This article is about the country in western Europe. For other uses see Luxembourg (disambiguation). Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Groherzogtum Luxemburg (German) Grand-Duch de Luxembourg (French) Groussherzogtum Ltzebuerg (Luxembourgish) Flag Coat of arms Motto: "Mir wlle bleiwe wat mir sinn"  (Luxembourgish) "We want to remain what we are" Anthem: Ons Heemecht "Our Homeland" Royal anthem: De Wilhelmus 1 Location of  Luxembourg  (dark green)  on the European continent  (green & dark grey)  in the European Union  (green)    Legend Capital (and largest city) Luxembourg 4936N 67E / 49.6N 6.117E / 49.6; 6.117 Official language(s) Luxembourgish (de jure since 1984) French German Demonym Luxembourgers Government Unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy  -  Grand Duke Henri (List)  -  Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker (List) Independence  -  From French empire (Treaty of Paris) 9 June 1815   -  1st Treaty of London 19 April 1839   -  2nd Treaty of London 11 May 1867   -  End of personal union 23 November 1890  Area  -  Total 2586.4 km2 (175th) 998.6 sq mi   -  Water (%) 000% Population  -  2011 estimate 5118401 (169th)  -  2001 census 439539   -  Density 194.1/km2 (59th) 501.3/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate  -  Total $41.091 billion2   -  Per capita $813832  GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate  -  Total $54.950 billion2   -  Per capita $1088312  HDI (2010) 0.8523 (very high) (24th) Currency Euro ()2 (EUR) Time zone CET (UTC+1)  -  Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2) Drives on the right ISO 3166 code LU Internet TLD .lu3 Calling code 352 1 Not the same as the Het Wilhelmus of the Netherlands. 2 Before 1999: Luxembourgish franc. 3 The .eu domain is also used as it is shared with other European Union member states.

Luxembourg (i /lksmbr/ or /luzmbr/ luks-m-burg) officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Ltzebuerg French: Grand-Duch de Luxembourg German: Groherzogtum Luxemburg) is a landlocked country in western Europe bordered by Belgium France and Germany. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2586 square kilometres (999 sq mi).4 A representative democracy with a constitutional monarch it is ruled by a grand duke. It is the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy. The country has a highly developed economy with the world's highest GDP (nominal) per capita according to the IMF. However it also suffers the world's highest external debt burden.citation needed Its historic and strategic importance dates back to its founding as a Roman era fortress site and Frankish count's castle site in the Early Middle Ages. It was an important bastion along the Spanish Road when Spain was the principal European power influencing the whole western hemisphere and beyond in the 16th17th centuries.

Luxembourg is a member of the European Union NATO OECD the United Nations Benelux and the Western European Union reflecting the political consensus in favour of economic political and military integration. The city of Luxembourg the capital and largest city is the seat of several institutions and agencies of the European Union.

Luxembourg culture is a mix of Romance Europe and Germanic Europe borrowing customs from each of the distinct traditions. Luxembourg is a trilingual country; German French and Luxembourgish are official languages. Although a secular state Luxembourg is predominantly Roman Catholic. Contents 1 History 2 Politics 2.1 Administrative divisions 2.2 Foreign relations 2.3 Military 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Economy 4.1 Transport 4.2 Communications 5 Demographics 5.1 Ethnicity 5.2 Language 5.3 Religion 5.4 Health 6 Culture 6.1 Media 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History For the pre-Roman history of the region see Celtic Luxembourg. Main article: History of Luxembourg Charles IV the 14th century Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg.5 The three Partitions of Luxembourg have greatly reduced Luxembourg's territory.

The recorded history of Luxembourg begins with the acquisition of Lucilinburhuc6 (today Luxembourg Castle) by Siegfried Count of Ardennes in 963. Around this fort a town gradually developed which became the centre of a small state of great strategic value. In the 14th and early 15th centuries three members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors. In 1437 the House of Luxembourg suffered a succession crisis precipitated by the lack of a male heir to assume the throne which led to the territory being sold by Duchess Elisabeth to Philip the Good of Burgundy.7

In the following centuries Luxembourg's fortress was steadily enlarged and strengthened by its successive occupants the Bourbons Habsburgs Hohenzollerns and the French among others. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 Luxembourg was disputed between Prussia and the Netherlands. The Congress of Vienna formed Luxembourg as a Grand Duchy in personal union with the Netherlands. Luxembourg also became a member of the German Confederation with a Confederate fortress manned by Prussian troops.8

The Belgian Revolution of 18301839 reduced Luxembourg's territory by more than half as the predominantly francophone western part of the country was transferred to Belgium. Luxembourg's independence was reaffirmed by the 1839 First Treaty of London. In the same year Luxembourg joined the Zollverein.9 Luxembourg's independence and neutrality were again affirmed by the 1867 Second Treaty of London after the Luxembourg Crisis nearly led to war between Prussia and France.10 After the latter conflict the Confederate fortress was dismantled.11

The King of the Netherlands remained Head of State as Grand Duke of Luxembourg maintaining personal union between the two countries until 1890. At the death of William III the Dutch throne passed to his daughter Wilhelmina while Luxembourg (at that time restricted to male heirs by the Nassau Family Pact) passed to Adolph of Nassau-Weilburg.12

During World War I Luxembourg was invaded and occupied by Germany but was allowed to maintain its independence and political mechanisms.

