Paul A. Samuelson Keynesian economics Photo taken 1950 (age 35) Birth May 15 1915(1915-05-15) Gary Indiana USA Death December 13 2009(2009-12-13) (aged 94) Belmont Massachusetts USA Nationality United States Institution Massachusetts Institute of Technology Field Macroeconomics Alma mater Harvard University (Ph.D.) University of Chicago (B.A.) Opposed Friedman Influences Keynes  Schumpeter  Leontief  Haberler  Hansen  Wilson  Wicksell  Lindahl Influenced Fischer  Klein  Merton  Subramanian Contributions Neoclassical synthesis Mathematical economics Economic methodology Revealed preferences theory International trade theory Economic growth theory Public goods theory Awards John Bates Clark Medal (1947) Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1970) Information at IDEAS/RePEc

Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15 1915 December 13 2009) was an American economist and the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Economics. The Swedish Royal Academies stated when awarding the prize that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory."1 Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the "Father of Modern Economics"2 and The New York Times considered him to be the "foremost academic economist of the 20th century."3

He was author of the largest-selling economics textbook of all time: Economics: An Introductory Analysis first published in 1948. It was the second American textbook to explain the principles of Keynesian economics and how to think about economics and the first one to be successful4 and is now in its 19th edition having sold nearly 4 million copies in 40 languages. James Poterba former head of MIT's Department of Economics noted that by his book Samuelson "leaves an immense legacy as a researcher and a teacher as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands."1 In 1996 when he was awarded the National Medal of Science considered America's top science honor President Bill Clinton commended Samuelson for his "fundamental contributions to economic science" for over 60 years.1

He entered the University of Chicago at age 16 during the depths of the Great Depression and received his PhD in economics from Harvard. After graduating he became an assistant professor of economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) when he was 25 years of age and a full professor at age 32. In 1966 he was named Institute Professor MIT's highest faculty honor.1 He spent his career at MIT where he was instrumental in turning its Department of Economics into a world-renowned institution by attracting other noted economists to join the faculty including Robert M. Solow Paul Krugman Franco Modigliani Robert C. Merton and Joseph E. Stiglitz all of whom went on to win Nobel Prizes. Samuelson was instrumental in the initial development of Indian Institute of Management Calcutta the first Indian Institute of Management.5

He served as an advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson and was a consultant to the United States Treasury the Bureau of the Budget and the President's Council of Economic Advisers. Samuelson wrote a weekly column for Newsweek magazine along with Chicago School economist Milton Friedman where they represented opposing sides: Samuelson took the Keynesian perspective and Friedman represented the Monetarist perspective.6 Samuelson died on December 13 2009 at the age of 94. Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Death 2 Impact 2.1 Thermodynamics and economics 3 Publications 4 Fields of interest 5 Miscellaneous 6 Memberships 7 List of publications 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Biography

Samuelson was born in Gary Indiana on May 15 1915 to Frank Samuelson a pharmacist and the former Ella Lipton. His family he said was made up of upwardly mobile Jewish immigrants from Poland who had prospered considerably in World War I because Gary was a brand new steel town when my family went there.3 In 1923 Samuelson moved to Chicago; he studied at the University of Chicago and received his Bachelor of Arts degree there in 1935. He then completed his Master of Arts degree in 1936 and his Doctor of Philosophy in 1941 at Harvard University. As a graduate student at Harvard Samuelson studied economics under Joseph Schumpeter Wassily Leontief Gottfried Haberler and the "American Keynes" Alvin Hansen. Samuelson comes from a family of well-known economists including brother Robert Summers sister-in-law Anita Summers and nephew Larry Summers.

