"New York Island" redirects here. For the Pacific island see Teraina. For other uses see Manhattan (disambiguation). Manhattan   Borough of New York City   New York County Midtown Manhattan as seen from the GE Building. Borough of Manhattan shown in yellow. Coordinates: 404342N 735939W / 40.72833N 73.99417W / 40.72833; -73.99417 Country United States State New York County New York County City New York City Settled 1624 Government  - Borough President Scott Stringer (D)  - District Attorney (New York County) Cyrus Vance Jr. Area  - Total 33.77 sq mi (87.5 km2)  - Land 22.96 sq mi (59.5 km2)  - Water 10.81 sq mi (28 km2) Population  - Total 1629054  - Density 70951/sq mi (27394.3/km2)  - Demonym Manhattanite Website Official Website of the Manhattan Borough President

Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely-populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County an original county of the state of New York. The borough and county consist of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island Randall's Island Wards Island Governors Island Liberty Island part of Ellis Island1 Mill Rock and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill a very small area on the mainland bordering the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan expanded northwards and then between 1874 and 1898 annexed land from surrounding counties.

The County of New York is the most densely populated county in the United States and one of the most densely populated areas in the world with a 2008 population of 16347952 living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.47 km) or 71201 residents per square mile (27485/km). It is also one of the wealthiest counties in the United States with a 2005 personal income per capita above $100000.3 Manhattan is the third-largest of New York's five boroughs in population and its smallest borough in size.

Manhattan is a major commercial financial and cultural center of both the United States and the world.456 Anchored by Wall Street in Lower Manhattan New York City vies with the City of London as the financial capital of the world78910111213 and is home of both the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Many major radio television and telecommunications companies in the United States are based here as well as many news magazine book and other media publishers.

Manhattan has many famous landmarks tourist attractions museums and universities. It is also home to the headquarters of the United Nations. It is the center of New York City and the New York metropolitan region hosting the seat of city government and a large portion of the area's employment business and entertainment activities. As a result residents of New York City's other boroughs such as Brooklyn and Queens often refer to a trip to Manhattan as "going to the city"14 despite the comparable populations between those boroughs. New York's Five Boroughs at a Glance Jurisdiction Population Land Area Borough of County of 1 April 2010 Census square miles square km Manhattan New York 1585873 23 59 The Bronx Bronx 1385108 42 109 Brooklyn Kings 2504700 71 183 Queens Queens 2230722 109 283 Staten Island Richmond 468730 58 151 City of New York 8175133 303 786 State of New York 19378102 47214 122284 Source: United States Census Bureau 151617 Contents 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Colonial 2.2 American Revolution and the early United States 2.3 19th century growth 2.4 The 20th century 2.5 September 11 attacks 2.6 Television and Film in NYC 3 Geography 3.1 Adjacent counties 3.2 National protected areas 3.3 Neighborhoods 3.4 Climate 4 Government 4.1 Politics 4.2 Federal representation 5 Crime 6 Demographics 7 Landmarks and architecture 8 Cityscape 9 Economy 10 Culture 10.1 Sports 10.2 Media 11 Housing 12 Infrastructure 12.1 Transportation 12.2 Utilities 13 Education 14 See also 15 References 16 External links 16.1 Manhattan local government and services 16.2 Maps streets and neighborhoods 16.3 Historical references 16.4 Community discussions 16.5 General Names

The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet an officer on Henry Hudson's yacht Halve Maen (Half Moon).18 A 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata twice on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River (later named the Hudson River). The word "Manhattan" has been translated as "island of many hills" from the Lenape language.19

New York County is one of seven US counties to bear the same name as the state in which it lies (the others are in Arkansas County Hawaii County Idaho County Iowa County Oklahoma County and Utah County). History Main article: History of New York City Colonial

The area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Indians. In 1524 some Lenape in canoes met the Florentine Giovanni da Verrazzano the first European explorer to pass New York Harbor although he may not have entered the harbor past the Narrows.20 It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company that the area was mapped.21 Hudson came across Manhattan Island and the native people living there in 1609 and continued up the river that would later bear his name the Hudson River until he arrived at the site of present day Albany.22 Peter Minuit Lower Manhattan in 1660. The large structure toward the tip of the island is Fort Amsterdam. North is to the right.

A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625 construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam).2324 Manhattan Island was chosen as the site of Fort Amsterdam a citadel for the protection of the new arrivals; its 1625 establishment is recognized as the birth date of New York City.25 According to the document by Pieter Janszoon Schagen our people (ons Volck)Peter Minuit is not mentioned explicitly thereacquired Manhattan in 1626 from Native American Lenape people in exchange for trade goods worth 60 guilders often said to be worth 24 dollars though (by comparing the price of bread and other goods) actually amounts to around $1000 in modern currency26(calculation by the International Institute of Social History Amsterdam).

In 1647 Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony.27 New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2 1653.28 In 1664 the British conquered New Netherland and renamed it "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany the future King James II.29 Stuyvesant and his council negotiated with the British to produce 24 articles of provisional transfer that sought to guarantee New Netherlanders liberties including freedom of religion under British rule.3031 The Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships renaming the city "New Orange". New Netherland was ceded permanently to the English in November 1674 by treaty. American Revolution and the early United States J.Q.A. Ward's statue of George Washington in front of Federal Hall on the site where Washington was inaugurated as the first U.S. President. At prelude to organized colonial opposition to British rule the Stamp Act Congress of representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies was held in New York City in 1765. The Congress resulted in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances the first document by a representative body of multiple colonies to assert the concept popularly known as "no taxation without representation". It was also the first time the colonies cooperated for a unified political aim and laid the foundation for the Continental Congresses that followed years later. The Sons of Liberty developed on Manhattan in the days following the Stamp Act protests. The organization participated in a long-term confrontation with British authorities over liberty poles that were alternately raised by the Sons of Liberty and cut down by British authorities. The skirmishes ended when the revolutionary New York Provincial Congress took power in 1775. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign a series of major battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the disastrous Battle of Fort Washington on November 16 1776. The city became the British political and military center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war.32 Manhattan was greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the British military rule that followed. British occupation lasted until November 25 1783 when George Washington returned to Manhattan as the last British forces left the city.33 From January 11 1785 to the fall of 1788 New York City was the fifth of five capitals under the Articles of Confederation with the Continental Congress meeting at New York City Hall (then at Fraunces Tavern). New York was the first capital under the newly enacted Constitution of the United States from March 4 1789 to August 12 1790 at Federal Hall.34 The United States Supreme Court sat for the first time the United States Bill of Rights were drafted and ratified and the first steps of adding states to the Union with the passage of the Northwest Ordinance all took place there. 19th century growth New York grew as an economic center first as a result of Ben Heath's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury and later with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada. Tammany Hall a Democratic Party political machine began to grow in influence with the support of many of the immigrant Irish culminating in the election of the first Tammany mayor Fernando Wood in 1854. Tammany Hall dominated local politics for decades. Central Park which opened to the public in 1858 became the first landscaped park in an American city and the nation's first public park.3536 Thomas Nast denounces Tammany as a ferocious tiger killing democracy; the tiger image caught on. Bird's eye panorama of Manhattan & New York City in 1873 During the American Civil War the city's strong commercial ties to the South its growing immigrant population (prior to then largely from Germany and Ireland) anger about conscription and resentment at those who could afford to pay $300 to avoid service led to resentment against Lincoln's war policies culminating in the three-day long New York Draft Riots of July 1863 one of the worst incidents of civil disorder in American history with an estimated 119 participants and passersby massacred.37 The rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply after the Civil War and New York became the first stop for millions seeking a new and better life in the United States a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty on October 28 1886 a gift from the people of France.3839 The new European immigration brought further social upheaval. In a city of tenements packed with poorly paid laborers from dozens of nations the city was a hotbed of revolution syndicalism racketeering and unionization. In 1883 the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge established a surface connection across the East River. In 1874 the western portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County and in 1895 the remainder of the present Bronx County was annexed.40 The City of Greater New York was formed in 1898 when four counties consolidated to form a single city of five boroughs. Manhattan and the Bronx though still one county were established as two separate boroughs. On January 1 1914 the New York state legislature created Bronx County and New York County was reduced to its present boundaries.41 The 20th century The newly completed Singer Building towering above the city 1909 A construction worker on top of the Empire State Building as it was being built in 1930. The Chrysler Building is below and behind him. The iconic view of Manhattan showing from left to right Ellis Island the Statue of Liberty the Empire State Building and the World Trade Center May 2001. The construction of the New York City Subway which opened in 1904 helped bind the new city together as did additional bridges to Brooklyn. In the 1920s Manhattan experienced large arrivals of African-Americans as part of the Great Migration from the American South and the Harlem Renaissance part of a larger boom time in the Prohibition era that included new skyscrapers competing for the skyline. New York City became the most populous city in the world in 1925 overtaking London which had reigned for a century.42 On March 25 1911 the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village killed 146 garment workers. The disaster eventually led to overhauls of the city's fire department building codes and workplace regulations.43 The period between the World Wars saw the election of reformist mayor Fiorello La Guardia and the fall of Tammany Hall after 80 years of political dominance.44 As the city's demographics stabilized labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under La Guardia. Despite the Great Depression some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were completed in Manhattan during the 1930s including numerous Art Deco masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline today most notably the Empire State Building the Chrysler Building and the GE Building. Returning World War II veterans created a postwar economic boom which led to the development of huge housing developments targeted at returning veterans including Peter Cooper VillageStuyvesant Town which opened in 1947.45 In 1951 the United Nations relocated from its first headquarters in Queens to the East Side of Manhattan.46 Like many major U.S. cities New York suffered race riots and population and industrial decline in the 1960s. By the 1970s the city had gained a reputation as a graffiti-covered crime-ridden relic of history.47 In 1975 the city government faced imminent bankruptcy and its appeals for assistance were initially rejected summarized by the classic October 30 1975 New York Daily News headline as "Ford to City: Drop Dead".48 The fate was avoided through a federal loan and debt restructuring and the city was forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by New York State.49 The 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall Street and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. The 1980s also saw Manhattan at the heart of the AIDS crisis with Greenwich Village at its epicenter. Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) and AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) were founded to advocate on behalf of those stricken with the disease. Starting in the 1990s crime rates dropped drastically with murder rates that had reached 2245 in 1990 plummeting to 537 by 2008 and the crack epidemic and its associated drug-related violence under greater control.50 The outflow of population turned around as the city once again became the destination of immigrants from around the world joining with low interest rates and Wall Street bonuses to fuel the growth of the real estate market.51 September 11 attacks Main article: September 11 attacks See also: One World Trade Center World Trade Center rebuilding controversy  and Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks On September 11 2001 two of four hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The towers collapsed resulting in the eventual collapse of World Trade Center 7 due to fire damage.citation needed The other buildings of the World Trade Center complex were damaged beyond repair and soon after demolished. The collapse of the Twin Towers caused extensive damage to surrounding buildings and skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan and resulted in the deaths of 2606 people plus those on the planes. Since September 11 most of Lower Manhattan has been restored; many rescue workers and residents of the area have developed several life threatening illnesses and some have already died.citation needed A memorial and museum is currently under construction on the foot prints of the former Twin Towers and is scheduled for completion on September 11 2011. One World Trade Center formerly known as the Freedom Tower is also under construction as well as the other planned buildings on the site. Television and Film in NYC Modern New York City is familiar to many people around the globe thanks to its popularity as a setting for films and television series. Notable television examples of shows set in Manhattan include such award-winning shows and franchises as 30 Rock I Love Lucy Friends Gossip Girl The Jeffersons How I Met Your Mother The Law & Order series Mad About You NYPD Blue The Odd Couple Saturday Night Live Seinfeld Sex and the City Spin City Sports Night Ugly Betty and Will & Grace. Notable examples of films set in Manhattan include Miracle on 34th Street Wall Street You've Got Mail Ghostbusters The In-Laws Little Manhattan and many of Woody Allen's films such as Annie Hall Bananas and Manhattan. The city was also the backdrop and location for numerous crime and drama films in the 1940s and 1950s. See more comprehensive lists of films and television shows set in New York City. Geography See also: Geography and environment of New York City Central Park is visible in the center of this satellite image. Manhattan is bound by the Hudson River to the west the Harlem River to the north and East River to the east. Manhattan is loosely divided into Downtown Midtown and Uptown with Fifth Avenue dividing Manhattan's east and west sides. Manhattan Island is bounded by the Hudson River to the west and the East River to the east. To the north the Harlem River divides Manhattan from The Bronx and the mainland United States. Several small islands are also part of the borough of Manhattan including Randall's Island Wards Island and Roosevelt Island in the East River and Governors Island and Liberty Island to the south in New York Harbor.52 Manhattan Island is 22.7 square miles (58.8 km) in area 13.4 miles (21.6 km) long and 2.3 miles (3.7 km) wide at its widest (near 14th Street).53 New York County as a whole covers a total area of 33.77 square miles (87.46 km) of which 22.96 square miles (59.47 km) are land and 10.81 square miles (28.00 km) are water.54 A modern redrawing of the 1807 version of the Commissioner's Grid plan for Manhattan a few years before it was adopted in 1811. Central Park is absent. One Manhattan neighborhood is contiguous with The Bronx. Marble Hill at one time was part of Manhattan Island but the Harlem River Ship Canal dug in 1895 to improve navigation on the Harlem River separated it from the remainder of Manhattan as an island between the Bronx and the remainder of Manhattan.55 Before World War I the section of the original Harlem River channel separating Marble Hill from The Bronx was filled in and Marble Hill became part of the mainland.56 Marble Hill is one example of how Manhattan's land has been considerably altered by human intervention. The borough has seen substantial land reclamation along its waterfronts since Dutch colonial times and much of the natural variation in topography has been evened out.19 Early in the 19th century landfill was used to expand Lower Manhattan from the natural Hudson shoreline at Greenwich Street to West Street.57 When building the World Trade Center 1.2 million cubic yards (917000 m) of material was excavated from the site.58 Rather than dumping the spoil at sea or in landfills the fill material was used to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street creating Battery Park City.59 The result was a 700-foot (210-m) extension into the river running six blocks or 1484 feet (450 m) covering 92 acres (37 ha) providing a 1.2-mile (1.9-km) riverfront esplanade and over 30 acres (12 ha) of parks.60 Geologically a predominate feature of the sub-strata of Manhattan is that the underlying bedrock base of the island rises considerably closer to the surface near the midtown district dips down lower between 29th street and Canal street then rises towards the surface again under the Financial district; this feature is the underlying reason for the clustering of skyscrapers in the Midtown and Financial district areas and their absence over the intervening territory between these two areas as their foundations can be sunk more securely into solid bedrock. Manhattan has fixed vehicular connections with New Jersey to the west by way of the George Washington Bridge Holland Tunnel and Lincoln Tunnel and to three of the four other New York City boroughsthe Bronx to the northeast and Brooklyn and Queens on Long Island to the east and south. Its only direct connection with the fifth New York City borough is the Staten Island Ferry across New York Harbor which is free of charge. The ferry terminal is located near Battery Park at its southern tip. It is possible to travel to Staten Island by way of Brooklyn using the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 called for twelve numbered avenues running north and south roughly parallel to the shore of the Hudson River each 100 feet (30 m) wide with First Avenue on the east side and Twelfth Avenue in the west. There are several intermittent avenues east of First Avenue including four additional lettered avenues running from Avenue A eastward to Avenue D in an area now known as Alphabet City in Manhattan's East Village. The numbered streets in Manhattan run east-west and are 60 feet (18 m) wide with about 200 feet (61 m) between each pair of streets. With each combined street and block adding up to about 260 feet (79 m) there are almost exactly 20 blocks per mile. The typical block in Manhattan is 250 by 600 feet (180 m). Fifteen crosstown streets were designated as 100 feet (30 m) wide including 34th 42nd 57th and 125th Streets some of the borough's most significant transportation and shopping venues.61 Broadway is the most notable of many exceptions to the grid starting at Bowling Green in Lower Manhattan and continuing north into the Bronx at Manhattan's northern tip. In much of Midtown Manhattan Broadway runs at a diagonal to the grid creating major named intersections at Union Square Herald Square (Sixth Avenue and 34th Street) Times Square (Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street) and Columbus Circle (Eighth Avenue/Central Park West and 59th Street). A consequence of the strict grid plan of most of Manhattan and the grid's skew of approximately 28.9 degrees is a phenomenon sometimes referred to as Manhattanhenge (by analogy with Stonehenge).62 On separate occasions in late May and early July the sunset is aligned with the street grid lines with the result that the sun is visible at or near the western horizon from street level.6263 A similar phenomenon occurs with the sunrise in January and December. The Wildlife Conservation Society which operates the zoos and aquariums in the city is currently undertaking The Mannahatta Project a computer simulation to visually reconstruct the ecology and geography of Manhattan when Henry Hudson first sailed by in 1609 and compare it to what we know of the island today.64 Adjacent counties Bergen County New Jerseywest/northwest Hudson County New Jerseywest/southwest Bronx County New York (The Bronx)northeast Queens County New York (Queens)east/southeast Kings County New York (Brooklyn)south/southeast Richmond County New York (Staten Island)southwest Bergen County New Jersey Bronx County (The Bronx) Hudson County New Jersey Queens County (Queens)    New York County     Richmond County (Staten Island) Kings County (Brooklyn) National protected areas African Burial Ground National Monument Castle Clinton National Monument Federal Hall National Memorial General Grant National Memorial Governors Island National Monument Hamilton Grange National Memorial Lower East Side Tenement National Historic Site Statue of Liberty National Monument (part) Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Neighborhoods Main articles: Neighborhoods of New York City and List of Manhattan neighborhoods Lower Manhattan FDR Drive and the Brooklyn Bridge at night from the Manhattan Bridge Manhattan's many neighborhoods are not named according to any particular convention. Some are geographical (the Upper East Side) or ethnically descriptive (Little Italy). Others are acronyms such as TriBeCa (for "TRIangle BElow CAnal Street") or SoHo ("SOuth of HOuston") or the far more recent vintages NoLIta ("NOrth of Little ITAly").6566 and NoMad ("NOrth of MADison Square Park ").676869 Harlem is a name from the Dutch colonial era after Haarlem a city in the Netherlands.70 Alphabet City comprises Avenues A B C and D to which its name refers. MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village "Korea Way" on 32nd Street in Manhattan's Koreatown 2009. Some neighborhoods such as SoHo are commercial and known for upscale shopping. Others such as Greenwich Village the Lower East Side Alphabet City and the East Village have long been associated with the "Bohemian" subculture.71 Chelsea is a neighborhood with a large gay population and recently a center of New York's art industry and nightlife.72 Washington Heights is a vibrant neighborhood of immigrants from the Dominican Republic. Chinatown has a dense population of people of Chinese descent.7374 Koreatown is roughly bounded by 5th and 6th Avenues between 31st and 36th Streets. The Upper West Side is often characterized as more intellectual and creative in contrast to the old money and conservative values of the Upper East Side one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the United States.757677 In Manhattan uptown means north (more precisely north-northeast which is the direction the island and its street grid system is oriented) and downtown means south (south-southwest).78 This usage differs from that of most American cities where downtown refers to the central business district. Manhattan has two central business districts the Financial District at the southern tip of the island and Midtown Manhattan. The term uptown also refers to the northern part of Manhattan above 59th Street79 and downtown to the southern portion below 14th Street80 with Midtown covering the area in between though definitions can be rather fluid depending on the situation. Fifth Avenue roughly bisects Manhattan Island and acts as the demarcation line for east/west designations (e.g. East 27th Street West 42nd Street); street addresses start at Fifth Avenue and increase heading away from Fifth Avenue at a rate of 100 per block in most places.80 South of Waverly Place in Manhattan Fifth Avenue terminates and Broadway becomes the east/west demarcation line. Though the grid does start with 1st Street just north of Houston Street (pronounced HOW-stin) the grid does not fully take hold until north of 14th Street where nearly all east-west streets are numerically identified which increase from south to north to 220th Street the highest numbered street on the island. Streets in Midtown are usually one way with a few exceptions (14th 34th and 42nd to name a few). The rule of thumb is odd numbered streets run west while evens run east.53 Climate Rain in Midtown Manhattan Although located at around 41N Manhattan has a humid subtropical climate (Kppen classification Cfa).81 The city's coastal position keeps temperatures relatively warmer than those of inland regions during winter helping to moderate the amount of snow which averages 25 to 35 inches (63.5 to 88.9 cm) each year.81 New York City has a frost-free period lasting an average of 220 days between seasonal freezes.81 Spring and fall in New York City are mild while summer is very warm and humid with temperatures of 90F (32C) or higher recorded from 18 to 25 days on average during the season.81 The city's long-term climate patterns are affected by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation a 70-year-long warming and cooling cycle in the Atlantic that influences the frequency and severity of hurricanes and coastal storms in the region.82 Temperature records have been set as high as 106F (41C) on July 9 1936 and as low as 15F (26C) on February 9 1934. Temperatures have hit 103F as recently as July 2010 and dropped to just 1 above zero as recently as January 2004. Summer evening temperatures are elevated by the urban heat island effect which causes heat absorbed during the day to be radiated back at night raising temperatures by as much as 7 F (4 C) when winds are slow.83 Climate data for New York (Central Park) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high F (C) 72 (22.2) 75 (23.9) 86 (30) 96 (35.6) 99 (37.2) 101 (38.3) 106 (41.1) 104 (40) 102 (38.9) 94 (34.4) 84 (28.9) 75 (23.9) 106 (41.1) Average high F (C) 38.0 (3.33) 41.0 (5) 49.8 (9.89) 60.7 (15.94) 70.9 (21.61) 79.0 (26.11) 84.2 (29) 82.4 (28) 74.7 (23.72) 63.5 (17.5) 53.1 (11.72) 42.9 (6.06) 61.7 (16.5) Average low F (C) 26.2 (3.2) 28.1 (2.2) 35.1 (1.72) 44.2 (6.78) 54.2 (12.33) 63.3 (17.39) 68.8 (20.44) 67.7 (19.83) 60.3 (15.72) 49.6 (9.78) 41.0 (5) 31.6 (0.22) 47.5 (8.61) Record low F (C) 6 (21.1) 15 (26.1) 3 (16.1) 12 (11.1) 28 (2.2) 44 (6.7) 52 (11.1) 50 (10) 39 (3.9) 28 (2.2) 7 (13.9) 13 (25) 15 (26.1) Precipitation inches (mm) 4.13 (104.9) 3.15 (80) 4.37 (111) 4.28 (108.7) 4.69 (119.1) 3.84 (97.5) 4.62 (117.3) 4.22 (107.2) 4.23 (107.4) 3.85 (97.8) 4.36 (110.7) 3.95 (100.3) 49.69 (1262.1) Snowfall inches (cm) 8.3 (21.1) 7.1 (18) 3.4 (8.6) .4 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) .4 (1) 2.6 (6.6) 22.2 (56.4) % Humidity 63.8 63.0 62.3 60.9 69.4 71.7 70.7 73.2 74.7 71.6 68.3 66.6 68.02 Avg. precipitation days ( 0.01 in) 10.3 9.4 10.7 11.1 11.4 10.8 10.2 9.5 9.1 8.3 9.3 10.6 120.7 Avg. snowy days ( 0.1 in) 4.1 2.9 1.6 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0 .3 1.8 10.9 Sunshine hours 162.7 163.1 212.5 225.6 256.6 257.3 268.2 268.2 219.3 211.2 151.0 139.0 2534.7 Source: NOAA 8485 Government The Manhattan Municipal Building Scott Stringer 2006 Main article: Government of New York City Since New York City's consolidation in 1898 Manhattan has been governed by the New York City Charter which has provided for a strong mayor-council system since its revision in 1989.86 The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education correctional institutions libraries public safety recreational facilities sanitation water supply and welfare services in Manhattan. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn the most populous borough had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island the least populous borough a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man one vote" decision.87 Since 1990 the largely powerless Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies the City Council the New York state government and corporations. Manhattan's Borough President is Scott Stringer elected as a Democrat in 2005.88 Cy Vance a Democrat has been the District Attorney of New York County since 2010.89 Manhattan has ten City Council members the third largest contingent among the five boroughs. It also has twelve administrative districts each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents. As the host of the United Nations the borough is home to the world's largest international consular corps comprising 105 consulates consulates general and honorary consulates.90 It is also the home of New York City Hall the seat of New York City government housing the Mayor of New York City and the New York City Council. The mayor's staff and thirteen municipal agencies are located in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building completed in 1916 one of the largest governmental buildings in the world.91 Politics See also: Community Boards of Manhattan New York County District Attorney Borough President Presidential elections results92 Year Democrats Republicans 2008 85.7% 572126 13.5% 89906 2004 82.1% 526765 16.7% 107405 2000 79.8% 449300 14.2% 79921 1996 80.0% 394131 13.8% 67839 1992 78.2% 416142 15.9% 84501 1988 76.1% 385675 22.9% 115927 1984 72.1% 379521 27.4% 144281 1980 62.4% 275742 26.2% 115911 1976 73.2% 337438 25.5% 117702 1972 66.2% 354326 33.4% 178515 1968 70.0% 370806 25.6% 135458 1964 80.5% 503848 19.2% 120125 1960 65.3% 414902 34.2% 217271 1956 55.74% 377856 44.26% 300004 1952 58.47% 446727 39.30% 300284 1948 52.20% 380310 33.18% 241752 The Democratic Party holds most public offices. Registered Republicans are a minority in the borough only constituting approximately 12% of the electorate. Registered Republicans are more than 20% of the electorate only in the neighborhoods of the Upper East Side and the Financial District. The Democrats hold 66.1% of those registered in a party. 