This article is about the U.S. state. For the city see New York City. For other uses see New York (disambiguation). "NY" redirects here. For other uses see NY (disambiguation). State of New York Flag Seal Nickname(s): The Empire State Motto(s): Excelsior (Latin)1 Ever upward Official language(s) None Demonym New Yorker Capital Albany Largest city New York City Largest metro area New York metropolitan area Area  Ranked 27th in the U.S.  - Total 545562 sq mi (141300 km2)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13.5  - Latitude 4030 N to 451 N  - Longitude 7151 W to 7946 W Population  Ranked 3rd in the U.S.  - Total 19378102 (2010 Census)3 - Density 408.7/sq mi  (157.81/km2) Ranked 7th in the U.S. Elevation    - Highest point Mount Marcy4 5344 ft  (1629 m)  - Mean 1000 ft  (305 m)  - Lowest point 0 ft  (0 m) Admission to Union  July 26 1788 (11th) Governor Andrew Cuomo (D) Lieutenant Governor Robert Duffy (D) Legislature New York Legislature  - Upper house State Senate  - Lower house State Assembly U.S. Senators Charles Schumer (D) Kirsten Gillibrand (D) U.S. House delegation 22 Democrats 7 Republicans (list) Time zone Eastern: UTC-5/-4 Abbreviations NY US-NY Website ny.gov

New York ( /nju jrk/; locally IPA: nu jk or nu jrk ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and by Connecticut Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.

New York City with a population of over 8000000 people is the most populous city in the United States. It is known for its status as a financial cultural transportation and manufacturing center and for its history as a gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce it is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York James Stuart future James II and VII of England and Scotland.

New York was inhabited by the Algonquian Iroquois and Lenape Native American groups at the time Dutch settlers moved into the region in the early 17th century. In 1609 the region was first claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch. Fort Nassau was built near the site of the present-day capital of Albany in 1614. The Dutch soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson River Valley establishing the colony of New Netherland. The British took over the colony by annexation in 1664.

The borders of the British colony the Province of New York were roughly similar to those of the present-day state. About one third of all the battles of the Revolutionary War took place in New York. New York became an independent state on July 9 1776 and enacted its constitution in 1777. The state ratified the United States Constitution on July 26 1788 to become the eleventh member of the United States. Contents 1 History 1.1 17th century 1.2 American Revolution 1.3 19th century 1.4 Ellis Island 1.5 Statue of Liberty 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 State parks 2.3 Counties 2.4 Regions 2.5 Cities 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Racial and ancestral makeup 3.3 Religion 4 Economy 5 Transportation 6 Politics and government 6.1 Federal representation 6.2 Capital punishment 6.3 Politics 7 Education 8 Sports 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History Main article: History of New York New York in 1777 17th century

See also: Province of New York During the 17th century Dutch trading posts established for the trade of pelts from the Lenape Iroquois and other indigenous peoples expanded into the colony of New Netherland. The first of these trading posts were Fort Nassau (1614 near present-day Albany); Fort Orange (1624 on the Hudson River just south of the current city of Albany and created to replace Fort Nassau) developing into settlement Beverwijck (1647) and into what became Albany; Fort Amsterdam (1625 to develop into the town New Amsterdam which is present-day New York City); and Esopus (1653 now Kingston). The success of the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck (1630) which surrounded Albany and lasted until the mid 19th century was also a key factor in the early success of the colony. The British captured the colony during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and governed it as the Province of New York. American Revolution

The Sons of Liberty were organized in New York City during the 1760s largely in response to the oppressive Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament in 1765. The Stamp Act Congress met in the city on October 19 of that year: a gathering of representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies that set the stage for the Continental Congress to follow. The Stamp Act Congress resulted in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances which was the first written expression by representatives of the Americans of many of the rights and complaints later expressed in the United States Declaration of Independence including the right to representative government.

The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga provided the cannon and gunpowder necessary to force a British withdrawal from the Siege of Boston in 1775.

New York endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 9 1776.5 The New York state constitution was framed by a convention which assembled at White Plains New York on July 10 1776 and after repeated adjournments and changes of location terminated its labors at Kingston New York on Sunday evening April 20 1777 when the new constitution drafted by John Jay was adopted with but one dissenting vote. It was not submitted to the people for ratification. On July 30 1777 George Clinton was inaugurated as the first Governor of New York at Kingston.