During his seven decades as an economist Samuelson's professional positions included: Assistant Professor of Economics at M.I.T 1940 Associate Professor 1944. Member of the Radiation Laboratory 1944-1945. Professor of International Economic Relations (part-time) at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1945. Guggenheim Fellowship from 1948 to 1949 Professor of Economics at M.I.T. beginning in 1947 and Institute Professor beginning in 1962. Vernon F. Taylor Visiting Distinguished Professor at Trinity University (Texas) in Spring 1989. Death

Samuelson died after a brief illness on December 13 2009 at the age of 94.7 His death was announced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.3 James M. Poterba an economics professor at MIT and the president of the National Bureau of Economic Research commented that Samuelson "leaves an immense legacy as a researcher and a teacher as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands".7 Susan Hockfield the president of MIT said that Samuelson "transformed everything he touched: the theoretical foundations of his field the way economics was taught around the world the ethos and stature of his department the investment practices of MIT and the lives of his colleagues and students".8 Impact

Samuelson is considered to be one of the founders of neo-Keynesian economics and a seminal figure in the development of neoclassical economics. In awarding him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences the committee stated: More than any other contemporary economist Samuelson has helped to raise the general analytical and methodological level in economic science. He has simply rewritten considerable parts of economic theory. He has also shown the fundamental unity of both the problems and analytical techniques in economics partly by a systematic application of the methodology of maximization for a broad set of problems. This means that Samuelson's contributions range over a large number of different fields.

He was also essential in creating the Neoclassical synthesis which incorporated Keynesian and neoclassical principles and still dominates current mainstream economics. In 2003 Samuelson was one of the 10 Nobel Prize winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.9 Thermodynamics and economics Samuelson was one of the first economists to generalize and apply mathematical methods developed for the study of thermodynamics to economics. As a graduate student at Harvard he was the sole protg of the polymath Edwin Bidwell Wilson who had himself been a student of Yale physicist Willard Gibbs.10 Gibbs the founder of chemical thermodynamics was also mentor to American economist Irving Fisher and he influenced them both in their ideas on the equilibrium of economic systems.1112 Samuelson also published one of the first papers on nonlinear dynamics in economic analysis.13 Samuelson's 1947 magnum opus Foundations of Economic Analysis from his doctoral dissertation is based on the classical thermodynamic methods of American thermodynamicist Willard Gibbs specifically Gibbs' 1876 paper On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances.141516 In 1947 based on the Le Chatelier principle of thermodynamics a principle taught to Samuelson by Wilson in lecture he established the method of comparative statics in economics. This method explains the changes in the equilibrium solution of a constrained maximization problem (economic or thermodynamic) when one of the constraints is marginally tightened or relaxed. The Le Chatelier principle was developed by French chemist Henri Louis le Chatelier who is notable for being one of the first to translate Gibbs' equilibrium papers (in French 1899). Samuelson's use of the Le Chatelier principle has proven to be a very powerful tool and found widespread use in modern economics.17 Attempts at neo-classical equilibrium economics analogies with thermodynamics generally go back to Guillaume and Samuelson.18 Publications Samuelson 1997 Samuelson's book Foundations of Economic Analysis (1947 Enlarged ed. 1983) is considered his magnum