During World War II Luxembourg was unable to maintain its policy of neutrality when in 1940 Nazi Germany invaded and occupied the country due to its strategic location on the invasion route into France. In contrast to the First World War experience Luxembourg was treated as a Germanic territory and informally annexed to an adjacent province of the Third Reich in 1940. A government in exile based in London fought alongside the Allies sending a small group of volunteers who participated in the Normandy invasion. Luxembourg was liberated in September 1944. It became a founding member of the United Nations in 1946 and of NATO in 1949. In 1957 Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the European Union) and in 1999 it joined the euro currency era. In 2005 a referendum on the EU treaty establishing a constitution for Europe was held in Luxembourg.13 Politics Main article: Politics of Luxembourg Districts of Luxembourg Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy headed by a constitutional monarch. Under the constitution of 1868 executive power is exercised by the Grand Duke and the cabinet which consists of several other ministers. The Governor has the power to dissolve the legislature and reinstate a new one as long as the Grand Duke has judicial approval. However since 1919 sovereignty has resided with the Supreme Court.14 Legislative power is vested in the Chamber of Deputies a unicameral legislature of sixty members who are directly elected to five-year terms from four constituencies. A second body the Council of State (Conseil d'tat) composed of twenty-one ordinary citizens appointed by the Grand Duke advises the Chamber of Deputies in the drafting of legislation.15 The Grand Duchy has three lower tribunals (justices de paix; in Esch-sur-Alzette the city of Luxembourg and Diekirch) two district tribunals (Luxembourg and Diekirch) and a Superior Court of Justice (Luxembourg) which includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation. There is also an Administrative Tribunal and an Administrative Court as well as a Constitutional Court all of which are located in the capital. Administrative divisions Main articles: Districts of Luxembourg Cantons of Luxembourg and Communes of Luxembourg Further information: Administrative divisions of Luxembourg Luxembourg is divided into 3 districts which are further divided into 12 cantons and then 116 communes. Twelve of the communes have city status of which the city of Luxembourg is the largest. The districts are Diekirch Grevenmacher and Luxembourg. Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Luxembourg Signing of the Rome Treaty on 25 March 1957. Luxembourg is a founding member of the EEC and the European Union in 1993. Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and economic integration. In efforts foreshadowing European integration Luxembourg and Belgium in 1921 formed the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) to create an inter-exchangeable currency and a common customs regime. Luxembourg is a member of the Benelux Economic Union and was one of the founding members of the European Economic Community (now the European Union). It also participates in the Schengen Group (named after the Luxembourg village where the agreements were signed) whose goal is the free movement of citizens among member states. At the same time the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-NATO pro-US foreign policy. Luxembourg is the site of the European Court of Justice the European Court of Auditors the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) and other vital EU organs. The Secretariat of the European Parliament is located in Luxembourg but the Parliament usually meets in nearby Strasbourg. Military Main article: Military of Luxembourg The contribution Luxembourg makes to its defence and to NATO consists of a small army (currently consisting of around 800 people). As a landlocked country it has no navy. Luxembourg also lacks an air force though the seventeen NATO AWACS aeroplanes are for convenience registered as aircraft of Luxembourg.16 In accordance with a joint agreement with Belgium both countries have put forth funding for one A400M military cargo plane currently on order. Luxembourg still jointly maintains three NATO Boeing 707 model TCAs (for cargo and training purposes) based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen.16 Geography Main article: Geography of Luxembourg The largest towns are Luxembourg Esch-sur-Alzette Dudelange and Differdange. Luxembourg is one of the smallest countries in Europe and ranked 175th in size of all the 194 independent countries of the world; the country is about 2586 square kilometres (998 sq mi) in size and measures 82 km (51 miles) long and 57 km (35 miles) wide. It lies between latitudes 49 and 51 N and longitudes 5 and 7 E. To the east Luxembourg borders the German Bundeslnder of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland and to the south it borders the French rgion of Lorraine. The Grand Duchy borders the Belgian Walloon Region in particular the latter's provinces of Luxembourg and Lige more in particular the German-speaking Community of Belgium to the west and to the north respectively. The northern third of the country is known as the 'Oesling' and forms part of the Ardennes. It is dominated by hills and low mountains including the Kneiff near Wilwerdange17 which is the highest point at 560 metres (1837 ft). Other mountains are the 'Buurgplaaz' at 559 metres near Huldange and the 'Napolonsgaard' at 548 metres near Rambrouch. The region is sparsely populated with only one town (Wiltz) with a population of more than four thousand people. Countryside of Alscheid. The southern two-thirds of the country is called the "Gutland" and is more densely populated than the Oesling. It is also more diverse and can be divided into five geographic sub-regions. The Luxembourg plateau in south-central Luxembourg is a large flat sandstone formation and the site of the city of Luxembourg. Little Switzerland in the east of Luxembourg has craggy terrain and thick forests. The Moselle valley is the lowest-lying region