21.9% of the voters were unaffiliated (independents).93 Manhattan is divided between four congressional districts all of which are represented by Democrats. Charles B. Rangel represents the 15th district in Upper Manhattan which incorporates Harlem Spanish Harlem Washington Heights Inwood and parts of the Upper West Side. Jerrold Nadler represents the 8th district based on the West Side which covers most of the Upper West Side Hell's Kitchen Chelsea Greenwich Village Chinatown Tribeca and Battery Park City as well as some sections of Southwest Brooklyn. Carolyn B. Maloney represents the 14th district the so-called "Silk Stocking" district that was the political base for Teddy Roosevelt and John Lindsay. It covers most of the Upper East Side Yorkville Gramercy Park Roosevelt Island and most of the Lower East Side and the East Village as well as portions of western Queens. Nydia Velzquez of the Brooklyn/Queens-based 12th district represents a few heavily Puerto Rican sections of the Lower East Side including Avenues C and D of Alphabet City. No Republican has won the presidential election in Manhattan since 1924 when Calvin Coolidge won a plurality of the New York County vote over Democrat John W. Davis 41.20%39.55%. Warren G. Harding was the most recent Republican presidential candidate to win a majority of the Manhattan vote with 59.22% of the 1920 vote.94 In the 2004 presidential election Democrat John Kerry received 82.1% of the vote in Manhattan and Republican George W. Bush received 16.7%.95 The borough is the most important source of funding for presidential campaigns in the United States; in 2004 it was home to six of the top seven ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions.96 The top ZIP code 10021 on the Upper East Side generated the most money for the United States presidential election for all presidential candidates including both Kerry and Bush during the 2004 election.97 Federal representation James A. Farley Post Office The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Manhattan. The James A. Farley Post Office in Midtown Manhattan is New York City's main post office.98 It is located at 421 Eighth Avenue between 31st Street and 33rd Street. The post office stopped 24-hour service beginning on May 9 2009 due to decreasing mail traffic.99 The U.S. Postal Service does not consider "Manhattan NY" an acceptable address and recommends the usage of New York New York".100 Crime Main article: Crime in New York City A slum tour through the Five Points in an 1885 sketch An NYPD boat patrols the New York Harbor NYPD Crown Victoria police car Starting in the mid-19th century the United States became a magnet for immigrants seeking to escape poverty in their home countries. After arriving in New York many new arrivals ended up living in squalor in the slums of the Five Points neighborhood an area between Broadway and the Bowery northeast of New York City Hall. By the 1820s the area was home to many gambling dens and brothels and was known as a dangerous place to go. In 1842 Charles Dickens visited the area and was appalled at the horrendous living conditions he had seen.101 The area was so notorious that it even caught the attention of Abraham Lincoln who visited the area before his Cooper Union Address in 1860.102 The predominantly Irish Five Points Gang was one of the country's first major organized crime entities. As Italian immigration grew in the early 20th century many joined ethnic gangs including Al Capone who got his start in crime with the Five Points Gang.103 The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) first developed in the mid-19th century in Sicily and spread to the East Coast of the United States during the late 19th century following waves of Sicilian and Southern Italian emigration. Lucky Luciano established La Cosa Nostra in Manhattan forming alliances with other criminal enterprises including the Jewish mob led by Meyer Lansky the leading Jewish gangster of that period.104 from 19201933 Prohibition helped create a thriving black market in liquor upon which the Mafia was quick to capitalize.104 New York City experienced a sharp increase in crime during the 1960s and 1970s with a near fivefold jump in the total number of police-recorded crimes from 21.09 per thousand in 1960 to a peak of 102.66 in 1981. Homicides continued to increase in the city for another decade with murders recorded by the NYPD jumping from 390 in 1960 to 1117 in 1970 1812 in 1980 and reaching its peak of 2262 in 1990 mainly because of the crack epidemic. Starting circa 1990 New York City saw record declines in homicide rape robbery aggravated assault violent crime burglary larceny motor vehicle theft and property crime a trend that has continued to today.105 Based on 2005 data New York City has the lowest crime rate among the ten largest cities in the United States.106 The city as a whole ranked fourth nationwide in the 13th annual Morgan Quitno survey of the 32 cities surveyed with a population above 500000.107 The New York City Police Department with 36400 officers is larger than the next four largest U.S. departments combined. The NYPD's counter-terrorism division with 1000 officers assigned is larger than the FBI's.106 The NYPD's CompStat system of crime tracking reporting and monitoring has been credited with a drop in crime in New York City that has far surpassed the drop elsewhere in the United States.108 Since 1990 crime in Manhattan has plummeted in all categories tracked by the CompStat profile. A borough that saw 503 murders in 1990 has seen a drop of nearly 88% to 62 in 2008. Robbery and burglary are down by more than 80% during the period and auto theft has been reduced by more than 93%. In the seven major crime categories tracked by the system overall crime has declined by more than 75% since 1990 and year-to-date statistics through May 2009 show continuing declines.109 Demographics Main article: Demographics of Manhattan See also: Demographics of New York City Historical populations Year Pop.  % 1656* 1000 1698* 6788 578.8% 1711* 10538 55.2% 1730* 11963 13.5% 1731* 8628 27.9% 1756* 15710 82.1% 1773* 21876 39.2% 1774* 23600 7.9% 1782* 29363 24.4% 1790 33131 12.8% 1800 60489 82.6% 1810 96373 59.3% 1820 123706 28.4% 1830 202589 63.8% 1840 312710 54.4% 1850 515547 64.9% 1860 813669 57.8% 1870 942292 15.8% 1880 1164674 23.6% 1890 1441216 23.7% 1900 1850093 28.4% 1910 2331542 26.0% 1920 2284103 2.0% 1930 1867312 18.2% 1940 1889924 1.2% 1950 1960101 3.7% 1960 1698281 13.4% 1970 1539233 9.4% 1980 1428285 7.2% 1990 1487536 4.1% 2000 1537195 3.3% 2010 1585873 3.2% Sources:11011115 and others Manhattan Compared 2000 Census Manhattan 112 NY City 113 NY State 114 Total population 1537195 8008278 18976457 Population density per square mile 66940 26403 402 Median household income (1999) $47030 $38293 $43393 Per capita income $42922 $22402 $23389 Bachelor's degree or higher 49.4% 27.4% 27.4% Foreign-born 29.4% 35.9% 20.4% White 54.4% 44.7% 67.9% Black 17.4% 26.6% 15.9% Asian 9.4% 9.8% 5.5% Hispanic (of any race) 27.2% 27.0% 15.1% According to 2008 U.S. Census Bureau estimates there were 1634795 people residing in Manhattan on July 1 2008.115 As of the 2000 Census the population density of New York County was 66940.1 per square mile (25849.9/km) the highest population density of any county in the United States.116 If 2008 census estimates are accurate then the population density now exceeds 71201 people per square mile. In 1910 at the height of European immigration to New York Manhattan's population density reached a peak of 101548 people per square mile (39222.9/km). There were 798144 housing units in 2000 at an average density of 34756.7 per square mile (13421.8/km).54 Only 20.3% of Manhattan residents lived in owner-occupied housing the second-lowest rate of all counties in the nation behind the Bronx.117 The New York City Department of City Planning projects that Manhattan's population will grow by 289000 people between 2000 and 2030 an increase of 18.8% over the period second only to Staten Island while the rest of the city is projected to grow by 12.7% over the same period. The school-age population is expected to grow 4.4% by 2030 in contrast to a small decline in the city as a whole. The elderly population is forecast to grow by 57.9% with the borough adding 108000 persons ages 65 and over compared to 44.2% growth citywide.118 According to the 2009 American Community Survey White Americans made up 58.9% of Manhattan's population; non-Hispanic whites made up 50.7% of the population. Black Americans made up 15.5% of Manhattan's population; non-Hispanic blacks made up 13.0% of the population. Native Americans made up 0.3% of the population. Asian Americans made up 10.3% of the population. Multiracial Americans made up 3.4% of the population. Hispanics and Latinos made up 23.8% of Manhattan's population.119 According to the same survey the average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 3.21. Approximately 59.4% of the population over the age of 25 have a bachelor's degree or higher. Approximately 27.0% of the population is foreign-born and 61.7% of the population over the age of 5 speak only English at home. People of Irish ancestry make up 7.8% of the population while Italian Americans make up 6.8% of the population. German Americans and Russian Americans make up 7.2% and 6.2% of the population respectively.120 In 2000 56.4% of people living in Manhattan were White 17.39% were Black 14.14% were from other races 9.40% were Asian 0.5% were Native American and 0.07% were Pacific Islander. 4.14% were from two or more races. 27.18% were Hispanic of any race. 24.93% reported speaking Spanish at home 4.12% Chinese and 2.19% French.121 There were 738644 households. 25.2% were married couples living together 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 59.1% were non-families. 17.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 48% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was two and the average family size was 2.99. Manhattan's population was spread out with 16.8% under the age of 18 10.2% from 18 to 24 38.3% from 25 to 44 22.6% from 45 to 64 and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 87.9 males. Manhattan is one of the highest-income places in the United States with a population greater than one million. Based on IRS data for the 2004 tax year New York County (Manhattan) had the highest average federal income tax liability per return in the country. Average tax liability was $25875 representing 20.0% of Adjusted Gross Income.122 As of 2002 Manhattan had the highest per capita income of any county in the country.123 Manhattan's Chinatown The Manhattan ZIP Code 10021 on the Upper East Side is home to more than 100000 people and has a per capita income of over $90000.124 It is one of the largest concentrations of extreme wealth in the United States. Most Manhattan neighborhoods are not as wealthy. The median income for a household in the county was $47030 and the median income for a family was $50229. Males had a median income of $51856 versus $45712 for females. The per capita income for the county was $42922. About 17.6% of families and 20% of the population were below the poverty line including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.125 Lower Manhattan (Manhattan south of Houston Street) is more economically diverse. While the Financial District had few non-commercial tenants after the 1950s the area has seen a surge in its residential population with estimates showing over 30000 residents living in the area as of 2005 a jump from the 15000 to 20000 before the September 11 2001 attacks.126 Manhattan is religiously diverse. The largest religious affiliation is the Roman Catholic Church whose adherents constitute 564505 persons (more than 36% of the population) and maintain 110 congregations. Jews comprise the second largest religious group with 314500 persons (20.5%) in 102 congregations. They are followed by Protestants with 139732 adherents (9.1%) and Muslims with 37078 (2.4%).127 The borough is also experiencing a baby boom. Since 2000 the number of children under age five living in Manhattan grew by more than 32%.128 Landmarks and architecture Main article: Architecture in New York City The skyscraper which has shaped Manhattan's distinctive skyline has been closely associated with New York City's identity since the end of the 19th century. From 18901973 the world's tallest building was in Manhattan with nine different buildings holding the title.129 The New York World Building on Park Row was the first to take the title standing 309 feet (91 m) until 1955 when it was demolished to construct a new ramp to the Brooklyn Bridge.130 The nearby Park Row Building with its 29 stories standing 391 feet (119 m) high took the title in 1899.131 The 41-story Singer Building constructed in 1908 as the headquarters of the eponymous sewing machine manufacturer stood 612 feet (187 m) high until 1967 when it became the tallest building ever demolished.132 The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower standing 700 feet (213 m) at the foot of Madison Avenue wrested the title in 1909 with a tower reminiscent of St Mark's Campanile in Venice.133 The Woolworth Building and its distinctive Gothic architecture took the title in 1913 topping off at 792 feet (241 m).134 The Chrysler Building was the tallest building in the city & the world from 19301931 The Roaring Twenties saw a race to the sky with three separate buildings pursuing the world's tallest title in the span of a year. As the stock market soared in the days before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 two developers publicly competed for the crown.135 At 927 feet (282 m) 40 Wall Street completed in May 1930 in an astonishing eleven months as the headquarters of the Bank of Manhattan seemed to have secured the title.136 At Lexington Avenue and 42nd Street auto executive Walter Chrysler and his architect William Van Alen developed plans to build the structure's trademark 185-foot (56 m)-high spire in secret pushing the Chrysler Building to 1046 feet (319 m) and making it the tallest in the world when it was completed in 1929.137 Both buildings were soon surpassed with the May 1931 completion of the 102-story Empire State Building with its Art Deco tower soaring 1250 feet (381 m) to the top of the building. The 203 ft (62 m) high pinnacle was later added bringing the total height of the building to 1453 ft (443 m).138139 The Empire State Building was the world's tallest building from 1931 to 1972 and is currently the tallest building in the city The former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center were located in Lower Manhattan. At 1368 ft (417 m) and 1362 ft (415 m) the 110-story buildings were the world's tallest from 1972 until they were surpassed by the construction of the Willis Tower in 1974 (formerly known as the Sears tower located in Chicago).140 One World Trade Center a replacement for the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center