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Nazism (Nationalsozialismus National Socialism; alternatively spelled Naziism1) was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany.23456789 It was a unique variety of fascism that incorporated biological racism and antisemitism.10 Nazism presented itself as politically syncretic incorporating policies tactics and philosophies from right- and left-wing ideologies; in practice Nazism was a far right form of politics.11

The Nazis believed in the supremacy of an Aryan master race and claimed that Germans represented the purest Aryan nation.12 They argued that Germany's survival as a modern great nation required it to create a New Order an empire in Europe that would give the German nation the necessary land mass resources and expansion of population needed to be able to economically and militarily compete with other powers.13

The Nazis claimed that Jews were the greatest threat to the Aryan race and the German nation. They considered Jews a parasitic race that attached itself to various ideologies and movements to secure its self-preservation such as: the Enlightenment liberalism democracy parliamentary politics capitalism industrialisation Marxism and trade unionism.14

To rescue Germany from the effects of the Great Depression Nazism promoted an economic Third Position; a managed economy that was neither capitalist nor communist.1516 The Nazis accused communism and capitalism of being associated with Jewish influences and interests.17 They declared support for a nationalist form of socialism that was to provide for the Aryan race and the German nation economic security social welfare programs for workers a just wage honour for workers' importance to the nation and protection from capitalist exploitation.18 Nazism supported private property rights and the market economy though it did not consider the market to be a perfect mechanism and supported the subordination of the economy to be to the goals of the political leadership of the state.19 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Ideological roots 4 Ideology 4.1 Relation with fascism 4.2 Militarism 4.3 Anti-communism 4.4 Anti-capitalism 4.5 Working class and middle class appeal 4.6 Racial ideology 4.7 Opposition to homosexuality 4.8 Church and state 5 Other ideologies 5.1 Strasserism 5.2 Arab nationalism 5.3 Indian national socialism 6 Economics 6.1 Private property 6.2 Centralization 6.3 Finance 7 Ideological competition 8 Nazism in popular culture 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 10.2 Notes 11 External links Etymology

The self-identification term used by exponents of the ideology past and present is National Socialism and adherents describe themselves as National Socialists. For instance the best known organisation expousing this system the German party led by Adolf Hitler was called the National Socialist German Workers' Party (German abbreviation: NSDAP). Similarly the second volume of Mein Kampf is entitled The National Socialist Movement.20 According to Joseph Goebbels in an official exposition of the ideology the logic behind the synthesis of Nationalism and Socialism as represented in the name was to "counter the Internationalism of Marxism with the nationalism of a German Socialism".21

The term Nazi derives from the first two syllables of Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei.22 Members of the Nazi Party identified themselves as Nationalsozialisten (National Socialists) rarely as Nazis. The German term Nazi parallels the analogous political term Sozi an abbreviation for a member of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany).2324 The term was originally used by southern German opponents of the NSDAP and may have been influenced by the Bavarian term "Nazi" being a familiar form of the proper name Ignatz (German form of Ignatious) which was used colloquially to mean a "clumsy or awkward person". The earlier German abbreviation for "Internationale" Inter-Nazi may have also contributed to the adoption of the term.25 In 1933 when Adolf Hitler assumed power of the German government usage of the term Nazi diminished in Germany although Austrian anti-Nazis used it as an insult.24 History A 1919 Austrian postcard depicting the "stab-in-the-back" legend which blamed Jews for Germany's defeat in World War I.

On 5 January 1919 the locksmith Anton Drexler and five other men founded the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP German Workers' Party) the predecessor of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP National Socialist German Workers Party).2627 In July 1919 the Reichswehr intelligence department despatched Corporal Adolf Hitler as a Verbindungsmann (police spy) to infiltrate and subvert the DAP. His oratory so impressed the DAP members they asked him join the party and in September 1919 the police spy Hitler became the party's propagandist.2628 On 24 February 1920 the DAP was renamed the National Socialist German Workers Party against Hitlers preferred Social Revolutionary Party name.26 Later in consolidating his control of the NSDAP Hitler ousted Drexler from the party and assumed leadership on 29 July 1921.26

The post-war crises of Weimar Germany (191933) consolidated Nazism as an ideology: military defeat in the First World War (191418) capitulation with the Treaty of Versailles economic depression and the consequent societal instability. In exploiting and excusing the military defeat Nazism proffered the political Dolchstosslegende (Legend of the Dagger-stab in the Back) 29 claiming that the Imperial German war effort was internally sabotaged by Jews socialists and Bolsheviks. Proposing that because the Reichwehrs defeat did not occur in Germany the sabotage included a lack of patriotism among their political antagonists specifically the Social Democrats and the Ebert Government whom the Nazis accused of treason.

Using the stab in the back legend the Nazis accused German Jews and other populaces it considered non-German of possessing extra-national loyalties thereby exacerbating German anti-semitism about the Judenfrage (the Jewish Question) the perennial far right political canard popular when the ethnic Vlkisch movement and their politics of Romantic nationalism for establishing a Grodeutschland were strong.3031 The seminal ideas of Nazism originated in the German cultural past of the Vlkisch (folk) movement and the superstitions of Ariosophy an occultism that proposed the Germanic peoples as the purest examples of the Aryan race whose cultures feature runic symbols and the swastika. From among the Ariosophs only the Thule-Gesellschaft (Thule Society) in Munich features in the origin of Nazism; they sponsored the DAP.26 Ideological roots The ideological roots of Nazism derive from Romanticism nineteenth-century idealism and a eugenic interpretation of Friedrich Nietzsches concepts of breeding upwards towards the bermensch (Superman). Such ideas as espoused by the Ariosophical Germanenorden (German Order) and the Thule Society much influenced Adolf Hitlers world-view. Phillip Wayne Powell writes that "in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries a powerful surge of German patriotism was stimulated by the disdain of Italians for German cultural inferiority and barbarism which led to a counter-attempt by German humanists to laud German qualities."32 M.W. Fodor wrote in The Nation in 1936 "No race has suffered so much from an inferiority complex as has the German. National Socialism was a kind of Cou method of converting the inferiority complex at least temporarily into a feeling of superiority".33 Among the most significant ideological influence on the Nazis came from German nationalist figure Johann Gottlieb Fichte whose works Hitler read and who was recognized by other Nazi members including Dietrich Eckart and Arnold Fanck.34 In Speeches to the German Nation (1808) written amid Napoleonic France's occupation of Berlin Fichte called for a German national revolution against the French occupiers making passionate public speeches arming his students for battle against the French and stressed the need of the deed of action by the German nation to free itself.35 Fichte's nationalism was populist and opposed to traditional elites and spoke of the need of a "People's War" (Volkskrieg) putting forward concepts much like those the Nazis adopted.35 Fichte promoted German exceptionalism and stressed the need for the German nation to be purified. This priority included purging the German language of French words a policy that the Nazis undertook upon rising to power.35 Fichte was anti-Semitic and accused Jews in Germany of having been and inevitably continuing to be a "state within a state" in Germany that Fichte claimed was a threat to German national unity.35 Fichte promoted two options to address the Jewish problem: the first was the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine to impel the Jews to leave Europe.36 The other option was violence against Jews saying that this goal would be "To cut off all their heads in one night and set new ones on their shoulders which should not contain a single Jewish idea".37 The Nazis claimed that their ideology was influenced by the leadership and policies of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck the founder of the German Empire.38 The Nazis declared that they were dedicated to continuing the process of creating a unified German nation state that in their view Bismarck had begun and desired to achieve.39 The Nazis claimed that Bismarck was unable to complete German national unification owing to Jewish infiltration of the German parliament and that their abolition of parliament ended the obstacle to unification that Bismarck faced.38 While Hitler was supportive of Bismarck's creation of the German Empire he was critical of Bismarck's "moderate" domestic policies.40 On the issue of Bismarck's support of a Kleindeutschland ("Lesser Germany" excluding Austria) versus the pan-German Grodeutschland ("Greater Germany") of the Nazis Hitler claimed that Bismarck's attainment of Kleindeutschland was the "highest achievement" that Bismarck could have achieved "within the limits possible of that time".41 In Mein Kampf Hitler presented himself as a "second Bismarck".41 The concept of the Aryan race that was utilized by the Nazis stems from racial theories asserting that Europeans are the descendants of Indo-Iranian settlers people of ancient India and ancient Persia.42 Proponents of this theory based their assertion on the similarity of European words and their meaning to those of Indo-Iranian languages.42 Johann Gottfried Herdera prominent proponent of this theory maintained that the Germanic peoples held close racial connections with the ancient Indians and ancient Persians who he claimed were advanced peoples possessing a great capacity for wisdom nobility restraint and science.42 Contemporaries of Herder utilized the concept of the Aryan race to draw a distinction between what they deemed "high and noble" Aryan culture versus that of "parasitic" Semitic culture.42 The notions of white supremacism and Aryan racial superiority combined in the nineteenth century with white supremacists maintaining that whites were members of an Aryan "master race" that is a race of higher civilization superior to all other races and particularly superior to the Semitic race that they associated with "cultural sterility".42 Arthur de Gobineau a French racial theorist and aristocrat blamed the fall of the ancien rgime in France on racial degeneracy caused by racial intermixing destroying in his perception the purity of the Aryan race.43 Gobineau's theories which attracted a strong following in Germany43 emphasized the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan and Jewish cultures.42 Aryan mysticism claimed that Christianity originated in Aryan religious tradition and that Jews had usurped the legend from Aryans.42 Houston Stewart Chamberlain an English proponent of racial theory supported notions of Germanic supremacy and anti-Semitism in Germany.44 Chamberlain's work Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) praised Germanic peoples for their creativity and idealism while asserting that the Germanic spirit was threatened by a "Jewish" spirit of selfishness and