Coordinates: 473822.55N 122742.42W / 47.6395972N 122.12845W / 47.6395972; -122.12845 Microsoft Corporation Type Public Traded as NASDAQ: MSFT NYSE: MSFT Dow Jones Industrial Average Component NASDAQ-100 Component S&P 500 Component Industry Computer software Consumer electronics Digital distribution Computer hardware Video games IT consulting Online advertising Retail stores Automotive software Founded Albuquerque New Mexico (April 4 1975 (1975-04-04)) Founder(s) Bill Gates Paul Allen Headquarters One Microsoft Way Redmond Washington United States Area served Worldwide Key people Steve Ballmer (CEO) Bill Gates (Chairman) Products See products listing Services See services listing Revenue US$ 62.484 billion (2010) Operating income US$ 24.098 billion (2010) Profit US$ 18.760 billion (2010) Total assets US$ 86.113 billion (2010) Total equity US$ 46.175 billion (2010) Employees 89000 (2010) Subsidiaries List of acquisitions Website microsoft.com

Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT NYSE: MSFT) is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond Washington USA that develops manufactures licenses and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. Microsoft would also come to dominate the office suite market with Microsoft Office. The company has diversified in recent years into the video game industry with the Xbox and its successor the Xbox 360 as well as into the consumer electronics and digital services market with Zune MSN and the Windows Phone OS. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated four billionaires and 12000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. In May 2011 Microsoft Corporation acquired Skype Communications for $8.5 billion dollars.1

Primarily in the 1990s critics contend Microsoft used monopolistic business practices and anti-competitive strategies including refusal to deal and tying put unreasonable restrictions in the use of its software and used misrepresentative marketing tactics; both the U.S. Department of Justice and European Commission found the company in violation of antitrust laws. Known for its interviewing process with obscure questions various studies and ratings were generally favorable to Microsoft's diversity within the company as well as its overall environmental impact with the exception of the electronics portion of the business. Contents 1 History 1.1 19841994: Windows and Office 1.2 19952005: Internet and the 32-bit era 1.3 2006present: Vista and Cloud computing 2 Product divisions 2.1 Windows & Windows Live Division Server and Tools Online Services Division 2.2 Business Division 2.3 Entertainment and Devices Division 3 Culture 4 Corporate affairs 4.1 Financial 4.2 Environment 4.3 Marketing 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History Main articles: History of Microsoft and History of Microsoft Windows Paul Allen and Bill Gates (respectively) on October 19 1981 in a sea of PCs after signing a pivotal contract. IBM called Microsoft in July 1980 inquiring about programming languages for its upcoming PC line;2 after failed negotiations with another company IBM gave Microsoft a contract to develop the OS for the new line of PCs.3

Paul Allen and Bill Gates childhood friends with a passion in computer programming were seeking to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems's (MITS) Altair 8800 microcomputer. Allen noticed that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device; after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didn't actually have one Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter. Although they developed the interpreter on a simulator and not the actual device the interpreter worked flawlessly when they demonstrated the interpreter to MITS in Albuquerque New Mexico in March 1975; MITS agreed to distribute it marketing it as Altair BASIC.4 They officially established Microsoft on April 4 1975 with Gates as the CEO.5 Allen came up with the original name of "Micro-Soft" as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan resulting in its first international office "ASCII Microsoft".6 The company moved to a new home in Bellevue Washington in January 1979.5

Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix called Xenix.7 However it was DOS (Disk Operating System) that solidified the company's dominance. After negotiations with Digital Research failed IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft in November 1980 to provide a version of the CP/M OS which was set to be used in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC).8 For this deal Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products branding it as MS-DOS which IBM rebranded to PC-DOS. Following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981 Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS other companies had to reverse engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles but no such restriction applied to the operating systems. Due to various factors such as MS-DOS's available software selectioncitation needed Microsoft eventually became the leading PC OS vendor.39 The company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983 as well as a publishing division named Microsoft Press.10 Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in February after developing Hodgkin's disease.11 19841994: Windows and Office

While jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984 OS/2 Microsoft released Microsoft Windows a graphical extension for MS-DOS on November 20.12 Microsoft moved its headquarters to Redmond on February 26 1986 and on March 13 the company went public;13 the ensuing rise in the stock would make an estimated four billionaires and 12000 millionaires from Microsoft employees.14 Due to the partnership with IBM in 1990 the Federal Trade Commission set its eye on Microsoft for possible collusion; it marked the beginning of over a decade of legal clashes with the U.S. Government.15 Microsoft announced the release of its version of OS/2 to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) on April 2 1987;16 meanwhile the company was at work on a 32-bit OS Microsoft Windows NT using ideas from OS/2; it shipped on July 21 1993 with a new modular kernel and the Win32 application programming interface (API) making porting from 16-bit (MS-DOS-based) Windows easier. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT the OS/2 partnership deteriorated.17

Microsoft introduced its office suite Microsoft Office in 1990. The software bundled separate office productivity applications such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.18 On May 22 Microsoft launched Windows 3.0 with a streamlined user interface graphics and improved protected mode capability for the Intel 386 processor.19 Both Office and Windows became dominant in their respective areas.2021 Novell a Word competitor from 19841986 filed a lawsuit years later claiming that Microsoft left part of its APIs undocumented in order to gain a competitive advantage.22

On July 27 1994 the U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division filed a Competitive Impact Statement that said in part: "Beginning in 1988 and continuing until July 15 1994 Microsoft induced many OEMs to execute anticompetitive "per processor" licenses. Under a per processor license an OEM pays Microsoft a royalty for each computer it sells containing a particular microprocessor whether the OEM sells the computer with a Microsoft operating system or a non-Microsoft operating system. In effect the royalty payment to Microsoft when no Microsoft product is being used acts as a penalty or tax on the OEM's use of a competing PC operating system. Since 1988 Microsoft's use of per processor licenses has increased."23 19952005: Internet and the 32-bit era Bill Gates giving his deposition in 1998 for the United States v. Microsoft trial. Once the U.S. Department of Justice 1993 took over from the Federal Trade Commission a protracted legal wrangling between Microsoft and the department ensued resulting in various settlements and possible blocked mergers. Microsoft would point to companies such as AOL-Time Warner in its defense.15

Following Bill Gates's internal "Internet Tidal Wave memo" on May 26 1995 Microsoft began to redefine its offerings and expand its product line into computer networking and the World Wide Web.24 The company released Windows 95 on August 24 1995 featuring pre-emptive multitasking a completely new user interface with a novel start button and 32-bit compatibility; similar to NT it provided the Win32 API.2526 Windows 95 came bundled with the online service MSN and for OEMs Internet Explorer a web browser. Internet Explorer was not bundled with the retail Windows 95 boxes because the boxes were printed before the team finished the web browser and instead was included in the Windows 95 Plus! pack.27 Branching out into new markets in 1996 Microsoft and NBC Universal created a new 24/7 cable news station MSNBC.28 Microsoft created Windows CE 1.0 a new OS designed for devices with low memory and other constraints such as personal digital assistants.29 In October 1997 the Justice Department filed a motion in the Federal District Court stating that Microsoft violated an agreement signed in 1994 and asked the court to stop the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows.30 Bill Gates handed over the CEO position on January 13 2000 to Steve Ballmer an old college friend of Gates and employee of the company since 1980 creating a new position for himself as Chief Software Architect.531 Various companies including Microsoft formed the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance in October 1999 to among other things increase security and protect intellectual property through identifying changes in hardware and software. Critics decry the alliance as a way to enforce indiscriminate restrictions over how consumers use software and over how computers behave a form of digital rights management; for example the scenario where a computer is not only secured for its owner but also secured against its owner as well.3233 On April 3 2000 a judgment was handed down in the case of United States v. Microsoft34 calling the company an "abusive monopoly";35 it settled with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004.13 On October 25 2001 Microsoft released Windows XP unifying the mainstream and NT lines under the NT codebase.36 The company released the Xbox later that year entering the game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo.37 In March 2004 the European Union brought antitrust legal action against the company citing it abused its dominance with the Windows OS resulting in a judgment of 497 million ($613 million) and to produce new versions of Windows XP without Windows Media Player Windows XP Home Edition N and Windows XP Professional N.3839 2006present: Vista and Cloud computing CEO Steve Ballmer at the MIX event in 2008. In an interview about his management style in 2005 he mentioned that his first priority was to get the people he delegates to in order. Ballmer also emphasized the need to continue