is currently under construction and is slated to be ready for occupancy in 2013.141 In 1961 the Pennsylvania Railroad unveiled plans to tear down the old Penn Station and replace it with a new Madison Square Garden and office building complex. Organized protests were aimed at preserving the McKim Mead and White-designed structure completed in 1910 widely considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style and one of the architectural jewels of New York City.142 Despite these efforts demolition of the structure began in October 1963. The loss of Penn Stationcalled "an act of irresponsible public vandalism" by historian Lewis Mumfordled directly to the enactment in 1965 of a local law establishing the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission which is responsible for preserving the "city's historic aesthetic and cultural heritage".143 The historic preservation movement triggered by Penn Station's demise has been credited with the retention of some one million structures nationwide including nearly 1000 in New York City.144 The twin towers of the former World Trade Center New York's tallest buildings from 1972 to 2001. The theatre district around Broadway at Times Square New York University Columbia University Flatiron Building the Financial District around Wall Street Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Little Italy Harlem the American Museum of Natural History Chinatown and Central Park are all located on this densely populated island. The city is a leader in energy-efficient green office buildings such as Hearst Tower owned by Englishman Samuel Fox and the rebuilt 7 World Trade Center.145 Central Park is bordered on the north by West 110th Street on the west by Eighth Avenue on the south by West 59th Street and on the east by Fifth Avenue. Along the park's borders these streets are usually referred to as Central Park North Central Park West and Central Park South respectively (Fifth Avenue retains its name along the eastern border). The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. The 843 acre (3.4 km) park offers extensive walking tracks two ice-skating rinks a wildlife sanctuary and grassy areas used for various sporting pursuits as well as playgrounds for children. The park is a popular oasis for migrating birds and thus is popular with bird watchers. The 6 mile (10 km) road circling the park is popular with joggers bicyclists and inline skaters especially on weekends and in the evenings after 7:00 p.m. when automobile traffic is banned.146 While much of the park looks natural it is almost entirely landscaped and contains several artificial lakes. The construction of Central Park in the 1850s was one of the era's most massive public works projects. Some 20000 workers crafted the topography to create the English-style pastoral landscape Olmsted and Vaux sought to create. Workers moved nearly 3000000 cubic yards (2300000 m3) of soil and planted more than 270000 trees and shrubs.147 17.8% of the borough a total of 2686 acres (10.9 km) are devoted to parkland. Almost 70% of Manhattan's space devoted to parks is located outside of Central Park including 204 playgrounds 251 Greenstreets 371 basketball courts and many other amenities.148 The African Burial Ground National Monument at Duane Street preserves a site containing the remains of over 400 Africans buried during the 17th and 18th centuries. The remains were found in 1991 during the construction of the Foley Square Federal Office Building. Cityscape Panorama looking north from the Empire State Building Skyline of Midtown Manhattan as seen from the observation deck of the GE Building Skyline of Upper Manhattan and Midtown Manhattan as seen from Jersey City Panorama of the Manhattan skyline as seen looking eastward from Hoboken New Jersey. Economy Main article: Economy of New York City Manhattan is home to some of the nation's most valuable real estate and has a reputation as one of the most expensive areas in the United States.149 Offices along Sixth Avenue Manhattan is the economic engine of New York City with its 2.3 million workers drawn from the entire New York metropolitan area accounting for almost two-thirds of all jobs in New York City.150 Manhattan's daytime population swells to 2.87 million with commuters adding a net 1.34 million people to the population. This commuter influx of 1.46 million workers coming into Manhattan was the largest of any other county or city in the country and was more than triple the 480000 commuters who headed into second-ranked Washington D.C.151152 Its most important economic sector is the finance industry whose 280000 workers earned more than half of all the wages paid in the borough. The securities industry best-known by its center in Wall Street forms the largest segment of the city's financial sector accounting for over 50% of the financial services employment. Before the financial crisis of 2008 the five largest securities-trading firms in the U.S. had their headquarters in Manhattan.153154 In 2006 those in the Manhattan financial industry earned an average weekly pay of about $8300 (including bonuses) while the average weekly pay for all industries was about $2500. This was the highest in the country's 325 largest counties and the salary growth of 8% was the highest among the ten largest counties. Pay in the borough was 85% higher than the $784 pay earned weekly nationwide and nearly double the amount earned by workers in the outer boroughs. The health care sector represents about 11% of the borough's jobs and 4% of total compensation with workers taking home about $900 per week.155 New York City is home to the most corporate headquarters of any city in the nation the overwhelming majority based in Manhattan.156 Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the United States.157 Lower Manhattan is the nation's third-largest central business district (after Chicago's Loop) and is home to the New York Stock Exchange the American Stock Exchange (Amex) the New York Board of Trade the New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex) and NASDAQ.158 Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks are headquartered in Manhattan.159 "Madison Avenue" is often used metonymously to refer to the entire advertising field after Madison Avenue became identified with the advertising industry after the explosive growth in the area in the 1920s. Manhattan's workforce is overwhelmingly focused on white collar professions with manufacturing (39800 workers) and construction (31600) accounting for a small fraction of the borough's employment.150160 Historically this corporate presence has been complemented by many independent retailers though a recent influx of national chain stores has caused many to lament the creeping homogenization of Manhattan.161 Culture See also: Culture of New York City and Music of New York City Times Square a major cultural venue in the city Frank Lloyd Wright's Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum The Metropolitan Museum of Art An aerial shot of the Southern half of Manhattan taken from a plane Manhattan has been the scene of many important American cultural movements. In 1912 about 20000 workers a quarter of them women marched on Washington Square Park to commemorate the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire which killed 146 workers on March 25 1911. Many of the women wore fitted tucked-front blouses like those manufactured by the Triangle Shirtwaist Company a clothing style that became the working woman's uniform and a symbol of female independence reflecting the alliance of labor and suffrage movements.162 The Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s established the African-American literary canon in the United States. Manhattan's vibrant visual art scene in the 1950s and 1960s was a center of the American pop art movement which gave birth to such giants as Jasper Johns and Roy Lichtenstein. Perhaps no other artist is as associated with the downtown pop art movement of the late 1970s as Andy Warhol who socialized at clubs like Serendipity 3 and Studio 54. A popular haven for art the downtown neighborhood of Chelsea is widely known for its galleries and cultural events with more than 200 art galleries that are home to modern art from both upcoming and established artists.163164 Broadway theatre is often considered the highest professional form of theatre in the United States. Plays and musicals are staged in one of the 39 larger professional theatres with at least 500 seats almost all in and around Times Square.165 Off-Broadway theatres feature productions in venues with 100500 seats.166 A little more than a mile from Times Square is the Lincoln Center home to one of the world's most prestigious opera houses that of the Metropolitan Opera.167 Manhattan is also home to some of the most extensive art collections both contemporary and historical in the world including the Metropolitan Museum of Art the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) the Frick Collection the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Guggenheim Museum. Manhattan is the borough most closely associated with New York City by non-residents; even some natives of New York City's boroughs outside Manhattan will describe a trip to Manhattan as "going to the city".168 The borough has a place in several American idioms. The phrase a New York minute is meant to convey a very short time sometimes in hyperbolic form as in "perhaps faster than you would believe is possible". It refers to the rapid pace of life in Manhattan.169 The term "melting pot" was first popularly coined to describe the densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side in Israel Zangwill's play The Melting Pot which was an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet set by Zangwill in New York City in 1908.170 The iconic Flatiron Building is said to have been the source of the phrase "23 skidoo" or scram from what cops would shout at men who tried to get glimpses of women's dresses being blown up by the winds created by the triangular building.171 The "Big Apple" dates back to the 1920s when a reporter heard the term used by New Orleans stablehands to refer to New York City's racetracks and named his racing column "Around The Big Apple." Jazz musicians adopted the term to refer to the city as the world's jazz capital and a 1970s ad campaign by the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau helped popularize the term.172 Sports Today Manhattan is home of the NBA's New York Knicks the NHL's New York Rangers and the WNBA's New York Liberty who all play their home games at Madison Square Garden the only major professional sports arena in the borough. The New York Jets proposed a West Side Stadium for their home field but the proposal was eventually defeated in June 2005 leaving them at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford New Jersey. Today Manhattan is the only borough in New York City that does not have a professional baseball franchise. The Bronx has the Yankees (American League) and Queens has the Mets (National League) of Major League Baseball. The Minor League Baseball Brooklyn Cyclones play in Brooklyn while the Staten Island Yankees play in Staten Island. Yet three of the four major league teams to play in New York City played in Manhattan. The New York Giants played in the various incarnations of the Polo Grounds at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue from their inception in 1883except for 1889 when they split their time between Jersey City and Staten Island and when they played in Hilltop Park in 1911until they headed west with the Brooklyn Dodgers after the 1957 season.173 The New York Yankees began their franchise as the Hilltoppers named for Hilltop Park where they played from their creation in 1903 until 1912. The team moved to the Polo Grounds with the 1913 season where they were officially christened the New York Yankees remaining there until they moved across the Harlem River in 1923 to Yankee Stadium.174 The New York Mets played in the Polo Grounds in 1962 and 1963 their first two seasons before Shea Stadium was completed in 1964.175 After the Mets departed the Polo Grounds was demolished in April 1964 replaced by public housing.176177 The Skating Pond in Central Park 1862 Madison Square Garden is home to the Rangers Knicks and Liberty The first national college-level basketball championship the National Invitation Tournament was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.178 The New York Knicks started play in 1946 as one of the National Basketball Association's original teams playing their first home games at the 69th Regiment Armory before making Madison Square Garden their permanent home.179 The New York Liberty of the WNBA have shared the Garden with the Knicks since their creation in 1997 as one of the league's original eight teams.180 Rucker Park in Harlem is a playground court famed for its street ball style of play where many NBA athletes have played in the summer league.181 Though both of New York City's football teams play today across the Hudson River in Meadowlands Stadium in East Rutherford New Jersey both teams started out playing in the Polo Grounds. The New York Giants played side-by-side with their baseball namesakes from the time they entered the National Football League in 1925 until crossing over to Yankee Stadium in 1956.182 The New York Jets originally known as the Titans started out in 1960 at the Polo Grounds staying there for four seasons before joining the Mets in Queens in 1964.183 The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League have played in the various locations of Madison Square Garden since their founding in the 19261927 season. The Rangers were predated by the New York Americans who started play in the Garden the previous season lasting until the team folded after the 19411942 NHL season a season it played in the Garden as the Brooklyn Americans.184 The New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League played their home games at Downing Stadium for two seasons starting in 1974. In 1975 the team signed Pel officially recorded by FIFA as the world's greatest soccer player to a $4.5 million contract drawing a capacity crowd of 22500 to watch him lead the team to a 20 victory.185 The playing pitch and facilities at Downing Stadium were in dreadful condition though and as the team's popularity grew they too left for Yankee Stadium and then Giants Stadium. The stadium was demolished in 2002 to make way for the $45 million 4754-seat Icahn Stadium which includes an Olympic-standard 400-meter running track and as part of Pele's and the Cosmos' legacy includes a FIFA-approved floodlit soccer stadium that hosts matches between the 48 youth teams of a Manhattan soccer club.186187 Media Manhattan is served by the major New York City dailies including The New York Times New York Daily News and New York Post which are all headquartered in the borough. The nation's largest financial newspaper The Wall Street Journal is also based there. Other daily newspapers include AM New York and The Villager. The New York Amsterdam News based in Harlem is one of the leading African American weekly newspapers in the United States. The Village Voice is a leading alternative weekly based in the borough.188 The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The four major American broadcast networks ABC CBS Fox and NBC are all headquartered in Manhattan as are many cable channels including MSNBC MTV Fox News HBO and Comedy Central. In 1971 WLIB became New York's first black-owned radio station and the crown jewel of Inner City Broadcasting Corporation. A co-founder of Inner City was Percy Sutton a former Manhattan borough president and long one of the city's most powerful