materialism.44 Chamberlain went on to use his thesis to promote monarchical conservatism while denouncing democracy liberalism and socialism.43 The book became highly popular especially in Germany.43 Chamberlain stressed the need of a nation to maintain racial purity in order to prevent degeneration and argued that racial intermingling with Jews should never be permitted.43 In 1923 Chamberlain personally met Hitler whom he admired as a leader of the rebirth of the free spirit.45 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1912) an anti-Semitic forgery created by police of the Russian Empire was believed to be real by anti-Semites and surged in popularity after World War I.46 The Protocols claimed that there was an international Jewish conspiracy to take over the world.47 Hitler had been introduced to The Protocols by Alfred Rosenberg and from 1920 onward Hitler focused his attacks on claiming that Judaism and Marxism were directly connected and that Jews and Bolsheviks were one and the same and that Marxism was a Jewish ideology.48 Hitler believed that The Protocols were authentic.49 Oswald Spengler a German cultural philosopher was a major influence on Nazism although after 1933 Spengler became alienated from Nazism and later condemned by the Nazis for criticizing Hitler.50 Spengler's views were also popular amongst Italian Fascists including Benito Mussolini.51 Spengler's book The Decline of the West (1918) written during the final months of World War I in which he addressed the claim of decadence of modern European civilization that he claimed was caused by atomizing and irreligious individualization and cosmopolitanism.50 In Decline of the West Spengler's major thesis was that a law of historical development of cultures existed involving a cycle of birth maturity aging and death when it reaches its final form of civilization.52 Upon reaching the point of civilization a culture will lose its creative capacity and succumb to decadence until the emergence of "barbarians" create a new epoch.52 Spengler considered the Western world as having succumbed to decadence of intellect money cosmopolitan urban life irreligious life atomized individualization and the end of biological fertility as well as "spiritual" fertility.52 He believed that the "young" German nation as an imperial power would inherit the legacy of Ancient Rome and lead a restoration of value in "blood" and instinct while the ideals of rationalism would be revealed as absurd.52 In Preussentum und Sozialismus ("Prussiandom and Socialism" 1919) Spengler described socialism outside of a class conflict perspective and said "The meaning of socialism is that life is controlled not by the opposition between rich and poor but by the rank that achievement and talent bestow. That is our freedom freedom from the economic despotism of the individual."53 Spengler claimed that socialistic Prussian characteristics existed across Germany that included creativity discipline concern for the greater good productivity and self-sacrifice.54 Spengler's definition of socialism did not advocate change in property relations.53 Spengler denounced Marxism for seeking to train the proletariat to "expropriate the expropriator" the capitalist and then to let them live a life of leisure on this expropriation.55 He claimed that "Marxism is the capitalism of the working class" and not true socialism.55 True socialism according to Spengler would be in the form of corporatism stating that "local corporate bodies organized according to the importance of each occupation to the people as a whole; higher representation in stages up to a supreme council of the state; mandates revocable at any time; no organized parties no professional politicians no periodic elections."56 In Preussentum und Sozialismus Spengler prescribed war as a necessity saying "War is the eternal form of higher human existence and states exist for war: they are the expression of the will to war."57 Spengler's conception of socialism and a number of his political views were shared by the Nazis as well as the Conservative Revolutionary movement.53 Fascism was a major influence on Nazism. The seizure of power by Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in the March on Rome in 1922 drew admiration by Hitler who less than a month after the March had begun to model himself and the Nazi Party upon Mussolini and the Fascists.58 After the March on Rome Hitler presented the Nazis as a German fascism.5960 The Nazis attempted a "March on Berlin" modelled upon the March on Rome that resulted in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich in November 1923.61 Although Hitler strongly admired Mussolini and fascism other Nazis especially more radical Nazis such as Gregor Strasser Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler rejected Italian Fascism accusing it of being too conservative or capitalist.62 Alfred Rosenberg condemned Italian Fascism for being racially confused and having influences from philo-Semitism.63 Strasser criticized the policy of Fhrerprinzip as being created by Mussolini and considered its presence in Nazism as a foreign import.64 Throughout the relationship between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy a number of lower-ranking Nazis scornfully viewed fascism as a conservative movement that lacked a full revolutionary potential.64 Ideology Greater Germany in 1943 The Nazis advocated a strong central government under the Fhrer for defending Germany and the Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) against communism and Jewish subversion. To the end of establishing Grodeutschland (Greater Germany) the German peoples must acquire Lebensraum (living space) from Russia.65 Hitler the Fhrer of Nazi Germany The original National Socialists the 1919 German Workers Party (DAP) said there would be no program binding upon them thus rejecting any Weltanschauung. Nonetheless when Adolf Hitler assumed command of its successor the Nazi Party political substance of Nazism concorded with his political beliefs  man and idea as political entity the Fhrer. Hitler had concluded that ethnic and linguistic diversity had weakened the AustroHungarian Empire and had resulted in contemporary political dissent. He disliked democracy because it allowed political power to ethnic minorities and to liberal political parties who weakened and destabilized the empire with internal division. Hitlers cultural historical and political beliefs were tempered in combat during World War I; by Germanys loss of the war and by the Bolsheviks successful October Revolution of 1917 that installed Marxist communism in Russia. From 1920 to 1923 Hitler formulated his ideology then published it in 192526 as Mein Kampf a two-volume biography and political letter-of-intent.66 During the 1920s and 1930s Nazism was ideologically heterogeneous comprising two sub-ideologies those of Otto Strasser and of Hitler. As leftists the Strasserites fell afoul of Hitler who expelled Otto Strasser from the Nazi Party when he failed to establish the Black Front an oppositional anti-capitalist bloc in 1930. The Strasserites who remained in the Nazi Party mostly in the Sturmabteilung (SA) were assassinated in the Night of the Long Knives purge. Relation with fascism Adolf Hitler (right) beside Benito Mussolini (left) the founder of fascism and dictator of Fascist Italy. Mussolini provided financial assistance to the Nazis prior to their rise to power. Nazism is a politically syncretic variety of fascism which incorporates policies tactics and philosophic tenets from left and right-wing politics. Italian fascism and German Nazism reject liberalism democracy and Marxism.67 Usually supported by the far right fascism is historically anti-communist anti-conservative and anti-parliamentary.68 The Nazis' rise to power was assisted by the Fascist government of Italy that began to financially subsidize the Nazi party in 1928.69 Hitler admired Benito Mussolini and the Italian Fascists and after Mussolini's successful March on Rome in 1922 presented the Nazis as a German version of Italian Fascism.5960 Hitler endorsed Italian Fascism saying that "with the victory of fascism in Italy the Italian people has triumphed over Jewry" and appraised Mussolini as "the brilliant statesman".70 Joseph Goebbels Hitler's chief propagandist credited Italian Fascism with starting a conflict against liberal democracy saying: The march on Rome was a signal a sign of storm for liberal-democracy. It is the first attempt to destroy the world of the liberal-democratic spirit... which started in 1789 with the storm on the Bastille and conquered one country after another in violent revolutionary upheavals to let... the nations go under in Marxism democracy anarchy and class warfare...71 Hitler remained impressed by Mussolini and Fascist Italy for many years in spite of resentments towards Italy by other Nazis and resentments by Italian Fascists towards Germany. During the period of positive outlook towards Fascist Italy Hitler became an Italophile.72 Hitler like Mussolini profoundly admired Ancient Rome and repeatedly mentioned it in Mein Kampf as being a model for Germany.73 In particular Hitler admired ancient Rome's authoritarian culture imperialism town planning and architecture which were incorporated by the Nazis.74 Hitler considered the ancient Romans to have been a master race.74 In an unpublished sequel to Mein Kampf Hitler declared that he held no antagonism towards Italy for having waged war against Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I saying that Italy went to war with Germany only because of Germany's alliance with Austria Hungary on which Italy had territorial claims.75 Hitler declared his sympathy to the Italians for desiring to regain Italian-populated lands held by Austria-Hungary claiming it was naturally in Italians' national interest to wage war to regain those lands.75 Hitler made controversial concessions to gain Fascist Italy's approval and alliance such as abandoning territorial claims on the South Tyrol region of Italy that had a dense population of hundreds of thousands of Germans.72 In Mein Kampf Hitler declared that it was not in Germany's interest to have war with Italy over South Tyrol.70 Ethnic Germans from South Tyrol were resettled into Germany by force in exchange for Mussolini's pledge to restrict the rights of Jews in Italy.citation needed Nazism differs from Italian fascism in that it does not view a nation as being created and developed by a state but that a nation is created and developed outside a state.76 This difference is based upon the different histories of development of the German and Italian nations that formed the basis of Nazism's and Italian Fascism's respective nationalisms; the German national identity developed outside a state while Italian national identity developed through a state.76 The Italian fascists proposed a corporatist "organic state" that required uniting the classes of society like a fasces. A major source of contention between the Nazis and the Italian Fascists was the Nazis' belief that the collapse of the Roman Empire was caused by racial intermixing.77 The Nazis conception of the origins of the Aryan race in Europe included the ancient Romans and ancient Greeks as members of the Aryan race.78 However contemporary Italy was deemed by the Nazis to not be racially pure in that the Aryan Roman heritage had been diluted by multiple racial influences.77 Hitler believed that northern Italians were members of the Aryan race.79 However he believed that Italians as a whole had been racially tainted by intermixing especially with the black race.77 Nazi claims of racial impurity of Italians evoked resentment and rebuke by the Italian Fascists.77 At the height of antagonism between the Nazis and Italian Fascists over race Mussolini condemned Nazi racial theory as flawed claiming that the Germans themselves were not a pure race and noted with irony that Nazi theory on German superiority was based on the theory of non-German foreigners such as Frenchman Arthur de Gobineau.80 As hostility by Fascist Italy towards Nazi Germany increased in the early 1930s Mussolini claimed that Italy's heritage to ancient Rome linked Italians to a great civilization while claiming that the ancient Germans of that time were uncivilized