Dharavi The Asia's largest slum which houses over 800000 people in Mumbai only.

Poverty is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money.1 Absolute poverty or destitution refers to being unable to afford basic human needs such as clean and fresh water nutrition health care education clothing and shelter.2 About 1.7 billion people are estimated to live in absolute poverty today. Relative poverty refers to the lacking a usual or socially acceptable level of resources or income as compared with others within a society or country.1

For most of history poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as traditional modes of production were insufficient to give an entire population a comfortable standard of living.13 After the industrial revolution mass production in factories made wealth increasingly more inexpensive and accessible. Of more importance is the modernization of agriculture such as fertilizers in order to provide enough yield to feed the population. Additionally this is called the core of the antipoverty effort as three quarters of the poor today are farmers. 45 Today poverty reduction is a major goal and issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. Contents 1 Definitions 2 Measuring poverty 2.1 Absolute poverty 2.2 Relative poverty 2.3 Other aspects 3 Characteristics 3.1 Health 3.2 Hunger 3.3 Education 3.4 Housing 3.5 Violence 3.6 Substance abuse 4 Poverty reduction 4.1 Increasing the supply of basic needs 4.1.1 Providing basic needs 4.1.2 Removing constraints on government services 4.1.3 Reversing brain drains 4.1.4 Controlling overpopulation 4.2 Increasing personal income 4.2.1 Income grants 4.2.2 Economic freedoms 4.2.3 Financial services 4.2.4 Remittances 4.2.5 Cultural factors to productivity 5 Voluntary poverty 6 See also 6.1 Organizations and campaigns 6.2 In documentary photography and film 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Definitions

The English word "poverty" came from Latin pauper "poor" via Anglo-Norman povert. There are many definitions of poverty depending on the context of the situation and the views of the person giving the definition. Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education poor access to clean water and sanitation inadequate physical security lack of voice and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better ones life. World Bank6 Fundamentally poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family not having a school or clinic to go to not having the land on which to grow ones food or a job to earn ones living not having access to credit. It means insecurity powerlessness and exclusion of individuals households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments without access to clean water or sanitation. United Nations7 Measuring poverty Percentage of population living on less than $1.25 per day. UN estimates 2000-2006. Percentage of population suffering from hunger World Food Programme 2006 Life expectancy. The Human Development Index. The Gini coefficient a measure of income inequality. Life expectancy has been increasing and converging for most of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa has recently seen a decline partly related to the AIDS epidemic. Graph shows the years 1950-2005. Percentage of people living on less than $1 a day from 1981-2001 See also: List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty and Poverty threshold Absolute poverty

Poverty is usually measured as either absolute or relative poverty (the latter being actually an index of income inequality). Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries. The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US $1.25 (PPP) per day and moderate poverty as less than $2 a day (but note that a person or family with access to subsistence resources e.g. subsistence farmers may have a low cash income without a correspondingly low standard of living - they are not living "on" their cash income but using it as a top up). It estimates that "in 2001 1.1 billion people had consumption levels below $1 a day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day."8 A dollar a day in nations that do not use the dollar as currency does not translate to living a day on the amount of local currency as determined by the exchange rate. 9 Rather it is determined by the purchasing power parity which would look at how much local currency is needed to buy the same things that a dollar could buy in the United States.9 Usually this would translate to less local currency than the exchange rate in poorer countries as the United States is a more expensive country.9

Six million children die of hunger every year - 17000 every day.10 Selective Primary Health Care has been shown to be one of the most efficient ways in which absolute poverty can be eradicated in comparison to Primary Health Care which has a target of treating diseases. Disease prevention is the focus of Selective Primary Health Care which puts this system on higher grounds in terms of preventing malnutrition and illness thus putting an end to Absolute Poverty.< ref>Walsh Julia A. and Kenneth S. Warren. 1980. Selective primary health care: An interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. Social Science & Medicine. Part C: Medical Economics 14 (2):145-163.</ref>

The proportion of the developing world's population living in extreme economic poverty fell from 28 percent in 1990 to 21 percent in 2001.8 Most of this improvement has occurred in East and South Asia.11 In East Asia the World Bank reported that "The poverty headcount rate at the $2-a-day level is estimated to have fallen to about 27 percent in 2007 down from 29.5 percent in 2006 and 69 percent in 1990."12 In Sub-Saharan Africa extreme poverty went up from 41 percent in 1981 to 46 percent in 2001citation needed which combined with growing population increased the number of people living in extreme poverty from 231 million to 318 million.13

In the early 1990s some of the transition economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia experienced a sharp drop in income.14 The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in large declines in GDP per capita of about 30 to 35% between 1990 and the trough year of 1998 (when it was at its minimum). As a result poverty rates also increased although in subsequent years as per capita incomes recovered the poverty rate dropped from 31.4% of the population to 19.6%1516 The World Bank issued a report predicting that between 2007 and 2027 the populations of Georgia and Ukraine will decrease by 17% and 24% respectively.17

World Bank data shows that the percentage of the population living in households with consumption or income per person below the poverty line has decreased in each region of the world since 1990:1819 Region 1990 2002 2004 East Asia and Pacific 15.40% 12.33% 9.07% Europe and Central Asia 3.60% 1.28% 0.95% Latin America and the Caribbean 9.62% 9.08% 8.64% Middle East and North Africa 2.08% 1.69% 1.47% South Asia 35.04% 33.44% 30.84% Sub-Saharan Africa 46.07% 42.63% 41.09%