pursuing new technologies even if initial attempts fail citing the original attempts with Windows as an example.40 Released in January 2007 the next version of Windows Windows Vista focused on features security and a redesigned user interface dubbed Aero.4142 Microsoft Office 2007 released at the same time featured a "Ribbon" user interface which was a significant departure from its predecessors. Relatively strong sales of both titles helped to produce a record profit in 2007.43 The European Union imposed another fine of 899 million ($1.4 billion) for Microsoft's lack of compliance with the March 2004 judgment on February 27 2008 saying that the company charged rivals unreasonable prices for key information about its workgroup and backoffice servers. Microsoft stated that it was in compliance and that "these fines are about the past issues that have been resolved".44 Bill Gates retired from his role as Chief Software Architect on June 27 2008 while retaining other positions related to the company in addition to being an advisor for the company on key projects.45 Azure Services Platform the company's entry into the cloud computing market for Windows launched on October 27 2008.46 On February 12 2009 Microsoft announced its intent to open a chain of Microsoft-branded retail stores and on October 22 2009 the first retail Microsoft Store opened in Scottsdale Arizona; the same day the first store opened Windows 7 was officially released to the public. Windows 7's focus was on refining Vista with ease of use features and performance enhancements rather than a large reworking of Windows.474849 Microsoft is a founding member of the Open Networking Foundation started on March 23 2011. Other founding companies include Google HP Networking Yahoo Verizon Deutsche Telekom and 17 other companies. The nonprofit organization is focused on providing support for a new cloud computing initiative called Software-Defined Networking.50 The initiative is meant to speed innovation through simple software changes in telecommunications networks wireless networks data centers and other networking areas.51 Product divisions Main article: Microsoft Product Divisions For the 2010 fiscal year Microsoft had five product divisions: Windows & Windows Live Division Server and Tools Online Services Division Microsoft Business Division and Entertainment and Devices Division. Windows & Windows Live Division Server and Tools Online Services Division The company's Client division produces the flagship Windows OS line such as Windows 7; it also produces the Windows Live family of products and services. Server and Tools produces the server versions of Windows such as Windows Server 2008 R2 as well as a set of development tools called Microsoft Visual Studio Microsoft Silverlight a web application framework and Systems Management Server a collection of tools providing remote-control abilities patch management software distribution and a hardware/software inventory. Other server products include: Microsoft SQL Server a relational database management system Microsoft Exchange Server for certain business-oriented e-mail and scheduling features Small Business Server for messaging and other small business-oriented features; and Microsoft BizTalk Server for business process management. Microsoft provides IT consulting ("Microsoft Consulting Services") and produces a set of certification programs handled by the Server and Tools division designed to recognize individuals who have a minimal set of proficiencies in a specific role; this includes developers ("Microsoft Certified Solution Developer") system/network analysts ("Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer") trainers ("Microsoft Certified Trainers") and administrators ("Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator" and "Microsoft Certified Database Administrator"). Microsoft Press which publishes books is also managed by the division. The Online Services Business division handles the online service MSN and the search engine Bing. As of December 2009 the company also possesses an 18% ownership of the cable news channel MSNBC without any editorial control; however the division develops the channel's website msnbc.com in a joint venture with the channel's co-owner NBC Universal.52 Business Division Front entrance to building 17 on the main campus of the company's Redmond campus. The Microsoft Business Division produces Microsoft Office including Microsoft Office 2010 the company's line of office software. The software product includes Word (a word processor) Access (a relational database program) Excel (a spreadsheet program) Outlook (Groupware frequently used with Exchange Server) PowerPoint (presentation software) and Publisher (desktop publishing software). A number of other products were added later with the release of Office 2003 including Visio Project MapPoint InfoPath and OneNote. The division also develops enterprise resource planning (ERP) software for companies under the Microsoft Dynamics brand. These include: Microsoft Dynamics AX Microsoft Dynamics NAV Microsoft Dynamics GP and Microsoft Dynamics SL. They are targeted at varying company types and countries and limited to organizations with under 7500 employees.53 Also included under the Dynamics brand is the customer relationship management software Microsoft Dynamics CRM part of the Azure Services Platform. Entertainment and Devices Division The Entertainment and Devices Division produces the Windows CE OS for embedded systems and Windows Phone 7 for smartphones.54 Microsoft initially