tribes that were "ignorant of writing" at a time "when Rome had Caesar Virgil and Augustus".78 Mussolini in an interview with German interviewer Roland Strunk in January 1936 stated that the problems in Italo-German relations were caused by "Hitler's Nordic gospel" and Italian Fascists denounced Nordicism as flawed.78 However Mussolini did not reject racism and said in 1936 "As you know I am a racist."78 Italian Fascism did not have a strong attachment to anti-Semitism. A number of Italian Fascists were Jews such as Ettore Ovazza.81 There were also a number of Italian Fascists who supported anti-Semitism most notably Julius Evola Roberto Farinacci Paolo Orano Giovanni Preziosi and Gino Sottochiesa.82 Issues concerning Jews in Italy were addressed by the Fascist regime one in particular was alarm by the Fascist over the presence of the Zionist movement in Italy exemplified in Italian Fascist reactions to the creation of the Zionist newspaper Israel.81 In 1934 Farinacci addressed the issue of Zionism by denouncing Zionist Jews who did not identify as Italians saying: We do not exclude the possibility that there are good Jews but it is also our right to demand clarity. Does there or does there not exist a Zionist movement in Italy To deny it would be to lie. The existence of a newspaper in Florence the Zionist magazine Israel should cut short any discussion. And so these others who claim to be anti-Zionists what are they doing to fight the other Jews who believe that they have another Fatherland that is not Italy So far nothing. Therefore it is necessary to decide. We have reached a point at which everyone must take a position. Because he who declares himself a Zionist has no right to hold any responsibilities or honors in our country. Roberto Farinacci 1934.83 In spite of differences between the Nazis and the Italian Fascists over Italy's racial heritage Italian Fascists and the Nazis held similar positions on race issues. Mussolini in his 1920 autobiography spoke of the importance of race to fascism saying: "Race and soil are strong influences upon us all" and said of World War I: "There were seers who saw in the European conflict not only national advantages but the possibility of a supremacy of race".84 In a 1921 speech in Bologna Mussolini stated that "Fascism was born... out of a profound perennial need of this our Aryan and Mediterranean race".85 Mussolini also warned of racial competition between the white race and coloured races such as in 1928: When the city dies the nation deprived of the young life blood of new generations is now made up of people who are old and degenerate and cannot defend itself against a younger people which launches an attack on the now unguarded frontiers... This will happen and not just to cities and nations but on an infinitely greater scale: the whole White race the Western race can be submerged by other coloured races which are multiplying at a rate unknown in our race.86 Many Italian fascists held anti-Slavist views especially against neighbouring Yugoslav nations whom the Italian fascists saw as being in competition with Italy which had claims on territories of Yugoslavia particularly Dalmatia.87 Mussolini claimed that Yugoslavs posed a threat after Italy did not receive the territory along the Adriatic coast at the end of World War I as promised by the 1915 Treaty of London. He said: "The danger of seeing the Jugo-Slavians settle along the whole Adriatic shore had caused a bringing together in Rome of the cream of our unhappy regions. Students professors workmen citizensrepresentative menwere entreating the ministers and the professional politicians.88 Italian fascists accused Serbs of having "atavistic impulses" and of being part of a "social democratic masonic Jewish internationalist plot".89 The fascists accused Yugoslavs of conspiring together on behalf of "Grand Orient masonry and its funds". Nazism however emphasized the Aryan race Herrenvolk concept until reducing the German state to mere means to an ideologic end. Furthermore blond-blue-eyed-Aryanism was unpopular with Italians who are not such a volk; nonetheless the Italian Fascist government exercised a variety of nationalist racism and genocide in its concentration camps antedating Nazi Germany.90 The Israeli political scientist and historian Zeev Sternhell proposes that the varieties of fascism are unique despite the schematic resemblance between Italian fascism and German Nazism  greater than resemblances among the Eastern Bloc Communist states of the Cold War and among European liberal democracies.91 Militarism Nazi militarism was based upon the belief that great nations grow from military power and maintain order in the world. The Nazi Party exploited irredentist and revanchist sentiments and cultural aversions to aspects of Modernism (despite the Reich embracing modernism by their admiration for engine power) thus conflating nationalism and militarism into the ultra-nationalism necessary to establishing Grodeutschland (Greater Germany). Anti-communism Historians Ian Kershaw and Joachim Fest argue that in post-World War I Germany the Nazis were one of many nationalist and fascistic political parties contending for the leadership of Germanys anti-communist movement and of the German state. The Nazis claimed that communism was dangerous to the well-being of nations because of its intention to dissolve private property its support of class conflict its aggression against the middle class its hostility to small businessmen and its atheism.92 Nazism rejected class conflict-based socialism and economic egalitarianism favouring instead a stratified economy with classes based on merit and talent retaining private property and the creation of national solidarity that transcends class distinction.18 During the late 1930s and the 1940s several other anti-communist regimes and groups supported Nazism: the Falange in Spain; the Vichy regime and the Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism (Wehrmacht Infantry Regiment 638) in France; and the Cliveden set Lord Halifax and associates of Neville Chamberlain in Britain.93 Anti-capitalism The Nazis argued that capitalism damages nations due to international finance the economic dominance of big business and Jewish influences within it.92 Adolf Hitler both in public and in private held strong disdain for capitalism; he accused modern capitalism of holding nations ransom in the interests of a parasitic cosmopolitan rentier class.94 He opposed free-market capitalism's profit-seeking impulses and desired an economy where community interests would be upheld.95 He distrusted capitalism for being unreliable due to it having an egotistic nature and he preferred a state-directed economy.96 On the issue of capitalist materialism Hitler said "It may be that today gold has become the exclusive ruler of life but the time will come when man will bow down before a higher god. Many things owe their existence solely to the longing for money and wealth but there is very little among them whose non-existence would leave humanity any the poorer."97 Hitler told one party leader in 1934 "The economic system of our day" referring to capitalism "is the creation of the Jews."98 In a discussion with Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini Hitler said that "Capitalism had run its course".96 Hitler was disgusted by the bourgeoisie and in one conversation stated that business bourgeoisie "know nothing except their profit. 'Fatherland' is only a word for them."99 Hitler admired Napoleon as a rolemodel for his anti-conservative anti-capitalist and anti-bourgeois attitudes.100 To Hitler the economy must be subordinated to the interests of the Volk and its state.98 In Mein Kampf Hitler effectively supported mercantilism in the belief that economic resources from their respective territories should be seized by force; he believed that the policy of lebensraum would provide Germany with such economically valuable territories.101 He believed that the only means to maintain economic security was to have direct control over resources rather than being forced to rely on world trade.102 He claimed that war to gain such resources was the only means to surpass the failing capitalist economic system.101 He believed that private ownership was useful in that it encouraged creative competition and technical innovation but insisted that it had to conform to national interests and be "productive" rather than "parasitical".95 A number of Nazis held strong revolutionary socialist and anti-capitalist beliefs most prominently Ernst Rhm the leader of the Nazis' main paramilitary group the Sturmabteilung (SA).103 Rhm claimed that the Nazis' rise to power constituted a national revolution but insisted that a socialist "second revolution" was required for Nazi ideology to be fulfilled.104 Rhm's SA began attacks against individuals deemed to be associated with conservative reaction.105 Hitler saw Rhm's independent actions as violating and possibly threatening his leadership as well as jeopardizing the regime by alienating the conservative President Paul von Hindenburg and the conservative-oriented German army.106 This resulted in Hitler purging Rhm and other radical members of the SA.106 Joseph Goebbels adamantly stressed the socialist character of Nazism and claimed in his diary that if he were to pick between Bolshevism and capitalism he said "in final analysis" "it would be better for us to go down with Bolshevism than live in eternal slavery under capitalism."107 In 1920 the Nazi Party published the National Socialist Program an ideology that in 25 points demanded: that the State shall make it its primary duty to provide a livelihood for its citizens . . . the abolition of all incomes unearned by work . . . the ruthless confiscation of all war profits ... the nationalization of all businesses that have been formed into corporations ... profit-sharing in large enterprises ... extensive development of insurance for old-age ... land reform suitable to our national requirements.108 During the 1920s Nazi Party officials variously attempted either to change or to replace the National Socialist Program. In 1924 the Nazi Party economist theoretician Gottfried Feder proposed a new 39-point program retaining some old and introducing some new ideas.109 Hitler did not directly mention the program in Mein Kampf; he only mentioned "the so-called programme of the movement".110 Also during the 1920s however Hitler urged disparate Nazi factions to unite in opposition to "Jewish Marxism."111 Hitler asserted that the "three vices" of "Jewish Marxism" were democracy pacifism and internationalism.112 In 1927 Hitler said: "We are socialists we are enemies of todays capitalistic economic system for the exploitation of the economically weak with its unfair salaries with its unseemly evaluation of a human being according to wealth and property instead of responsibility and performance and we are determined to destroy this system under all conditions."113 Yet two years later in 1929 Hitler backtracked saying that socialism was "an unfortunate word altogether" and that "if people have something to eat and their pleasures then they have their socialism." Historian Henry A. Turner reports Hitlers regret at having including the word socialism in the Nazi Party name.114 The Nazi Partys early self-description as "socialist" caused conservative opponents such as the Industrial Employers Association to describe it as "totalitarian terrorist conspiratorial and socialist".115 In 1930 Hitler said: "Our adopted term Socialist has nothing to do with Marxian Socialism. Marxism is anti-property; true Socialism is not."116 In 1931 during a confidential interview with influential editor Richard Breiting of the Leipziger Neueste Nachrichten a pro-business newspaper Hitler said: I want everyone to keep what he has earned subject to the principle that the good of the community takes priority over that of the individual. But the State should retain control; every owner should feel himself to be an agent of the State ... The Third Reich will always retain the right to control property owners.117 In 1932 Nazi Party spokesman Joseph Goebbels said that the Nazi Party was a "workers party" "on the side of labour and against finance."118 In 1940 Hitler described a connection of