opus. It is derived from his doctoral dissertation at Harvard University and makes use of the classical thermodynamic methods of American thermodynamicist Willard Gibbs.14 The book proposes to: examine underlying analogies between central features in theoretical and applied economics and study how operationally meaningful theorems can be derived with a small number of analogous methods (p. 3) in order to derive "a general theory of economic theories" (Samuelson 1983 p. xxvi). The book showed how these goals could be parsimoniously and fruitfully achieved using the language of the mathematics applied to diverse subfields of economics. The book proposes two general hypotheses as sufficient for its purposes: maximizing behavior of agents (including consumers as to utility and business firms as to profit) and economic systems (including a market and an economy) in stable equilibrium. In the course of analysis comparative statics (the analysis of changes in equilibrium of the system that result from a parameter change of the system) is formalized and clearly stated. The chapter on welfare economics "attempt(s) to give a brief but fairly complete survey of the whole field of welfare economics" (Samuelson 1947 p. 252). It also exposits on and develops what became commonly called the BergsonSamuelson social welfare function. It shows how to represent (in the maximization calculus) all real-valued economic measures of any belief system that is required to rank consistently different feasible social configurations in an ethical sense as "better than" "worse than" or "indifferent to" each other (p. 221). There are 388 papers to date in Samuelson's Collected Scientific Papers. Stanley Fischer (1987 p. 234) writes that taken together they are unique in their verve breadth of economic and general knowledge mastery of setting and generosity of allusions to predecessors. Samuelson is also author (and since 1985 co-author) of an influential principles textbook Economics first published in 1948 now in its 19th edition. The book has been translated into forty-one languages and sold over four million copies; it is considered the best-selling economics textbook in history. Written in the shadow of the Great Depression and World War II it helped to popularize the insights of John Maynard Keynes. A main focus was how to avoid or at least mitigate the recurring slumps in economic activity. Samuelson wrote: "It is not too much to say that the widespread creation of dictatorships and the resulting World War II stemmed in no small measure from the world's failure to meet this basic economic problem the Great Depression adequately."19 This reflected the concern of Keynes himself with the economic causes of war and the importance of economic policy in promoting peace.20 Despite Samuelson's incredibly influential textbook several economists have pointed out the shortcomings of Samuelson's work. In Samuelson's 1973 edition of his famous textbook he laid forth the prediction that the Soviet Union would catch up to the United States in per capita income by 1990 and almost certainly would by 2015 because of its superior economic system. Subsequent editions of his textbook would later push the date of his prediction back farther until the Soviet Union ultimately collapsed.21 Samuelson is co-editor of Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists (Blackwell Publishing 2007) along with William A. Barnett a collection of candid interviews with top economists of the 20th century. Fields of interest As professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Samuelson worked in many fields including: Welfare economics in which he popularised the LindahlBowenSamuelson conditions (criteria for deciding whether an action will improve welfare) and demonstrated in 1950 the insufficiency of a national-income index to reveal which of two social options was uniformly outside the other's (feasible) possibility function (Collected Scientific Papers v. 2 ch. 77; Fischer 1987 p. 236). Public finance theory in which he is particularly known for his work on determining the optimal