black leaders.189 WLIB began broadcasts for the African-American community in 1949 and regularly interviewed civil rights leaders like Malcolm X and aired live broadcasts from conferences of the NAACP. Influential WQHT also known as Hot 97 claims to be the premier hip-hop station in the United States. WNYC comprising an AM and FM signal has the largest public radio audience in the nation and is the most-listened to commercial or non-commercial radio station in Manhattan.190 WBAI with news and information programming is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States. The oldest public-access television cable TV channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network founded in 1971 offers eclectic local programming that ranges from a jazz hour to discussion of labor issues to foreign language and religious programming.191 NY1 Time Warner Cable's local news channel is known for its beat coverage of City Hall and state politics. Housing In the early days of Manhattan wood construction and poor access to water supplies left the city vulnerable to fires. In 1776 shortly after the Continental Army evacuated Manhattan and left it to the British a massive fire broke out destroying one-third of the city and some 500 houses.192 Loft apartments in TriBeCa The rise of immigration near the turn of the 20th century left major portions of Manhattan especially the Lower East Side densely packed with recent arrivals crammed into unhealthy and unsanitary housing. Tenements were usually five-stories high constructed on the then-typical 25x100 lots with "cockroach landlords" exploiting the new immigrants.193194 By 1929 stricter fire codes and the increased use of elevators in residential buildings were the impetus behind a new housing code that effectively ended the tenement as a form of new construction though many tenement buildings survive today on the East Side of the borough.194 Today Manhattan offers a wide array of public and private housing options. There were 798144 housing units in Manhattan as of the 2000 Census at an average density of 34756.7 per square mile (13421.8/km).54 Only 20.3% of Manhattan residents lived in owner-occupied housing the second-lowest rate of all counties in the nation behind The Bronx.117 Although the city of New York has the highest average cost for rent in the United States it simultaneously hosts a higher average of income per capita. Since the higher average of income affects how much rent payers spend percentage wise on rent NYC is still above the 10 most difficult American cities in which to pay rent. 195 Infrastructure Transportation Grand Central Terminal a terminal rail station and a major city landmark. Columbus Circle subway station is one of the city's busiest subway stations. See also: Transportation in New York City Manhattan is unique in the United States of America for intense use of public transportation and lack of private car ownership. While 88% of Americans nationwide drive to their jobs and only 5% use public transportation mass transit is the dominant form of travel for residents of Manhattan with 72% of borough residents using public transportation and only 18% driving to work.196197 According to the United States Census 2000 more than 77.5% of Manhattan households do not own a car.196198 In 2007 Mayor Bloomberg proposed a congestion pricing system. The state legislature rejected the proposal in June 2008.199 The New York City Subway the largest subway system in the world by track mileage and the largest by number of stations is the primary means of travel within the city linking every borough except Staten Island. There are 147 subway stations in Manhattan. A second subway the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) system connects six stations in Manhattan to northern New Jersey. Passengers pay fares with pay-per-ride MetroCards which are valid on all city buses and subways as well as on PATH trains. A one-way fare on the bus or subway is $2.25200 and PATH costs $1.75.201 There are daily 7-day 14-day and 30-day MetroCards that allow unlimited trips on all subways (except PATH) and MTA bus routes (except for express buses).202 The PATH QuickCard is being phased out and both PATH and the MTA are testing "smart card" payment systems to replace the MetroCard.203 Commuter rail services operating to and from Manhattan are the Long Island Rail Road (which connects Manhattan and other New York City boroughs to Long Island) the Metro-North Railroad (which connects Manhattan to Upstate New York and Southwestern Connecticut) and New Jersey Transit trains to various points in New Jersey. The MTA New York City Bus offers a wide variety of local buses within Manhattan. An extensive network of express bus routes serves commuters and other travelers heading into Manhattan. The bus system served 740 million passengers in 2004 the highest in the nation and more than double the ridership of the second-place Los Angeles.204 New York's iconic yellow cabs which number 13087 city-wide and must have the requisite medallion authorizing the pick up of street hails are ubiquitous in the borough.205 Manhattan also sees tens of thousands of bicycle commuters. The Roosevelt Island Tramway one of two commuter cable car systems in North America whisks commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan in less than five minutes and has been serving the island since 1978. (The other system in North America is the Portland Aerial Tram.) 206207 The Staten Island Ferry which runs 24 hours a day 365 days a year annually carries over 19 million passengers on the 5.2 mile (8.4 km) run between Manhattan and Staten Island. Each weekday five vessels transport about 65000 passengers on 110 boat trips.208209 The ferry has been fare-free since 1997 when the then-50-cent fare was eliminated.210 Penn Station a major commuter rail hub in New York City is directly under Madison Square Garden. The metro region's commuter rail lines converge at Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal on the west and east sides of Midtown Manhattan respectively. They are the two busiest rail stations in the United States. About one-third of users of mass transit and two-thirds of railway passengers in the country live in New York and its suburbs.211 Amtrak provides inter-city passenger rail service from Penn Station to Boston Philadelphia Baltimore and Washington D.C.; Upstate New York New England; cross-border service to Toronto and Montreal; and destinations in the South and Midwest. The Lincoln Tunnel which carries 120000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Manhattan is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.212 The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson to Manhattan's piers. The Queens Midtown Tunnel built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940.213 President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it.214 The FDR Drive and Harlem River Drive are two routes with limited access that skirt the east side of Manhattan along the East River designed by controversial New York master planner Robert Moses.215 Manhattan has three public heliports. US Helicopter offered regularly scheduled helicopter service connecting the Downtown Manhattan Heliport with John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens and Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey before going out of business in 2009.216 New York has the largest clean-air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country. It also has some of the first hybrid taxis most of which operate in Manhattan.217 Utilities Gas and electric service is provided by Consolidated Edison to all of Manhattan. Con Edison's electric business traces its roots back to Thomas Edison's Edison Electric Illuminating Company the first investor-owned electric utility. The company started service on September 4 1882 using one generator to provide 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers with 800 light bulbs in a one-square-mile area of Lower Manhattan from his Pearl Street Station.218 Con Edison operates the world's largest district steam system which consists of 105 miles (169 km) of steam pipes providing steam for heating hot water and air conditioning219 by some 1800 Manhattan customers.220 Cable service is provided by Time Warner Cable and telephone service is provided by Verizon Communications although AT&T is available as well. Manhattan surrounded by two brackish rivers had a limited supply of fresh water. The supply dwindled as the city grew rapidly after the American Revolutionary War. To satisfy the growing population the city acquired land in Westchester County and constructed the Croton Aqueduct system which went into service in 1842. The system took water from a dam at the Croton River and sent it down through the Bronx over the Harlem River by way of the High Bridge to storage reservoirs in Central Park and at 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue and through a network of cast iron pipes on to consumer's faucets.221 Today the New York City Department of Environmental Protection provides water to residents fed by a 2000 square mile (5180 km) watershed in the Catskill Mountains. Because the watershed is in one of the largest protected wilderness areas in the United States the natural water filtration process remains intact. As a result New York is one of only five major cities in the United States with drinking water pure enough to require only chlorination to ensure its purity at the tap under normal conditions.222223 Water comes to Manhattan through New York City Water Tunnel No. 1 and Tunnel No. 2 completed in 1917 and 1936 respectively. Construction started in 1970 continues on New York City Water Tunnel No. 3 which will double the system's existing 1.2 billion gallon-a-day capacity while providing a much-needed backup to the two other tunnels.224 The New York City Department of Sanitation is responsible for garbage removal.225 The bulk of the city's trash ultimately is disposed at mega-dumps in Pennsylvania Virginia South Carolina and Ohio (via transfer stations in New Jersey Brooklyn and Queens) since the 2001 closure of the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island.226 A small amount of trash processed at transfer sites in New Jersey is sometimes incinerated at waste-to-energy facilities. Like New York City New Jersey and much of Greater New York relies on exporting its trash to far-flung places. Education See also: Education in New York City List of high schools in New York City and List of colleges and universities in New York City New York Public Library 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue built 18971911 Carrre and Hastings architects. Education in Manhattan is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are operated by the New York City Department of Education the largest public school system in the United States.227 Charter schools include Harlem Success Academy and Girls Prep. Some of the best-known New York City public high schools such as Stuyvesant High School Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School High School of Fashion Industries Murry Bergtraum High School Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics Hunter College High School and High School for Math Science and Engineering at City College are located in Manhattan. Bard High School Early College a new hybrid school created by Bard College serves students from around the city. Manhattan is home to many of the most prestigious private prep schools in the nation including the Upper East Side's Brearley School Dalton School Browning School Spence School Chapin School Nightingale-Bamford School Convent of the Sacred Heart Regis High School The Hewitt School and Loyola School (New York City). Along with the Upper West Side's Collegiate School and Trinity School. The borough is also home to two private schools that are known as the most diverse in the nation Manhattan Country School and United Nations International School. Manhattan is home to the only official Italian American school in the U.S. La Scuola d'Italia.228 As of 2003 52.3% of Manhattan residents over age 25 have a bachelor's degree the fifth highest of all counties in the country.229 By 2005 about 60% of residents were college graduates and some 25% had earned advanced degrees giving Manhattan one of the nation's densest concentrations of highly educated people.230 Manhattan has various colleges and universities including Columbia University Cooper Union Fordham University New York University (NYU) The Juilliard School Pace University Berkeley College The New School and Yeshiva University. Other schools include Bank Street College of Education Boricua College Jewish Theological Seminary of America Marymount Manhattan College Manhattan School of Music Metropolitan College of New York New York Institute of Technology Pace University St. John's University School of Visual Arts Touro College and Union Theological Seminary. Several other private institutions maintain a Manhattan presence among them The College of New Rochelle and Pratt Institute. The City University of New York (CUNY) the municipal college system of New York City is the largest urban university system in the United States serving more than 226000 degree students and a roughly equal number of adult continuing and professional education students.231 A third of college graduates in New York City graduate from CUNY with the institution enrolling about half of all college students in New York City. CUNY senior colleges located in Manhattan include: Baruch College City College of New York Hunter College John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the CUNY Graduate Center (graduate studies and doctoral granting institution). The only CUNY community college located in Manhattan is the Borough of Manhattan Community College. The State University of New York is represented by the Fashion Institute of Technology State University of New York State College of Optometry and Stony Brook University Manhattan. Manhattan is a world center for training and education in medicine and the life sciences.232 The city as a whole receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S. cities233 the bulk of which goes to Manhattan's research institutions including Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Rockefeller University Mount Sinai School of Medicine Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Weill Cornell Medical College and New York University School of Medicine. Manhattan is served by the New York Public Library which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country.234 The five units of the Central LibraryMid-Manhattan Library Donnell Library Center The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library and the Science Industry and Business Libraryare all located in Manhattan.235 More than 35 other branch libraries are located in the borough.236 See also New York City portal New York portal Chinatown Manhattan Lower Manhattan Manhattanhenge Manhattanization Midtown Manhattan Sawing off of Manhattan Island Upper Manhattan List of counties in New York National Register of Historic Places listings in New York County New York References New Jersey v. New York 523 U.S. 767 (1998). Retrieved 2008-01-04. "New York County New York". Quickfacts.census.gov. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36061.html. Retrieved 2009-05-30.  "U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis". Bea.gov. 2009-04-23. http://www.bea.gov/regional/reis/drill.cfmtableCA1-3&catableCA1-3&lc30&years2005&rformatdisplay&areatypeLOCAL&sort1. Retrieved 2009-05-30.  