qualities between Nazism and Bolshevism while contrasting this against bourgeois leftists saying It is not Germany that will turn Bolshevist but Bolshevism that will become a sort of National Socialismthere is more that binds us to Bolshevism than separates us from it. There is above all genuine revolutionary feeling which is alive everywhere in Russia except where there are Jewish Marxists. I have always made allowance for this circumstance and given orders that former Communists be admitted to the party at once. The petit bourgeois Social-Democrat and the trade-union boss will never make a National Socialist but the Communist always will.119 Nazi propaganda posters in working-class districts emphasized anti-capitalism such as one that said: "The maintenance of a rotten industrial system has nothing to do with nationalism. I can love Germany and hate capitalism."120 Philosopher Stephen Hicks writes: "The issue about how socialist the Nazis were is in part a judgment call about long-term principles and short-term pragmatism."121 Hicks argues that the Nazis claimed to be more devoted to socialism than the Soviet Bolsheviks: the Russians were preoccupied with economics while the Nazis thought socialism should control not only economics but breeding religion and other intimate details of life. Working class and middle class appeal In 1922 to ensure German public perception of the Nazi Party as politically unique Adolf Hitler discredited other nationalist and racialist political parties as disconnected from the mass populace especially lower- and working-class young people: The racialists were not capable of drawing the practical conclusions from correct theoretical judgements especially in the Jewish Question. In this way the German racialist movement developed a similar pattern to that of the 1880s and 1890s. As in those days its leadership gradually fell into the hands of highly honourable but fantastically nave men of learning professors district counsellors schoolmasters and lawyers  in short a bourgeois idealistic and refined class. It lacked the warm breath of the nations youthful vigour.122 Despite many working-class supporters and members the appeal of the Nazi Party to the working class was neither true nor effective because its politics mostly appealed to the middle-class as a stabilizing pro-business political party not a revolutionary workers party.123123 Moreover the financial collapse of the white collar middle-class of the 1920s figures much in their strong support of Nazism thus the great percentage of declared middle-class support for the Nazis.123 In the poor country that was the Weimar Republic of the early 1930s the Nazi Party realised their socialist policies with food and shelter for the unemployed and the homeless later recruited to the Brownshirt Sturmabteilung (SA Storm Detachment).123 Racial ideology Further information: Nazism and race and Racial policy of Nazi Germany This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (April 2010) The Master Race: the Meyers Blitz-Lexikon (Leipzig 1932) depicts German war hero Karl von Mller as an exemplar Nordic type of the Herrenvolk. The racist subject of Nazism is Das Volk the German people living under continual cultural attack by Judeo-Bolshevism who must unite under Nazi Party leadership and per the spartan nationalist tenets of Nazism: be stoic self-disciplined and self-sacrificing until victory.124 Adolf Hitlers political biography Mein Kampf (My Struggle) formulates the Weltanschauung of Nazism with the ideologic trinity of: history as a struggle for world supremacy among the human races conquered only by a master race the Herrenvolk; the decisive autocratic Fhrerprinzip (leader principle); and anti-Semitism targeting the Jews as the universal source of socio-cultural and economic discord. The JewishBolshevism conspiracy theory derives from anti-Semitism and anti-communism; Adolf Hitler claimed to have first developed his worldview from living and observing Viennese life from 1907 to 1913 concluding that the AustroHungarian Empire comprised racial religious and cultural hierarchies; per his interpretations atop were the Aryans the ultimate white master race whilst Jews and Gypsies were at bottom.65 However recent research strongly suggests that Hitlers virulent antisemitism was mostly a post war development product of influences from the Russian civil war and that in his Vienna years it played little part in his thinking.125 The idea of the Russian roots of Nazism has been explored by Walter Laqueur126 and more recently filled out in much more detail by Michael Kellogg127 from archive material only available since the fall of communism. Aufbau Vereinigung was a organisation of White Russian migrs and early National Socialists which exerted a critical influence upon Hitler and Nazi ideology in the years before the Hitler Ludendorff putsch in 1923. Fundamental to Nazism is the unification of every German tribe that was unjustly divided among different nation states The racialist philosophy of Nazism derived from the seminal white supremacist works of: the French Arthur de Gobineau (An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races); the Briton Houston Stewart Chamberlain (The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century); and of the American Madison Grant (The Passing of The Great Race: or The Racial Basis of European History). Their ideas were synthesized by the Reichstag Secretary Alfred Rosenberg in The Myth of the Twentieth Century a pseudoscientific treatise proposing that: From a northern centre of creation which without postulating an actual submerged Atlantic continent we may call Atlantis swarms of warriors once fanned out in obedience to the ever-renewed and incarnate Nordic longing for distance to conquer and space to shape.128 According to Terrence Ball and Richard Bellamy The Myth of the Twentieth Century is the second-most important book to Nazism after Mein Kampf.129 In establishing Nazi German racial superiority Adolf Hitler defined the Nation as the highest creation of a race and that that great nations were the creations of homogeneous populations of great races working together. These nations developed cultures that naturally grew from races with natural good health and aggressive intelligent courageous traits. Whereas the weakest nations were those of impure or mongrel races because they were disunited. Hitler claimed that lowest races were the parasitic Untermenschen (subhumans) principally the Jews who were living lebensunwertes Leben (life-unworthy life) owing to racial inferiority and their wandering nationless invasions of greater nations such as Germany thus either permitting or encouraging national plurality is an obvious mistake. Hitler declared that racial conflict against Jews was necessary to save Germany from suffering under them and dispensed concerns about such conflict being inhumane or an injustice saying: We may be inhumane but if we rescue Germany we have achieved the greatest deed in the world. We may work injustice but if we rescue Germany then we have removed the greatest injustice in the world. We may be immoral but if our people is rescued we have opened the way for morality.130 During World War II when faced with occupying too much territory with too-few German soldiers Nazism expanded the Master Race definition to include Dutch and Scandinavian men as superior German-stock Herrenvolk in order to recruit them into the Schutzstaffel (SS). Nazi eugenics: We Do Not Stand Alone (1936). Hitler argued that nations who could not defend their territories did not deserve a country. He said that slave races such as the Slavic peoples had less of a right to life than did the master races especially concerning Lebensraum. He claimed that the Herrenvolk had the right to vanquish inferior indigenous races from their countries.131 Hitler argued that races without homelands were parasitic races and that the richer the parasite race the more virulent their parasitism. A master race could therefore easily strengthen themselves by killing the parasite races in the Heimat. The Herrenvolk philosophic tenet of Nazism rationalized Die Endlsung (the Final Solution) extermination of Jews Gypsies Czechs Poles the mentally retarded the crippled the handicapped homosexuals and others deemed undesirable. During the Holocaust the Waffen-SS Wehrmacht soldiers and right-wing paramilitary civilian militias killed some 11 million people in Nazi-occupied lands via concentration camps prisoner-of-war camps labor camps and death camps such as the Auschwitz concentration camp and the Treblinka extermination camp. Schutzstaffel insignia: white Sig Runes on a black background In Germany the master-race populace was realised by purifying the Deutsche Volk via (see: eugenics; the culmination was involuntary euthanasia of disabled people and the compulsory sterilization of the mentally retarded. The ideologic justification was Adolf Hitlers consideration of Sparta(11th c.195 BC) as the original Vlkisch state; he praised their dispassionate destruction of congenitally deformed infants in maintaining racial purity:132133 "Sparta must be regarded as the first Vlkisch State. The exposure of the sick weak deformed children in short their destruction was more decent and in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day which preserves the most pathological subject." Nazi cultural perception of the Jews based upon the anti-Semitic The Protocols of the Elders of Zion emphasized that Jews throve on fomenting division among Germans and among nation-states. Yet Nazi anti-Semitism was also physical and racial. Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels said: The Jew is the enemy and destroyer of the purity of blood the conscious destroyer of our race ... As socialists we are opponents of the Jews because we see in the Hebrews the incarnation of capitalism of the misuse of the nations goods.118 Nazi Germany was ideologically based upon the racially defined Deutsche Volk (German People) which denied the limitations of nationalism.134 The Nazi Party and the German people were consolidated in the Volksgemeinschaft (Peoples Community) a late-nineteenth-century neologism defining the citizens communal duty is to the Reich rather than to civil society the citizen-nation basis of Nazism; the socialism would be realized via common duty to the volk by service to the Third Reich in establishing Grodeutschland the embodying locus of the peoples will. Hence Nazism encouraged ultra-nationalism to establish a world-dominating Aryan Volksgemeinschaft. The prcis of this central tenet of Mein Kampf is the motto Ein Volk ein Reich ein Fhrer (One People One Empire One Leader). Opposition to homosexuality Further information: Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust Homophobia: Berlin Memorial to Homosexual Victims of the Holocaust; TotgeschlagenTotgeschwiegen (Struck DeadHushed Up) In late February 1933 as the moderating influence of Ernst Rhm the homosexual leader of the Sturmabteilung (SA) diminished the Nazi Party purged the homophile clubs where gay lesbian and bisexual Berliners congregated. It also outlawed academic and pornographic sexual publications. In March 1933 Kurt Hiller the organizer of Magnus Hirschfeld's Institut fr Sexualwissenschaft (Institute of Sex Research) was imprisoned to a concentration camp. On 6 May 1933 Hitler Youth members attacked the Institute of Sex Research and publicly incinerated its library and archives in the streets. They destroyed some 20000 books and journals as well as some 5000 images. They also seized the Institutes rosters of gay lesbian bisexual and transgender patients. Initially Hitler had protected Rhm from Nazis who considered his homosexuality a violation of the Partys anti-homosexual policy. When Rhm proved to be a politically viable challenger to Hitler's leadership of the Nazi Party Hitler ordered that he be assassinated in 1934 along with other Nazi political opponents. This purge became known as the Night of the Long Knives. To suppress outrage in the SA ranks the Nazi leaders justified Rhms killing on the basis that he was homosexual. Schutzstaffel (SS) Chief Heinrich Himmler initially a supporter of Rhm defended him against charges of homosexuality arguing they were the fabrications