allocation of resources in the presence of both public goods and private goods. International economics where he influenced the development of two important international trade models: the BalassaSamuelson effect and the HeckscherOhlin model (with the StolperSamuelson theorem). Macroeconomics where he popularized the overlapping generations model as a way to analyze economic agents' behavior across multiple periods of time (Collected Scientific Papers v. 1 ch. 21). Consumer theory he pioneered the Revealed Preference Theory which is a method by which it is possible to discern the best possible option and thus define consumer's utility functions by observing the consumer behaviour. Miscellaneous Stanislaw Ulam once challenged Samuelson to name one theory in all of the social sciences which is both true and nontrivial. Several years later Samuelson responded with David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage: That it is logically true need not be argued before a mathematician; that is not trivial is attested by the thousands of important and intelligent men who have never been able to grasp the doctrine for themselves or to believe it after it was explained to them.22 For many years Samuelson wrote a column for Newsweek. One article included Samuelson's most quoted remark and a favorite economics joke: To prove that Wall Street is an early omen of movements still to come in GNP commentators quote economic studies alleging that market downturns predicted four out of the last five recessions. That is an understatement. Wall Street indexes predicted nine out of the last five recessions! And its mistakes were beauties.23 Memberships member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences National Academy of Sciences Fellow of Royal Society of London fellow of the American Philosophical Society and the British Academy; member and past President (1961) of the American Economic Association member of the editorial board and past-President (1951) of the Econometric Society fellow council member and past Vice-President of the Economic Society. member of Phi Beta Kappa. List of publications 1947 Enlarged ed. 1983. Foundations of Economic Analysis Harvard University Press. 1948. Economics: An Introductory Analysis McGrawHill ISBN 0-07-074741-5 ; with William D. Nordhaus (since 1985) McGrawHill 18th ed. 2004. ISBN 0-07-287205-5 1952. "Economic Theory and Mathematics An Appraisal" American Economic Review 42(2) pp. 56-66 (press +). 1954. Paul A. Samuelson (1954). "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure". Review of Economics and Statistics (The MIT Press) 36 (4): 387389. doi:10.2307/1925895 1958. Linear Programming and Economic Analysis with Robert Dorfman and Robert M. Solow McGrawHill 1966-86. The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul A. Samuelson MIT Press. Article-preview links below by scrolling to CONTENTS. 1966. Volume I 1937mid-1964.Previews. 1966. Volume II 1937mid-1964. Previews. 1972. Volume III mid-19641970. Previews. 1977. Volume IV 197176. 1986. Volume V 19771985. Previews. In preparation Volumes VI and VII 19862009. 2007. Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists with William A. Barnett Blackwell Publishing ISBN 1405159170 See also Guaranteed minimum income Neoclassical economics Social welfare function List of economists List of Jewish Nobel laureates History of economic thought References a b c d Frost Greg (Dec. 13 2009). "Nobel-winning economist Paul A. Samuelson dies at age 94". MIT News. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/obit-samuelson-1213.html.  "In a career that spanned seven decades he transformed his field influenced millions of students and turned MIT into an economics powerhouse" Parker Randall E. (2002) Reflections on the Great Depression Cheltenham: Edward Elgar p. 25 ISBN 1843763354  a b c Weinstein Michael M. (December 13 2009). "Paul A. Samuelson Economist Dies at 94". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/business/economy/14samuelson.html.  