Other human development indicators have also been improving. Life expectancy has greatly increased in the developing world since WWII and is starting to close the gap to the developed world.citation needed Child mortality has decreased in every developing region of the world.citation needed The proportion of the world's population living in countries where per-capita food supplies are less than 2200 calories (9200 kilojoules) per day decreased from 56% in the mid-1960s to below 10% by the 1990s. Similar trends can be observed for literacy access to clean water and electricity and basic consumer items.20 There are various criticisms of these measurements.21 Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion note that although "a clear trend decline in the percentage of people who are absolutely poor is evident ... with uneven progress across regions...the developing world outside China and India has seen little or no sustained progress in reducing the number of poor". Since the world's population is increasing a constant number living in poverty would be associated with a diminishing proportion. Looking at the percentage living on less than $1/day and if excluding China and India then this percentage has decreased from 31.35% to 20.70% between 1981 and 2004.11 The 2007 World Bank report "Global Economic Prospects" predicts that in 2030 the number living on less than the equivalent of $1 a day will fall by half to about 550 million. An average resident of what we used to call the Third World will live about as well as do residents of the Czech or Slovak republics today. Much of Africa will have difficulty keeping pace with the rest of the developing world and even if conditions there improve in absolute terms the report warns Africa in 2030 will be home to a larger proportion of the world's poorest people than it is today. Relative poverty Relative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on social context hence relative poverty is a measure of income inequality. Usually relative poverty is measured as the percentage of population with income less than some fixed proportion of median income. There are several other different income inequality metrics for example the Gini coefficient or the Theil Index. Relative poverty measures are used as official poverty rates in several developed countries. As such these poverty statistics measure inequality rather than material deprivation or hardship. The measurements are usually based on a person's yearly income and frequently take no account of total wealth. The main poverty line used in the OECD and the European Union is based on "economic distance" a level of income set at 60% of the median household income.22 Other aspects Economic aspects of poverty focus on material needs typically including the necessities of daily living such as food clothing shelter or safe drinking water. Poverty in this sense may be understood as a condition in which a person or community is lacking in the basic needs for a minimum standard of well-being and life particularly as a result of a persistent lack of income. Analysis of social aspects of poverty links conditions of scarcity to aspects of the distribution of resources and power in a society and recognizes that poverty may be a function of the diminished "capability" of people to live the kinds of lives they value. The social aspects of poverty may include lack of access to information education health care or political power.2324 Poverty may also be understood as an aspect of unequal social status and inequitable social relationships experienced as social exclusion dependency and diminished capacity to participate or to develop meaningful connections with other people in society.252627 Such social exclusion can be minimized through strengthened connections with the mainstream such as through the provision of relational care to those who are experiencing poverty. The World Bank's "Voices of the Poor" based on research with over 20000 poor people in 23 countries identifies a range of factors which poor people identify as part of poverty. These include: Precarious livelihoods Excluded locations Physical limitations Gender relationships Problems in social relationships Lack of security Abuse by those in power Dis-empowering institutions Limited capabilities Weak community organizations David Moore in his book The World Bank argues that some analysis of poverty reflect pejorative sometimes racial stereotypes of impoverished people as powerless victims and passive recipients of aid programs.28 Ultra-poverty a term apparently coined by Michael Lipton29 connotes being amongst poorest of the poor in low-income countries. Lipton defined ultra-poverty as receiving less than 80 percent of minimum caloric intake whilst spending more than 80% of income on food. Alternatively a 2007 report issued by International Food Policy Research Institute defined ultra-poverty as living on less than 54 cents per day.30 Characteristics The effects of poverty may also be causes as listed above thus creating a "poverty cycle" operating across multiple levels individual local national and global. Health Main article: Diseases of poverty One third of deaths - some 18 million people a year or 50000 per day - are due to poverty-related causes: in total 270 million people most of them women and children have died as a result of poverty since 1990.31 Those living in poverty suffer disproportionately from hunger or even starvation and disease.32 Those living in poverty suffer lower life expectancy. According to the World Health Organization hunger and malnutrition are the single gravest threats to the world's public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality present in half of all cases.33 Hunger Local citizens from the Jana bi Village wait their turn to gather goods from the Sons of Iraq (Abna al-Iraq) in a military operation conducted in Yusufiyah Iraq. (U.S. Army photo by Spc Luke Thornberry) See also: Malnutrition Rises in the costs of living make poor people less able to afford items. Poor people spend a greater portion of their budgets on food than richer people. As a result poor households and those near the poverty threshold can be particularly vulnerable to increases in food prices. For example in late 2007 increases in the price of grains34 led to food riots in some countries.353637 The World Bank warned that 100 million people were at risk of sinking deeper into poverty.38 Threats to the supply of food may also be caused by drought and the water crisis.3940 Intensive farming often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of soil fertility and decline of agricultural yields.41 Approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded.4243 In Africa if current trends of soil degradation continue the continent might be able to feed just 25% of its population by 2025 according to UNU's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa.44 Every year nearly 11 million children living in poverty die before their fifth birthday. 