running along the southeastern border. The Red Lands in the far south and southwest are Luxembourg's industrial heartland and home to many of Luxembourg's largest towns. The border between Luxembourg and Germany is formed by three rivers: the Moselle the Sauer and the Our. Other major rivers are the Alzette the Attert the Clerve and the Wiltz. The valleys of the mid-Sauer and Attert form the border between the Gutland and the Oesling. Climate Luxembourg has an oceanic climate (Kppen: Cfb) marked by high precipitation particularly in late summer.18 Economy Main article: Economy of Luxembourg Luxembourg has been part of the eurozone since 1999. Luxembourg's stable high-income economy features moderate growth low inflation and low unemployment. The industrial sector which was dominated until the 1960s by steel has diversified to include chemicals rubber and other products. During the past decades growth in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services especially banking and other financial exports account for the majority of economic output. In March 2010 the Sunday Telegraph reported that most of Kim Jong-Il's $4bn in secret accounts is in Luxembourg banks.19 Luxembourg is the world's second largest investment fund center (after the United States) the most important private banking center in the Eurozone and Europe's leading center for reinsurance companies. Moreover the Luxembourgish government has tried to attract internet start-ups. Skype and eBay are two of the many internet companies that have shifted their regional headquarters to Luxembourg. Concern about Luxembourg's banking secrecy laws and its reputation as a tax haven led in April 2009 to it being added to a "grey list" of nations with questionable banking arrangements by the G20. Luxemburg adapted some months later the OECD standards on exchange of information and moved into the category of 'Jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard.'2021 Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms. Luxembourg has especially close trade and financial ties to Belgium and the Netherlands (see Benelux) and as a member of the EU it enjoys the advantages of the open European market. Luxembourg possesses the highest GDP per capita in the world (US$87995 as of 2006)22 the 24th highest Human Development Index and the 4th highest rated in the quality of life index.23 As of March 2006 unemployment is 4.8% of the labor force.24 For the fiscal year of 2005 and 2006 Luxembourg ran a budget deficit for the first time in many years mostly because of slower international economic growth.25 The country ranks with 80 billion $ of U.S. Treasury securities (November 2010) twelfth in the world.26 The ranking is however imperfect as some foreign owners entrust the safekeeping of their securities to institutions that are neither in the United States nor in the owner's country of residence.27 Luxembourg is promoting economic relations with foreign firms and countries. 28 29 30 Transport Main article: Transport in Luxembourg Luxembourg has efficient road rail and air transport facilities and services. The road network has been significantly modernized in recent years with 147 km of motorways connecting the capital to adjacent countries. The advent of the high-speed TGV link to Paris has led to renovation of the city's railway station while a new passenger terminal at Luxembourg Airport has recently been opened. There are plans to introduce trams in the capital and light-rail lines in adjacent areas within the next few years. Communications The telecommunications industry in Luxembourg is liberalized and the electronic communications networks are significantly developed. Competition between the different operators is guaranteed by the legislative framework Paquet Telecom31 of the Government of 2005 which transposes the European Telecom Directives into Luxembourgean law. This encourages the investment in networks and services.32 The regulator ILR Institut Luxembourgeois de Rgulation33 ensures the compliance to these legal rules Luxembourg has modern and widely deployed optical fibre and cable networks throughout the country. With its central position in Europe stable economy and low taxes Luxembourg is an ideal gateway to the European telecommunication markets.343536 It ranks 2nd in the world in the development of the Information and Communication Technologies in the ITU ICT Development Index and 8th in the Global Broadband Quality Study 2009 by the University of Oxford and the University of Oviedo.37383940 Luxembourg is connected to all major European Internet Exchanges (AMS-IX Amsterdam DE-CIX Frankfurt LINX London) datacenters and POPs through redundant optical networks.4142434445 In addition the country is connected to the virtual meetme room services (vmmr)46 of the international data hub operator Ancotel.47 This enables Luxembourg to interconnect with all major telecommunication operators48 and data carriers worldwide. The interconnection points are in Frankfurt London New York and Hong Kong.49 Several providers interconnect Luxembourg to the major European data hubs Teralink50 (P&TLuxembourg also called EPT Luxembourg: incumbent operator)51 LuxConnect52 (shareholder : Government) Artelis/Cegecom53 (alternative telecommunications provider in Luxembourg and Saarland) Satellite connectivity Teleports (SES Astra)54 Broadcasting Center Europe55 and P&T Luxembourg-Uplink Cloche d'Or.5657 Ten data center operators are established in Luxembourg.58 Luxembourg is connected through Teralink59 to several Tier 1 upstream providers like Level3 and Global Crossing. The Internet IPV6 protocol has been introduced to the country by Restena and P&T Luxembourg.60 Luxembourg has two Internet exchange points. LIX is a neutral Internet exchange operated by the RESTENA Foundation. Its aim is to easily interconnect the different Internet Service Providers (ISPs) within Luxembourg.61 LUX-CIX is Luxembourg's neutral and commercial Internet Exchange Point which was founded in 2009 by Cegecom Datacenter Luxembourg Global Media Systems INEXIO LuxConnect P&T Luxemboug and Root eSolutions. It offers a short fast and efficient