Barry Dan. "A Nation challenged: in New York; New York Carries On but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun" The New York Times October 11 2001. Accessed June 30 2009. "A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world." Sorrentino Christopher. "When He Was Seventeen" The New York Times September 16 2007. Accessed December 22 2007. "In 1980 there were still the vestigial remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world." Bumiller Elisabeth. "The Pope's visit: the cardinal; As Pope's Important Ally Cardinal Shines High in Hierarchy" The New York Times October 8 1995. Accessed December 18 2007. "As the Archbishop of the media and cultural center of the United States Cardinal O'Connor has extraordinary power among Catholic prelates." "The World's Most Expensive Real Estate Markets". CNBC. http://www.cnbc.com/id/29862382/TheWorldsMostExpensiveRealEstateMarketsslide9. Retrieved 2010-05-31.  Review Princeton; Gilbert Nedda (2009-10-06). The Best 301 Business Schools 2010 by Princeton Review Nedda Gilbert. ISBN 9780375429590. http://books.google.com/iddWA7aEbsy8QC&pgPA154&dqnew+york+financial+capital+of+the+world+2010&qnew%20york%20financial%20capital%20of%20the%20world%202010. Retrieved 2010-05-31.  "Financial Capital of the World: NYC". Wired New York/Bloomberg. http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.phpt22541. Retrieved 2010-05-31.  "The Tax Capital of the World". The Wall Street Journal. April 11 2009. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123940286075109617.html. Retrieved 2010-05-31.  "JustOneMinute Editorializing From The Financial Capital Of The World". http://justoneminute.typepad.com/main/2010/04/editorializing-from-the-financial-capital-of-the-world.html. Retrieved 2010-05-31.  "London may have the IPOs...". Marketwatch. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/credit-crunch-shows-new-york-is-still-worlds-financial-capital/. Retrieved 2010-05-31.  "Fondos Londres versus Nueva York" (PDF). Cinco Dias. http://www.cincodias.com/articulo/mercados/Londres-versus-Nueva-York/20080901cdscdimer3/cdsmer/. Retrieved 2010-05-31.  BarryPopik.com a b U.S. Census Bureau press release "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers New York's 2010 Census Population Totals ..." March 24 2011 and this accompanying Microsoft Excel spreadsheet Table 1. The Most Populous Counties and Incorporated Places in 2010 in New York: 2000 and 2010 which cites "U.S. Census Bureau Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File Table PL1 and ... Table P1." retrieved on April 2 2011 County and City Data Book:2007 (U.S. Census Bureau) Table B-1 Area and Population retrieved on July 12 2008. New York County (Manhattan) was the nation's densest-populated county followed by Kings County (Brooklyn) Bronx County Queens County and San Francisco California. American Fact Finder (U.S. Census Bureau): New York by County - Table GCT-PH1. Population Housing Units Area and Density: 2000 Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data retrieved on February 6 2009 Full Text of Robert Juet's Journal: From the collections of the New-York Historical Society Second Series 1841 log book Newsday. Retrieved 2007-05-16. a b Holloway Marguerite. "Urban tactics; I'll Take Mannahatta" The New York Times May 16 2004 accessed June 30 2009. "He could envision what Henry Hudson saw in 1609 as he sailed along Mannahatta which in the Lenape dialect most likely meant island of many hills." Sullivan Dr. James. "The History of New York State: Book I Chapter III" USGenNet accessed 2007-05-01. "There is satisfactory evidence that Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed into the outer harbor of New York in 1524. Rankin Rebecca B. Cleveland Rodgers (1948). New York: the World's Capital City Its Development and Contributions to Progress. Harper.  "Henry Hudson and His Exploration" Scientific American September 25 1909 accessed May 1 2007. "This was a vain hope however and the conviction must finally have come to the heart of the intrepid adventurer that once again he was foiled in his repeated quest for the northwest passage On the following day the "Half Moon" let go her anchor inside of Sandy Hook. The week was spent in exploring the bay with a shallop or small boat and "they found a good entrance between two headlands" (the Narrows) "and thus entered on the 11th of September into as fine a river as can be found."" Dutch Colonies National Park Service. Accessed May 19 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company 30 families arrived in North America in 1624 establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan." Tolerance Park Historic New Amsterdam on Governors Island Tolerance Park. Accessed May 12 2007. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708. City Seal and Flag New York City accessed May 13 2007. "Date: Beneath the horizontal laurel branch the date 1625 being the year of the establishment of New Amsterdam." IISG.nl Williams Jasmin K. "New York The Empire States" The New York Post November 22 2006. Accessed May 19 2007. "In 1647 Dutch leader Peter Stuyvesant arrived with an iron fist to put an end to the colony's rampant crime and restore order." About the Council New York City Council. Accessed May 18 2007. New York State History New York Department of State accessed June 29 2009. "...named New York in honor of the Duke of York." Griffis William Elliot. "The Story of New Netherland" Chapter XV: The Fall of New Netherland Houghton Mifflin Company 1909. "In religious matters Article VIII of the capitulation read "The Dutch shall enjoy the liberty of their consciences in Divine worship and in Church government."" Tolerance Park Historic New Amsterdam on Governors Island Tolerance Park. Retrieved April 26 2007. Fort Washington Park New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed May 18 2007. "Happy Evacuation Day" New York City Department of Parks and Recreation November 23 2005. Accessed May 18 2007. The Nice Capitals of the United States. United States Senate Historical Office. Accessed June 9 2005. Based on Fortenbaugh Robert The Nine Capitals of the United States York Pennsylvania: Maple Press 1948... Blair Cynthia. "1858: Central Park Opens" Newsday. Accessed May 29 2007. "Between 1853 and 1856 city commissioners purchased more than 700 acres (280 ha) from 59th Street to 106th Street between Fifth and Eighth Avenues to create Central Park the nation's first public park as well as its first landscaped park." Rybczynski Witold. "Olmsted's Triumph" at the Wayback Machine (archived November 28 2006). Smithsonian (magazine) July 2003. Accessed May 29 2007. "By 1876 landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted and architect Calvert Vaux had transformed the swampy treeless 50 blocks between Harlem and midtown Manhattan into the first landscaped park in the United States." Ward Geoffrey C. "Gangs of New York" a review of Paradise Alley by Kevin Baker The New York Times October 6 2002. Accessed June 30 2009. "The New York draft riots remain the worst civil disturbance in American history: according to the historian Adrian Cook 119 people are known to have been killed mostly rioters or onlookers who got too close when federal troops brought back from the battlefield to restore order started shooting." Statue of Liberty National Park Service. Accessed May 17 2007. "New Jerseyans' Claim To Liberty I. Rejected" The New York Times October 6 1987. Accessed June 30 2009. "The Supreme Court today refused to strip the Statue of Liberty of its status as a New Yorker. The Court without comment turned away a move by a two New Jerseyans to claim jurisdiction over the landmark for their state." Macy Jr. Harry. Before the Five-Borough City: The Old Cities Towns and Villages That Came Together to Form "Greater New York" New York Genealogical and Biographical Society from The NYG&B Newsletter Winter 1998 accessed April 29 2007. "In 1683 when the Province of New York was first divided into counties the City of New York also became New York County... In 1874 to accommodate this growth New York City and County annexed from Westchester County what is now the western Bronx... In 1895 New York City annexed the eastern Bronx." Hermalyn Gary and Ultan Lloyd. Bronx History: A General Survey New York Public Library. Retrieved April 26 2007. Chase-Dunn Christopher and Manning Susan. "City systems and world-systems: Four millennia of city growth and decline" University of California Riverside Institute for Research on World-Systems. Accessed May 17 2007. "New York which became the largest city in the world by 1925 beating out London..." Rosenberg Jennifer. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire About.com. Accessed May 17 2007. Allen Oliver E. (1993). "Chapter 9: The Decline". The Tiger The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 020162463X. http://www.questia.com/PM.qstao&d100781540. Retrieved 2007-05-25.  "Stuyvesant Town to Get Its First Tenants Today" The New York Times August 1 1947. p. 19 Behrens David. "The World Came to Long Island: The small Village of Lake Success played a big role in the launch of the United Nations" Newsday. Accessed May 29 2007. "In the spring of 1951 the UN moved to its current home along Manhattan's East River." Haberman Clyde. "Surviving Fiscal Crisis (and Disco)" The New York Times January 25 1998. Accessed May 29 2007. Zeitz Joshua. "New York City on the Brink" American Heritage (magazine) November 26 2005. Accessed May 29 2007. Firestone David. "This Time New York City Is All Alone" The New York Times May 18 1995. Accessed June 30 2009. Harris Paul. "How the mean streets of New York were tamed" The Guardian January 15 2006. Accessed June 29 2009. "Alongside the changed tactics came a fall in the crack epidemic that had swept the city in the Eighties. By the Nineties police had driven dealers off the streets thus reducing drug-related violence.... The figures speak for themselves. In 1990 2245 New Yorkers were murdered. Last year the number was 537 the lowest for 40 years." Hevesi Dennis. "In Much of the City A Robust Market" The New York Times March 16 1997. Accessed June 29 2009. New York City Administrative Code Section 2-202 Division into boroughs and boundaries thereof Division Into Boroughs And Boundaries Thereof. Lawyer Research Center. Accessed May 16 2007. "The borough of Manhattan shall consist of the territory known as New York county which shall contain all that part of the city and state including that portion of land commonly known as Marble Hill and included within the county of New York and borough of Manhattan for all purposes pursuant to chapter nine hundred thirty-nine of the laws of nineteen hundred eighty-four and further including the islands called Manhattan Island Governor's Island Bedloe's Island Ellis Island Franklin D. Roosevelt Island Randall's Island and Oyster Island..." a b How New York Works How Stuff Works accessed June 30 2009. "The island is 22.7 square miles (58.8 km) 13.4 miles (21.6 km) long and 2.3 miles (3.7 km) wide (at its widest point)." a b c New YorkPlace and County Subdivision United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-05-01. Gray Christopher. "Streetscapes: Spuyten Duyvil Swing Bridge; Restoring a Link In the City's Lifeline". The New York Times March 6 1988. Accessed June 30 2009. Jackson Nancy Beth. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Marble Hill; Tiny Slice of Manhattan on the Mainland". The New York Times January 26 2003. Accessed June 30 2009. "The building of the Harlem River Ship Canal turned the hill into an island in 1895 but when Spuyten Duyvel Creek on the west was filled in before World War I the 51 acres (21 ha) became firmly attached to the mainland and the Bronx." Cudahy Brian J. Cudahy (1990). Over and Back: The History of Ferryboats in New York Harbor. Fordham University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0823212459.  Gillespie Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0783897855.  Iglauer Edith (November 4 1972). "The Biggest Foundation". The New Yorker.  ASLA 2003 The Landmark Award American Society of Landscape Architects. Accessed May 17 2007. Remarks of the Commissioners for laying out streets and roads in the City of New York under the Act of April 3 1807 Cornell University. Accessed May 2 2007. "These streets are all sixty feet wide except fifteen which are one hundred feet wide viz.: Numbers fourteen twenty-three thirty-four forty-two fifty-seven seventy-two seventy-nine eighty-six ninety-six one hundred and six one hundred and sixteen one hundred and twenty-five one hundred and thirty-five one hundred and forty-five and one hundred and fifty-fivethe block or space between them being in general about two hundred feet." a b Silverman Justin Rocket. "Sunny delight in city sight" Newsday May 27 2006. "'Manhattanhenge' occurs Sunday a day when a happy coincidence of urban planning and astrophysics results in the setting sun lining up exactly with every east-west street in the borough north of 14th Street. Similar to Stonehenge which is directly aligned with the summer-solstice sun "Manhattanhenge" catches the sun descending in perfect alignment between buildings. The local phenomenon occurs twice a year on May 28 and July 12 Sunset on 34th Street Along the Manhattan Grid Natural History (magazine) Special FeatureCity of Stars. Retrieved September 4 2006. The Mannahatta Project Wildlife Conservation Society January 1 2006. Retrieved September 3 2006. Senft Bret. "If You're Thinking of Living In/TriBeCa; Families Are the Catalyst for Change" The New York Times September 26 1993. Accessed June 30 2009. "Families have overtaken commerce as the catalyst for change in this TRIangle BElow CAnal Street (although the only triangle here is its heart: Hudson Street meeting West Broadway at Chambers Street with Canal its north side) Artists began seeking refuge from fashionable SoHo (SOuth of HOuston) as early as the mid-70's." Cohen Joyce. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Nolita; A Slice of Little Italy Moving Upscale" The New York Times May 17 1998. Accessed June 30 2009. "NO ONE is quite certain what to call this part of town. Nolitanorth of Little Italy that iscertainly pinpoints it geographically. The not-quite-acronym was apparently coined several years ago by real-estate brokers seeking to give the area at least a little cachet." Louie Elaine. "The Trendy Discover NoMad Land and Move In" Feirstein Sanna. (2001) Naming New York: Manhattan Places and How They Got Their Names: New York: New York University Press p. 103 Sternbergh Adam. "Soho. Nolita. Dumbo. NoMad Branding the last unnamed neighborhood in Manhattan. Published Apr 11 2010" Pitts David. U.S. Postage Stamp Honors Harlem's Langston Hughes United States Department of State. Accessed June 30 2009. "Harlem or Nieuw Haarlem as it was originally named was established by the Dutch in 1658 after they took control from Native Americans. They named it after Haarlem a city in the Netherlands." Bruni Frank. "The Grounds He Stamped: The New York Of Ginsberg" The New York Times April 7 1997. Accessed June 30 2009. "Indeed for all the worldwide attention that Mr. Ginsberg received he was always a creature and icon principally of downtown Manhattan his world view forged in its crucible of political and sexual passions his eccentricities nurtured by those of its peculiar demimonde his individual myth entwined with that of the bohemian East Village in which he made his home. He embodied the East Village and the Lower East Side Bill Morgan a friend and Mr. Ginsberg's archivist said yesterday." Dunlap David W. "The New Chelsea's Many Faces" The New York Times November 13 1994. Accessed June 30 2009. "Gay Chelsea's role has solidified with the arrival of A Different Light bookstore a cultural cornerstone that had been housed for a decade in an 800-square-foot (74 m2) nook at 548 Hudson Street near Perry Street. It now takes up more than 5000 square feet (500 m2) at 151 West 19th Street and its migration seems to embody a northward shift of gay life from Greenwich Village... Because of Chelsea's reputation Mr. Garmendia said single women were not likely to move in. But single men did. "The whole neighborhood became gay during the 70's" he said." Grimes Christopher. "WORLD NEWS: New York's Chinatown starts to feel the pinch over 'the bug'" Financial Times April 14 2003. Accessed May 19 2007. "New York's Chinatown is the site of the largest concentration of Chinese people in the western hemisphere." Chinatown: A World of Dining Shopping and History NYC & Company accessed June 30 2009. "No visit to New York City is complete without exploring the sights cuisines history and shops of the biggest Chinatown in the United States. The largest concentration of Chinese people150000in the Western Hemisphere are in a two-square-mile area in downtown Manhattan that's loosely bounded by Lafayette Worth and Grand streets and East Broadway." Upper West Side NYC & Company accessed June 30 2009. "This is the traditional stronghold of the city's intellectual creative and moneyed community but the atmosphere is not as upper crust as the Upper East Side." Maps & Neighborhoods Upper East Side NYC & Company accessed June 30 2009. "The neighborhood air is perfumed with the scent of old money conservative values and glamorous sophistication with Champagne corks popping and high society puttin' on the Ritz." Stroll the Upper East Side for Lifestyles of the Elite Footnotes of the American Sociological Association March 1996 accessed June 29 2009. Petzold Charles. " How Far from True North are the Avenues of Manhattan" accessed April 30 2007. "However the orientation of the city's avenues was fixed to be parallel with the axis of Manhattan Island and has only a casual relationship to true north and south. Maps that are oriented to true north (like the one at the right) show the island at a significant tilt. In truth avenues run closer to northeast and southwest than north and south." Jackson Nancy Beth. "Living On/59th Street; Putting Out the Gold-Plated Welcome Mats" The New York Times August 29 2004. Accessed June 30 2009. "Now anchored east and west by glittering towers destination supermarkets and shops 59th Street is more than where Midtown meets uptown." a b NYC Basics NYC & Company accessed June 30 2009. "Downtown (below 14th Street) contains Greenwich Village SoHo TriBeCa and the Wall Street financial district." a b c d "The Climate of New York". New York State Climate Office. http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climateofny.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.  Riley Mary Elizabeth (2006). "Assessing the Impact of Interannual Climate Variability on New York City's Reservoir System" (PDF). Cornell University Graduate School for Atmospheric Science. http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/2623/1/MER%20Thesis-new.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-29.  "Keeping New York City Cool Is The Job Of NASA's Heat Seekers." Spacedaily.com February 9 2006. Accessed May 16 2007. "The urban heat island occurrence is particularly pronounced during summer heat waves and at night when wind speeds are low and sea breezes are light. During these times New York City's air temperatures can rise 7.2 F (13.8 C) higher than in surrounding areas." "Climatography of the United States No. 20 19712000: NEW YORK CENTRAL PARK NY" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ny/305801.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-09.  "NOAA". NOAA. ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-IV/US/GROUP2/00305801.TXT.  "Report on Ballot Proposals of the 2003 New York City Charter Revision Commission" (PDF) Association of the Bar of the City of New York. Accessed May 11 2007. "Unlike most cities that employ nonpartisan election systems New York City has a very strong mayor system and following the 1989 Charter Amendments an increasingly powerful City Council." Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris Cornell Law School. Retrieved June 12 2006. Manhattan Borough President Scott M. Stringer Manhattan Borough President's Office. Accessed April 27 2007. "Scott M. Stringer was sworn in as Manhattan's 26th Borough President in January 2006" Biography of Cyrus R. Vance New York County District Attorney's Office. Accessed April 27 2007. "He returned to private life until 1974 when he made the first of eight successful bids for election as District Attorney of New York County." Society of Foreign Consuls: About us. Retrieved July 19 2006. Manhattan Municipal Building New York City. Accessed June 29 2009. "Election results from the N.Y. Times". Elections.nytimes.com. 2008-12-09. http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/map.html. Retrieved 2009-05-30.  Grogan Jennifer. Election 2004Rise in Registration Promises Record Turnout Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism accessed April 25 2007. "According to the board's statistics for the total number of registered voters as of the Oct. 22 deadline there were 1.1 million registered voters in Manhattan of which 727071 were Democrats and 132294 were Republicans which is a 26.7 percent increase from the 2000 election when there were 876120 registered voters." PresidentHistory: New York County Our Campaigns. Accessed May 1 2007. 2004 General Election: Statement and Return of the Votes for the Office of President and Vice President of the United States (PDF) New York City Board of Elections dated December 1 2004. Retrieved April 30 2008. National Overview: Top Zip Codes 2004 Top Contributing Zip Codes for All Candidates (Individual Federal Contributions ($200+)) The Color of Money. Accessed May 29 2007. Big Donors Still Rule The Roost Public Campaign press release dated October 29 2004. Retrieved July 18 2006. "Post Office Location James A. Farley." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 5 2009. New York City's main post office stops 24-hour service Associated Press Friday April 17 2009. Retrieved May 5 2009. "Zip code lookup". http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp.  Christiano Gregory. "The Five Points" Urbanography. Accessed May 16 2007. Walsh John "The Five Points" Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area September 1994. Accessed May 16 2007. "The Five Points slum was so notorious that it attracted the attention of candidate Abraham Lincoln who visited the area before his Cooper Union Address." Al Capone Chicago History Museum. Accessed May 16 2007. "Capone was born on January 17 1899 in Brooklyn New York.... He became part of the notorious Five Points gang in Manhattan and worked in gangster Frankie Yale's Brooklyn dive the Harvard Inn as a bouncer and bartender." a b Jaffe Eric. "Talking to the Feds: The chief of the FBI's organized crime unit on the history of La Cosa Nostra" at the Wayback Machine (archived June 15 2007). Smithsonian (magazine) April 2007. Accessed May 16 2007. Langan Patrick A. and Durose Matthew R. "The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City" (PDF). United States Department of Justice October 21 2004. Accessed May 16 2007. a b Zeranski Todd. NYC Is Safest City as Crime Rises in U.S. FBI Say". Bloomberg News June 12 2006. Accessed May 16 2007. 13th Annual Safest (and Most Dangerous) Cities: Top and Bottom 25 Cities Overall accessed May 16 2007. MacDonald Heather. "New York Cops: Still the Finest Bucking a national trend Gothams crime rate keeps dropping. Heres why." City Journal (New York) Summer 2006. Accessed May 16 2007. "But to his immense credit (and that of Mayor Michael Bloomberg who has backed him) Kelly has maintained the heart of New York's policing revolutionthe now-famous accountability mechanism known as Compstat a weekly crime-control meeting where top brass grill precinct bosses about every last detail of their commandeven as he has refined the department's ability to analyze and respond to crime trends." Patrol Borough Manhattan South Report Covering the Week of 05/5/2009 through 05/10/2009 (PDF) New York City Police Department CompStat May 30 2009. Accessed May 30 2009 and Patrol Borough Manhattan North Report Covering the Week of 04/30/2007 Through 05/06/2007 (PDF) New York City Police Department CompStat May 30 2009. Accessed May 30 2009 "Census". United States Census. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850a-02.pdf.  page 36 Campbell Gibson. "Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". United States Bureau of the Census. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html.  Census data for New York county as of 2000 Census United States Census Bureau accessed May 29 2007. Census data for New York city as of 2000 Census United States Census Bureau accessed May 29 2007. Census data for New York (state) as of 2000 Census United States Census Bureau accessed May 29 2007. "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.  "Population Density" Geographic Information Systems GIS of Interest. Accessed June 30 2009. "What I discovered is that out of the 3140 counties listed in the Census population data only 178 counties were calculated to have a population density over one person per acre. Not surprisingly New York County (which contains Manhattan) had the highest population density with a calculated 104.218 persons per acre." a b Percent of Occupied Housing Units That are Owner-occupied United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 18 2007. New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex & Borough 20002030 New York City Department of City Planning December 2006. Accessed May 18 2007. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTablebmy&-geoid05000US36061&-qrnameACS20091YRG00DP5&-contextadp&-dsname&-treeid309&-langen&-redoLogfalse&-format http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTablebmy&-geoid05000US36061&-qrnameACS20091YRG00DP2&-contextadp&-dsname&-treeid309&-langen&-redoLogfalse&-format Languages spoken in New York County Modern Language Association. Retrieved April 25 2007. Sahadi Jeanne. Biggest Income Tax Burdens: Top 10 Places CNN Money. Retrieved April 28 2007. Newman Jeffrey L. "Comprehensive revision of local area personal income: preliminary estimates for 2002 and revised estimates for 19692001" Survey of Current Business June 2004. Accessed May 29 2007. "Per capita personal income in New York County (Manhattan) New York at $84591 or 274 percent of the national average was the highest." Zip Code Tabulation Area 10021 United States Census 2000. Retrieved April 27 2007. York County New York United States Census 2000. Retrieved April 27 2007. Steinhauer Jennifer. "Baby Strollers and Supermarkets Push Into the Financial District" The New York Times April 15 2005. Accessed May 11 2007. New York County New York Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved September 10 2006. Roberts Sam. "In Surge in Manhattan Toddlers Rich White Families Lead Way" The New York Times March 27 2007. Retrieved March 27 2007. McKinley Jesse. "F.Y.I.: Tall Taller. Tallest" The New York Times November 5 1995. p. CY2. Retrieved June 30 2009. "Big Span Project Initiated by City; Manhattan Plaza of Brooklyn Bridge Would Be Rebuilt to Cope With Traffic Increase COST IS PUT AT $6910000 Demolition Program is Set Street System in the Area Also Faces Rearranging" The New York Times July 24 1954. p. 15. Gray Christopher. "Streetscapes/The Park Row Building 15 Park Row; An 1899 'Monster' That Reigned High Over the City" The New York Times March 12 2000. Accessed June 30 2009. Gray Christopher. " Streetscapes/Singer Building; Once the Tallest Building But Since 1967 a Ghost" The New York Times January 2 2005. Accessed May 15 2007. "The 41-story Singer Building the tallest in the world in 1908 when it was completed at Broadway and Liberty Street was until September 11 2001 the tallest structure ever to be demolished. The building an elegant Beaux-Arts tower was one of the most painful losses of the early preservation movement when it was razed in 1967.... Begun in 1906 the Singer Building incorporated Flagg's model for a city of towers with the 1896 structure reconstructed as the base and a 65-foot-square shaft rising 612 feet (187 m) high culminating in a bulbous mansard and giant lantern at the peak." Gray Christopher. "Streetscapes/Metropolitan Life at 1 Madison Avenue;For a Brief Moment the Tallest Building in the World" The New York Times May 26 1996. Accessed June 30 2009. Dunlap David W. "Condos to Top Vaunted Tower Of Woolworth" The New York Times November 2 2000. Accessed June 30 2009. "Denies Altering Plans for Tallest Building; Starrett Says Height of Bank of Manhattan Structure Was Not Increased to Beat Chrysler." The New York Times October 20 1929. p. 14. "Bank of Manhattan Built in Record Time; Structure 927 feet (283 m) High Second Tallest in World Is Erected in Year of Work." The New York Times May 6 1930. p. 53. Gray Christopher. "Streetscapes: The Chrysler Building; Skyscraper's Place in the Sun" The New York Times December 17 1995. Accessed June 30 2009. "Then Chrysler and Van Alen again revised the design this time in order to win a height competition with the 921-foot (281 m) tower then rising at 40 Wall Street. This was done in secret using as a staging area the huge square fire-tower shaft intended to vent smoke from the stairways. Inside the shaft Van Alen had teams of workers assemble the framework for a 185-foot-high spire that when lifted into place in the fall of 1929 made the Chrysler building at 1046 feet 4.75 inches high the tallest in the world." "Rivalry for Height is Seen as Ended; Empire State's Record to Stand for Many Years Builders and Realty Men Say. Practical Limit Reached; Its Top Rises 1250 feet (380 m) but Staff Carrying Instruments Extends Pinnacle to 1265.5 Feet." The New York Times May 2 1931. p. 7. Gray Christopher. "Streetscapes: The Empire State Building; A Red Reprise for a '31 Wonder" The New York Times June 14 1992. Accessed June 30 2009. Barss Karen. "The History of Skyscrapers: A race to the top" Information Please. Accessed May 17 2007. "The Empire State Building would reign supreme among skyscrapers for 41 years until 1972 when it was surpassed by the World Trade Center (1368 feet 110 stories). Two years later New York City lost the distinction of housing the tallest building when the Willis Tower was constructed in Chicago (1450 feet 110 stories)." "About the WTC". Silverstein Properties. http://www.wtc.com/about/. Retrieved 2008-08-15.  Gray Christopher. "Streetscapes/'The Destruction of Penn Station'; A 1960s Protest That Tried to Save a Piece of the Past" The New York Times May 20 2001. Accessed June 30 2009. About the Landmarks Preservation Commission New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Accessed May 17 2007. "Requiem For Penn Station" CBS News October 13 2002. Accessed May 17 2007. Pogrebin Robin. "7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers" The New York Times April 16 2006. Retrieved July 19 2006. Central Park General Information Central Park Conservancy. Retrieved September 21 2006. Central Park History Central Park Conservancy. Retrieved September 21 2006. Environment at the Wayback Machine (archived April 11 2007). Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer. Retrieved October 19 2007. The most expensive ZIP codes in America Forbes September 26 2003. Accessed June 29 2009. a b Average Weekly Wage in Manhattan at $1453 in Second Quarter 2006 (PDF) Bureau of Labor Statistics United States Department of Labor February 20 2007. Retrieved February 21 2007. "Commuting shifts in top 10 metro areas" USA Today May 20 2005. Retrieved June 25 2007. Estimated Daytime Population and Employment-Residence Ratios: 2000 United States Census 2000. Retrieved June 25 2007. Business in NYC Financial Services NYCEDC. Accessed on June 29 2009. "America's 500 Largest Corporations". Fortune: pp. F45 and F64. April 30.  