entered the mobile market through Windows CE for handheld devices eventually developing into the Windows Mobile OS and now Windows Phone 7. Windows CE is designed for devices where the OS may not directly be visible to the end user in particular appliances and cars. The division also produces computer games that run on Windows PCs and other systems including titles such as Age of Empires Halo and the Microsoft Flight Simulator series and houses the Macintosh Business Unit which produces Mac OS software including Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac. Microsoft's Entertainment and Devices Division designs markets and manufactures consumer electronics including the Xbox 360 game console the handheld Zune media player and the television-based Internet appliance MSN TV. Microsoft also markets personal computer hardware including mice keyboards and various game controllers such as joysticks and gamepads. Culture Technical reference for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as Microsoft Systems Journal (or MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN). MSDN also offers subscriptions for companies and individuals and the more expensive subscriptions usually offer access to pre-release beta versions of Microsoft software.5556 In April 2004 Microsoft launched a community site for developers and users titled Channel9 that provides a wiki and an Internet forum.57 Another community site that provides daily videocasts and other services On10.net launched on March 3 2006.58 Free technical support is traditionally provided through online Usenet newsgroups and CompuServe in the past monitored by Microsoft employees; there can be several newsgroups for a single product. Helpful people can be elected by peers or Microsoft employees for Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status which entitles them to a sort of special social status and possibilities for awards and other benefits.59 Noted for its internal lexicon the expression "eating our own dog food" is used to describe the policy of using prerelease and beta versions of products inside Microsoft in an effort to test them in "real-world" situations.60 This is usually shortened to just "dog food" and is used as noun verb and adjective. Another bit of jargon FYIFV or FYIV ("Fuck You I'm Fully Vested") is used by an employee to indicate they are financially independent and can avoid work anytime they wish.61 The company is also known for its hiring process mimicked in other organizations and dubbed the "Microsoft interview" which is notorious for off-the-wall questions such as "Why is a manhole cover round".62 Microsoft is an outspoken opponent of the cap on H1B visas which allow companies in the U.S. to employ certain foreign workers. Bill Gates claims the cap on H1B visas make it difficult to hire employees for the company stating "I'd certainly get rid of the H1B cap" in 2005.63 Critics of H1B visas argue that increasing (or eliminating) the cap only takes jobs away from U.S. citizens due to H1B workers working for lower salaries.64 The Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index a report of how progressive the organization deems company policies towards LGBT (lesbian gay bisexual and transsexual) employees rated Microsoft as 87% from 2002 to 2004 and as 100% from 2005 to 2010 after they allowed gender expression.65 Corporate affairs The company is run by a board of directors made up of mostly company outsiders as is customary for publicly traded companies. Members of the board of directors as of June 2010 are: Steve Ballmer Dina Dublon Bill Gates (chairman) Raymond Gilmartin Reed Hastings Maria Klawe David Marquardt Charles Noski and Helmut Panke.66 Board members are elected every year at the annual shareholders' meeting using a majority vote system. There are five committees within the board which oversee more specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee which handles accounting issues with the company including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee which handles financial matters such as proposing mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee which handles various corporate matters including nomination of the board; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws.67 Five year history graph of (NYSE:MSFT) stock on September 29 2009.68 When Microsoft went public and launched its initial public offering (IPO) in 1986 the opening stock price was $21; after the trading day the price closed at $27.75. As of July 2010 with the company's nine stock splits any IPO shares would be multiplied by 288; if one was to buy the IPO today given the splits and other factors it would cost about 9 cents.697071 The stock price peaked in 1999 at around $119 ($60.928 adjusting for splits).72 The company began to offer a dividend on January 16 2003 starting at eight cents per share for the fiscal year followed by a dividend of sixteen cents per share the subsequent year switching from yearly to quarterly dividends in 2005 with eight cents a share per quarter and a special one-time payout of three dollars per share for the second quarter of the fiscal year.7273 Though the company had subsequent increases in dividend payouts the price of Microsoft's stock remained steady for years.7374 One of Microsoft's business tactics described by an executive as "embrace extend and extinguish" initially embraces a competing standard or product then extends it to produce their own version which is then incompatible with the standard which in time extinguishes competition