route to the major European Internet networks.6263 The online portal De Guichet64 of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a single one-stop online shop for citizens and companies to realize different sorts of administrative steps (procedures online forms downloadable forms and advices) by Internet.65 PSA Peugeot Citron with P&T Luxembourg as its partner has introduced an integrated mobile telecommunication solution for the development of its telematic services in Europe.6667 Demographics Main article: Demographics of Luxembourg Ethnicity The people of Luxembourg are called Luxembourgers.68 The native population has a Celtic base with a French and Germanic blend.69 The immigrant population increased in the twentieth century due to the arrival of immigrants from Belgium France Italy Germany and Portugal with the majority coming from this latter. In the 2001 census there were 58657 inhabitants with Portuguese nationality.70 Since the beginning of the Yugoslav wars Luxembourg has seen many immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro and Serbia. Annually over 10000 new immigrants arrive in Luxembourg mostly from the EU states as well and Eastern Europe. As of 2000 there were 162000 immigrants in Luxembourg accounting for 37% of the total population. There were an estimated 5000 illegal immigrants including asylum seekers in Luxembourg as of 1999.71 Language Main articles: Languages of Luxembourg and Literature of Luxembourg Three languages are recognised as official in Luxembourg: French German and Luxembourgish a Franconian language of the Moselle region that is also spoken in neighbouring parts of France and Germany. Though Luxembourgish is part of the West Central German group of High German languages more than 5000 words in the Luxembourgish have their origin in the French language.7273 The first printed sentences in Luxembourgisch were released by the weekly journal the 'Luxemburger Wochenblatt' in the second edition of the 14. April 1821. Apart from being one of the three official languages Luxembourgish is also considered the national language of the Grand Duchy; it is the mother tongue or "language of the heart" for nearly all Luxembourgers. Each of the three languages is used as the primary language in certain spheres. Luxembourgish is the language that Luxembourgers generally use to speak to each other but it is not often used as the written language. Since the 1980s an increasing number of novels have however been written in Luxembourgish. Most official (written) business is carried out in French. German is usually the first language taught in school and is the language of much of the media and of the church.74 Luxembourg's education system is trilingual: the first years of primary school are in Luxembourgish before changing to German while in secondary school the language of instruction changes to French.75 However as proficiency in all three languages is required for graduation from secondary school half the students leave school without a certified qualification with the children of immigrants being particularly disadvantaged.76 In addition to the three official languages English is taught in the compulsory schooling and much of the population of Luxembourg can speak English at any rate in Luxembourg City. Portuguese the language of the largest immigrant community is also spoken by large parts of the population but by relatively few from outside their community.77 Notre-Dame Cathedral Luxembourg. Religion Main article: Religion in Luxembourg Luxembourg is a secular state but the state recognises certain religions as officially mandated religions. This gives the state a hand in religious administration and appointment of clergy in exchange for which the state pays certain running costs and wages. Currently religions covered by such arrangements are Roman Catholicism Judaism Greek Orthodoxy Anglicanism Russian Orthodoxy Lutheranism Mennonitism and Islam.78 Since 1980 it has been illegal for the government to collect statistics on religious beliefs or practices.79 An outdated estimation by the CIA Factbook for the year 2000 is that 87% of Luxembourgers are Catholics including the royal family the remaining 13% being made up of Muslims Protestants Orthodox Christians Jews and those of other or no religion.22 According to a 2005 Eurobarometer poll80 44% of Luxembourg citizens responded that "they believe there is a God" whereas 28% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 22% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit god or life force". Health Luxembourg sells the most alcohol in Europe per capita.81 However the large proportion of alcohol purchase by customers from neighbouring countries contributes to the statistically high level of alcohol sales per capita; this level of alcohol sales is thus not representative of the actual alcohol consumption of the Luxembourg population.82 Culture Main articles: Culture of Luxembourg Sport in Luxembourg and Cuisine of Luxembourg Edward Steichen Luxembourgish photographer and painter Luxembourg has been overshadowed by the culture of its neighbours although having been for much of its history a profoundly rural country it retains a number of folk traditions. There are several notable museums mostly located in the capital; these include the National Museum of History and Art (MNHA) the Luxembourg City History Museum and the new Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art (Mudam). The National Museum of Military History (MNHM) in Diekirch is especially known for its representations of the Battle of the Bulge. The city of Luxembourg itself is on the UNESCO World Heritage List on account of the historical importance of its fortifications.83 The country has produced some internationally known artists including the painters Tho Kerg Joseph Kutter and Michel Majerus as well as the photographer Edward Steichen. Steichen's The Family of Man exhibition is now permanently housed in Clervaux and it has been placed on UNESCO's Memory of the World register. Movie star Loretta Young was of Luxembourgian descent. Luxembourg was the first city to be named European Capital of