The first major battle of the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared and the largest battle of the entire war was fought in New York at the Battle of Long Island (a.k.a Battle of Brooklyn) in August of 1776. British victory made New York City their military and political base of operations in North America for the duration of the conflict and consequently the center of attention for General George Washington's intelligence network. The notorious British prison ships of Wallabout Bay saw more American combatants die of intentional neglect than were killed in combat in every battle of the war combined. The first of two major British armies were captured by the Continental Army at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777 influencing France to ally with the revolutionaries. In an attempt to retain their sovereignty and remain an independent nation positioned between the new United States and British North America four of the Iroquois nations fought on the side of the British; only the Oneidas and their dependents the Tuscaroras allied themselves to the Americans.6 The Sullivan Expedition of 1778 and 1779 destroyed nearly 50 Iroquois villages and adjacent croplands forcing many refugees to British-held Niagara.7 As allies of the British the Iroquois were resettled in Canada after the war. In the treaty settlement the British ceded most Indian lands to the new United States. Because New York made treaty with the Iroquois without getting Congressional approval some of the land purchases are the subject of modern-day claims by the individual tribes. More than 5 million acres (20000 km2) of former Iroquois territory was put up for sale in the years after the Revolutionary War leading to rapid development in upstate New York.8 As per the Treaty of Paris the last vestige of British authority in the former Thirteen Colonies their troops in New York City departed in 1783 which was long afterwards celebrated as Evacuation Day.9 Following heated debate which included the publication of the now quintessential constitutional interpretation the Federalist Papers as a series of installments in New York City newspapers New York was the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution on July 26 1788.10 19th century The creation of the Erie Canal led to rapid industrialization in New York. Transportation in western New York was difficult before canals were built in the early part of the 19th century. The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers could be navigated only as far as Central New York. While the St. Lawrence River could be navigated to Lake Ontario the way westward to the other Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls and so the only route to western New York was over land. Governor DeWitt Clinton strongly advocated building a canal to connect the Hudson River with Lake Erie and thus all the Great Lakes. Work commenced in 1817 and the Erie Canal was finished in 1825. It was considered an engineering marvel. Packet boats traveled up and down the canal with sightseers and visitors on board.11 The canal opened up vast areas of New York to commerce and settlement. It enabled Great Lakes port cities such as Buffalo and Rochester to grow and prosper. It also connected the burgeoning agricultural production of the Midwest and shipping on the Great Lakes with the port of New York City. Improving transportation it enabled additional population migration to territories west of New York. Ellis Island Main article: Ellis Island Scenes at the Immigration Depot and a nearby dock on Ellis Island Ellis Island in 1905 Ellis Island was the main facility for immigrants entering the United States in the late 19th century to the mid 20th century. The facility operated from January 1 1892 until November 12 1954. It is owned by the Federal government and is now part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. It is situated in New York Harbor between two states and cities Jersey City New Jersey and New York City New York. More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954. After 1924 when the National Origins Act was passed the only immigrants to pass through there were displaced persons or war refugees.12 Today over 100 million Americans can trace their ancestry to the immigrants who first arrived in America through the island before dispersing to points all over the country. Ellis Island was the subject of a border dispute between New York State and New Jersey. Statue of Liberty Main article: Statue of Liberty Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The idea of giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic across the sea served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians. The Statue of Liberty was dedicated in New York Harbor on October 28 1886. Liberty Island closed on September 11 2001; the island reopened in December the monument reopened on August 3 2004 but the statue remained closed until the summer of 2009. The National Park Service claims that the statue is not shut because of a terrorist threat but principally because of a long list of fire regulation contraventions including inadequate evacuation procedures. The museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitors but are only accessible if visitors have a "Monument Access Pass" which is a reservation that visitors must make in advance of their visit and pick up before boarding the ferry. There are a maximum of 3000 passes available each day with a total of 15000 visitors to the island daily. The interior of the statue remains closed although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of Gustave Eiffel's iron framework of Lady Liberty. Geography Main article: Geography of New York New York terrain. Map of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. New York covers 54556 square miles (141300 km2) and ranks as the 27th largest state by size.2 The Great Appalachian Valley dominates eastern New York while Lake Champlain is the chief northern feature of the valley which also includes the Hudson River flowing southward to the Atlantic Ocean. The rugged Adirondack Mountains with vast tracts of wilderness lie west of the valley. Most of the southern part of the state is on the Allegheny Plateau which rises from the southeast to the Catskill Mountains. The western section of the state is drained by the Allegheny River and rivers of the Susquehanna and Delaware systems. The Delaware River Basin Compact signed in 1961 by New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware and the federal government regulates the utilization of water of the Delaware system. The highest elevation in New York is Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks.4 New York's borders touch (clockwise from the west) two Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario which are connected by the Niagara River); the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada; Lake Champlain; three New England states (Vermont Massachusetts and Connecticut); the Atlantic Ocean and two Mid-Atlantic States New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In addition Rhode Island shares a water border with New York. New York is the only state that touches both the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. In contrast with New York City's urban atmosphere the vast majority of the state is dominated by farms forests