Samuelson's text was preceded by the 1947 The Elements of Economics by Lorie Tarshis which did not ultimately prove successful; see discussion. "About IIM Calcutta". Indian Institute of Management Calcutta. http://www.iimcal.ac.in/campus/default.asp. Retrieved 16 March 2010.  Szenberg Michael; Gottesman Aron A.; Ramrattan lall (2005) Paul Samuelson: On Being an Economist New York: Jorge Pinto Books p. 18 ISBN 097426153X  a b "Nobel economics laureate Samuelson dies at 94". Reuters. December 13 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BC15620091213.  "Economist Samuelson Nobel laureate dead at 94". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j-K6R2y2lpSFlgfXk6OxTywQGwD9CIIR0O2.  "Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts". April 3 2003. http://www.epi.org/publications/entry/econstmt2003/. Retrieved 2007-10-31.  Samuelson Paul A. (5 September 2003) How I Became an Economist http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/economics/articles/samuelson-2/index.html  Smith Eric; Foley Duncan (2005) Classical Thermodynamics and Economic General Equilibrium Theory http://homepage.newschool.edu/foleyd/econthermo.pdf  Mirowski Philip (1989) More Heat than Light: Economics as Social Physics Physics as Nature's Economics Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521426898  Sethi Rajiv (10 January 2010) "Paul Samuelson on Linear Dynamics" Rajiv Sethi's Blog http://rajivsethi.blogspot.com/2010/01/paul-samuelson-on-nonlinear-dynamics.html  a b Liossatos Panagis S. (2004). "Statistical Entropy in General Equilibrium Theory" (pg. 3). Department of Economics Florida International University. Samuelson P. A. (1990) "Gibbs in economics" Proceedings of the Gibbs Symposium (Providence RI): pp. 255267  Jolls K. R. (1990) "Gibbs and the art of thermodynamics Gibbs in economics" Proceedings of the Gibbs Symposium (Providence RI): pp. 293321  Baumgarter Stefan (2004) "Thermodynamic Models" Modeling in Ecological Economics (Ch. 18) http://www.eco.uni-heidelberg.de/ng-oeoe/research/papers/Baumgaertner%202004%20ModEE.pdf  McCauley Joseph (2003) "Thermodynamic analogies in economics and finance: instability of markets" Physica A 329: 199212 http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2159/01/MPRApaper2159.pdf  See Mankiw Gregory (January 10 2009) "Is government spending too easy an answer" New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/business/economy/11view.html  See Markwell Donald (2006) John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0198292368  Levy David M.; Peart Sandra J. (December 3 2009) "Soviet Growth & American Textbooks" SSRN Working Paper http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfmabstractid1517983  Samuelson Paul (1969) "The Way of an Economist" in Samuelson P. A. International Economic Relations: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the International Economic Association London: Macmillan pp. 111  Samuelson Paul (September 19 1966) "Science and Stocks" Newsweek: p. 92  Further reading Fischer Stanley (1987) "Samuelson Paul Anthony" The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics (London: Macmillan) 4: pp. 234241 ISBN 0935859101 . Silk Leonard (1976) The Economists New York: Basic Books ISBN 0465018106 . Sobel Robert (1980) The Worldly Economists New York: Free Press ISBN 002929780X . Fusfeld Daniel R. (2002) "The Neoclassical Synthesis" The Age of the Economist (9th ed.) Boston: Addison Wesley pp. 198201 ISBN 0321088123 . External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Paul Samuelson Biography at the Nobel e-Museum 1970 Press Release Nobel Prize in Economics A History of Economic Thought biography the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science. Yale Honorand Biography Nobel-winning economist Paul A. Samuelson dies at age 94 New York Times Obituary (14 December 2009) Paul Samuelson - Daily Telegraph obituary Paul Samuelson Memorial Session (January 4 2010) American Economic Association meetings Webcast links to remarks of: Solow & Diamond (after intro) in Part 1 (34 min.); Dixit Merton Poterba & Hall (including read remarks of Arrow & Fischer) Part 2 (48 min.). v d eKeynesians Founder