1.02 billion people go to bed hungry every night.45 Poverty increases the risk of homelessness.46 According to the Global Hunger Index South Asia has the highest child malnutrition rate of the world's regions.47 Nearly half of all Indian children are undernourished48 one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa.49 Every year more than half a million women die in pregnancy or childbirth.50 Almost 90% of maternal deaths occur in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa compared to less than 1% in the developed world.51 Women who have born children into poverty may not be able to nourish the children efficiently and provide adequate care in infancy. The children may also suffer from disease that has been passed down to the child through birth. Asthma and rickets are common problems children acquire when born into poverty.citation needed Education See also: Health and intelligence Research has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low-income housing circumstances. This often is a process that begins in primary school for some less fortunate children. In the US educational system these children are at a higher risk than other children for retention in their grade special placements during the school's hours and even not completing their high school education.52 There are indeed many explanations for why students tend to drop out of school. For children with low resources the risk factors are similar to excuses such as juvenile delinquency rates higher levels of teenage pregnancy and the economic dependency upon their low income parent or parents.52 Families and society who submit low levels of investment in the education and development of less fortunate children end up with less favorable results for the children who see a life of parental employment reduction and low wages. Higher rates of early childbearing with all the connected risks to family health and well-being are majorly important issues to address since education from preschool to high school are both identifiably meaningful in a life.52 Poverty often drastically affects children's success in school. A child's "home activities preferences mannerisms" must align with the world and in the cases that they do not these students are at a disadvantage in the school and most importantly the classroom.53 Therefore it is safe to state that children who live at or below the poverty level will have far less success educationally than children who live above the poverty line. Poor children have a great deal less healthcare and this ultimately results in many absences from the academic year. Additionally poor children are much more likely to suffer from hunger fatigue irritability headaches ear infections flu and colds.53 These illnesses could potentially restrict a child or student's focus and concentration. Housing Street child in Bangladesh See also: slums and orphanages Slum-dwellers who make up a third of the world's urban population live in a poverty no better if not worse than rural people who are the traditional focus of the poverty in the developing world according to a report by the United Nations.54 There are over 100 million street children worldwide.55 Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty.56 Experts and child advocates maintain that orphanages are expensive and often harm children's development by separating them from their families.56 It is speculated that flush with money orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died.56 Violence See also: slavery and human trafficking According to a UN report on modern slavery the most common form of human trafficking is for prostitution which is largely fueled by poverty.5758 In Zimbabwe a number of girls are turning to prostitution for food to survive because of the increasing poverty.59 In one survey 67% of children from disadvantaged inner cities said they had witnessed a serious assault and 33% reported witnessing a homicide.60 51% of fifth graders from New Orleans (median income for a household: $27133) have been found to be victims of violence compared to 32% in Washington DC (mean income for a household: $40127).61 Substance abuse See also: Substance abuse Increased risk of drug abuse may also be associated with poverty.62 Poverty reduction Main article: poverty reduction See also: Aid and Development aid Various poverty reduction strategies are broadly categorized here based on whether they make more of the basic human needs available or increase the disposable income needed to purchase them. Some basic needs such as improving access to education also help increase income. Increasing the supply of basic needs Before the industrial revolution poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as economies produced little making wealth scarce.1 The initial industrial revolution led to high economic growth and eliminated mass absolute poverty in what is now considered the developed world.1 Today mass production of goods in places such as rapidly industrializing China has made what were once considered luxuries such as vehicles or computers inexpensive and thus accessible to many who were otherwise too poor to afford them.6364 In addition to industrialization agricultural technologies such as nitrogen fertilizers pesticides and new irrigation methods have dramatically reduced food shortages in modern times by boosting yields past previous constraints.6566 Providing basic needs Hardwood surgical tables are commonplace in rural Nigerian clinics. See also: Health care system and primary education Infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis can perpetuate poverty by diverting health and economic resources from investment and productivity; malaria decreases GDP growth by up to 1.3% in some developing nations and AIDS decreases African growth by 0.3-1.5% annually.676869 Nations do not necessarily need wealth to gain health.70 For example Sri Lanka had a maternal mortality rate of 2% in the 1930s higher than any nation today.71 It reduced it to .5-.6% in the 1950s and to .06% today while spending less each year on maternal health because it learned what worked and what did not.71 Cheap water filters and promoting hand washing are some of the most cost effective health interventions and can cut deaths from diarrhea and pneumonia.7273 Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare interventions can be elusive but educational measures to disseminate what works are available such as the disease control priorities project.70 Human capital in the form of education is an even more important determinant of economic growth than physical capital.3 Deworming children costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non-attendance from