rivers mountains and lakes. New York's Adirondack Park is the largest state park in the United States. It is larger than the Yellowstone Yosemite Grand Canyon Glacier and Olympic National Parks combined.13 New York established the first state park in the United States at Niagara Falls in 1885. Niagara Falls on the Niagara River as it flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario is a popular attraction. The Hudson River begins at Lake Tear of the Clouds and flows south through the eastern part of the state without draining Lakes George or Champlain. Lake George empties at its north end into Lake Champlain whose northern end extends into Canada where it drains into the Richelieu and then the St. Lawrence Rivers. Four of New York City's five boroughs are on three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River: Manhattan Island; Staten Island; and Long Island which contains Brooklyn and Queens on its western end. Upstate and downstate are often used informally to distinguish New York City or its greater metropolitan area from the rest of New York state. The placement of a boundary between the two is a matter of great contention.14 Unofficial and loosely defined regions of Upstate New York include the Southern Tier which often includes the counties along the border with Pennsylvania15 and the North Country which can mean anything from the strip along the Canadian border to everything north of the Mohawk River.16 Climate Main article: Climate of New York Lake-effect snow is a major contributor to snowfall totals in western New York. In general New York has a humid continental climate though under the Kppen climate classification New York City has a humid subtropical climate.17 Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two continental air masses: a warm humid one from the southwest and a cold dry one from the northwest. The winters are long and cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state. In the majority of winter seasons a temperature of 13 F (25 C) or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and 5 F (15 C) or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands (Southern Plateau). The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern Plateau. The New York City/Long Island area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley have rather warm summers by comparison with some periods of high uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys pleasantly warm summers marred by only occasional brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s F (25 to 30 C) over much of the state. New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gases generated per person. This efficiency is primarily due to the state's higher rate of mass transit use.18 Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities19 (Fahrenheit) City  Jan   Feb   Mar    Apr   May   Jun   Jul   Aug   Sep   Oct   Nov   Dec  Albany max min 31 13 34 16 44 25 57 36 70 46 78 55 82 60 80 58 71 50 60 39 48 31 36 20 Binghamton max min 28 15 31 17 41 25 53 35 66 46 73 54 78 59 76 57 68 50 57 40 44 31 33 21 Buffalo max min 31 18 33 19 42 26 54 36 66 48 75 57 80 62 78 60 70 53 59 43 47 34 36 24 Long Island max min 39 23 40 24 48 31 58 40 69 49 77 60 83 66 82 64 75 57 64 45 54 36 44 28 New York City max min 38 26 41 28 50 35 61 44 71 54 79 63 84 69 82 68 75 60 64 50 53 41 43 32 Rochester max min 31 17 33 17 43 25 55 35 68 46 77 55 81 60 79 59 71 51 60 41 47 33 36 23 Syracuse max min 31 14 34 16 43 24 56 35 68 46 77 55 82 60 80 59 71 51 60 40 47 32 36 21 Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities (Celsius) City  Jan   Feb   Mar    Apr   May   Jun   Jul   Aug   Sep   Oct   Nov   Dec  Albany max min 1 11 1 9 7 4 14 2 21 8 26 13 28 16 27 14 22 10 16 4 9 1 2 7 Binghamton max min 2 9 1 8 5 4 12 2 19 8 23 12 26 15 24 14 20 10 14 4 7 1 1 6 Buffalo max min 1 8 1 7 6 3 12 2 19 9 24 14 27 17 26 16 21 12 15 6 8 1 2 4 Long Island max min 4 5 4 4 9 1 14 4 21 9 25 16 28 19 28 18 24 14 18 7 12 2 7 2 New York City max min 3 3 5 2 10 2 16 7 22 12 26 17 29 21 28 20 24 16 18 10 12 5 6 0 Rochester max min 1 8 1 8 6 4 13 2 20 8 25 13 27 16 26 15 22 11 16 5 8 1 2 5 Syracuse max min 1 10 1 9 6 4 13 2 20 8 25 13 28 16 27 15 22 11 16 4 8 0 2 6 Converted from Fahrenheit data (above) State parks See also: List of New York state parks and New York State Office of Parks Recreation and Historic Preservation Two major parks in the state are the Adirondack Park and Catskill Park. New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves. Adirondack Park roughly the size of the state of Vermont and the largest state park in the United States was established in 1892 and given state constitutional protection to remain "forever wild" in 1894. The thinking that led to the creation of the Park first appeared in George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature published in 1864. Marsh argued that deforestation could lead to desertification; referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the Mediterranean he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon." The Catskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 188520 which declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of 700000 acres (2800 km2) of land20 the park is a habitat for bobcats minks and fishers. There are some 400 black bears living in the region. The state operates numerous campgrounds and there are over 300 miles (480 km) of multi-use trails in the Park. The Montauk Point State Park boasts the 1797 Montauk Lighthouse commissioned under President George Washington which is a major tourist attraction on the easternmost tip of Long Island. Hither Hills park offers camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sport fishermen. Counties Map of the counties in New York Main article: List of counties in New York See also: Administrative divisions of New York New York is divided into 62 counties: Regions Main article: List of regions of the United States#New York New York State is divided into eleven regions by the Department of Economic Development:21 Regions of New York as defined by the New York State Department of Economic Development Chautaugua - Allegheny Niagara Frontier Finger Lakes Thousand Islands Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking) Adirondack Mountains Catskill Mountains Hudson Valley Capital District New York City Long Island New York State is sometimes divided into eight major regions:22 North Country New York Western New York Central New York Capital District Southern Tier Hudson Valley New York City Long Island Cities Main article: List of cities in New York Further information: List of towns in New York List of villages in New York and List of census-designated places in New York There are 62 cities in New York. The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the United States is New York City which comprises five counties the Bronx New York (Manhattan) Queens Kings (Brooklyn) and Richmond (Staten Island). New York City is home to more than two-fifths of the state's population. The following are the ten largest cities in New York:23 New York City (8175133) Buffalo (261310) Rochester (210565) Yonkers (195976) Syracuse (145170) Albany (97856) New Rochelle (77062) Mount Vernon (67292) Schenectady (66135) Utica (62235) The location of these cities within the state stays remarkably true to the major transportation