John Maynard Keynes Neo-Keynesians Alvin Hansen  John Hicks  James Meade  Roy Harrod  William Phillips  Trygve Haavelmo  Paul Samuelson  James Tobin  Franco Modigliani  James Duesenberry  Robert Eisner  William Baumol  Don Patinkin  John G. Gurley  Edward S. Shaw  Lloyd Metzler  Arthur Melvin Okun  Robert Mundell  Lawrence Klein  Myron J. Gordon  William Poole Post Keynesians Paul Davidson  Joan Robinson  Richard Kahn  Micha Kalecki  Abba P. Lerner  Nicholas Kaldor  Evsey Domar  Hyman Minsky  Jan Kregel  Sidney Weintraub  Geoff Harcourt  Victoria Chick  G. L. S. Shackle  Steve Keen New Keynesians Edmund Phelps  George Akerlof  Stanley Fischer  Olivier Blanchard  Alan Blinder  John B. Taylor  Robert J. Gordon  Joseph Stiglitz  Robert Shiller  Mark Gertler  Maurice Obstfeld  Paul Krugman  Kenneth Rogoff  Ben Bernanke  Lawrence Summers  Julio Rotemberg  Michael Woodford  Nobuhiro Kiyotaki  David Romer  N. Gregory Mankiw  Nouriel Roubini  Andrei Shleifer  Jordi Gal  Marc Melitz v d eMacroeconomic schools of thought Keynesian economics  Monetarism  New classical macroeconomics  New Keynesian economics  Neo-Keynesian economics  Post-Keynesian economics  Supply-side economics  Austrian business cycle theory  Real business cycle theory v d eJohn Bates Clark Medal recipients Paul Samuelson (1947)  Kenneth E. Boulding (1949)  Milton Friedman (1951)  No Award (1953)  James Tobin (1955)  Kenneth Arrow (1957)  Lawrence Klein (1959)  Robert Solow (1961)  Hendrik S. Houthakker (1963)  Zvi Griliches (1965)  Gary Becker (1967)  Marc Nerlove (1969)  Dale W. Jorgenson (1971)  Franklin M. Fisher (1973)  Daniel McFadden (1975)  Martin Feldstein (1977)  Joseph Stiglitz (1979)  Michael Spence (1981)  James Heckman (1983)  Jerry A. Hausman (1985)  Sanford J. Grossman (1987)  David M. Kreps (1989)  Paul Krugman (1991)  Lawrence Summers (1993)  David Card (1995)  Kevin M. Murphy (1997)  Andrei Shleifer (1999)  Matthew Rabin (2001)  Steven Levitt (2003)  Daron Acemolu (2005)  Susan Athey (2007)  Emmanuel Saez (2009)  Esther Duflo (2010)  Jonathan Levin (2011) v d eNobel Memorial Laureates in Economics Ragnar Frisch / Jan Tinbergen (1969)  Paul Samuelson (1970)  Simon Kuznets (1971)  John Hicks / Kenneth Arrow (1972)  Wassily Leontief (1973)  Gunnar Myrdal / Friedrich Hayek (1974)  Leonid Kantorovich / Tjalling Koopmans (1975) Complete roster  19691975  19762000  2001present v d eUnited States National Medal of Science laureates  Behavioral and social science 1960s 1964: Roger Adams  Othmar H. Ammann  Theodosius Dobzhansky  Neal Elgar Miller 1980s 1986: Herbert A. Simon  1987: Anne Anastasi  George J. Stigler  1988: Milton Friedman 1990s 1990: Leonid Hurwicz  Patrick Suppes  1991: Robert W. Kates  George A. Miller  1992: Eleanor J. Gibson  1994: Robert K. Merton  1995: Roger N. Shepard  1996: Paul Samuelson  1997: William K. Estes  1998: William Julius Wilson  1999: Robert M. Solow 2000s 2000: Gary Becker  2001: George Bass  2003: R. Duncan Luce  2004: Kenneth Arrow  2005: Gordon H. Bower  2008: Michael I. Posner  Biological sciences 1960s 1963: C. B. van Niel  1964: Marshall W. Nirenberg  1965: Francis P. Rous  George G. Simpson  Donald D. Van Slyke  1966: Edward F. Knipling  Fritz Albert Lipmann  William C. Rose  Sewall Wright  1967: Kenneth S. Cole  Harry F. Harlow  Michael Heidelberger  Alfred H. Sturtevant  1968: Horace Barker  Bernard B. Brodie  Detlev W. Bronk  Jay Lush  Burrhus Frederic Skinner  1969: Robert Huebner  Ernst Mayr 1970s 1970: Barbara McClintock  Albert B. Sabin  1973: Daniel I. Arnon  Earl W. Sutherland Jr.  1974: Britton Chance  Erwin Chargaff  James V. Neel  James Augustine Hannon  1975: Hallowell Davis  Paul Gyorgy  Sterling Brown Hendricks  Orville lvin Vogel  1976: Roger C.L. Guillemin  Keith Roberts Porter  Efraim Racker  E. O. Wilson  1979: Robert H. Burris  Elizabeth C. Crosby  Arthur Kornberg  Severo Ochoa  Earl Reece Stadtman  George Ledyard Stebbins  Paul Alfred Weiss 1980s 1981: Philip Handler  1982: Seymour Benzer  Glenn W. Burton  Mildred Cohn  1983: Howard L. Bachrach  Paul Berg  Wendell L. Roelofs  Berta Scharrer  1986: Stanley Cohen  Donald A. Henderson  Vernon B. Mountcastle  George Emil Palade  Joan A. Steitz  1987: Michael E. Debakey  Theodor O. Diener  Harry Eagle  Har Gobind Khorana  Rita Levi-Montalcini  1988: Michael S. Brown  Stanley Norman Cohen  Joseph L. Goldstein  Maurice R. Hilleman  Eric R. Kandel  Rosalyn Sussman Yalow  1989: Katherine Esau  Viktor Hamburger  Philip Leder  Joshua Lederberg  Roger W. Sperry  Harland G. Wood 1990s 1990: Baruj Benacerraf  Herbert W. Boyer  Daniel E. Koshland Jr.  