Culture twice. The first time was in 1995. In 2007 the European Capital of Culture84 was to be a cross-border area consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg the Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium and the Lorraine area in France. The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas crossing borders in all areas physical psychological artistic and emotional. Luxembourg was represented at the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai China from 1 May to 31 October 2010 with its own pavilion.8586 The pavilion was based on the translation of the word Luxembourg into Chinese which means Lu Sen Bao: Forest and Fortress. It represented Luxembourg as the Green Heart in Europe'.87 Media Luxembourg is known in Europe for its radio and television stations (Radio Luxembourg RTL Group). It is also the uplink home of SES Astra carrier of major European satellite services for Germany and Britain. Due to the audiovisual law of 1988 which established a special tax regime for audiovisual investment the film and co-production in Luxembourg has grown steadily.88 There exists approximately 30 by agreed production companies in Luxembourg.89 See also Luxembourg portal Main article: Outline of Luxembourg  Articles related to Luxembourg v d e Luxembourg topics History House of Luxembourg  Forts  First Treaty of London  Luxembourg Crisis  Second Treaty of London  First World War  Second World War  Partitions  Military occupations  Jewish history  more Geography Gutland (Little Switzerland  Luxembourg plateau  Moselle Valley  Red Lands  Valley of the Seven Castles)  Oesling  Luxembourg City  Rivers  Extreme points  Administrative divisions (Districts  Cantons  Communes  Cities  Quarters of Luxembourg City)  more Economy Communications  Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union  Benelux  Euro coins  Luxembourgian franc  Luxembourg Stock Exchange  Arcelor Mittal  RTL Group  more Transport Motorways  Railway stations (Luxembourg railway station)  Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois  Luxembourg-Findel Airport  Luxair  more Politics Grand Duke (Grand Ducal Family)  Prime Minister  Chamber of Deputies (Presidents)  Council of State (Presidents)  Political parties  Elections  Legislative circonscriptions  Foreign relations  Diplomatic missions  Military  Police  LGBT rights  more People Demographics  Luxembourgers  Portuguese Luxembourger  Sports players  more Religion Roman Catholicism (Archbishop of Luxembourg  Notre-Dame Cathedral  Abbey of Echternach)  Protestantism  Judaism  Islam  Hinduism  more Language Multilingualism  Luxembourgish  French  German  more Culture Cinema (Films)  Cuisine (Wine)  Music  National symbols (Coat of arms  Flag  National anthem  National holiday)  Radio Luxembourg  RTL Tl Ltzebuerg  Newspapers (Tageblatt  Luxemburger Wort)  Sport (Football  Olympic Games  Rugby union  Tour de Luxembourg)  Boy Scouts  Education in Luxembourg   more v d eSovereign states and dependent territories of Europe Sovereign states Albania  Andorra  Armenia  Austria  Azerbaijan  Belarus  Belgium  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Georgia  Germany  Greece   Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Italy  Kazakhstan  Latvia  Liechtenstein  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Macedonia  Malta  Moldova  Monaco  Montenegro  Netherlands  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Russia  San Marino  Serbia  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Turkey  Ukraine  United Kingdom  Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia  Kosovo  Nagorno-Karabakh  Northern Cyprus  South Ossetia  Transnistria Dependencies and other territories Denmark Faroe Islands Finland land Islands Norway Svalbard United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia  Gibraltar  Guernsey  Isle of Man  Jersey v d eMember states of the European Union Austria  Belgium  Bulgaria  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malta  Netherlands  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  United Kingdom Member states by: political system  GDP v d eCouncil of Europe Institutions Secretary General  Committee of Ministers  Parliamentary Assembly  Congress  Court of Human Rights  Commissioner for Human Rights  Commission for the Efficiency of Justice  Commission against Racism and Intolerance Members Full Albania  Andorra  Armenia  Austria  Azerbaijan  Belgium  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Georgia  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Liechtenstein  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Macedonia1  Malta  Moldova  Monaco  Montenegro  Netherlands  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Russia  San Marino  Serbia  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Turkey  Ukraine  United Kingdom Observer Canada  Israel  Japan  Mexico  United States  Vatican City Former Czechoslovakia (19911992)  Saar (assoc. 19501956) 1 Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute. v d eOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) History Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Guidelines Multinational Enterprises  Testing of Chemicals Members Australia  Austria  Belgium  Canada  Chile  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Italy  Israel  Japan  Luxembourg  Mexico  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Slovakia  Slovenia  South Korea  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States v d eNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) History North Atlantic Treaty  Summit  Operations  Enlargement Structure North Atlantic Council (Secretary General)  Chairman of the NATO Military Committee  Allied Command Operations (Supreme Allied Commander)  Allied Command Transformation Members Albania  Belgium  Bulgaria  Canada  Croatia  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Netherlands  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States v d eWorld Trade Organization System Accession and membership  Appellate Body  Dispute Settlement Body  International Trade Centre  Chronology of key events Issues