of a Jewish character assassination conspiracy. After the Night of the Long Knives Hitler promoted Himmler who then zealously suppressed homosexuality saying: "We must exterminate these people root and branch ... the homosexual must be eliminated.135 In 1936 Himmler established the "Reichszentrale zur Bekmpfung der Homosexualitt und Abtreibung" ("Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion").136 The Nazis officially declared that homosexuality was contrary to "wholesome popular sentiment" identifying gay men as "defilers of German blood". The Nazi rgime incarcerated some 100000 homosexuals during the 1930s.137 As concentration camp prisoners homosexual men were forced to wear pink triangle badges.138139 Nazi anti-homosexual laws did not persecute lesbians much because the Nazis considered female homosexuals easier to persuade or to compel to conformity with the heterosexual mores of patriarchy. Nonetheless the Nazis considered lesbians to be a cultural threat to family values and legally identified them as anti-social. Concentration camp prisoners who were lesbian were forced to wear black triangle badges. Church and state This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) Further information: Religious aspects of Nazism Religion in Nazi Germany and Positive Christianity 'On the Jews and Their Lies by Martin Luther Wittenberg 1543 Hitler extended his rationalizations into a religious doctrine supported by his criticism of traditional Roman Catholicism. In particular and closely related to Positive Christianity he objected to Catholicism because it was not the religion of an exclusive race and its culture. Simultaneously the Nazis integrated to Nazism the community elements of Lutheranism from its organic pagan past. Hitlerian theology integrated militarism by proposing that his was a true master-religion because it would create mastery by avoiding comforting lies. About religions that preached love tolerance and equality in contravention to the facts Hitler said they were false slave religions and that the man who recognized said truths was a natural leader whilst deniers were natural slaves; hence slaves especially the intelligent continually hindered their masters with false religions.citation needed Although the National Socialist leaders and dogmas were basically uncompromisingly antireligious Nazi Germany usually did not directly attack the Churches the exceptions being clerics who refused accommodation with the Nazi rgime. Martin Bormann a prominent Nazi official said: "Priests will be paid by us and as a result they will preach what we want. If we find a priest acting otherwise short work is to be made of him. The task of the priest consists in keeping the Poles quiet stupid and dull-witted."140141 To demoralize Poland the Nazis killed almost 16 per cent of the Polish Catholic clergy; 13 of 38 Bishops were sent to concentration camps.142143 These actions and the closing of churches seminaries and other religious institutions almost succeeded in exterminating the Polish clergy.144 In pro-Nazi countries fascist anti-clericalism was unofficial and was usually manifested in the arrests of select clergy via false charges of immorality145146 and secret harassment by Gestapo and SD agents provocateur. A notable case was that of Dietrich Bonhoeffer the Lutheran Pastor and theologian who fought Nazism in the German Resistance.147148 Nonetheless the Nazis often used the Church to justify their politics by using Christian symbols as Reich symbols and in other cases replacing Christian symbols with Reich symbols Nazism thus conflated Church and State as an ultra-nationalist political entity the Nazi Germany embodied in the motto Ein Volk ein Reich ein Fhrer (One People One Empire One Leader).149150 Julius Streicher Several of the founders and leaders of the Nazi Party were members of the Thule-Gesellschaft (Thule Society) who romanticized Aryan race superstitions with ritual and theology.151 Originally derived from the Germanenorden the Thule Society shared the racist superstitions of Ariosophy that were common to such pan-German groups; Rudolf von Sebottendorf and a man named Wilde lectured the Thule Society on occultism.152 Generally the societys lectures and excursions comprised anti-Semitism and Germanic antiquity yet it is historically notable for having fought as a paramilitary militia against the Bavarian Soviet Republic.153 Dietrich Eckart an associate of the Thule Society coached Adolf Hitler as a public speaker and Hitler later dedicated Mein Kampf to Eckart.154 The DAP was initially supported by the Thule Society but Hitler quickly excluded them in favour of a mass movement political party by denigrating their superstitious approach to politics.155 In contrast SS Chief Heinrich Himmler was much interested in the occult.149 Regarding the persecution of Jews the contemporary historical perspective is that in the period between the Protestant Reformation and the Holocaust Martin Luther's treatise On the Jews and their Lies (1543) exercised a major and persistent intellectual influence upon the German practice of anti-Semitism against Jewish citizens. The Nazis publicly displayed an original of On the Jews and their Lies during the annual Nuremberg rallies and the city also presented a first edition of it to Julius Streicher the editor of Der Strmer which described Luthers treatise as the most radically anti-Semitic tract ever published.156157 Protestant Bishop Martin Sasse published a compendium of Martin Luthers writings shortly after Kristallnacht; in the introduction he approved of the burning of synagogues and mentioned the coincidental date: On November 10 1938 on Luthers birthday the synagogues are burning in Germany. He urged Germans to heed the words of the greatest antisemite of his time the warner of his people against the Jews.158 Theologian Johannes Wallmann however said Luthers anti-Semitic tract exercised no continual influence in Germany that it was mostly ignored during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.159 Nonetheless Prof. Diarmaid MacCulloch said that On the Jews and Their Lies was the blueprint for Kristallnacht.160 Other ideologies Strasserism Gregor Strasser founder of Strasserism. Main article: Strasserism Before Hitler orchestrated the operation known as the Night of the Long Knives in 1934 whereby a substantial base of the Nazi Party's left-wing block such as the Sturmabteilung was purged of radical and disruptive elements two former Freikorps and Social Democratic Party activists named Otto and Gregor Strasser united their left-leaning ideals to form a distinctly socialist strand of Nazism known as Strasserism. Strasserist ideology engaged in overt critique of Hitler's Fuhrerprinzip his affinities to the conservative establishment and began attacking his policies through the National Socialist Newsletters and later ideological literature like Cabinet Seat or Revolution while upholding aggressive anti-capitalist ideals. The Strasser brothers considered capitalism stained by Jewish finance and called for a working-class genuinely socialist and ultra-nationalist revolution following Hitler's rise to power (which they called a half-revolution) emphasizing the socialist component of National Socialism and proposing a cooperative economic ministry to direct Germany's economy in a more left-wing and guild-based direction.161162 Arab nationalism Haj Amin al-Husayni meeting with Adolf Hitler in December 1941 National Socialist threads were also popular with Arab nationalists at roughly the same time as in Europe and even continued beyond World War II.163 During the British Mandate in Palestine Haj Amin al-Husayni was appointed as Mufti of Jerusalem by High Commissioner Herbert Samuel. He was the principal leader of the Arab national movement in Palestine and a popular personality in the Arab world during most of the years of British rule.164 Amin met with Hitler and other Nazi officials on various occasions and attempted to coordinate Nazi and Arab policies to solve the "Jewish problem" in Palestine.165 Due to al-Husayni's role of leadership and his association with the Nazi leader he was sometimes referred to as the "fuhrer of the Arab world".166167 In one of the mufti's speeches he said: "Kill the Jews wherever you find themthis pleases Allah."166168169 In the 1930s wealthy Arab youths educated in Germany and having witnessed the rise of fascist paramilitary groups began returning home with the idea of creating an "Arab Nazi Party".170 The atmosphere of the 1930s Arab movement was described by one of the leaders of the Syrian Ba'ath Party Sami al-Jundi: "We were racists admiring Nazism reading its books and the source of its thought..."171172173 In 1935 Jamal al-Husayni (Haj Amin's brother) established the Palestine Arab Party the party was used to create the "fascist-style" youth organization al-Futuwwa; also sometimes called the "Nazi Scouts".170174175 The organization recruited children and youth who took the following oath: "Life -- my right; independence -- my aspiration; Arabism -- my country and there is no room in it for any but Arabs. In this I believe and Allah is my witness."170174 The British expressed concern at the situation in Palestine stating in a report that "the growing youth and scout movements must be regarded as the most probable factors for the disturbance of the peace."170 Indian national socialism This section requires expansion. National Socialist ideas were even advocated by some in India such as the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (and its various factions) in seeking a "Nagalim for Christ" as opposed to being a minority in a country of other religions.176177 Economics Further information: Economy of Nazi Germany Deutsches VolkDeutsche Arbeit: German People German Work the alliance of worker and work. (1934) Regarding international finance Nazism postulated an international banking Jewish conspiracy headed by a cabal of financiers responsible for the Great Depression. The Nazis claimed that controllers of the cabal who had manuvred themselves into economically controlling the United States and Europe were a powerful Jewish lite. The Nazis believed that the cabal was integral to a greater long-term Jewish conspiracy wherein Jews would establish global domination via the New World Order. The banks that the cabal allegedly controlled exerted political influence upon nation-states by granting or withholding credit. Nazi economic practice first concerned the immediate domestic economy of Germany then international trade. To eliminate Germanys poverty domestic policy was narrowly concerned with four major goals: (i) elimination of unemployment (ii) rapid and substantial re-armament (iii) fiscal protection against resurgent hyper-inflation and (iv) expansion of consumer-goods production to raise middle- and lower- class living standards. The intent was correcting the Nazi-perceived short-comings of the Weimar Republic and to solidify domestic support for the Nazi Party; between 1933 and 1936 the German (Gross National Product) annually increased 9.5 per cent and the industrial rate increased 17.2 per cent. The expansion propelled the German economy from depression to full employment in less than four years. Public consumption increased 18.7 per cent and private consumption increased 3.6 per cent annually. Historian Richard Evans reports that before the outbreak of World War II in 1939 the German economy "had recovered from the Depression faster than its counterparts in other countries. Germanys foreign debt had been stabilized interest rates had fallen to half their 1932 level the stock exchange had recovered from the Depression the gross national product had risen by 81 per cent over the same period ... Inflation and unemployment had been conquered."178 Private property Private property rights were conditional upon the economic mode of use; if it did not advance Nazi economic goals the state could nationalize it.179 Nazi government corporate takeovers and threatened takeovers encouraged compliance with government production plans even if unprofitable for the firm. For example the owner of the Junkers aeroplane factory refused the governments directives whereupon the Nazis occupied the factory and arrested Hugo Junkers but paid him for his