Edward B. Lewis  David G. Nathan  E. Donnall Thomas  1991: Mary Ellen Avery  G. Evelyn Hutchinson  Elvin A. Kabat  Salvador Luria  Paul A. Marks  Folke K Skoog  Paul C. Zamecnik  1992: Maxine Singer  Howard M. Temin  1993: Daniel Nathans  Salome G. Waelsch  1994: Thomas Eisner  Elizabeth F. Neufeld  1995: Alexander Rich  1996: Ruth Patrick  1997: James D. Watson  Robert A. Weinberg  1998: Bruce Ames  Janet Rowley  1999: David Baltimore  Jared Diamond  Lynn Margulis 2000s 2000: Nancy C. Andreasen  Peter H. Raven  Carl Woese  2001: Francisco J. Ayala  Mario R. Capecchi  Ann M. Graybiel  Gene E. Likens  Victor A. McKusick  Harold Varmus  2002: James E. Darnell  Evelyn M. Witkin  2003: J. Michael Bishop  Solomon H. Snyder  Charles Yanofsky  2004: Norman E. Borlaug  Phillip A. Sharp  Thomas E. Starzl  2005: Anthony Fauci  Torsten N. Wiesel  2006: Rita R. Colwell  Nina Fedoroff  Lubert Stryer  2007: Robert J. Lefkowitz  Bert W. O'Malley  2008: Francis S. Collins  Elaine Fuchs  J. Craig Venter  Chemistry 1980s 1982: F. Albert Cotton  Gilbert Stork  1983: Roald Hoffmann  George C. Pimentel  Richard N. Zare  1986: Harry B. Gray  Yuan Tseh Lee  Carl S. Marvel  Frank H. Westheimer  1987: William S. Johnson  Walter H. Stockmayer  Max Tishler  1988: William O. Baker  Konrad E. Bloch  Elias J. Corey  1989: Richard B. Bernstein  Melvin Calvin  Rudoph A. Marcus  Harden M. McConnell 1990s 1990: Elkan Blout  Karl Folkers  John D. Roberts  1991: Ronald Breslow  Gertrude B. Elion  Dudley R. Herschbach  Glenn T. Seaborg  1992: Howard E. Simmons Jr.  1993: Donald J. Cram  Norman Hackerman  1994: George S. Hammond  1995: Thomas Cech  Isabella L. Karle  1996: Norman Davidson  1997: Darleane C. Hoffman  Harold S. Johnston  1998: John W. Cahn  George M. Whitesides  1999: Stuart A. Rice  John Ross  Susan Solomon 2000s 2000: John D. Baldeschwieler  Ralph F. Hirschmann  2001: Ernest R. Davidson  Gabor A. Somorjai  2002: John I. Brauman  2004: Stephen J. Lippard  2006: Marvin H. Caruthers  Peter B. Dervan  2007: Mostafa A. El-Sayed  2008: Joanna S. Fowler  JoAnne Stubbe  Engineering sciences 1960s 1962: Theodore von Karman  1963: Vannevar Bush  John Robinson Pierce  1964: Charles S. Draper  1965: Hugh L. Dryden  Clarence L. Johnson  Warren K. Lewis  1966: Claude E. Shannon  1967: Edwin H. Land  Igor I. Sikorsky  1968: J. Presper Eckert  Nathan M. Newmark  1969: Jack St. Clair Kilby 1970s 1970: George E. Mueller  1973: Harold E. Edgerton  Richard T. Whitcomb  1974: Rudolf Kompfner  Ralph Brazelton Peck  Abel Wolman  1975: Manson Benedict  William Hayward Pickering  Frederick E. Terman  Wernher von Braun  1976: Morris Cohen  Peter C. Goldmark  Erwin Wilhelm Mller  1979: Emmett N. Leith  Raymond D. Mindlin  Robert N. Noyce  Earl R. Parker  Simon Ramo 1980s 1982: Edward H. Heinemann  Donald L. Katz  1983: William R. Hewlett  George M. Low  John G. Trump  1986: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann  T. Y. Lin  Bernard M. Oliver  1987: R. Byron Bird  H. Bolton Seed  Ernst Weber  1988: Daniel C. Drucker  Willis M. Hawkins  George W. Housner  1989: Harry George Drickamer  Herbert E. Grier 1990s 1990: Mildred S. Dresselhaus  Nick Holonyak Jr.  1991: George Heilmeier  Luna B. Leopold  H. Guyford Stever  1992: Calvin F. Quate  John Roy Whinnery  1993: Alfred Y. Cho  1994: Ray W. Clough  1995: Hermann A. Haus  1996: James L. Flanagan  C. Kumar N. Patel  1998: Eli Ruckenstein  1999: Kenneth N. Stevens 2000s 2000: Yuan-Cheng B. Fung  2001: Andreas Acrivos  2002: Leo Beranek  2003: John M. Prausnitz  2004: Edwin N. Lightfoot  2005: Jan D. Achenbach  Tobin J. Marks  2006: Robert S. Langer  