anemia illness and malnutrition and is only a twenty-fifth as expensive to increase school attendance as by constructing schools.74 Also when women are given more capabilities and opportunities they seem more altruistic in helping the family and more likely to prioritize education.75 Some aid such as Conditional Cash Transfers can be rewarded based on desirable actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations.76 In Mexico for example dropout rates of 16-19 year olds in rural area dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height.77 Initial fears that the program would encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead there is less excuse for neglectful behavior as for example children stopped begging on the streets instead of going to school because it could result in suspension from the program.77 Removing constraints on government services Great Depression: man lying down on pier New York City docks 1935. See also: Political corruption Developing countries' debt Debt relief and Conditionality Government revenue can be diverted away from basic services by corruption such as in Nigeria for example where its leaders stole an estimated $400 billion of the country's oil revenue leaders between 1960 and 1999.7879 Funds from aid and natural resources are often diverted into private hands and then sent to banks overseas as a result of graft.33 If Western banks rejected stolen money says a report by Global Witness ordinary people would benefit in a way that aid flows will never achieve.33 The report asked for more regulation of banks as they have proved capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism money-laundering or tax evasion.33 Developing countries' debt to banks and governments from richer countries are often more than a country can generate per year on profits from exports.80 The World Bank and the IMF as primary holders of developing countries' debt generally attach structural adjustment conditionalities to loans. These conditionalities generally push for economic liberalization including reducing barriers to trade elimination of state subsidies Union busting privatization of state assets and services and enforcement of private property rights. If poor countries do not have to spend so much on debt payments they can use the money instead for priorities which help reduce poverty such as basic health-care and education.81 For example Zambia spent 40% of its total budget to repay foreign debt and only 7% for basic state services in 1997.82 One of the proposed ways to help poor countries has been debt relief. Zambia began offering services such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure because of savings that resulted from the rounds of debt relief in 2005.83 As part of conditionality the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for fertilizer even while many farmers cannot afford them at market prices.84 For example in the case of Malawi almost five million of its 13 million people used to need emergency food aid. However after the government changed policy and subsidies for fertilizer and seed were introduced farmers produced record-breaking corn harvests in 2006 and 2007 as production leaped to 3.4 million in 2007 from 1.2 million in 2005 making Malawi a major food exporter.84 And in the former Soviet states for example the reconfiguration of public financing their transition to a market economy called for reduced spending on health and education sharply increasing poverty.851686 A major proportion of aid from donor nations is tied mandating that a receiving nation spend on products and expertise originating only from the donor country. 87 For example Eritrea is forced to spend aid money on foreign goods and services to build a network of railways even though it is cheaper to use local expertise and resources.87 US law requires food aid be spent on buying food at home instead of where the hungry live and as a result half of what is spent is used on transport.88 Reversing brain drains The loss of basic needs providers emigrating from impoverished countries has a damaging effect. For example an estimated 100000 Philippine nurses emigrated between 1994 and 2006.89 As of 2004 there were more Ethiopia-trained doctors living in Chicago than in Ethiopia.90 Proposals to mitigate the problem by the World Health Organization include compulsory government service for graduates of public medical and nursing schools and creating career-advancing programs to retain personnel.89 Controlling overpopulation Some argue that Overpopulation and lack of access to birth control leads to population increase to exceed food production and other resources.911392 The world's population is expected to reach nearly 9 billion in 2040.93 However the reverse is also true that poverty causes overpopulation as it gives women little power to control giving birth or to have educational attainment or a career.94 Empowering women with better education and more control of their lives women are more successful in bringing down rapid population growth because they have more say in family planning.75 Increasing personal income Street children sleeping in Mulberry Street - Jacob Riis photo New York United States (1890) Income grants Main articles: Social security and Welfare Aid in its simplest form is a basic income grant a form of social security periodically providing citizens with money. In pilot projects in Namibia where such a program pays just $13 a month people were able to pay tuition fees raising the proportion of children going to school by 92% child malnutrition rates fell from 42% to 10% and economic activity grew by 10%.9596 Economic freedoms See also: Red tape It takes two days two bureaucratic procedures and $280 to open a business in Canada while an entrepreneur in Bolivia must pay $2696 in fees wait 82 business days and go through 20 procedures to do the same. Such costly barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises where most jobs are created.97 In India before economic reforms businesses had to bribe government officials even for routine activities which was in effect a tax on business.3 In China and India noted reductions in poverty in recent decades have occurred mostly as a result of the abandonment of collective farming in China and the cutting of government red tape in India.98 The unwillingness of governments and feudal elites to give full-fledged property rights in land to their tenants is cited as one of the chief obstacles to development.99100 The business environment can be further worsened by the failure of governments to provide essential infrastructure.101102 Financial services Information and communication technologies for development help to fight poverty. Main article: microcredit Another form of aid is microloans made famous by the Grameen Bank where small amounts of money are loaned to farmers or villages mostly women who can then obtain physical capital to