nationalized business. Although the Nazis privatised public properties and public services they also increased economic state control.180 Under Nazi economics free competition and self-regulating markets diminished; nevertheless Adolf Hitlers social Darwinist beliefs made him reluctant to entirely disregard business competition and private property as economic engines.181182 In 1942 Hitler privately said: I absolutely insist on protecting private property ... we must encourage private initiative.183 To the proposition that businesses were private property in name but not in substance but in The Journal of Economic History article "The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry" Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner counter that despite state control business had much production and investment planning freedom yet acknowledge that Nazi German economy was state-directed.184 Centralization Agricultural and industrial central planning was a prominent feature of Nazi economics. To tie farmers to the land selling agricultural land was prohibited; farm ownership was nominally private but discretion over operations and residual income were proscribed. That was achieved by granting business monopoly rights to marketing boards to control production and prices with a quota system. Quotas also were established for industrial goods such as pig iron steel aluminium magnesium gunpowder explosives synthetic rubber fuels and electricity. A compulsory cartel law was enacted in 1936 allowing the minister of economics to make existing cartels compulsory and permanent and compel industries to form cartels where none existed although disestablished by decree by 1943 they were replaced with more authoritarian economic agencies.185 Finance In place of ordinary profit-incentive determining the economy financial investment was regulated per the needs of the state. The profit incentive for businessmen remained but was greatly modified: Fixing of profits not their suppression was the official policy of the Nazi party; however Nazi agencies replaced the profit-motive that automatically allocated investment and the course of the economy.186 Nazi government financing eventually dominated private financial investment which the proportion of private securities issued falling from over half of the total in 193334 to approximately 10 per cent in 193538. Heavy business-profit taxes limited self-financing of firms. The largest firms were mostly exempt from taxes on profits however government control of these were extensive enough to leave only the shell of private ownership. Taxes and financial subsidies also directed the economy; the underlying economic policy terror was incentive to agree and comply. Nazi language indicated death or concentration camp for any business owner who pursued his own self-interest instead of the ends of the State. The official decree was stamped into the rim of the silver Reichsmark coins between 1933 through the end of WWII "Gemeinnutz geht vor Eigennutz" or "The common good before self-interest.".179 Ideological competition The German Revolution of 191819: Freikorps soldiers and Communist revolutionary prisoner Bavaria. After World War I German Nazism and Bolshevik communism emerged as the two main political contenders for the government of Germany especially because the Weimar Republic government was unstable. What became the Nazi movement arose from far right business and political resistance to the Bolshevik-inspired insurgencies occurring in Germany during the post-war political instability. Moreover because the Russian Revolution of 1917 legitimised Leninism Vladimir Lenins interpretation of Marxism which inspired many German socialists. To suppress the 1919 Spartacist uprising general strike in Berlin and the Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich the Weimar Republic government used Freikorps (Free Corps) right-wing paramilitary groups composed of ex-soldiers. Many Freikorps leaders including Ernst Rhm later became Nazi Party leaders. Nazism successfully competed for voters against communism because Nazism appealed to the anti-Bolshevik German establishment by promising socio-economic stability and to the working class by promising jobs. The Nazis particularly appealed to the lumpenproletariat whom leftists had dismissed as politically inconsequential. Nazi pro-labour rhetoric appealed to workers disaffected with capitalism by promoting profit limitations rent abolition and increased social benefits (for German gentiles only) whilst simultaneously proposing a politico-economic model that divested Marxist socialism of ideologic tenets dangerous to capitalism i.e. class struggle dictatorship of the proletariat and worker-controlled means of production. Sociologist Michael Mann defined fascism as a transcendent and cleansing nation statism through paramilitarism with the word transcendent denoting the abolishment of social classes in order for the birth of a new organic and pure people: all classes are abolished by transition all others (approximately two-thirds of the German populace).187188 The Nazis sought to distinguish and separate themselves from conservative nationalist competitors such as the German National People's Party (DNVP) by officially denouncing conservatism and attacking conservative nationalists for being reactionary bourgeois enemies of the German nation who were equal in blame alongside Marxism for Germany's downfall in 1918.189 The Nazis made alliances with the DNVP but they claimed that these were tactical in nature and that the two parties had significant ideological differences.190 Nazism in popular culture Further information: Adolf Hitler in popular culture and Nazi chic The New Adventures of Hitler (Crisis No. 48 Stephen Yeowell) In popular American culture the terms Nazi Fhrer fascist Gestapo and Hitler are terms of abuse used in describing authoritarian people; hence the American usages grammar Nazi and Feminazi (see Godwins Law of Nazi Analogies). Moreover the blackletter typefaces Fraktur and Schwabacher are associated with Nazi propaganda despite the Nazis having proscribed them in 1941.191192 In cinema the Indiana Jones series offers Nazi villains; and the video game website IGN declared Nazis as the most memorable video game villains.193 See also Brown House Munich Germany Consequences of German Nazism Denazification Fascism Fascism and ideology Final Solution Functionalism versus intentionalism Jingoism List of Adolf Hitler books Nationalism Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund fr Leibesbungen Nazi Foreign Policy (debate) Nazi occultism Neo-Nazism New Order (Nazism) State Capitalism Statolatry References Bibliography W.S. Allen (1965). The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 19221945. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-023968-5.  Peter Fritzsche (1990). Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505780-5.  Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1985). The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany 18901935. Wellingborough England: The Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-402-4. (Several reprints. Expanded with a new Preface 2004 I.B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 1-86064-973-4.) (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-3124-4. (Paperback 2003. ISBN 0-8147-3155-4.) Victor Klemperer (1947). LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii. Ludwig von Mises (1985 1944). Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War. Libertarian Press. ISBN 0-91-088415-3.  Robert O. Paxton (2005). The Anatomy of Fascism. London: Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 0-14-101432-6.  David Redles (2005). Hitlers Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation. New York: University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7524-1. 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Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Eatwell Roger. 1996. On Defining the Fascist Minimum the Centrality of Ideology Journal of Political Ideologies 1(3):30319; and Eatwell Roger. 1997. Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane. Neocleous Mark. Fascism. Minneapolis Minnesota USA: University of Minnesota Press 1997 p. 23. Fritzsche Peter. 1998. Germans into Nazis. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press; Eatwell Roger Fascism A History Viking/Penguin 1996 pp. xvii-xxiv 21 2631 114140 352. Griffin Roger. 2000. "Revolution from the Right: Fascism" chapter in David Parker (ed.) Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560-1991 Routledge London. Blamires Cyprian; Jackson Paul. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia Volume 1. Santa Barbara California USA: ABC-CLIO Inc 2006. p. 61. Bendersky Joseph W. A history of Nazi Germany: 1919-1945. 2nd ed. Burnham Publishers 2000. p. 176. Bendersky Joseph W. A history of Nazi Germany: 1919-1945. 2nd ed. Burnham Publishers 2000. p. 24. The Nazi Economic Recovery 1932-1938 R. J. Overy Economic History Society. Francis R. Nicosia. Business and Industry in Nazi Germany Berghan Books p. 43. Bendersky Joseph W. A history of Nazi Germany: 1919-1945. 2nd ed. Burnham Publishers 2000. p. 159. a b Bendersky Joseph W. A history of Nazi Germany: 1919-1945. 2nd ed. Burnham Publishers 2000. p. 40. Alexander J. De Grand. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: the 'fascist' style of rule. 2nd edition. London England UK; New York New York USA: Routledge 1997. Pp. 40. "Die Nationalsozialistische Bewegung". Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/405810/Die-Nationalsozialistische-Bewegung.  Retrieved on 27 July 2010. Goebbels Joseph. The Nazi-Sozi: Questions & Answers for National Socialists. Landpost Press 1999. Pp. 19. pronounced German pronunciation: natsjonalzotsialisti dyt arbaitpartai The term Sozi (/zotsi/) is short for the German word Sozialdemokrat (pronounced /zo'tsjaldemokrat/) meaning social democrat. a b Franz H. Mautner (1944). "Nazi und Sozi". Modern Language Notes (Modern Language Notes Vol. 59 No. 2) 59 (2): 93100. doi:10.2307/2910599. http://jstor.org/stable/2910599.  "Oxford English Dictionary". Nazi. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com. Retrieved 30 May 2011.  a b c d e February 24 1920: Nazi Party Established (history) Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority 2004 webpage: YV-Party. Nazi Party (overview) Encyclopdia Britannica 2006 Britannica.com webpage: Britannica-NaziParty. Australian Memories of the Holocaust (history) Glossary definition of Nazi (party) N.S.W. Board of Jewish Education New South Wales AustraliaHolocaustComAu-Glossary Lexicon: Dolchstosslegende (definition) www.icons-multimedia.com 2005 webpage: DolchSL. Florida Holocaust Museum - Antisemitism - Post World War 1 (history) www.flholocaustmuseum.org 2003 webpage: Post-WWI Antisemitism. THHP Short Essay: What Was the Final Solution. Holocaust-History.org July 2004 webpage: HoloHist-Final: notes that Hermann Gering used the term in his order of July 31 1941 to Reinhard Heydrich of Reich Main Security. Powell Phillip Wayne (1985). Tree of Hate. Vallecito Calif.: Ross House Books. p. 48. ISBN 0465087507.  Fodor M.W. (1936-02-05). "The Spread of Hitlerism". The Nation. New Deal Network. p. 156. http://newdeal.feri.org/nation/na3656.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-05.  Ryback Timothy W. Hitler's Private Library: The Books That Shaped His Life. New York; Toronto: Vintage Books 2010. pp. 129-130. a b c d Ryback Timothy W. Hitler's Private Library: The Books That Shaped His Life. New York; Toronto: Vintage Books 2010. p. 129 Ryback Timothy W. Hitler's Private Library: The Books That Shaped His Life. New York; Toronto: Vintage Books 2010. p. 130. Ryback Timothy W. Hitler's Private Library: The Books That Shaped His Life. New York; Toronto: Vintage Books 2010. p. 130 a b Robert Gerwarth. The Bismarck myth: Weimar Germany and the legacy of the Iron Chancellor. Oxford England UK; New York New York USA: Oxford University Press. Pp. 150. Robert Gerwarth. The Bismarck myth: Weimar Germany and the legacy of the Iron Chancellor. Oxford England UK; New York New York USA: Oxford University Press. Pp. 149. Robert Gerwarth. The Bismarck myth: Weimar Germany and the legacy of the Iron Chancellor. Oxford England UK; New York New York USA: Oxford University Press. Pp. 54. a b Robert Gerwarth. The Bismarck myth: Weimar Germany and the legacy of the Iron Chancellor. Oxford England UK; New York New York USA: Oxford University Press. Pp. 131. a b c d e f g Blamires Cyprian; Jackson Paul. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia Volume 1. Santa Barbara California USA: ABC-CLIO Inc 2006. p. 62. a b c d e Stackelberg Roderick; Winkle Sally Anne. The Nazi Germany sourcebook: an anthology of texts. London England UK: Routledge 2002. p. 11. a b Stackelberg Roderick; Winkle Sally Anne. The Nazi Germany sourcebook: an anthology of texts. London England UK: Routledge 2002 p. 11. Blamires Cyprian; Jackson Paul. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia Volume 1. Santa Barbara California USA: ABC-CLIO Inc 2006. p. 126. Roderick Stackelberg Sally Anne Winkle. The Nazi Germany sourcebook: an anthology of texts. New York New York USA: Routledge 2002. Pp. 45. Ian Kershaw. Hitler 1936-45: nemesis. New York New York: USA: W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2001 Pp. 588. David Welch. Hitler: profile of a dictator. 2nd edition. New York New York USA: UCL Press 2001. Pp. 13-14. David Welch. Hitler: profile of a dictator. 2nd edition. New York New York USA: UCL Press 2001. Pp. 16. a b Blamires Cyprian; Jackson Paul. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia Volume 1. Santa Barbara California USA: ABC-CLIO Inc 2006. p. 628. Blamires Cyprian; Jackson Paul. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia Volume 1. Santa Barbara California USA: ABC-CLIO Inc 2006. p. 629. a b c d Cyprian Blamires Paul Jackson. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia Volume 1. Santa Barbara California USA: ABC-CLIO Inc. 2006. Pp. 628. a b c Heinrich August Winkler Alexander Sager. Germany: The Long Road West. English edition. Oxford England UK: Oxford University Press 2006. Pp. 414. Eric D. Weitz. Weimar Germany: promise and tragedy. Princeton New Jersey USA: Princeton University Press 2007. Pp. 336-337. a b H. Stuart Hughes. Oswald Spengler. New Brunswick New Jersey USA: Transaction Publishers 1992. Pp. 108. H. Stuart Hughes. Oswald Spengler. New Brunswick New Jersey USA: Transaction Publishers 1992. Pp. 109. Eric D. Weitz. Weimar Germany: promise and tragedy. Princeton New Jersey USA: Princeton University Press 2007. Pp. 336. Ian Kershaw. Hitler 18891936: hubris. New York New York USA; London England UK: W. W. Norton & Company 2000. Pp. 182. a b Fulda Bernhard. Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic. Oxford University Press 2009. p. 65. a b Carlsten F.L. The Rise of Fascism. 2nd ed. University of California Press 1982. p. 80. David Jablonsky. The Nazi Party in dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit 19231925. London England UK; Totowa New Jersey USA: Frank Cass and Company Ltd. 1989. Pp. 2026 30 Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism 1914-1945. Madison Wisconsin USA: Wisconsin University Press 1995. pp. 463-464. Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism 1914-1945. Madison Wisconsin USA: Wisconsin University Press 1995. p. 463. a b Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism 1914-1945. Madison Wisconsin USA: Wisconsin University Press 1995. p. 464. a b Ian Kershaw Hitler: A Profile in Power (London 1991 rev. 2001) first chapter. Ian Kershaw 1991 chapter I. Ernst Nolte Der Faschismus in seiner Epoche (Fascism in its Epoch) Mnchen 1963 ISBN 3-492-02448-3. Laqueuer 1996 p. 223; Eatwell 1996 p. 39; Griffin 1991 2000 p. 185-201; Weber 1964 1982 p. 8; Payne (1995) Fritzsche (1990) Laclau (1977) and Reich (1970). Payne Stanley G. A history of fascism 1914-1945. Abingdon England UK: Routledge 1995 2005 (Digital Printing edition). p. 463. a b Nazi foreign policy 1933-1941: the road to global war. London England UK; New York New York USA: Routledge 2004. Pp. 10. Carlsten 1982. p. 80. a b Fortescue William. The Third Republic in France 1870-1940: conflicts and continuities. London England UK; New York New York USA: Routledge 2000. Pp. 181. Scobie Alexander. Hitler's state architecture: the impact of classical antiquity. Pennsylvania State University Press 1990. Pp. 22 38. a b Scobie Alexander. Hitler's state architecture: the impact of classical antiquity. Pennsylvania State University Press 1990. Pp. 22 a b Nazi foreign policy 1933-1941: the road to global war. London England UK; New York New York USA: Routledge 2004. Pp. 9. a b Neocleous Mark. Fascism. Minneapolis Minnesota USA: University of Minnesota Press 1997. pp. 23-25. a b c d Gillette Aaron. Racial theories in fascist Italy. London England UK; New York New York USA: Routledge 2002. p. 44. a b c d Gillette Aaron. Racial theories in fascist Italy. London England UK; New York New York USA: Routledge 2002. p. 46. Nicholls David. Adolf Hitler: a biographical companion. Santa Barbara California USA: ABC-CLIO 2000. p. 211 Gillette Aaron. Racial theories in fascist Italy. London England UK; New York New York USA: Routledge 2002. p. 45. a b Joshua D. Zimmerman. Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi rule 1922-1945. New York New York USA: Cambridge University Press 2005. Pp. 27 Joshua D. Zimmerman. Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi rule 1922-1945. New York New York USA: Cambridge University Press 2005. Pp. 29 116. Joshua D. Zimmerman. Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi rule 1922-1945. New York New York USA: Cambridge University Press 2005. Pp. 27. Benito Mussolini Richard Washburn Child Max Ascoli Richard Lamb. My rise and fall. Da Capo Press 1998. pp. 2 38. Neocleous Mark. Fascism. Minneapolis Minnesota USA: University of Minnesota Press 1997. p. 35 Griffen Roger (ed.). Fascism. Oxford University Press 1995. p. 59. Benito Mussolini Richard Washburn Child Max Ascoli Richard Lamb. My rise and fall. Da Capo Press 1998. p. 106. Benito Mussolini Richard Washburn Child Max Ascoli Richard Lamb. My rise and fall. Da Capo Press 1998. pp. 105106. Burgwyn H. James. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period 1918-1940. p. 43. Greenwood Publishing Group 1997. Enzo Collotti Race Law in Italy in: Christoph Dipper et al. Faschismus und Faschismen im Vergleich Vierow 1998. ISBN 3-89498-045-1. cf. Roger Griffin The Blackwell Dictionary of Social Thought International Fascism 35f. and Anthony Paxton Anatomy of Fascism London 2004 p. 218 and Stanley Payne A History of Fascism 19141945 University of Wisconsin Press 1995 p. 14. a b Bendersky Joseph W. A history of Nazi Germany: 1919-1945. 2nd ed. Burnham Publishers 2000. p. 72. Carroll Quigley Tragedy and Hope 1966 p. 619. R. J. Overy. The dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2004. Pp. 399 a b R.J. Overy. The dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2004. p. 403. a b R. J. Overy. The dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2004. p. 399 Alan S. Kahan. Mind vs. money: the war between intellectuals and capitalism. New Brunswick New Jersey USA: Transaction Publishers 2010. Pp. 188. a b R.J. Overy. The dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2004. p. 399 R. J. Overy. The dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. New York New York USA: W. W. Norton & Company Inc 2004. Pp. 230. Hitler's Piano Player: The Rise and Fall of Ernst Hanfstaengl: Confidant of Hitler ally of FDR. New York New York USA: Carroll and Graf Publishers 2004. Pp. 284. a b R.J. Overy. The dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2004. p. 402. R.J. Overy. The dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2004. p. 402 Joseph Nyomarkay. Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party. Minnesota University Press 1967. p. 132 Joseph Nyomarkay. Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party. Minnesota University Press 1967. p. 130 Joseph Nyomarkay. Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party. Minnesota University Press 1967. p. 130 a b Joseph Nyomarkay. Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party. Minnesota University Press 1967. p. 133 Anthony Read. The Devil's disciples: Hitler's inner circle. First American Edition. New York New York USA: W. W. Norton & Company 2004. p. 142 Lee Stephen J. (1996) Weimar and Nazi Germany Harcourt Heinemann p. 28. Henry A. Turner German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler Oxford University Press 1985. p. 62. Turner Henry A. (1985). German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler Oxford University Press p. 77. ISBN 0-19-503492-9. "They must unite he Hitler said to defeat the common enemy Jewish Marxism." A New Beginning Adolf Hitler Vlkischer Beobachter. February 1925. Cited in: Toland John (1992). Adolf Hitler. Anchor Books. p. 207. ISBN 0385037244.  Cited in: Kershaw Ian (2008). Hitler the Germans and the Final Solution. Yale University Press. p. 53. ISBN 0300124279.  Hitlers speech on May 1 1927. Cited in: Toland John (1992). Adolf Hitler. Anchor Books. pp. 224225. ISBN 0385037244.  Henry A. Turner German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler Oxford University Press 1985. p. 77. Turner Henry Ashby (1985). German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0195034929.  Carsten Francis Ludwig (1982).The Rise of Fascism 2nd ed. University of California Press p. 137. Quoting: Hitler A. Sunday Express September 28 1930. Calic Edouard (1968). Ohne Maske (Without a Mask) Frankfurter Societts-Druckerei pp. 11 3233. Translated by R.H. Barry as Unmasked: Two Confidential Interviews with Hitler in 1931. London: Chatto & Windus 1971. ISBN 0-7011-1642-0. Hitlers confidential 1931 interviews were with Richard Breiting editor of the Leipziger Neueste Nachrichten. Cited in: Bel Germ (2006). Against The Mainstream: Nazi Privatization In 1930s Germany Research Institute of Applied Economics 2006 Working Papers 2006/7 p. 14. Also cited in Richard Pipes Property and Freedom 1998 p. 416; which is cited in Richard Allen Epstein Principles for a Free Society De Capo Press p. 168. ISBN 0-7382-0829-9. a b Goebbels Joseph; Mjlnir (1932). Die verfluchten Hakenkreuzler. Etwas zum Nachdenken. Munich: Franz Eher Nachfolger. English translation: Those Damned Nazis. Hermann Rauschning. The Voice of Destruction: Conversations with Hitler 1940. G. P. Putnam and Sons 1940. Pp. 131. Bendersky Joseph W. A history of Nazi Germany: 1919-1945. 2nd ed. Burnham Publishers 2000. pp. 58-59. Hicks Stephen. (2006 2010) Nietzsche and the Nazis: A Personal View. Ockhams Razor Publishing. Burleigh Michael. 2000. The Third Reich: A New History. New York USA: Hill and Wang. pp. 76-77. a b c d Burleigh 2000. p. 77. Ian Kershaw Hitler: A Profile in Power first chapter The power of the idea (London 1991 rev. 2001). Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship by Brigitte Hamann New York: Oxford University Press 1999. pp. 347-359.) Russia and Germany A Century of Conflict by Walter Laqueur London Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1965.) p76 The Russian Roots of Nazism White migrs and the Making of National Socialism 19171945 * Michael Kellogg Cambridge 2005 Alfred Rosenberg: Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts. Eine Wertung der seelisch-geistigen Gestaltenkmpfe unserer Zeit 1-34. Aufl. Mnchen 1934 Ball Terence and Bellamy Richard (2003). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56354-2 Richard A. Koenigsberg. Nations have the right to kill: Hitler the Holocaust and war. New York New York USA: Library of Social Science 2009. Pp. 2. BBC - History - Hitler and 'Lebensraum' in the East (history) www.bbc.co.uk 2004 webpage: Lebensraum. Hitler Adolf (1961). Hitler's Secret Book. New York: Grove Press. pp. 89 1718. ISBN 0394620038. OCLC 9830111. "Sparta must be regarded as the first Vlkisch State. The exposure of the sick weak deformed children in short their destruction was more decent and in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day which preserves the most pathological subject."  Mike Hawkins (1997). Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 18601945: nature as model and nature as threat. Cambridge University Press. p. 276. ISBN 052157434X. OCLC 34705047. http://books.google.com/idSszNCxSKmgkC&pgPA276&dqHitler%27s+Secret+Book+sparta.  