McGeehan Patrick. Income Soars on Wall St. Widening Gap The New York Times March 23 2006. Accessed May 1 2007. Fortune Magazine: New York State and City Home to Most Fortune 500 Companies Empire State Development Corporation press release dated April 8 2005 accessed April 26 2007. "New York City is also still home to more Fortune 500 headquarters than any other city in the country." Noonan Patrica. Testimony on Moynihan Station Draft EIS Partnership for New York City testimony dated May 31 2006 accessed April 26 2007. "Combined with the expansion of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center the Far West Side promises to become the logical extension of the largest central business district in the country." Lower Manhattan Recovery Office Federal Transit Administration accessed April 26 2007. "Lower Manhattan is the third largest business district in the nation. Prior to September 11 more than 385000 people were employed there and 85% of those employees used public transportation to commute to work." Top 10 Consolidated Agency Networks: Ranked by 2006 Worldwide Network Revenue Advertising Age Agency Report 2007 Index published April 25 2007. Retrieved June 8 2007. Geller Andy. "N.Y. Hits 'Pay'dirt: Manhattan No. 1 in Nat'l Salary Surge New York Post February 21 2007. Accessed May 18 2007. Stasi Linda. NY OH: It's Cleaner Whiter Brighter The Village Voice September 24 1997. Retrieved June 30 2009. The Triangle Factory Fire Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. Retrieved April 25 2007. "Stylish Traveler: Chelsea Girls" Travel + Leisure September 2005. Accessed May 14 2007. "With more than 200 galleries Chelsea has plenty of variety." "City Planning Begins Public Review for West Chelsea Rezoning to Permit Housing Development and Create Mechanism for Preserving and Creating Access to the High Line" New York City Department of City Planning press release dated December 20 2004. Accessed May 29 2007. "Some 200 galleries have opened their doors in recent years making West Chelsea a destination for art lovers from around the City and the world." Weber Bruce. "Critic's Notebook: Theater's Promise Look Off Broadway" The New York Times July 2 2003. Accessed May 29 2007. "It's also true that what constitutes Broadway is easy to delineate; it's a universe of 39 specified theaters which all have at least 500 seats. Off Broadway is generally considered to comprise theaters from 99 to 499 seats (anything less is thought of as Off Off) which ostensibly determines the union contracts for actors directors and press agents." Theatre 101 Theatre Development Fund. Accessed May 29 2007. Music Details for Sunday January 5 1997 ABC Classic FM. Accessed June 19 2007. "James Levine made his Metropolitan Opera debut at the age of 27 conducting Tosca.... Since the mid eighties he has held the role of Artistic Director and it is under his tenure that the Met has become the most prestigious opera house in the world." Purdum Todd S. "Political memo; An Embattled City Hall Moves to Brooklyn" The New York Times February 22 1992. Accessed June 30 2009. ""Leaders in all of them fear that recent changes in the City Charter that shifted power from the borough presidents to the City Council have diminished government's recognition of the sense of identity that leads people to say they live in the Bronx and to describe visiting Manhattan as 'going to the city.'" "New York Minute". Dictionary of American Regional English. 1984-01-01. http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-new1.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-05.  "The Melting Pot" The First Measured Century Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved April 25 2007. Dolkart Andrew S. "The Architecture and Development of New York City: The Birth of the Skyscraper Romantic Symbols" Columbia University accessed May 15 2007. "It is at a triangular site where Broadway and Fifth Avenuethe two most important streets of New Yorkmeet at Madison Square and because of the juxtaposition of the streets and the park across the street there was a wind-tunnel effect here. In the early twentieth century men would hang out on the corner here on Twenty-third Street and watch the wind blowing women's dresses up so that they could catch a little bit of ankle. This entered into popular culture and there are hundreds of postcards and illustrations of women with their dresses blowing up in front of the Flatiron Building. And it supposedly is where the slang expression "23 skidoo" comes from because the police would come and give the voyeurs the 23 skidoo to tell them to get out of the area." "Mayor Giuliani signs legislation creating "Big Apple Corner" in Manhattan" New York City press release dated February 12 1997. Giants Ballparks: 1883Present MLB.com. Accessed May 8 2007. Yankee Ballparks: 1903Present MLB.com. Accessed May 8 2007. Mets Ballparks: 1962Present MLB.com. Accessed May 8 2007. Drebinger John. "The Polo Grounds 18891964: A Lifetime of Memories; Ball Park in Harlem Was Scene of Many Sports Thrills" The New York Times January 5 1964. p. S3. Arnold Martin. "Ah Polo Grounds The Game is Over; Wreckers Begin Demolition for Housing Project" The New York Times April 11 1964. p. 27. History of the National Invitation Tournament National Invitation Tournament. Accessed May 8 2007. "Tradition. The NIT is steeped in it. The nation's oldest postseason collegiate basketball tournament was founded in 1938." History of the New York Knicks NBA.com. Accessed May 8 2007. The New York Liberty Story Women's National Basketball Association. Accessed May 8 2007. 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"Mayor Michael Bloomberk Parks & Recreation Commissioner Adrian Benepe and the Randall's Island Sports Foundation Name New York City's Newest Athletic Facility Icahn Stadium" Mayor of New York City press release dated January 28 2004. Retrieved September 24 2007. New York City Newspapers and News Media ABYZ News Links. Accessed May 1 2007. Jaker Bill; Sulek Frank; and Kanze Peter "The Airwaves of New York: Illustrated Histories of 156 AM Stations in the Metropolitan Area" Google Book Search p. 113. Retrieved April 25 2007. President's Bio WNYC accessed May 1 2007. "Heard by over 1.2 million listeners each week WNYC radio is the largest public radio station in the country and is dedicated to producing broadcasting that extends New York City's cultural riches to public radio stations nationwide." Community Celebrates Public Access TV's 35th Anniversary Manhattan Neighborhood Network press release dated August 6 2006 accessed April 28 2007. "Public access TV was created in the 1970s to allow ordinary members of the public to make and air their own TV showsand thereby exercise their free speech. It was first launched in the U.S. in Manhattan July 1 1971 on the Teleprompter and Sterling Cable systems now Time Warner Cable." Great Fire of 1776 City University of New York. Accessed April 30 2007. "Some of Washington's advisors suggested burning New York City so that the British would gain little from its capture. This idea was abandoned and Washington withdrew his forces from the city on September 12 1776. Three days later the British occupied the city and on September 21 a fire broke out in the Fighting Cocks Tavern. Without the city's firemen present and on duty the fire quickly spread. A third of the city burnt and 493 houses destroyed." Building the Lower East Side Ghetto. Retrieved April 30 2007. a b Peterson Iver. "Tenements of 1880s Adapt to 1980s" The New York Times January 3 1988 accessed June 30 2009. "Usually five stories tall and built on a 25-foot (7.6 m) lot their exteriors are hung with fire escapes and the interiors are laid out long and narrowin fact the apartments were dubbed railroad flats." White Jeremy B. (October 21 2010). "NYDaily News: Rent too damn high-news". New York. http://www.nydailynews.com/realestate/2010/10/21/2010-10-21forbesstudynewyorknotthattoughtorentincomparedtoothercities.html. Retrieved 26 October 2010.  a b Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey Bureau of Transportation Statistics United States Department of Transportation. Accessed May 21 2006. "New York City Pedestrian Level of Service Study Phase I 2006" New York City Department of City Planning April 2006 p. 4. Accessed May 17 2007. "In the year 2000 88% of workers over 16 years old in the U.S. used a car truck or van to commute to work while approximately 5% used public transportation and 3% walked to work.... In Manhattan the borough with the highest population density (66940 people/sq mi. in year 2000; 1564798 inhabitants) and concentration of business and tourist destinations only 18% of the working population drove to work in 2000 while 72% used public transportation and 8% walked." "Manhattan". TSTC.org. http://www.tstc.org/reports/cpsheets/Manhattanfactsheet.pdf. Retrieved 13 September 2010.   . "Congestion plan dies". NY1. http://www.ny1.com/Default.aspxSecID1000&ArID80238. Retrieved 2009-06-30.  NY.com NYC Subway System. Accessed August 4 2009. PATH Rapid-Transit System: Fares and QuickCard Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved March 6 2008. Metrocard Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York). Accessed May 11 2007. PATH Frequently Asked Questions Port Authority of New York and New Jersey accessed April 28 2007. "PATH will phase out QuickCard once the SmartLink Fare Card is introduced." Bus Facts Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York) accessed May 11 2007. About the NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission. Retrieved September 4 2006. Lee Jennifer 8. "Midair Rescue Lifts Passengers From Stranded East River Tram" The New York Times April 19 2006. Accessed February 28 2008. "The system which calls itself the only aerial commuter tram in the country has been featured in movies including City Slickers starring Billy Crystal; Nighthawks with Sylvester Stallone; and Spider-Man in 2002." The Roosevelt Island Tram Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Retrieved April 30 2007. Facts About the Ferry New York City Department of Transportation accessed April 28 2007. "A typical weekday schedule involves the use of five boats to transport approximately 65000 passengers daily (110 daily trips). A four-boat (15 minute headway) rush hour schedule is maintained." An Assessment of Staten Island Ferry Service and Recommendations for Improvement (PDF) New York City Council November 2004 accessed April 28 2007. ""Of the current fleet of seven vessels five boats make 104 trips on a typical weekday schedule". Holloway Lynette. "Mayor to End 50-Cent Fare On S.I. Ferry" The New York Times April 29 1997 accessed June 30 2009. "Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani said yesterday that he would eliminate the 50-cent fare on the Staten Island Ferry starting July 4 saying people who live outside Manhattan should not have to pay extra to travel." The MTA Network Metropolitan Transportation Authority accessed May 17 2006. Lincoln Tunnel Historic Overview NYCRoads.com. Accessed April 28 2007. "According to the Port Authority the Lincoln Tunnel carries approximately 120000 vehicles per day (AADT) making it the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world." Queens-Midtown Tunnel NYCRoads.com. Accessed April 27 2007. "The twin-tube tunnel was completed on November 15 1940. When it opened it was the largest non-Federal project of its time." "President the 'First' to Use Midtown Tube; Precedence at Opening Denied Hundreds of Motorists" The New York Times November 9 1940. p. 19. Kennicott Philip. "A Builder Who Went to Town: Robert Moses Shaped Modern New York for Better and for Worse" The Washington Post March 11 2007 accessed April 30 2007. "The list of his accomplishments is astonishing: seven bridges 15 expressways 16 parkways the West Side Highway and the Harlem River Drive" Yu Roger. Airport Check-in: Speedy service from Newark to Manhattan coming USA Today December 10 2006. Retrieved April 28 2007. "New York Citys Yellow Cabs Go Green" Sierra Club press release dated July 1 2005. Retrieved July 19 2006. "History of the Electric Power Industry" Edison Electric Institute. Accessed June 30 2009. Ray C. Claiborne. "Q&A" The New York Times May 12 1992. Accessed June 30 2009. "In a steam-powered system the whole cycle of compression cooling expansion and evaporation takes place in a closed system like that in a refrigerator or electrical air-conditioner. The difference Mr. Sarno said is that the mechanical power to run the compressor comes from steam-powered turbines not electrical motors." A brief history of con edison: steam Consolidated Edison. Accessed May 16 2007. New York City's Water Supply System: History New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved September 5 2006. "Maintaining Water Quality that Satisfies Customers: New York City Watershed Agricultural Program." at the Wayback Machine (archived June 24 2007). New York City Department of Environmental Protection November 20 1998. Accessed May 16 2007. "2005 Drinking Water Supply and Quality Report" New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved July 19 2006. Chan Sewell. "Tunnelers Hit Something Big: A Milestone" The New York Times August 10 2006. Accessed May 16 2007. About DSNY New York City Department of Sanitation Accessed May 16 2007. Burger Michael and Stewart Christopher. "Garbage After Fresh Kills" Gotham Gazette January 28 2001. Accessed May 16 2007. New York: Education and Research City Data. Retrieved September 10 2006. La Scoula d'Italia accessed June 29 2009. Percent of People 25 Years and Over Who Have Completed a Bachelor's Degree United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 28 2007. McGeehan Patrick. "New York Area Is a Magnet For Graduates" The New York Times August 16 2006. Accessed March 27 2008. "In Manhattan nearly three out of five residents were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city." The City University of New York is the nation's largest urban public university City University of New York accessed June 30 2009. "The City University of New York is the nation's largest urban public university" New York City Economic Development Corporation (2004-11-18). "Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan". http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsppageIDmayorpressrelease&catID1194&docnamehttp%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&ccunused1978&rc1194&ndi1. Retrieved 2006-07-19.  National Institutes of Health (2003). "NIH Domestic Institutions Awards Ranked by City Fiscal Year 2003". http://report.nih.gov/award/trends/top100fy03.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-30.  "Nation's Largest Libraries". LibrarySpot. http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-06.  The Central Libraries New York Public Library. Retrieved June 6 2007. Manhattan Map New York Public Library. Retrieved June 6 2006. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Manhattan Manhattan local government and services Manhattan Borough President official site New York City Government with links to Manhattan specific agencies Maps streets and neighborhoods Detailed Map of Manhattan Interactive 3D map of Manhattan Maps of Building Heights and Land Value plus theoretical and zoning-based maps of underdevelopment all from www.radicalcartography.net Population Details Ethnicity Map and Income Level Map Historical references 1729 map of Manhattan William J. Broad Why They Called It the Manhattan Project The New York Times October 2007. 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