increase their economic rewards. For example the Thai government's People's Bank makes loans of $100 to $300 to help farmers buy equipment or seeds help street vendors acquire an inventory to sell or help others set up small shops. However microlending has been criticized for making hyperprofits off the poor even from its founder Muhammad Yunus and in India which has seen a growing wave of defaults and suicides.103104105 Lack of financial services as a result of restrictive regulations such as the requirements for banking licenses makes it hard for even smaller microsavings programs to reach the poor.106 Those in poverty place overwhelming importance on having a safe place to save money much more so than receiving loans.107 Also a large part of microfinance loans are spent on products that would usually be paid by a checking or savings account.107 Mobile banking addresses the problem of the heavy regulation and costly maintenance of saving accounts.107 Mobile financial services in the developing world ahead of the developed world in this respect could be worth $5 billion by 2012.108 Safaricoms M-Pesa launched one of the first systems where a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers instead of bank branches would take deposits in cash and translate these onto a virtual account on customers' phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission making remittances safer.109 Remittances Main article: remittance The World Bank says foreign workers sent $328 billion from richer to poorer countries last year more than double the $120 billion in official aid flows from OECD members. India got $52 billion from its diaspora more than it took in foreign direct investment.110 Cultural factors to productivity Cultural factors such as discrimination of various kinds can negatively affect productivity such as age discrimination stereotyping111 gender discrimination racial discrimination and caste discrimination.112 Max Weber and the modernization theory suggest that cultural values could affect economic success.113114 However researcherswho have gathered evidence that suggest that values are not as deeply ingrained and that changing economic opportunities explain most of the movement into and out of poverty as opposed to shifts in values.115 Voluntary poverty See also: Simple living St. Francis of Assisi renounces his worldly goods in a painting attributed to Giotto di Bondone. Among some individuals poverty is considered a necessary or desirable condition which must be embraced to reach certain spiritual moral or intellectual states. Poverty is often understood to be an essential element of renunciation in religions such as Buddhism (only for monks not for lay persons) and Jainism whilst in Roman Catholicism it is one of the evangelical counsels. Certain religious orders also take a vow of extreme poverty. For example the Franciscan orders have traditionally foregone all individual and corporate forms of ownership. While individual ownership of goods and wealth is forbidden for Benedictines following the Rule of St. Benedict the monastery itself may possess both goods and money and throughout history some monasteries have become very rich.citation needed In this context of religious vows poverty may be understood as a means of self-denial to place oneself at the service of others; Pope Honorius III wrote in 1217 that the Dominicans "lived a life of voluntary poverty exposing themselves to innumerable dangers and sufferings for the salvation of others". Benedict XVI distinguishes poverty chosen (the poverty of spirit proposed by Jesus) and poverty to be fought (unjust and imposed poverty). He considers that the moderation implied in the former favors solidarity and is a necessary condition so as to fight effectively to eradicate the abuse of the latter.116 See also Accumulation by dispossession Multidimensional Poverty Index Bottom of the pyramid 20072008 world food price crisis Climate change and poverty Cycle of poverty Development state Diseases of poverty Distribution of wealth Economic development Economic inequality Economic Vulnerability Index Feminization of poverty Financial exclusion Food security Food vs fuel Fuel poverty Full employment Great Depression Green Revolution Hunger Immiserizing growth Income disparity International inequality International Development Life expectancy Literacy Migrant worker Minimum wage Neo-imperialism Neoliberalism Poor Law Poverty reduction Poverty threshold Poverty trap Rural ghetto Shanty town Social exclusion Subsidized housing Street children Structural adjustment Theories of poverty Underclass Welfare Working poor Sustainable development portal Nations: Poverty by country Least Developed Countries Countries by fertility rate Countries by GDP (PPP) Countries by poverty rate Theology: Relational care Sadaqah Zakat Organizations and campaigns Abahlali baseMjondolo - South African Shack dwellers' organisation Appropedia Azafady Brooks World Poverty Institute Catholic Charities USA117 Center for Global Development Child Poverty Action Group Compassion Canada Department for International Development End Poverty Now Eurodad Food First Five Talents - Gives poverty stricken people another chance Free the Children Grameen Bank A micro lending bank for the poor. Global Call to Action Against Poverty (GCAP) Habitat for Humanity International Harlem Children's Zone Homeless International 118 17 October: UN International Day for the Eradication of Poverty (White Band Day 4) International Food Policy Research Institute International Fund for Agricultural Development Islamic Development Bank Islamic Relief Southern Poverty Law Center The Make Poverty History campaign Microgiving Direct charitable giving Mississippi Teacher Corps ONE campaign 119 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development United Nations Millennium Campaign 120121 United Prosperity (organisation) U.S. Agency for International Development World Bank World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists World Food Day World Food Program In documentary photography and film Authors with significant work Diane Arbus Richard Avedon Jim Goldberg Dorothea Lange Manuel Rivera-Ortiz Sebastio Salgado Tom Stone Significant titles Born into Brothels (2004) Harlan County USA (1976) Streetwise (1984) References a b c d e "Poverty (sociology)". Poverty (sociology). britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/473136/poverty. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "Encarta Poverty definition". Encarta Poverty definition. Encarta.msn.com. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspxlextype3&searchpoverty. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  a b c Krugman Paul and Robin Wells. Macroeconomics. 2. New York City: Worth Publishers 2009. Print. "World Bank report puts agriculture at core of antipoverty effort". nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/20/world/africa/20worldbank.