Called transnational Michael Mann see references. Plant 1986 p. 99. Pretzel Andreas (2005). "Vom Staatsfeind zum Volksfeind. Zur Radikalisierung der Homosexuellenverfolgung im Zusammenwirken von Polizei und Justiz". In Zur Nieden Susanne. Homosexualitt und Staatsrson. Mnnlichkeit Homophobie und Politik in Deutschland 1900-1945. Frankfurt/M.: Campus Verlag. p. 236. ISBN 9783593377490. http://books.google.de/booksidHaZwHeBm2lkC&pgPA236&lpgPA236#vonepage&q&ffalse.  Bennetto Jason (1997-11-01). "Holocaust: Gay activists press for German apology". The Independent. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/miqn4158/is/ain14142669. Retrieved 2008-12-26. dead link The Holocaust Chronicle Publications International Ltd. p. 108. Plant Richard The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals Owl Books 1988 ISBN 0-8050-0600-1. Davidson Eugene. The Trial of the Germans Originally published: New York : Macmillan 1966. Republished by University of Missouri Press 1997. p. 527. <googlebooks.com> "Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 7" (Feb 8 1946) The Avalon Project Documents in Law History and Diplomacy Accessed: 2008-10-25. Avalon.law.yale.edu Piotrowski Tadeusz. Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic 1918-1947 McFarland 1998. NC. p. 28. <googlebooks.com> Bergen Doris L. War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust p. 105. Published by Rowman & Littlefield 2003 <googlebooks.com> "The Trial of German Major War Criminals Sitting at Nuremberg Germany" (January 8 1946) The Nizkor Project Nizkor.org: For example "Entire 'Kreise' (districts) remained thus completely deprived of clergy. In the city of Poznan itself the spiritual care of some 200000 Catholics remained in the hands of not more than four priests." Holy War "TIME" May 31 1937 Time.com: 'Hitler had long been lining up "evidence" to prove that German Catholic monasteries were hotbeds of immorality. In a climactic triumphant effort to squelch Catholicism on Aryan soil he threw all the immorality trials into the courts at the same time. He hoped that wholesale convictions would destroy the prestige of the Catholic Church for good that the Reich's 2000000 or so Catholic children would be transformed without a hitch into little Brown Shirts.' Trial of German Major War Criminals (Volume 3) Dec. 17 1945. The Nizkor Project Nizkor.org "The struggle against the Church did in fact become ever more bitter there was the dissolution of Catholic organisations; ...the systematic defamation by means of a clever closely organised propaganda of the Church the clergy . . . in the summer of 1942 480 German-speaking ministers of religion were known to be gathered there; of these 45 were Protestants all the others Catholic priests. In spite of the continuous inflow of new internees especially from dioceses of Bavaria Rhenania and Westphalia their number as a result of the high rate of mortality at the beginning of this year did not surpass 350. Nor should we pass over in silence those belonging to occupied territories (esp. in predominantly Catholic Poland) Holland Belgium France (among whom the Bishop of Clermont) Luxembourg Slovenia Italy and Hungary. Many of those priests and laymen endured indescribable sufferings for their faith and for their vocation". The Trial of German Major War Criminals (Volume 1) Nov. 21 1945 The Nizkor Project Nizkor.org: "A most intense drive was directed against the Roman Catholic Church. After a strategic Concordat with the Holy See signed in July 1933 in Rome which never was observed by the Nazi Party a long and persistent persecution of the Catholic Church its priesthood and its members was carried out...Priests and bishops were laid upon riots were stimulated to harass them and many were sent to concentration camps." Nizkor Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume II Criminality of Groups and Organizations The Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) & Sicherheitsdienst The Nizkor Project Nizkor.org: '(2) The GESTAPO and the SD were primary agencies for the persecution of the churches. The fight against the churches was never brought out into the open by the GESTAPO and the SD as in the case of the persecution of the Jews. The struggle was designed to weaken the churches and to lay a foundation for the ultimate destruction of the confessional churches after the end of the war. (1815-PS) . . . . The notes on the speeches delivered at this conference indicate that the GESTAPO considered the church as an enemy to be attacked with determination and "true fanaticism."...' a b Steigmann-Gall 2003. Johnson Eric A. Nazi Terror: The Gestapo Jews and Ordinary Germans Basic Books 2000. NY pp. 234-235 <googlebooks.com> Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 149 and 2003: 114. per the diary of Johannes Hering; Goodrick-Clarke (2002) Black Sun pp. 116-17. Goodrick-Clarke (2002) pp. 114 117. Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 117. Goodrick-Clarke (1985) pp. 15051. Scholarship for Martin Luthers 1543 treatise On the Jews and their Lies exercising influence on Germanys attitude: Wallmann Johannes. The Reception of Luthers Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century Lutheran Quarterly n.s. 1 (Spring 1987) 1:7297. Wallmann writes: The assertion that Luthers expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been of major and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation and that there exists a continuity between Protestant anti-Judaism and modern racially oriented anti-Semitism is at present wide-spread in the literature; since the Second World War it has understandably become the prevailing opinion. Michael Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity Antisemitism and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2006; see chapter 4 The Germanies from Luther to Hitler pp. 105151. Hillerbrand Hans J. Martin Luther Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007. Hillerbrand writes: His strident pronouncements against the Jews especially toward the end of his life have raised the question of whether Luther significantly encouraged the development of German anti-Semitism. Although many scholars have taken this view this perspective puts far too much emphasis on Luther and not enough on the larger peculiarities of German history. Ellis Marc H. Hitler and the Holocaust Christian Anti-Semitism Baylor University Center for American and Jewish Studies Spring 2004 slide 14. Also see Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 12 p. 318 Avalon Project Yale Law School April 19 1946. Bernd Nellessen Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung in Bttner (ed) Die Deutchschen und die Jugendverfolg im Dritten Reich p. 265 cited in Daniel Goldhagen Hitlers Willing Executioners (Vintage 1997) Wallmann Johannes. The Reception of Luthers Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century Lutheran Quarterly n.s. 1 Spring 1987 1:72-97 Diarmaid MacCulloch Reformation: Europe's House Divided 14901700. New York: Penguin Books Ltd 2004 pp. 666667. Karl Dietrich Bracher The German Dictatorship 1973 pp. 230-1 Ernst Nolte Three Faces of Fascism 1969 pp. 425-426 Wild Stefan. (1985) "National Socialism in the Arab near East between 1933 and 1939". Die Welt des Islams New Series Bd. 25 Nr. 1/4 (1985) pp. 126-173. The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement Studies of the Middle East Institute Philip Mattar Columbia University Press 1992 p. 13 The Israel-Arab reader: a documentary history of the Middle East conflict by Walter Laqueur Barry M. Rubin 2001 p. 51 a b Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam - Google Books. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/booksidQMts5Z36kjAC. Retrieved August 21 2010.  Michael George (April 24 2006). The Enemy of My Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam And the Extreme Right. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700614443. http://books.google.ca/booksidZPAiRdmJa0C&pgPA390&dqarab+fuhrer&hlen&eiE5iTPvPBZ-Qnwezz4G6Dw&saX&oibookresult&ctresult&resnum2&ved0CC0Q6AEwAQ#vonepage&qarab%20fuhrer&ffalse. Retrieved November 16 2010.  Israelis not welcome to derelict Jerusalem hotel Douglas Hamilton Reuters Mar 26 2010. Retrieved November 16 2010. HISTORY SHOWS THAT TRUE PEACE IS NOT POSSIBLE WITH ARABS Joshua P. Feiler The Palm Beach Post May 9 1994. Retrieved November 16 2010. a b c d Armies of the young: child soldiers in war and terrorism The Rutgers series in childhood studies David M. Rosen Rutgers University Press 2005 page 106 1 Semites and anti-Semites: an inquiry into conflict and prejudice Bernard Lewis W. W. Norton & Company 1999 page 147 2 A View From The Other Side: An Introduction To Arab Media Evgenii Novikov The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved November 1 2010. Hitlers Mein Kampf A Best-Seller in Turkey Arutz Sheva. Retrieved November 1 2010. a b Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict 1881-2001 Benny Morris Knopf 3 Does Islam and Shariah Have More In Common With Nazi Ideology Than With Religion Steven Simpson Canada Free Press. Retrieved November 1 2010. http://www.nagalimvoice.com/p59 http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx265744 Evans The Third Reich in Power 19331939 Penguin Press 2005 p. 409) a b Peter Temin (November 1991>). Economic History Review New Series 44 (4): 573593.  Guillebaud Claude W. 1939. The Economic Recovery of Germany 1933-1938. London: MacMillan and Co. Limited. Barkai Avaraham 1990. Nazi Economics. Ideology Theory and Policy. Oxford Berg Publisher. Hayes Peter. 1987 Industry and Ideology IG Farben in the Nazi Era. Cambridge University Press. Hitler A.; transl. Norman Cameron R. H. Stevens; intro. H. R. Trevor-Roper (2000). "March 24 1942". Hitlers Table Talk 19411944: His Private Conversations. Enigma Books. pp. 162163. ISBN 1929631057.  Christoph Buchheim (27Jun2006). "The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry". The Journal of Economic History: 390416.  Philip C. Newman (August 1948). "Key German Cartels under the Nazi Regime". The Quarterly Journal of Economics 62 (4): 576595. doi:10.2307/1881766. http://jstor.org/stable/1881766.  Arthur Scheweitzer (Nov. 1946). "Profits Under Nazi Planning". The Quarterly Journal of Economics 61 (1): 5.  Hannah Arendt Elemente der Ursprnge totalitrer Herrschaft The Origins of Totalitarianism New York 1952 Bern 1955. Michael Mann Fascists CUP 2004 p. 13. Hermann Beck. The fateful alliance: German Conservatives and the Nazis in 1933: The Machtergreifung in a New Light. Berghahn Books 2008. 158-161 163. Hermann Beck. The fateful alliance: German Conservatives and the Nazis in 1933: The Machtergreifung in a New Light. Berghahn Books 2008. 158. NAZI and Fraktur. "Schwabach SPD". Spd-schwabach.de. http://www.spd-schwabach.de/content/service/schrift/. Retrieved 2009-02-27. dead link "IGN: Top 10 Tuesday: Most Memorable Villains". Cube.ign.com. 2006-03-07. http://cube.ign.com/articles/694/694410p1.html. Retrieved 2009-02-27.  External links Look up Nazi in Wiktionary the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: National Socialism Hitlers National Socialist Party platform NS-Archiv a large collection of scanned original Nazi documents. WWII: Nazi Thugs and Thinkers - slideshow by Life magazine Exhibit on Hitler and the Germans - slideshow by The New York Times Jonathan Meades (1994): Jerry Building - Unholy Relics of Nazi Germany (in 4 parts)  Links to related articles v d e Nazism Organizations Nazi Party (NSDAP)  Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo)  Sturmabteilung (SA)  Schutzstaffel (SS)  Hitler Youth (HJ)  National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (NSRL) History Early timeline  Adolf Hitler's rise to power  Machtergreifung  Re-armament  Nazi Germany  Night of the Long Knives  Nuremberg Rally  Anti-Comintern Pact  Kristallnacht  World War II  Tripartite Pact  The Holocaust  Nuremberg Trials Ideology Architecture  Gleichschaltung  Hitler's political views  Mein Kampf  National Socialist Program  New Order  Propaganda  Religious aspects Race Blood and soil  Doctors' Trial  Eugenics  Final Solution  Greater Germanic Reich  Heim ins Reich  Human experimentation  Master race  Physicians  Racial policy  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