2007: David J. Wineland  2008: Rudolf E. Kalman  Mathematical statistical and computer sciences 1960s 1963: Norbert Wiener  1964: Solomon Lefschetz  H. Marston Morse  1965: Oscar Zariski  1966: John Milnor  1967: Paul Cohen  1968: Jerzy Neyman  1969: William Feller 1970s 1970: Richard Brauer  1973: John Tukey  1974: Kurt Gdel  1975: John W. Backus  Shiing-Shen Chern  George Dantzig  1976: Kurt Otto Friedrichs  Hassler Whitney  1979: Joseph Leo Doob  Donald E. Knuth 1980s 1982: Marshall Harvey Stone  1983: Herman Goldstine  Isadore Singer  1986: Peter Lax  Antoni Zygmund  1987: Raoul Bott  Michael Freedman  1988: Ralph E. Gomory  Joseph B. Keller  1989: Samuel Karlin  Saunders MacLane  Donald C. Spencer 1990s 1990: George F. Carrier  Stephen Cole Kleene  John McCarthy  1991: Alberto Caldern  1992: Allen Newell  1993: Martin David Kruskal  1994: John Cocke  1995: Louis Nirenberg  1996: Richard Karp  Stephen Smale  1997: Shing-Tung Yau  1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz  1999: Felix Browder  Ronald R. Coifman 2000s 2000: John Griggs Thompson  Karen K. Uhlenbeck  2001: Calyampudi R. Rao  Elias M. Stein  2002: James G. Glimm  2003: Carl R. de Boor  2004: Dennis P. Sullivan  2005: Bradley Efron  2006: Hyman Bass  2007: Leonard Kleinrock  Andrew J. Viterbi   Physical sciences 1960s 1963: Luis W. Alvarez  1964: Julian Schwinger  Harold Clayton Urey  Robert Burns Woodward  1965: John Bardeen  Peter Debye  Leon M. Lederman  William Rubey  1966: Jacob Bjerknes  Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar  Henry Eyring  John H. Van Vleck  Vladimir K. Zworykin  1967: Jesse Beams  Francis Birch  Gregory Breit  Louis Hammett  George Kistiakowsky  1968: Paul Bartlett  Herbert Friedman  Lars Onsager  Eugene Wigner  1969: Herbert C. Brown  Wolfgang Panofsky 1970s 1970: Robert H. Dicke  Allan R. Sandage  John C. Slater  John A. Wheeler  Saul Winstein  1973: Carl Djerassi  Maurice Ewing  Arie Jan Haagen-Smit  Vladimir Haensel  Frederick Seitz  Robert Rathbun Wilson  1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen  Paul Flory  William Alfred Fowler  Linus Carl Pauling  Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer  1975: Hans A. Bethe  Joseph Hirschfelder  Lewis Sarett  E. Bright Wilson  Chien-Shiung Wu  1976: Samuel Goudsmit  Herbert S. Gutowsky  Frederick Rossini  Verner Suomi  Henry Taube  George Uhlenbeck  1979: Richard P. Feynman  Herman Mark  Edward M. Purcell  John Sinfelt  Lyman Spitzer  Victor F. Weisskopf 1980s 1982: Philip W. Anderson  Yoichiro Nambu  Edward Teller  Charles H. Townes  1983: E. Margaret Burbidge  Maurice Goldhaber  Helmut Landsberg  Walter Munk  Frederick Reines  Bruno B. Rossi  J. Robert Schrieffer  1986: Solomon Buchsbaum  Horace Crane  Herman Feshbach  Robert Hofstadter  Chen Ning Yang  1987: Philip Abelson  Walter Elsasser  Paul C. Lauterbur  George Pake  James A. Van Allen  1988: D. Allan Bromley  Paul Ching-Wu Chu  Walter Kohn  Norman F. Ramsey  Jack Steinberger  1989: Arnold O. Beckman  Eugene Parker  Robert Sharp  Henry Stommel 1990s 1990: Allan M. Cormack  Edwin M. McMillan  Robert Pound  Roger Revelle  1991: Arthur L. Schawlow  Ed Stone  Steven Weinberg  1992: Eugene M. Shoemaker  1993: Val Fitch  Vera Rubin  1994: Albert Overhauser  Frank Press  1995: Hans Dehmelt  Peter Goldreich  1996: Wallace S. Broecker  1997: Marshall Rosenbluth  Martin Schwarzschild  George Wetherill  1998: Don L. Anderson  John N. Bahcall  1999: James Cronin  Leo Kadanoff 2000s 2000: Willis E. Lamb  Jeremiah P. Ostriker  Gilbert F. White  2001: Marvin L. Cohen  Raymond Davis Jr.  Charles Keeling  2002: Richard Garwin  W. Jason Morgan  Edward Witten  2003: G. Brent Dalrymple  Riccardo Giacconi  2004: Robert N. Clayton  2005: Ralph A. Alpher  Lonnie Thompson  2006: Daniel Kleppner  2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove  Charles P. Slichter  2009: Berni Alder  James E. Gunn Persondata Name Samuelson Paul Alternative names Short description Economist Date of birth May 15 1915 (age 94) Place of birth Gary Indiana Date of death December 13 2009 (age 94) Place of death Belmont Massachusetts