Criticism  Doha Development Round  Singapore issues  Quota Elimination  Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade  Agriculture  Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  Technical Barriers to Trade  Trade Related Investment Measures  Trade in Services  Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights  Government Procurement  Information Technology  Marrakech Agreement  Doha Declaration Ministerial Conferences 1st (1996)  2nd (1998)  3rd (1999)  4th (2001)  5th (2003)  6th (2005)  7th (2009) People Pascal Lamy (Director-General)  Supachai Panitchpakdi (Former Director-General)  Deputy Directors-General: Alejandro Jara  Valentine Rugwabiza   Harsha Singh   Rufus Yerxa Members Albania  Algeria  Angola  Antigua and Barbuda  Argentina  Armenia  Australia  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Barbados  Belize  Benin  Bolivia  Botswana  Brazil  Brunei  Burkina Faso  Burma  Burundi  Cambodia  Cameroon  Canada  Cape Verde  Central African Republic  Chad  Chile  PR China  Colombia  Democratic Republic of the Congo  Republic of the Congo  Costa Rica  Cte d'Ivoire  Croatia  Cuba  Djibouti  Dominica  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  Egypt  El Salvador  European Union  Fiji  Gabon  The Gambia  Georgia  Ghana  Grenada  Guatemala  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Guyana  Haiti  Honduras  Hong Kong  Iceland  India  Indonesia  Israel  Jamaica  Japan  Jordan  Kenya  South Korea  Kuwait  Kyrgyzstan  Lesotho  Liechtenstein  Macau  Macedonia  Madagascar  Malawi  Malaysia  Maldives  Mali  Mauritania  Mauritius  Mexico  Moldova  Mongolia  Morocco  Mozambique  Namibia  Nepal  New Zealand  Nicaragua  Niger  Nigeria  Norway  Oman  Pakistan  Panama  Papua New Guinea  Paraguay  Peru  Philippines  Qatar  Rwanda  St. Kitts and Nevis  St. Lucia  St. Vincent and the Grenadines  Saudi Arabia  Senegal  Sierra Leone  Singapore  Solomon Islands  South Africa  Sri Lanka  Suriname  Swaziland  Switzerland  Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Penghu Kinmen and Matsu  Tanzania  Thailand  Togo  Tonga  Trinidad and Tobago  Tunisia  Turkey  Uganda  Ukraine  United Arab Emirates  United States  Uruguay  Venezuela  Vietnam  Zambia  Zimbabwe All twenty-seven member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right: Austria  Belgium  Bulgaria  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malta  Netherlands  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  United Kingdom. Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. Designated name for the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) v d eRecipients of the Charlemagne Prize Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi (1950)  Hendrik Brugmans (1951)  Alcide de Gasperi (1952)  Jean Monnet (1953)  Konrad Adenauer (1954)  Sir Winston S. Churchill (1956)  Paul Henri Spaak (1957)  Robert Schuman (1958)   George C. Marshall (1959)  Joseph Bech (1960)  Walter Hallstein (1961)  Edward Heath (1963)  Antonio Segni (1964)  Jens Otto Krag (1966)  Joseph Luns (1967)  The European Commission (1969)  Franois Seydoux de Clausonne (1970)  Roy Jenkins (1972)  Don Salvador de Madariaga (1973)  Leo Tindemans (1976)  Walter Scheel (1977)  Konstantinos Karamanlis (1978)  Emilio Colombo (1979)  Simone Veil (1981)  King Juan Carlos of Spain (1982)  The People of Luxembourg (1986)  Henry A. Kissinger (1987)  Franois Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl (1988)  Frre Roger (1989)  Gyula Horn (1990)  Vclav Havel (1991)  Jacques Delors (1992)  Felipe Gonzlez Mrquez (1993)  Gro Harlem Brundtland (1994)  Franz Vranitzky (1995)  Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (1996)  Roman Herzog (1997)  Bronisaw Geremek (1998)  Anthony (Tony) Charles Lynton Blair (1999)  William Jefferson (Bill) Clinton (2000)  Gyrgy Konrd (2001)  The euro (2002)  Valry Giscard d'Estaing (2003)  Pat Cox (2004)  Extraordinary prize: Pope John Paul II (2004)  Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (2005)  Jean-Claude Juncker (2006)  Javier Solana (2007)  Angela Merkel (2008)  Andrea Riccardi (2009)  Donald Tusk (2010)  Jean-Claude Trichet (2011) v d eMonarchies List of current sovereign monarchs  List of current constituent monarchs By continent Africa  Americas  Asia  Europe  Oceania By country Antigua and Barbuda  Australia  Andorra  The Bahamas  Bahrain  Barbados  Belize  Belgium  Bhutan  Brunei  Cambodia  Canada  Denmark  Grenada  Jamaica  Japan  Jordan  Kuwait  Liechtenstein  Lesotho  Luxembourg  Malaysia  Monaco  Morocco  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway  Oman  Papua New Guinea  Qatar  Spain  Saint Kitts and Nevis  Saint Lucia  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Saudi Arabia  Solomon Islands  Swaziland  Sweden  Thailand  Tonga  Tuvalu  United Arab Emirates  United Kingdom  Vatican City By type Absolute  Constitutional  Elective  Hereditary  Diarchy  Federal Italics indicate Commonwealth realms which each share the same person as head of state. v d eSaarLorLux Members Belgium French Community  German-speaking Community  Walloon Region France Lorraine  Meurthe-et-Moselle  Moselle Germany Rhineland-Palatinate  Saarland Luxembourg   Institutions Summit Conferences  Regional Commission  Interregional Parliamentary Council  University Charter  European cultural capital 2007  House of the Greater Region  Private cooperations v d e States of the German Confederation (181566) Empires Austria1 Kingdoms Prussia1  Bavaria  Saxony  Hanover  Wrttemberg Electorates Hesse Grand Duchies Baden  Hesse  Luxembourg  Mecklenburg (Schwerin  Strelitz)  Oldenburg  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Duchies Anhalt (Bernburg2  Dessau2  Kthen3)  Brunswick  Holstein  Limburg4  Nassau  Saxe-Lauenburg  Saxony (Altenburg5  Coburg-Saalfeld6  Coburg-Gotha5  Gotha-Altenburg6  Hildburghausen6  Meiningen) Principalities Hesse-Homburg  Hohenzollern (Hechingen7  Sigmaringen7)  Liechtenstein  Lippe  Reuss (Elder  Junior)  Schaumburg-Lippe  Schwarzburg (Rudolstadt  Sondershausen)  Waldeck and Pyrmont City-states Bremen  Frankfurt  Hamburg  Lbeck Other territories outside of the confederacy Personal unions of Habsburg (Bukovina  Croatia  Galicia and Lodomeria  Hungary  LombardyVenetia  Serbian Voivodeship and Banat8  Slavonia9  Transylvania)  Personal union of Hanover (Great Britain and Ireland10)  Personal unions of Hohenzollern (East Prussia11  Neuchtel12  Posen Gr. Duchy13  Posen Prov.14  Prussia Prov.15  West Prussia11)  Occupied: Schleswig16 1 w/o areas listed under other territories.   