and trade routes in the early 19th century primarily the Erie Canal and railroads paralleling it. Today Interstate 90 acts as a modern counterpart to commercial water routes. Grouped by metropolitan statistical area24 the following are the twelve largest population centers in the state are: New York City (18815988 in NY/NJ/PA 12381586 in NY) Buffalo-Niagara Falls (1128183) Rochester (1030495) Albany and the Capital District (853358) Poughkeepsie and the Hudson Valley (669915) Syracuse (645293) Utica-Rome (294862) Binghamton (246426) Kingston (181860) Glens Falls (128886) Ithaca (101055) Elmira (88015) The smallest city is Sherrill New York located just west of the Town of Vernon in Oneida County. Albany is the state capital and the Town of Hempstead is the civil township with the largest population. If it were a city it would be the second largest in the state with over 700000 residents. The southern tip of New York StateNew York City its suburbs including Long Island the southern portion of the Hudson Valley and most of northern New Jerseycan be considered to form the central core of the Northeast megalopolis" a super-city stretching from the northern suburbs of Boston south to the Virginia suburbs of Washington D.C.. Demographics Historical populations Census Pop. % 1790 340120 1800 589051 73.2% 1810 959049 62.8% 1820 1372812 43.1% 1830 1918608 39.8% 1840 2428921 26.6% 1850 3097394 27.5% 1860 3880735 25.3% 1870 4382759 12.9% 1880 5082871 16.0% 1890 5003174 1.6% 1900 7268894 45.3% 1910 9113614 25.4% 1920 10385227 14.0% 1930 12588066 21.2% 1940 13479142 7.1% 1950 14830192 10.0% 1960 16782304 13.2% 1970 18236967 8.7% 1980 17558072 3.7% 1990 17990455 2.5% 2000 18976457 5.5% 2010 19378102 2.1% Sources: 1910-20103 1790190025 Main article: Demographics of New York Population New York population density map As of 2006 New York was the third largest state in population after California and Texas26 with an estimated population of 19541453 as of July 1 2009.27 This represents an increase of 513481 or 2.7% since the last census in 2000.28 It includes a natural increase since the last census of 803680 people (that is 2072765 births minus 1269085 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 698895 people out of the state.28 Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 876969 people and migration within the country produced a net loss of 1575864 people.28 In spite of the open land in the state New York's population is very urban with 92% of residents living in an urban area.29 New York is a slow growing state with a large rate of domestic migration to other states. In 2000 and 2005 more people moved from New York to Florida than from any one state to another.30 However New York state is one of the leading destinations for international immigration and thus has the second largest immigrant population in the country (after California) at 4.2 million as of 2008. Although Upstate New York receives considerable immigration most of the state's immigrants settle in and around New York City due to its more vibrant economy and cosmopolitan culture. The center of population of New York is located in Orange County in the town of Deerpark.31 New York City and its eight suburban counties (excluding those in New Jersey Connecticut and Pennsylvania) have a combined population of 13209006 people or 68.42% of the state's population.32 Racial and ancestral makeup New York population ethnicity map The major ancestry groups in New York state are African American (15.8%) Italian (14.4%) Irish (12.9%) German (11.1%) and English (6%).33 According to a 2004 estimate 20.4% of the population is foreign-born. New York is home to the largest African American population and the second largest Asian American population in the United States. In addition it is home to the largest Puerto Rican Dominican and Jamaican American populations in the continental United States. The New York City neighborhood of Harlem has historically been a major cultural capital for African-Americans of sub-Saharan descent and Bedford Stuyvesant is the largest such population in the United States. Queens also in New York City is home to the state's largest Asian-American population and is also the most diverse county in the United States. The second concentration of Asian-Americans is in Manhattan's Chinatown. Queens is home to the largest Andean population (Colombian Ecuadorian Peruvian and Bolivian) population in The United States of America. In the 2000 Census Italian Americans made up the largest ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island followed by Irish Americans. Albany and southeast-central New York also have populations with many of Irish-American and Italian-American descent. In Buffalo and western New York German Americans are the largest group; in the northern tip of the state French Canadians are. Americans of English ancestry are present throughout all of upstate New York. New York State has a higher number of Italian Americans than any other U.S. state. 6.5% of New York's population were under 5 years of age 24.7% under 18 and 12.9% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.8% of the population. According to the 2000 U.S. Census 13.61% of the population aged 5 and over speak Spanish at home while 2.04% speak Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) 1.65% Italian and 1.23% Russian.34 Religion Catholics comprise more than 40% of the population in New York.35 Protestants are 30% of the population Jews 8.4% Muslims 3.5% Buddhists 1% and 13% claim no religious affiliation. The largest Protestant denominations are the United Methodist Church with 403362; the American Baptist Churches USA with 203297; and the Episcopal Church with 201797 adherents.36 Economy Main article: Economy of New York The New York Stock Exchange the largest stock exchange in the world Midtown Manhattan in New York City the largest central business district in the United States A dairy farm in Brunswick New York's gross state product in 2007 was $1.1 trillion ranking third in size behind the larger states of California and Texas.37 If New York were an independent nation it would rank as the 16th largest economy in the world behind Turkey. Its 2007 per capita personal income was $46364 placing it sixth in the nation behind Maryland and eighth in the world behind Ireland. New York's agricultural outputs are dairy products cattle and other livestock vegetables nursery stock and apples. Its industrial outputs are printing and publishing scientific instruments electric equipment machinery chemical products and tourism. A recent review by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found 13 states including several of the nation's largest face budget shortfalls for FY2009. New York faces a deficit that could be as large as $4.3 billion.38 New York exports a wide variety of goods such as foodstuffs commodities minerals computers and electronics cut diamonds and automobile parts. In 2007 the state exported a total of $71.1 billion worth of goods with the five largest foreign export markets being Canada ($15 billion) United Kingdom ($6 billion) Switzerland ($5.9 billion) Israel ($4.9 billion) and Hong Kong ($3.4 billion). New York's largest imports are oil gold aluminum natural gas electricity rough diamonds and lumber. Canada is a very important economic partner for the state. 