that does not or cannot use Microsoft's new version.75 Various companies and governments sue Microsoft over this set of tactics resulting in billions of dollars in rulings against the company.763439 Microsoft claims that the original strategy is not anti-competitive but rather an exercise of its discretion to implement features it believes customers want.77 Financial Standard and Poor's and Moody's have both given a AAA rating to Microsoft whose assets were valued at $41 billion as compared to only $8.5 billion in unsecured debt. Consequently in February 2011 Microsoft released a corporate bond amounting to $2.25 billion with relatively low borrowing rates compared to government bonds.78 For the first time in 20 years Apple Inc. surpassed Microsoft in Q1 2011 quarterly profits and revenues due to a slowdown in PC sales and continuing huge losses in Microsoft's Online Services Division (which contains its search engine Bing). Microsoft profits were $5.2 billion while Apple Inc. profits were $6 billion on revenues of $14.5 billion and $24.7 billion respectively.79 Microsoft's Online Services Division has been continuously loss-making since 2006 and in Q1 2011 it lost $726 million. This follows a loss of $2.5 billion for the year 2010.80 Environment Microsoft is ranked on the 17th place in Greenpeaces Guide to Greener Electronics that ranks 18 electronics manufacturers according to their policies on toxic chemicals recycling and climate change.81 Microsofts timeline for phasing out BFRs and phthalates in all products is 2012 but its commitment to phasing out PVC is not clear. As yet (January 2011) it has no products that are completely free from PVC and BFRs.82 Microsoft's main U.S. campus received a silver certification from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program in 2008 and it installed over 2000 solar panels on top of its buildings in its Silicon Valley campus generating approximately 15 percent of the total energy needed by the facilities in April 2005.83 Microsoft makes use of alternative forms of transit. It created one of the worlds largest private bus systems the "Connector" to transport people from outside the company; for on-campus transportation the "Shuttle Connect" uses a large fleet of hybrid cars to save fuel. The company also subsidises regional public transport as an incentive.8384 In February 2010 however Microsoft took a stance against adding additional public transport and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to a bridge connecting Redmond to Seattle; the company did not want to delay the construction any further.85 Marketing In 2004 Microsoft commissioned research firms to do independent studies comparing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of Windows Server 2003 to Linux; the firms concluded that companies found Windows easier to administrate than Linux thus those using Windows would administrate faster resulting in lower costs for their company (i.e. lower TCO).86 This spurred a wave of related studies; a study by the Yankee Group concluded that upgrading from one version of Windows Server to another costs a fraction of the switching costs from Windows Server to Linux although companies surveyed noted the increased security and reliability of Linux servers and concern about being locked into using Microsoft products.87 Another study released by the OSDL claimed that the Microsoft studies were "simply outdated and one-sided" and their survey concluded that the TCO of Linux was lower due to Linux administrators managing more servers on average and other reasons.88 As part of the "Get the Facts" campaign Microsoft highlighted the .NET trading platform that it had developed in partnership with Accenture for the London Stock Exchange claiming that it provided "five nines" reliability. After suffering extended downtime and unreliability8990 the LSE announced in 2009 that it was planning to drop its Microsoft solution and switch to a Linux based one in 2010.9192 Microsoft adopted the so-called "Pac-Man Logo" designed by Scott Baker in 1987. Baker stated "The new logo in Helvetica italic typeface has a slash between the o and s  to emphasize the "soft" part of the name and convey motion and speed."93 Dave Norris ran an internal joke campaign to save the old logo which was green in all uppercase and featured a fanciful letter O nicknamed the blibbet but it was discarded.94 Microsoft's logo with the "Your potential. Our passion." tagline below the main corporate name is based on a slogan Microsoft used in 2008. In 2002 the company started using the logo in the United States and eventually started a TV campaign with the slogan changed from the previous tagline of "Where do you want to go today".959697 During the private MGX (Microsoft Global Exchange) conference in 2010 Microsoft unveiled the company's next tagline "Be What's Next." as well as a new logo scheduled for use sometime in the future.98 Microsoft "blibbet" logo filed August 26 1982 at the USPTO and used until 1987.99 Microsoft "Pac-Man" logo designed by Scott Baker and used since 1987 with the 19942002 slogan "Where do you want to go today".9596 Microsoft logo as of 20062011 with the slogan "Your potential. Our passion."96 Logo by Microsoft with the slogan"Be What's Next." 2011present.98 See also Microsoft portal Xbox portal Companies portal Seattle portal List of Microsoft topics References Infobox statistics Product divisions "Microsoft 2010 form 10-K". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 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