love is patient love is kind. It does not envy it does not boast it is not proud. It is not rude it is not self-seeking it is not easily angered it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects always trusts always hopes and always perseveres." (1 Cor. 13:47 NIV) Close relationships Types of relationships Family  Marriage Husband  Wife Soulmate  Significant other Siblings  Cousin Domestic partnership Widowhood Boyfriend  Girlfriend Cohabitation  Casual Romantic friendship  Sexual partner Friendship  Kinship Monogamy  Same-sex relationship Non-monogamy  Open marriage Polyamory  Polyfidelity  Polygamy  Relationship anarchy Mistress (lover)  Cicisbeo  Concubinage  Courtesan  Romantic relationship events Bonding  Breaking up  Courtship  Dating  Divorce  Infidelity  Mating  Meet market   Romance  Separation  Singles event   Transgressing  Wedding Feelings and emotions Affinity  Attachment  Compersion  Intimacy  Jealousy  Limerence  Love  Passion  Platonic love  Psychology of sexual monogamy Human practices Bride price (Dower Dowry)  Hypergamy  Infidelity  Sexuality Relationship abuse Child abuse  Elder abuse  Dating abuse  Infidelity  Spousal abuse  v d e The Apostle John wrote "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world but to save the world through him." (John 3:1617 NIV) John also wrote "Dear friends let us love one another for love comes from God. Everyone who loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God because God is love." (1 John 4:78 NIV) Saint Augustine says that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. Lust according to Saint Augustine is an overindulgence but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says I was in love with love. Finally he does fall in love and is loved back by God. Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God because love with a human only allows for flaws such as jealousy suspicion fear anger and contention. According to Saint Augustine to love God is to attain the peace which is yours. (Saint Augustine's Confessions) Christian theologians see God as the source of love which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Influential Christian theologian C.S. Lewis wrote a book called The Four Loves. Benedict XVI wrote his first encyclical on "God is love". He said that a human being created in the image of God who is love is able to practice love; to give himself to God and others (agape) and by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation (eros). This life of love according to him is the life of the saints such as Teresa of Calcutta and the Blessed Virgin Mary and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them.22 In Christianity the practical definition of love is best summarised by St. Thomas Aquinas who defined love as "to will the good of another" or to desire for another to succeed.9 This is the explanation of the Christian need to love others including their enemies. As Thomas Aquinas explains Christian love is motivated by the need to see others succeed in life to be good people. Islam In a sense love does encompass the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold the faith. There are no direct references stating that God is love but amongst the 99 names of God (Allah) there is the name Al-Wadud or "the Loving One" which is found in Surah Qur'an 11:90 as well as Surah Qur'an 85:14. It refers to God as being "full of loving kindness." All who hold the faith have God's love but to what degree or effort he has pleased God depends on the individual itself. Ishq or divine love is the emphasis of Sufism. Sufis believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself God "looks" at itself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of love.citation needed God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms which are the Lover Loved and Beloved with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through love humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their love of God; hence the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music.citation needed Eastern religions Buddhism In Buddhism Kma is sensuous sexual love. It is an obstacle on the path to enlightenment since it is selfish. Karu is compassion and mercy which reduces the suffering of others. It is complementary to wisdom and is necessary for enlightenment. Advea and mett are benevolent love. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. This is quite different from ordinary love which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. Instead in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare. The Bodhisattva ideal in Mahayana Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the Bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselfish altruistic love for all sentient beings. Hinduism Kama (left) with Rati on a temple wall of Chennakesava Temple Belur In Hinduism kma is pleasurable sexual love personified by the god Kamadeva. For many Hindu schools it is the third end (artha) in life. Kamadeva is often pictured holding a bow of sugar cane and an arrow of flowers; he may ride upon a great parrot. He is usually accompanied by his consort Rati and his companion Vasanta lord of the spring season. Stone images of Kamadeva and Rati can be seen on the door of the Chennakeshava temple at Belur in Karnataka India. Maara is another name for kma. In contrast to kma prema  or prem  refers to elevated love. Karuna is compassion and mercy which impels one to help reduce the suffering of others. Bhakti is a Sanskrit term meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." A person who practices bhakti is called a bhakta. Hindu writers theologians and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of bhakti which can be found in the Bhagavata Purana and works by Tulsidas. The philosophical work Narada Bhakti Sutras written by an unknown author (presumed to be Narada) distinguishes eleven forms of love. See also Book: Love Wikipedia Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. A General Theory of Love provides a social historical and biomedical framework overview of love. Agapism Compassionate love Haptic medicine List of alternative names for the human species Love letter Love-shyness Love sickness Monogamy Philosophy of love Polyamory Self-love References Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary (1998) + Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary (2000) Deus Caritas Est Roman Catholic encyclical by Pope Benedict XVI a b Fromm Eric; "The Art of Loving" Harper Perennial (1956) Original English Version ISBN 978-0060958282 Kristeller Paul Oskar (1980). Renaissance Thought and the Arts: Collected Essays. Princeton University. ISBN 0-691-02010-8.  