21% of the state's total worldwide exports went to Canada in 2007. Tourism from the north is also a large part of the economy. Canadians spent US$487 million in 2004 while visiting the state. New York City is the leading center of banking finance and communication in the United States and is the location of the New York Stock Exchange the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar volume. Many of the world's largest corporations are based in the city. The state also has a large manufacturing sector that includes printing and the production of garments furs railroad equipment and bus line vehicles. Many of these industries are concentrated in upstate regions. Albany and the Hudson Valley are major centers of nanotechnology and microchip manufacturing while the Rochester area is important in photographic equipment and imaging. New York is a major agricultural producer ranking among the top five states for agricultural products such as dairy apples cherries cabbage potatoes onions maple syrup and many others. The state is the largest producer of cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced US$3.4 billion in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple cherry plum pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain. New York is the nation's third-largest grape-producing state behind California and second-largest wine producer by volume. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southern Finger Lakes hillsides have many vineyards. In addition the North Fork of Long Island developed vineyards production and visitors' facilities in the last three decades of the 20th century. In 2004 New York's wine and grape industry brought US$6 billion into the state economy. The state has 30000 acres (120 km2) of vineyards 212 wineries and produced 200 million bottles of wine in 2004. A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal catches by value are clams lobsters squid and flounder. These areas of the economy have been increasing as environmental protection has led to an increase in ocean wildlife. As of January 2010 the state's unemployment rate was 8.8%.39 Transportation Main article: Transportation in New York The Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge carries I-87 over the Mohawk River The New York City Subway serves more than 5 million rides on a given weekday New York has one of the most extensive and one of the oldest transportation infrastructures in the country. Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the state and the unique issues of the city brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome since the state was young. Population expansion of the state generally followed the path of the early waterways first the Hudson River and then the Erie Canal. Today railroad lines and the New York State Thruway follow the same general route. The New York State Department of Transportation is often criticized for how they maintain the roads of the state in certain areas and for the fact that the tolls collected along the roadway have long passed their original purpose. Until 2006 tolls were collected on the Thruway within The City of Buffalo. They were dropped late in 2006 during the campaign for Governor (both candidates called for their removal). In addition to New York City's famous mass transit subway four suburban commuter railroad systems enter and leave the city: the Long Island Rail Road Metro-North Railroad Port Authority Trans-Hudson and five of New Jersey Transit's rail lines. Many other cities have urban and regional public transportation. In Buffalo the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority runs the Buffalo Metro Rail light-rail system; in Rochester the Rochester Subway operated from 1927 until 1956 but has fallen into disuse. License plate introduced in 2010 for passenger cars registered in New York State. The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental agency responsible for registering and inspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles as well as licensing drivers in the State of New York. As of 2008 the NYSDMV has 11284546 drivers licenses on file40 and 10697644 vehicle registrations in force.41 All gasoline powered vehicles registered in New York State must get an emissions inspection every 12 months. Diesel powered vehicles with a Gross Weight Rating over 8 500 lb that are registered in the NY Metropolitan Area must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in NYS must get an annual safety inspection. Portions of the transportation system are intermodal allowing travelers to easily switch from one mode of transportation to another. One of the most notable examples is AirTrain JFK which allows rail passengers to travel directly to terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport. In May 2009 the New York City Department of Transportation under the control of Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan banned cars from Times Square. The move designed to reduce pollution and pedestrian accidents looks likely to be implemented permantly and will last at least until the end of the year.42 Politics and government Main article: Government of New York The New York State Capitol building in Albany. Under its present constitution (adopted in 1938) New York is governed by the same three branches that govern all fifty states of the United States: the executive branch consisting of the Governor of New York and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the bicameral New York State Legislature (senate and assembly); and the judicial branch consisting of the state's highest court the New York Court of Appeals and lower courts. The state has two U.S. senators 29 members in the United States House of Representatives and 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s). New York's capital is Albany. The state's subordinate political units are its 62 counties. Other officially incorporated governmental units are towns cities and villages. New York has more than 4200 local governments that take one of these forms. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the government of New York City which is the largest municipal government in the United States whereas New York City houses only 42% of the state population.43 The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State receives 82 cents in services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in Washington.44 The state ranks near the bottom in 42nd place in federal spending per tax dollar.45 Many of New York's public services are carried out by public benefit corporations frequently called authorities or development corporations. Well known public benefit corporations in New York include the Metropolitan Transportation Authority which oversees New York City's public transportation system and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey a bi-state transportation infrastructure agency. New York's legal system is explicitly based upon English common Law. Federal representation See also: Current United States congressional delegation from New York and New York's congressional districts As of the 2000 census and the redistricting for the 2002 elections the state has 29 members in the United States House of Representatives and two U.S. senators. Two seats in the House will be lost in 2013 due to a decline in the state's rate of population growth.46 New York has 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s). New York is represented by Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand in the United States Senate and has 29 representatives to the United States House of Representatives behind California's 53 congressional districts and Texas' 32 congressional districts. Capital punishment Main article: Capital punishment in New York Capital punishment was reintroduced in 1995 under the Pataki administration but the statute was declared unconstitutional in 2004 when the New York Court of Appeals ruled in People v. LaValle that it violated the state constitution. The remaining death sentence was commuted by the court to life imprisonment in 2007 in People v. John Taylor and the death row was disestablished in 2008 under executive order from Governor Paterson. No execution has taken place in New York since 1963. Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed and death sentences are no longer sought at the state level though certain crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government are subject to the federal death penalty.474849 Politics Andrew Cuomo (D) is the current Governor of New York. Main articles: Politics of New York Elections in New York Political party strength in New York and New York's congressional districts In the last few decades New York State has generally supported candidates belonging to the Democratic Party in national elections. Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama won New York State by 25 percentage points in 2008 a bigger margin than John Kerry in 2004. New York City is a major Democratic stronghold with liberal politics. Many of the state's other urban areas such as Albany Buffalo Rochester and Syracuse are also Democratic. Rural upstate New York however is generally more conservative than the cities and tends to favor Republicans. Heavily populated Suburban areas such as Westchester County and Long Island have swung between the major parties over the past 25 years but more often than not support Democrats. New York City is the most important source of political fund-raising in the United States for both major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code 10021 on the Upper East Side generated the most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.50 Education Main article: Education in New York System Administration Building of the State University of New York in Albany The University of the State of New York oversees all public primary middle-level and secondary education in the state while the New York City Department of Education manages the public school system in New York City. In 1894 reflecting general racial discrimination the state passed a law that allowed communities to set up schools for children of African-American descent. In 1900 the state passed another law requiring integrated schools.51 At the college level the statewide public university system is the State University of New York (SUNY). The City University of New York (CUNY) is the public university system of New York City. The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges technical colleges undergraduate colleges and universities. The four university centers are University at Albany Binghamton University University at Buffalo and Stony Brook University. In addition there are many notable private universities including the oldest Catholic institution in the Northeast Fordham University. New York is home to both Columbia University in New York City and Cornell University in Ithaca making it the only state to contain more than one Ivy League school. West Point the service academy of the U.S. Army is located just south of Newburgh on the banks of the Hudson River. During the 20072008 school year New York spent more per pupil on public education than any other state.52 Sports Main article: Sports in New York New York hosted the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid the Games known for the USAUSSR hockey game dubbed the "Miracle on Ice" in which a group of American college students and amateurs defeated the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team 43 and went on to win the gold medal against Finland. Lake Placid also hosted the 1932 Winter Olympics. Along with St. Moritz Switzerland and Innsbruck Austria it is one of the three places to have twice hosted the Winter Olympic Games. New York is the home of one National Football League team the Buffalo Bills (based in the suburb of Orchard Park). Although the New York Giants and New York Jets represent the New York metropolitan area and were previously located in New York City they play in New Meadowlands Stadium located in East Rutherford New Jersey. The Meadowlands stadium will host Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. There has been much controversy over several proposals for a new New York Jets football stadium. The owners of the New York Jets were willing to split the $1.5 billion cost of building a new football stadium over Manhattan's West Side rail yards but the proposal never came to fruition. New York also has two Major League Baseball teams the New York Yankees (based in the Bronx) and the New York Mets (based in Queens). New York is home to three National Hockey League franchises: the New York Rangers in Manhattan the New York Islanders on Long Island and the Buffalo Sabres in Buffalo. New York has a National Basketball Association team the New York Knicks in Manhattan. The former New York Nets from 1968 to 1977 is now titled as a New Jersey team; however plans to relocate to New York City are in the works. There are a variety of minor league teams that can be found all through the State of New York such as the Long Island Ducks. List of all New York State professional sports teams Club Sport League Buffalo Bills Football National Football League New York Red Bulls Soccer Major League Soccer New York Knicks Basketball National Basketball Association New York Liberty Basketball Women's National Basketball Association Rochester Raging Rhinos Soccer USL First Division Buffalo Sabres Ice hockey National Hockey League New York Islanders Ice Hockey National Hockey League New York Rangers Ice Hockey National Hockey League Adirondack Phantoms Ice Hockey American Hockey League Albany River Rats Ice Hockey American Hockey League Binghamton Senators Ice Hockey American Hockey League Elmira Jackals Ice Hockey ECHL Rochester Americans Ice Hockey American Hockey League Syracuse Crunch Ice Hockey American Hockey League New York Mets Baseball Major League Baseball New York Yankees Baseball Major League Baseball Brooklyn Cyclones Baseball New York - Penn League Staten Island Yankees Baseball New York Penn League Jamestown Jammers Baseball New York Penn League Batavia Muckdogs Baseball New York Penn League Auburn Doubledays Baseball New York Penn League Oneonta Tigers Baseball New York Penn League Tri-City Valley Cats Baseball New York Penn League Hudson Valley Renegades Baseball New York Penn League Binghamton Mets Baseball Eastern League Buffalo Bisons Baseball International League Rochester Red Wings Baseball International League Syracuse Chiefs Baseball International League Long Island Ducks Baseball Atlantic League of Professional Baseball New York Dragons Arena football Arena Football League Albany Conquest Arena football af2 Long Island Lizards Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse Rochester Rattlers Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse Buffalo Bandits Lacrosse National Lacrosse League Rochester Knighthawks Lacrosse National Lacrosse League New York Titans Lacrosse National Lacrosse League Brooklyn Wonders Basketball American Basketball Association Buffalo Silverbacks Basketball American Basketball Association Rochester Razorsharks Basketball American Basketball Association Strong Island Sound Basketball American Basketball Association Albany Patroons Basketball Continental Basketball Association New York Gaelic football Gaelic Athletic Association New York hurling Gaelic Athletic Association See also North America portal United States portal New York portal Main articles: Outline of New York and Index of New York-related articles List of New York state symbols Naval vessel namesakes OPENCities References "New York State Motto". New York State Library. 