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "Obama enlists major powers to aid poor farmers with $15 billion". nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/09/world/europe/09food.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "Poverty and Inequality Analysis". worldbank.org. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0contentMDK:22569747pagePK:148956piPK:216618theSitePK:33699200.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "Indicators of Poverty & Hunger". un.org. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ydiDavidGordonpoverty.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  a b "The World Bank 2007 Understanding Poverty". Web.worldbank.org. 2005-04-19. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0contentMDK:20153855menuPK:373757pagePK:148956piPK:216618theSitePK:33699200.html. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  a b c "When a dollar a day means 25 cents". bbcnews.com. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7122356.stm. Retrieved 2011-05-28.  "U.N. chief: Hunger kills 17000 kids daily - CNN.com". CNN. November 17 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/11/17/italy.food.summit/. Retrieved May 22 2010.  a b "How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s" Table 3 p. 28.". worldbank.org. http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/mainImgPagePK64202990&entityID00011274220040722172047&menuPK64168175&pagePK64210502&theSitePK477894&piPK64210520. 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Retrieved 2010-10-24.  a b "Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries". nytimes.com. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htmlres9C07E0D8163FF931A25753C1A9669C8B63. Retrieved 2011-05-28.  "East: 'If Countries Don't Act Now It's Going To Be Too Late'". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 2007. http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/6/0E4DF063-3807-420D-B551-B3D07F7AA84C.html. Retrieved 2007-12-22.  "World Bank 2007 Povcalnet Poverty Data". World Bank. http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jsp. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  The data can be replicated using World Bank 2007 Human Development Indicator regional tables and using the default poverty line of $32.74 per month at 1993 PPP. "World Development Volume 33 Issue 1 January 2005 Pages 1-19 Why Are We Worried About Income Nearly Everything that Matters is Converging". 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Portal.unesco.org. http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URLID32968&URLDODOTOPIC&URLSECTION201.html. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  a b c Aid gives alternatives to African orphanages "Experts encourage action against sex trafficking". .voanews.com. 2009-05-15. http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.htmlrsshuman+rights+and+law. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "Child sex boom fueled by poverty". Globalpost.com. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/thailand/091027/economic-crisis-the-sex-trade-and-children. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  Thomson Mike (2009-06-12). "Zimbabwean girls trade sex for food". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8096874.stm. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  Atkins M. S. McKay M. Talbott E. & Arvantis P. (1996). "DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Implications and guidelines for school mental health teams" School Psychology Review 25 274-283. Citing: Bell C. C. & Jenkins E. J. (1991). "Traumatic stress and children" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2 175-185. Atkins M. S. McKay M. Talbott E. & Arvantis P. (1996). "DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Implications and guidelines for school mental health teams" School Psychology Review 25 274-283. Citing: Osofsky J. D. Wewers S. Harm D. M. & Fick A. C. (1993). "Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children" Psychiatry 56 36-45; and Richters J. E. & Martinez P (1993). Eke Steven (2005-06-01). "Health warning over Russian youth". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4600785.stm. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "In Laos Chinese motorcycles change lives". nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/27/world/asia/27laos.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "China boosts African economies offering a second opportunity". Csmonitor.com. 2007-06-25. http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0625/p12s01-woaf.htmlpage2. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "Forgotten benefactor of humanity". Theatlantic.com. http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97jan/borlaug/borlaug.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  Justin Rowlatt (2009-03-24). "BBC Ethical Man". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ethicalman/2009/03/isthegreenmovementpartoftheproblem.html. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "Economic costs of AIDS". Globalpolicy.org. 2003-07-23. http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/211/44385.html. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "The economic and social burden of malaria". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2010-09-03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgicmdRetrieve&dbpubmed&doptAbstract&listuids11832956. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "Poverty Issues Dominate WHO Regional Meeting". Wpro.who.int. http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/pressreleases/pr20020916.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  a b Disease Control Priorities Project a b Saving millions for just a few dollars India's Tata launches water filter for rural poor Millions mark UN hand washing day How can we help the worlds poor a b World Bank. 2001. Engendering Development--Through Gender Equality in Right Resources and Voice. New York: Oxford University Press. Brazil becomes antipoverty showcase a b Latin America makes dent in poverty with conditional cash programs "Anti-Corruption Climate Change: it started in Nigeria". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). "Nigeria: the Hidden Cost of Corruption". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). World Bank and International Monetary Fund. 2001. Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Progress Report. Retrieved from Worldbank.org. "African debt relief". bbcnews.com. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4081220.stm. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "Third World Debt". worldcentric.org. http://www.worldcentric.org/conscious-living/third-world-debt. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "Zambia overwhelmed by free health care". bbcnews.com. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4883062.stm. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  a b "Ending famine simply by ignoring the experts". nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/world/africa/02malawi.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  Transition: The First Ten Years Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union The World Bank Washington DC 2002 p. 4. Child poverty soars in eastern Europe". BBC News. October 11 2000. a b "Tied aid strangling nations says UN". ispnews.net. http://ipsnews.net/interna.aspidnews24509. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "Let them eat micronutrients". newsweek.com. http://www.newsweek.com/id/160075. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  a b Philippine Medical Brain Drain Leaves Public Health System in Crisis - VoA News retrieved 29 May 2008 "Out of Africa - health workers leave in droves". Telegraph. November 2 2004. "Population growth driving climate change poverty: experts". Agence France-Presse. September 21 2009. "Another Inconvenient Truth: The World's Growing Population Poses a Malthusian Dilemma". Scientific American. October 2 2009. "World Population Clock Worldometers". "overpopulation". Henrygeorge.org. http://www.henrygeorge.org/popsup.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "A new approach to aid: How a basic income program saved a Namibian village". spiegel.de. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0151864231000.html. Retrieved 2011-05-28.  "Namibians line up for free cash". bbcnews.com. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7415814.stm. Retrieved 2011-05-28.  "Ending mass poverty". cato.org. http://www.cato.org/research/articles/vas-0109.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "Can aid bring an end to poverty". bbcnews.com. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5407770.stm. Retrieved 2011-05-28.  Fareed Zakaria (2008-09-20). "How to spread democracy". Newsweek.com. http://www.newsweek.com/id/160070. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "Land rights help fight poverty". Time.com. 2009-08-30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3006562.stm. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "Global Competitiveness Report 2006 World Economic Forum". weforum.org. http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-28.  "Infrastructure and Poverty Reduction: Cross-country Evidence". abdi.org. http://www.adbi.org/conf-seminar-papers/2004/11/26/830.infrastructure.poverty.reduction/. Retrieved 2011-05-28.  "Microlenders honored with Nobel are struggling". nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/business/global/06micro.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "India microcredit faces collapse from defaults". nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/18/world/asia/18micro.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "Sacrificing microcredit for megaprofits". nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/opinion/15yunus.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "Sparking a savings revolution". nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/opinion/31kristof.htmlr1. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  a b c Kiviat Barbara (2009-08-30). "Microfinance's next step: deposits". Time. http://www.time.com/time/business/article/08599191873300.html. Retrieved 2010-10-23.  "Africa pioneers mobile bank push". bbcnews.com. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8100388.stm. Retrieved 2011-05-28.  "Africa's mobile banking revolution". bbcnews.com. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8194241.stm. Retrieved 2011-05-28.  "Migration and development: The aid workers who really help". economist.com. http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfmsubjectid894664&storyid14586906. Retrieved 2011-05-27.  "Ending Poverty in Community (EPIC)". Usccb.org. http://www.usccb.org/cchd/epic/www/causesofpovertya.html. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "UN report slams India for caste discrimination". Cbc.ca. 2007-03-02. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/03/02/india-dalits.html. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  Moore Wilbert. 1974. Social Change. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall. Parsons Talcott. 1966. Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall. Kerbo Harold. 2006. Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in Historical Comparative and Global Perspective 6th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. World Peace Day Address 2009 "Campaign to Reduce Poverty in America". Catholiccharitiesusa.org. http://www.catholiccharitiesusa.org/poverty. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "transforming slums". Homeless International. http://www.homeless-international.org. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "The ONE Campaign". One.org. http://www.one.org. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "United Nations Millennium Campaign". Endpoverty2015.org. http://www.endpoverty2015.org/. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  "Stand Against Poverty". Stand Against Poverty. http://www.standagainstpoverty.org/. Retrieved 2010-10-24.  Further reading Adato Michelle & Meinzen-Dick Ruth eds. Agricultural Research Livelihoods and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries (2007) Johns Hopkins University Press http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-research-livelihoods-and-poverty International Food Policy Research Institute Anzia Lys "Educate a Woman You Educate a Nation" - South Africa Aims to Improve its Education for Girls WNN - Women News Network. Aug. 28 2007. Atkinson Anthony. Poverty in Europe 1998 Babb Sarah (2009). Behind the Development Banks: Washington Politics World Poverty and the Wealth of Nations. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226033655.  Bergmann Barbara. "Deciding Who's Poor" Dollars & Sense March/April 2000 Betson David M. & Warlick Jennifer L. "Alternative Historical Trends in Poverty." American Economic Review 88:348-51. 