2 Merged with Anhalt from 1863.   3 until 1847.   4 from 1839.   5 from 1826.   6 until 1826.   7 until 1850.   8 184960.   9 as of 1849.   10 until 1837.   11 until 1829.   12 until 1848/57.   13 until 1848.   14 as of 1848.   15 as of 1829.   16 as of 1864. References "Population: 511 840 habitants au 1er janvier 2011" Le Portail des statistiques: Grand-Duch de Luxembourg 3 May 2011. (French) Retrieved 4 May 2011. a b c d "Luxembourg". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspxsy2008&ey2011&scsm1&ssd1&sortcountry&ds.&br1&c137&sNGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp0&a&pr.x46&pr.y7. Retrieved 30 February 2011.  "Human Development Report 2010". United Nations. 2010. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2010ENTable1.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2010.  "Eurostat Tables Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.dotabtable&languageen&pcodetps00001&tableSelection1&footnotesyes&labelinglabels&plugin1. Retrieved 21 February 2010.  "Emperor Charles IV elected Greatest Czech of all time". Radio Prague. http://www.radio.cz/en/article/67495. Retrieved 15 October 2010.  Kreins (2003) p. 20 Kreins (2003) p. 39 Kreins (2003) p. 70 Kreins (2003) p. 76 Kreins (2003) pp. 8081 Kreins (2003) p. 81 Kreins (2003) p. 84 Timeline: Luxembourg A chronology of key events BBC News Online 9 September 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2006. "Constitution of Luxembourg" (PDF). Service central de lgislation. 2005. http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/recueils/constitutiondroitsdelhomme/CONST1.pdf. Retrieved 23 July 2006.  "Structure of the Conseil d'Etat". Conseil d'Etat. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060619171336/http://www.ce.etat.lu/structure.htm. Retrieved 23 July 2006.  a b "Luxembourg". Aeroflight.co.uk. 8 September 2005. http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/lux/luxaf1.htm. Retrieved 23 July 2006.  Mountains in Luxembourg by Statec 2003 : page 20 "Luxembourg". Stadtklima (Urban Climate). Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928000326/http://www.stadtklima.de/webklima/CITIES/Europe/Lx/luxembourg/luxembourg.htm. Retrieved 19 April 2007.  Arlow Oliver "Kim Jong-il keeps $4bn 'emergency fund' in European banks" Sunday Telegraph 14 March 2010. "Luxembourg makes progress in OECD standards on tax information exchange". OECD. 08/07/2009. http://www.oecd.org/document/51/03343en264933767432810751113742700.html.  "A progress report on the jurisdictions surveyed by the OECD Global Forum" (PDF). OECD. July 2009. http://www.fidomes.com/newsletter/Report-OECD.pdf.  a b "World Factbook Luxembourg". Central Intelligence Agency. 19 December 2006. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lu.html. Retrieved 13 January 2007.  "World Life Quality Index 2005" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2005. http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITYOFLIFE.pdf. Retrieved 23 July 2006.  "Euro-zone unemployment down to 8.1%". Eurostat. 3 May 2006. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.doreferenceSTAT/06/55&formatHTML&aged0&languageEN&guiLanguageen. Retrieved 23 July 2006.  "Economic Survey of Luxembourg 2006". OECD. 2006. http://www.oecd.org/document/49/02340en264920118537022129111100.html. Retrieved 23 July 2006.  "Major foreign holders of treasury securities". U.S.Department of the Treasury. http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/tic/Documents/mfh.txt.  "What are the problems of geographic attribution for securities holdings and transactions in the TIC system". 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Retrieved 13 August 2010.  ILR.public.lu Eurohub Luxembourg putting Europe at your fingertipsdead link "American Chamber of Commerce Luxembourg Why Luxembourg". http://amcham.lu/medium/publication/whyluxembourg.pdf.  "Financial express special issue on Luxembourg" (PDF). http://newdelhi.mae.lu/en/content/download/23985/164837/file/Financial%20Express%20special%20issue%20on%20Luxembourg.pdf. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  pressinfo (23 February 2010). "Press Release: New ITU report shows global uptake of ICTs increasing prices falling". Itu.int. http://www.itu.int/newsroom/pressreleases/2010/08.html. Retrieved 23 April 2010.  "Luxembourg ranks on the top in the ITU ICT survey". http://www.bed.public.lu/keysectors/ecommerceandmedia/ituictsurvey/index.html. dead link "Global Broadband Quality Study". http://www.socsci.ox.ac.uk/newsarchive/archived/globalbroadbandqualityimprovesbutukislagging.  "Global Broadband Quality Study Shows Progress Highlights Broadband Quality Gap" (PDF). http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/newsandevents/Documents/BQS%202009%20final.pdf. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  "ICT Business Environment in Luxembourg". Luxembourgforict.lu. http://www.luxembourgforict.lu/en/it-business-environment/infrastructure/index.html. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  "ICT And E-Business Be Global from Luxembourg" (PDF). http://www.nasscom.in/upload/GTD/LuxembourgforICT.pdf. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  "PricewaterhouseCoopers Invest in Luxembourg". Pwc.com. http://www.pwc.com/lu/en/invest-in-luxembourg/publications.jhtml. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  "Why Luxembourg A highly strategic position in the heart of Europe". teralink.lu. http://www.teralink.lu/Why-Luxembourg. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  "ITU-T ICT Statistics : Luxembourg". Itu.int. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/DisplayCountry.aspxcodeLUX. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  "Telx Partners with German Hub Provider ancotel to Provide Virtual Connections between U.S. and Europe" (PDF). http://www.telx.com/enewsletter/content1/telxancotel.pdf. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  Ancotel.de "Ancotel Telecommunication Operator References". Ancotel.de. http://www.ancotel.de/cms/frontcontent.phpidcat16. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  "Networks Accessible in Frankfurt via the VMMR Solution offered by Telx/ancotel" (PDF). http://www.telx.com/enewsletter/content6/ancotecarriers609.pdf. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  PT.lu "Teralink P&T Luxembourg". http://www.teralink.lu/.  Luxconnect.lu Artelis.lu SES-astra.com BCE.lu Teralink.lu "The World Teleport Directory". http://www.worldteleport.org/displaycommon.cfman1&subarticlenbr274.  "Data Center Map". http://www.datacentermap.com/luxembourg/.  Teralink.lu "IPv6 Council Luxembourg" (PDF). http://ipv6council.lu/docs/IPv6+Council+Luxembourg+roadmap.pdf. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  "LIX". Lix.lu. http://www.lix.lu/. Retrieved 13 August 2010.  "Why LU-CIX". http://www.lu-cix.lu/why-lu-cix.html.  "Lu-CIX in P&T Solutions". http://www.pt.lu/webdav/site/portailEPT/groups/DTredacteurs/public/downloads/ptsolutions/P&TSolutions%2019.pdf.  Guichet.public.lu "A future for all in the information society.". http://www.eluxembourg.public.lu/index.html.  "PSA Integrated mobile telecommunication solution.". http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/pressecommunique/CP%20PSA%20Signature%20PTLuxembourgTelematique2009%20 GB1242377645.pdf.  "PSA Integrated mobile telecommunication solution.". http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/psaespace/pressreleasesdetailsd1.phpid942.  "Luxembourg Presidency Being a Luxembourger". Eu2005.lu. 29 December 2004. http://www.eu2005.lu/en/savoirlux/societetradition/luxtype/index.php. Retrieved 25 April 2010.  CIA World Factbook: Luxembourg. Retrieved 14 October 2007. (French) "Population totale par nationalit 1875 2001". Statec. http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableView.aspxReportId1075. Retrieved 1 July 2007.  Amanda Levinson. "The Regularisation of Unauthorised Migrants: Literature Survey and Country Case Studies Regularisation programmes in Luxembourg" (PDF). Centre on Migration Policy and Society University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060902031630/http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/publications/papers/Country+Case+Luxembourg.pdf. Retrieved 2 September 2006.  "Origins of Luxembourgish (in French)". Migration Information Source. http://www.sprooch.com/sproochbe/conferences/conference1/Les%20origines%20et%20l%27histoire%20de%20la%20langue%20luxembourgeoise.doc.  Ltzebuergesch lieren (in French) Migration Information Source (French) " propos des langues" (PDF). Service Information et Presse. pp. 34. http://www.eu2005.lu/fr/savoirlux/luxpublications/aproposlangues/aproposlangues.pdf. Retrieved 1 August 2006.  "The Trilingual Education system in Luxembourg". Tel2l Teacher Education by Learning through two languages University of Navarra. http://www.unavarra.es/tel2l/eng/luxembourg.htm. Retrieved 9 June 2007.  "Immigration in Luxembourg: New Challenges for an Old Country". Migration Information Source. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfmID587. Retrieved 9 June 2007.  "Parlement europen Ltzebuergesch lieren (FR)". Europarl.europa.eu. 14 December 2000. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/language/apprendrelufr.htm. Retrieved 9 May 2010.  (French) "D'Wort article (German)". www.wort.lu. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080522103349/http://www.wort.lu/articles/5957651.html. Retrieved 24 July 2007.  (French) "Mmorial A 1979 No. 29" (PDF). Service central de lgislation. http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1979/0291104/0291104.pdf#page2. Retrieved 1 August 2006.  Eurobarometer on Social Values Science and technology 2005 page 11 "World/Global Alcohol/Drink Consumption 2009". http://www.finfacts.ie/Private/bestprice/alcoholdrinkconsumptionpriceseurope.htm.  "Consommation annuelle moyenne dalcool par habitant Catholic Ministry of Health". http://www.sante.gouv.fr/drees/santepop2007/objectifs/03-obj-01.pdf.  "Culture in Luxembourg". http://shanghai.mae.lu/en/The-Grandy-Duchy-of-Luxembourg/Culture.  "Luxembourg and Greater Region European Capital of Culture 2007". http://www.mcesr.public.lu/presse/anneeculturelle2007/portailluxembourg2007/Rapportfinalanglais.pdf.  "Luxembourg PavilionOpen Fortress Surrounded by Green Trees page 85". http://www.sepb.gov.cn/english/downloads/Expo2010.pdf.  "Luxembourg pavilion at the World Expo 2010 Shanghai". http://www.luxembourgforbusiness.lu/sites/default/files/file/Programme%20Luxembourg%20Commercial%20Week%20at%20Expo%202010.pdf.  2010shanghai.eu "Luxembourg a film country". Eu2005.lu. 29 December 2004. http://www.eu2005.lu/en/savoirlux/culture/payscine/index.php. Retrieved 25 April 2010.  The Film Fund of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg "Luxembourgian Film Production Companies". http://www.cna.public.lu/film/infos-pratiques/index-professionnels/societes-production-studios/index.html.  Further reading Kreins Jean-Marie (2003) (in French). Histoire du Luxembourg (3rd edition ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-21-3053-852-3.  Thewes Guy (July 2003) (in French) (PDF). Les gouvernements du Grand-Duch de Luxembourg depuis 1848 (dition limite ed.). Luxembourg City: Service Information et Presse. ISBN 2-87999-118-8. http://www.gouvernement.lu/publications/download/gouvernements18482.pdf. Retrieved 10 July 2007.  Plan d'action national luxembourgeois en matire de TIC et de haut-dbit CEE- Europes Digital Competitiveness Report Volume 2: i2010 ICT Country Profiles- page 40-41 Inauguration of LU-CIX Art and Culture in Luxembourg External links Find more about Luxembourg on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Official website (French) Luxembourg entry at The World Factbook Luxembourg at the Open Directory Project Wikimedia Atlas of Luxembourg Luxembourg travel guide from Wikitravel