2001-01-29. Archived from the original on June 8 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070608031632/http%3A//www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/motto.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-16.  a b "Land and Water Area of States (2000)". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html. Retrieved 2008-04-11.  Note: This area is based on U.S. Census Bureau figures. Other sources such as The World Almanac and the Rand McNally World Atlas use an area of 49576 square miles (128400 km2) which would rank the state 30th. a b "2010 Census: Resident Population Data". 2010. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php. Retrieved 2010-12-22.  a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. April 29 2005. http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest. Retrieved November 6 2006.  "Declaration of Independence". www.history.com. Archived from the original on April 9 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080409165028/http%3A//www.history.com/minisites/fourthofjuly/viewPage%3FpageId%3D690. Retrieved April 10 2008.  Alan Taylor (2006). The Divided Ground: Indians Settlers and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution. Knopf. ISBN 978-0679454717.  "Sullivan/Clinton Interactive Map Set". http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf. Retrieved August 30 2010.  Chen David W. Battle Over Iroquois Land Claims Escalates 1 The New York Times. May 16 2000. . Retrieved April 11 2008. "Happy Evacuation Day". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. http://www.nycgovparks.org/subnewsroom/dailyplants/dailyplantmain.phpid19733. Retrieved April 12 2008.  "New York's Ratification". The U.S. Constitution Online. http://www.usconstitution.net/ratny.html. Retrieved April 10 2008.  "The Erie Canal: A Brief History". New York State Canals. http://www.nyscanals.gov/cculture/history/. Retrieved April 10 2008.  The Brown Quarterly Volume 4 No. 1 (Fall 2000) Ellis Island/Immigration Issue About the Adirondack Park Adirondack Park Agency. Retrieved July 1 2009. Eisenstadt Peter ed (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1619. ISBN 9780-8156-08080.  Eisenstadt Peter ed (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1437. ISBN 9780-8156-08080.  Eisenstadt Peter ed (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1119. ISBN 9780-8156-08080.  "Climate of New York". New York State Climate Office Cornell University. http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climateofny.html. Retrieved April 10 2008.  The New York Post (2007-06-03). "A Breath of Fresh New York Air". http://www.nypost.com/seven/06032007/news/regionalnews/abreathoffreshnyairregionalnews.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-06. dead link "Typical High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities". US Travel Weather. http://www.ustravelweather.com/new-york/. Retrieved March 24 2010.  a b "Catskill Park History". www.catskillpark.org. Archived from the original on July 5 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080705134653/http://www.catskillpark.org/history/history.htm. Retrieved April 11 2008.  "Map of eleven regions". Visitnewyorkstate.net. http://www.visitnewyorkstate.net/regions/. Retrieved 2010-10-02.  "Map of the eight regions of New York". Nyeducationjobs.com. http://www.nyeducationjobs.com/Information%20Resources/membersnewyorkmap.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-02.  "New York: History Geography Population and State Facts ". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108252.html. Retrieved 2010-10-02.  "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1 2000 to July 1 2007 (CBSA-EST2007-01)" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau Population Division. 2007-03-27. Archived from the original on April 2 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080402204232/http%3A//www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metrogeneral/2007/CBSA-EST2007-07.csv. Retrieved 2007-03-27.  "New York: 2000 (Population and Housing Unit Counts)" (PDF). 2000 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. 2000. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-34.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-18.  (page 1 of the document page 31 of the file) "Estimates of Population Change for the United States and States and for Puerto Rico and State Rankings: July 1 2005 to July 1 2006" (Excel Spreadsheet). Archived from the original on March 11 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070311040559/http%3A//www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2006/statepopesttable1.xls. Retrieved 2007-01-05.  "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States Regions States and Puerto Rico: April 1 2000 to July 1 2009". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2009-01.csv. Retrieved 2009-12-30.  a b c U. S. Census Bureau (2008-12-15). "Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States Regions and States: April 1 2000 to July 1 2008 (NST-EST2008-04)" (CSV). http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-04.csv. Retrieved 2009-01-16.  Timothy S. Parker (2010-09-10). "New York Fact Sheet: NY agriculture income population food education employment farms top commodities exports counties financial indicators poverty organic farming farm income America USDA". Ers.usda.gov. http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/NY.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-02.  "Domestic Migration Flows for States from the 2005 ACS" (Microsoft Word). Archived from the original on October 25 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071025032612/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/StateMigrationFlowsPaper.doc. Retrieved 2007-10-19.  "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000" (Text). http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved 2007-01-05.  "DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000 Geographic Area: New York". U.S. Census Bureau Census 2000. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable-geoid04000US36&-qrnameDEC2000SF3UDP3&-dsnameDEC2000SF3U. Retrieved 2007-01-05.  Awesome America: New York. RetrieveAugust d 18 2007. "Language Map Data Center". Mla.org. 2007-07-17. http://www.mla.org/mapdataresults&stateid36&modestatetops. Retrieved 2010-07-02.  