1998. in JSTOR Brady David "Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty" Social Forces 81#3 2003 pp. 715751 Online in Project Muse. Abstract: Reviews shortcomings of the official U.S. measure; examines several theoretical and methodological advances in poverty measurement. Argues that ideal measures of poverty should: (1) measure comparative historical variation effectively; (2) be relative rather than absolute; (3) conceptualize poverty as social exclusion; (4) assess the impact of taxes transfers and state benefits; and (5) integrate the depth of poverty and the inequality among the poor. Next this article evaluates sociological studies published since 1990 for their consideration of these criteria. This article advocates for three alternative poverty indices: the interval measure the ordinal measure and the sum of ordinals measure. Finally using the Luxembourg Income Study it examines the empirical patterns with these three measures across advanced capitalist democracies from 1967 to 1997. Estimates of these poverty indices are made available. Buhmann Brigitte et al. 1988. "Equivalence Scales Well-Being Inequality and Poverty: Sensitivity Estimates Across Ten Countries Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database." Review of Income and Wealth 34:115-42. Cox W. Michael & Alm Richard. Myths of Rich and Poor 1999 Danziger Sheldon H. & Weinberg Daniel H. "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income Inequality and Poverty." Pp. 1850 in Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change edited by Sheldon H. Danziger Gary D. Sandefur and Daniel. H. Weinberg. Russell Sage Foundation. 1994. Firebaugh Glenn. "Empirics of World Income Inequality." American Journal of Sociology (2000) 104:1597-1630. in JSTOR Frank Ellen Dr. Dollar: How Is Poverty Defined in Government Statistics Dollars & Sense January/February 2006 Gans Herbert J. "The Uses of Poverty: The Poor Pay All" Social Policy July/August 1971: pp. 2024 George Abraham Wharton Business School Publications - Why the Fight Against Poverty is Failing: a contrarian view Gordon David M. Theories of Poverty and Underemployment: Orthodox Radical and Dual Labor Market Perspectives. 1972. Haveman Robert H. Poverty Policy and Poverty Research. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1987 ISBN 0-299-11150-4 Iceland John Poverty in America: a handbook University of California Press 2003 McEwan Joanne and Pamela Sharpe eds. Accommodating Poverty: The Housing and Living Arrangements of the English Poor c. 1600-1850 (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010) 292 pages; scholarly studies of rural and urban poor as well as vagrants unmarried mothers and almshouse dwellers. O'Connor Alice "Poverty Research and Policy for the Post-Welfare Era" Annual Review of Sociology 2000 Osberg Lars & Xu Kuan. "International Comparisons of Poverty Intensity: index decomposition and bootstrap inference." The Journal of Human Resources 2000. 35:51-81. Paugam Serge. "Poverty and Social Exclusion: a sociological view." Pp. 4162 in The Future of European Welfare edited by Martin Rhodes and Yves Meny 1998. Philippou Lambros (2010) "Public Space Enlarged Mentality and Being-In-Poverty" Philosophical Inquiry Vol. 32 No. 1-2 pp. 103115. Pressman Steven Poverty in America: an annotated bibliography. Metuchen N.J.: Scarecrow Press 1994 ISBN 0-8108-2833-2 Rothman David J. (editor). The Almshouse Experience (Poverty U.S.A.: the Historical Record). New York: Arno Press 1971. ISBN 0-405-03092-4Reprint of Report of the committee appointed by the Board of Guardians of the Poor of the City and Districts of Philadelphia to visit the cities of Baltimore New York Providence Boston and Salem (published in Philadelphia 1827); Report of the Massachusetts General Court's Committee on Pauper Laws (published in Boston 1821); and the 1824 Report of the New York Secretary of State on the relief and settlement of the poor (from the 24th annual report of the New York State Board of Charities 1901). Sen Amartya Poverty and Famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1981 Sen Amartya. Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf 1999 Smeeding Timothy M. O'Higgins Michael & Rainwater Lee. Poverty Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative Perspective. Urban Institute Press 1990. Smith Stephen C. Ending Global Poverty: a guide to what works New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2005 Triest Robert K. "Has Poverty Gotten Worse" Journal of Economic Perspectives 1998. 12:97-114. Wilson Richard & Pickett Kate. The Spirit Level London: Allen Lane 2009 World Bank: "Can South Asia End Poverty in a Generation" World Bank "World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work For Poor People" 2004. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Poverty Look up poverty in Wiktionary the free dictionary. Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Poverty WDS4AD Internet community for poor people. Disease control priorities project Studies the cost effectiveness of health care interventions Human Rights Watch Tracks the abuse of people in less developed countries around the world. Luxembourg Income Study Contains a wealth of data on income inequality and poverty and hundreds of its sponsored research papers using this data. Multinational Monitor Contains reports of corporate misbehavior around the world. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Contains reports on economic development as well as relations between rich and poor nations. Transparency International Tracks issues of government and corporate corruption around the world. United Nations Hundres of free reports related to economic development and standards of living in countries around the world such as the annual Human Development Report. U.S. Agency for International Development USAID is the primary U.S. government agency with the mission for aid to developing countries. World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists Association that helps Islamic donors organize contributions. World Bank Contains hundreds of reports which can be downloaded for free such as the annual World Development Report. World Food Program Associated with the United Nations the World Food Program compiles hundreds of reports on hunger and food security around the world. Islamic Development Bank Islamic relief Largest Muslim relief organization. The Pulsera Project A US based non-profit Organization alleviating poverty in Nicaragua Central America's second poorest nation. Is Life Getting Better : What is Poverty Pamphlet describing the basic idea of poverty and how to measure it from OECD's Measuring Progress project. PovertyVision.org ("the first daily poverty newspaper in the world") OPHI Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) Research to advance the human development approach to poverty reduction. v d ePoverty in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan  Armenia  Azerbaijan  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Bhutan  Brunei  Burma (Myanmar)  Cambodia  People's Republic of China  Cyprus  East Timor (Timor-Leste)  Egypt  Georgia  India  Indonesia  Iran  Iraq  Israel  Japan  Jordan  Kazakhstan  North Korea  South Korea  Kuwait  Kyrgyzstan  Laos  Lebanon  Malaysia  Maldives  Mongolia  Nepal  Oman  Pakistan  Philippines  Qatar  Russia  Saudi Arabia  Singapore  Sri Lanka  Syria  Tajikistan  Thailand  Turkey  Turkmenistan  United Arab Emirates  Uzbekistan  Vietnam  Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia  Nagorno-Karabakh  Northern Cyprus  Palestine  Republic of China (Taiwan)  South Ossetia Dependencies autonomies other territories Christmas Island  Cocos (Keeling) Islands  Hong Kong  Macau