Mascar Juan (2003). The Bhagavad Gita. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-140-44918-3.  (J. Mascar translator) Helen Fisher. Why we love: the nature and chemistry of romantic love. 2004. Kay Paul; Kempton Willett (March 1984). "What is the SapirWhorf Hypothesis". American Anthropologist. New Series 86 (1): 6579. doi:10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050.  "Ancient Love Poetry". http://www.TrueOpenLove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html.  a b "St. Thomas Aquinas STh I-II 26 4 corp. art". Newadvent.org. http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2026.htm#article4. Retrieved 2010-10-30.  Leibniz Gottfried. "Confessio philosophi". Wikisource edition. http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Confessiophilosophi. Retrieved Mar 25 2009.  a b c d e Fromm Eric; "The Art of Loving" Harper Perennial (September 5 2000) Original English Version ISBN 978-0060958282 DiscoveryHealth. "Paraphilia". http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html. Retrieved 2007-12-16.  a b Lewis Thomas; Amini F. & Lannon R. (2000). A General Theory of Love. Random House. ISBN 0-375-70922-3.  a b Winston Robert (2004). Human. Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0030937809.  Emanuele E.; Polliti P.; Bianchi M.; Minoretti P.; Bertona M.; & Geroldi D (2005). "Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love". Psychoneuroendocrinology Sept. 05. http://www.biopsychiatry.com/lovengf.htm.  Rubin Zick (1970). "Measurement of Romantic Love". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16: 26527. doi:10.1037/h0029841. PMID 5479131.  Rubin Zick (1973). Liking and Loving: an invitation to social psychology. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.  Berscheid Ellen; Walster Elaine H. (1969). Interpersonal Attraction. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. ISBN 0201005603. CCCN 69-17443.  Peck Scott (1978). The Road Less Traveled. Simon & Schuster. p. 169. ISBN 0-671-25067-1.  JFK Miller "Why the Chinese Don't Say I Love You" Thomas Kves-Zulauf Reden und Schweigen Munich 1972. a b Pope Benedict XVI. "papal encyclical Deus Caritas Est.". http://www.vatican.va/holyfather/benedictxvi/encyclicals/documents/hfben-xvienc20051225deus-caritas-esten.html.  Sources Chadwick Henry (1998). Saint Augustine Confessions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192833723.  Fisher Helen. Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love. ISBN 0805069135.  Giles James (1994). "A theory of love and sexual desire". Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 24: 339357. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.1994.tb00259.x.  Oord Thomas Jay. Defining Love: A Philosophical Scientific and Theological Engagement (Grand Rapids Mich.: Brazos 2010) Singer Irving (1966). The Nature of Love (v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press 1984 ed.). Random House. ISBN 0-226-76094-4.  Sternberg R.J. (1986). "A triangular theory of love". Psychological Review 93: 119135. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119.  Sternberg R.J. (1987). "Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories". Psychological Bulletin 102: 331345. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331.  Tennov Dorothy (1979). Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-812-86134-5.  Wood Samuel E. Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd (2005). The World of Psychology (5th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 402403. ISBN 0205358683.  External links Look up love in Wiktionary the free dictionary. Look up I love you in Wiktionary the free dictionary. Quotations related to Love at Wikiquote Media related to Love at Wikimedia Commons v d eEmotions (list)  Emotions Adoration  Affection  Aggravation  Agitation  Agony  Alarm  Alienation  Amazement  Amusement  Anger  Anguish  Annoyance  Anxiety  Apprehension  Arousal  Attraction  Bitterness  Caring  Cheerfulness  Compassion  Contempt  Contentment  Defeat  Dejection  Delight  Depression  Desire  Despair  Disappointment  Disgust  Dislike  Dismay  Displeasure  Distress  Dread  Eagerness  Ecstasy  Elation  Embarrassment  Empathy  Enjoyment  Enthrallment  Enthusiasm  Envy  Euphoria  Exasperation  Excitement  Exhilaration  Fear  Ferocity  Fondness  Fright  Frustration  Fury  Gaiety  Gladness  Glee  Gloom  Grief  Guilt  Happiness  Hatred  Homesickness  Hope  Hopelessness  Horror  Hostility  Humiliation  Hurt  Hysteria  Infatuation  Insecurity  Insult  Irritation  Isolation  Jealousy  Jolliness  Joy  Jubilation  Liking  Loathing  Loneliness  Longing  Love  Lust  Melancholy  Misery  Mortification  Neglect  Nervousness  Optimism  Outrage  Panic  Passion  Pity  Pleasure  Pride  Rage  Rapture  Regret  Rejection  Remorse  Resentment  Revulsion  Sadness  Satisfaction  Scorn  Sentimentality  Shame  Shock  Sorrow  Spite  Suffering  Surprise  Sympathy  Tenderness  Tenseness  Terror  Thrill  Torment  Uneasiness  Unhappiness  Vengefulness  Woe  Worry  Wrath  Zeal  Zest  Worldviews Compatibilism  Existentialism  Fatalism  Incompatibilism  Metaphysics  Nihilism  Optimism  Pessimism  Reclusion  Social justice  Weltschmerz Source: Parrott W. (2001) Emotions in Social Psychology Psychology Press Philadelphia.