Egon Mayer Ph.D.; Barry A. Kosmin Ph.D Ariela Keysar Ph.D. (2001). "American Religious Identification Survey(Key Findings)". The City University of New York. http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/researchbriefs/aris/keyfindings.htm. Retrieved January 5 2007.  "The Association of Religion Data Archives Maps & Reports". Thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/362000.asp. Retrieved 2010-10-02.  The Bureau of Economic Analysis (2006-08-26). "Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State 2005". http://www.bea.gov/bea/newsrel/gspnewsrelease.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-08.  13 States Face Total Budget Shortfall of at Least $23 Billion in 2009; 11 Others Expect Budget Problems 12/18/07 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics "NYS DMV Statistics NYS Driver Licenses on File 2008". Nydmv.state.ny.us. http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/Statistics/statli08.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-02.  "NYS DMV Statistics Vehicle Registrations in Force 2008". Nydmv.state.ny.us. http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/Statistics/regin08.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-02.  "New York celebrates new era as cars are banished from Times Square". London: MailOnline. May 26 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1187300/New-York-celebrates-new-era-cars-banished-Times-Square.html. Retrieved 2009-05-25.  Office of the New York State Comptroller (2006-11). "2006 Annual Report on Local Governments" (PDF). http://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/datanstat/annreport/06annreport.pdf. Retrieved 2006-11-14.  New York City Finance Division (2005-03-11). "A Fair Share State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC". http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htmCFID232457&CFTOKEN33008944. Retrieved 2006-07-19.  "Federal Spending in Each State Per Dollar of Federal Taxes FY2005". Tax Foundation. http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/show/266.html. Retrieved April 12 2008.  Rey Jay (22 December 2010). "N.Y.'s slow growth will mean loss of two seats in House". The Buffalo News. Retrieved December 22 2010. Rob Gallagher (2005-10-25). "New York Executions". Archived from the original on May 28 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080528081537/http%3A//users.bestweb.net/%7Erg/execution/NEW%2520YORK.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-09.  Scott Brendan (2008-07-24). "GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/07242008/news/regionalnews/govpullsswitchondeathcell121295.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-09.  Powell Michael (2005-04-13). "In N.Y. Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47871-2005Apr12.html. Retrieved 2008-04-11.  Opensecrets.org (2005-05-16). "2006 Election Overview: Top Zip codes". http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/topzips.aspcycle2004. Retrieved 2006-07-19.  Martha A. Sandweiss Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Tale of Love and Deception Across the Color Line New York: Penguin Press 2009 pp. 213 Thomas G. Scott (June 28 2010). "New York Leads Nation in Education Spending". The Business Review (American City Business Journals Inc). http://albany.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2010/06/28/daily2.html. Retrieved 2010-06-29.  Further reading Main article: Bibliography of New York French John Homer (1860). Historical and statistical gazetteer of New York State. Syracuse New York: R. Pearsall Smith. OCLC 224691273. http://books.google.com/idRzHwh4xByQC.  New York State Historical Association (1940). New York: A Guide to the Empire State. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781603540315. OCLC 504264143. http://books.google.com/idTmbOZd4D-ccC.  Note: Linked titles redirect to a free full-view version hosted by Google Books or the Internet Archive. External links Find more about New York on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks OpenStreetMap has geographic data related to: New York General New York at the Open Directory Project Government State Government website Governor New York State Senate New York State Assembly New York State Unified Court System Constitution of New York (or see Wikisource) Tourism and recreation New York (state) travel guide from Wikitravel I New York New York State Office of Parks Recreation and Historic Preservation Culture and history New York State Historical Association New York State Cultural Education Center New York State Guide from the Library of Congress Over 350 Photos of Old New York City (1890 - 1990) Maps and Demographics USGS geographic resources of New York New York State Climate Office (NOAA and Cornell University) New York State Fact Sheet 2000 Census of Population and Housing for New York U.S. Census Bureau OPENCities Monitor participant Preceded by Virginia List of U.S. states by date of statehood Ratified Constitution on July 26 1788 (11th) Succeeded by North Carolina Lake Ontario  Canada  Ontario  Quebec Lake Champlain Lake Erie  Vermont  Massachusetts  Connecticut    New York: Outline Index      Ohio  Pennsylvania  New Jersey Atlantic Ocean v d e State of New York Albany (capital)  The Empire State Topics Administrative divisions  Bibliography  Congressional districts  Constitution  Demographics  Economy  Education  Elections  Geography  Government (Governor Legislature Court System)  History  Symbols  People  Politics  Transportation  Visitor Attractions Regions Adirondack Mountains  Allegheny Plateau  Capital District  Catskill Mountains  Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking)  Central New York  Champlain Valley  City of New York  Finger Lakes  Holland Purchase  Hudson Highlands  Hudson Valley  Long Island  Mohawk Valley  New York Metro  Niagara Frontier  North Country  Ridge and Valley  Saint Lawrence Seaway  Shawangunks  Ski country  Southern Tier  Southtowns  Tech Valley  Thousand Islands  Upstate  Western Metro areas Albany / Schenectady / Troy  Binghamton  Buffalo / Niagara Falls  Elmira / Corning  Glens Falls  Ithaca  Jamestown  Newburgh / Middletown  New York City  Poughkeepsie  Rochester  Syracuse  Utica / Rome Counties Albany  Allegany  Bronx  Broome  Cattaraugus  Cayuga  Chautauqua  Chemung  Chenango  Clinton  Columbia  Cortland  Delaware  Dutchess  Erie  Essex  Franklin  Fulton  Genesee  Greene  Hamilton  Herkimer  Jefferson  Kings  Lewis  Livingston  Madison  Monroe  Montgomery  Nassau  New York  Niagara  Oneida  Onondaga  Ontario  Orange  Orleans  Oswego  Otsego  Putnam  Queens  Rensselaer  Richmond  Rockland  Saint Lawrence  Saratoga  Schenectady  Schoharie  Schuyler  Seneca  Steuben  Suffolk  Sullivan  Tioga  Tompkins  Ulster  Warren  Washington  Wayne  Westchester  Wyoming  Yates v d ePolitical divisions of the United States States Alabama  Alaska  Arizona  Arkansas  California  Colorado  Connecticut  Delaware  Florida  Georgia  Hawaii  Idaho  Illinois  Indiana  Iowa  Kansas  Kentucky  Louisiana  Maine  Maryland  Massachusetts  Michigan  Minnesota  Mississippi  Missouri  Montana  Nebraska  Nevada  New Hampshire  New Jersey  New Mexico  New York  North Carolina  North Dakota  Ohio  Oklahoma  Oregon  Pennsylvania  Rhode Island  South Carolina  South Dakota  Tennessee  Texas  Utah  Vermont  Virginia  Washington  West Virginia  Wisconsin  Wyoming Federal district Washington D.C. 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