This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson. For its resulting parent company see Thomson Reuters Reuters Type Subsidiary Industry News agency financial Founded October 1851 Headquarters London United Kingdom Revenue 2605m (2007) Operating income 292m (2007) Net income 213m (2007) Owner(s) Thomson Reuters Website reuters.com

Reuters Group Limited (informally Reuters pronounced /rtrz/) is a global news agency1 headquartered in London United Kingdom owned by Thomson Reuters. Until its merger with The Thomson Corporation in 2008 the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company Reuters Group PLC which was also a provider of financial market data with news reporting comprising less than 10% of the company's income.2 All of Thomson Reuters' financial market data activities have now been combined into a single Markets Division of which the Reuters news agency forms a part. Contents 1 History 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 Initial public offering (IPO) 1.3 Post-IPO Expansion 1.4 Thomson merger 2 Journalists 2.1 Fatalities 3 Acquisitions & Investments 4 Corporate locations 5 Criticism and controversy 5.1 Policy of objective language 5.2 Photograph controversies / Anti-Israel Bias 5.3 Antitrust issues 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History Beginnings The 23 November 1878 Reuters Telegram telling of the Battle of Ali Masjid. Reuters Docklands Technical Centre London

Paul Julius Reuter noticed that with the electric telegraph news no longer required days or weeks to travel long distances. In the 1850s the 34-year-old Reuter was based in Aachen then in the Kingdom of Prussia now in Germany close to the borders with the Netherlands and Belgium. He began using the newly opened BerlinAachen telegraph line to send news to Berlin. However there was a 76-mile (122 km) gap in the line between Aachen and Brussels Belgium's capital city and financial center. Reuter saw an opportunity to speed up news service between Brussels and Berlin by using homing pigeons to bridge that gap.

In 1851 Reuter moved to London. After failures in 1847 and 1850 attempts by the Submarine Telegraph Company to lay an undersea telegraph cable across the English Channel from Dover to Calais promised success. Reuter set up his "Submarine Telegraph" office in October 1851 just before the opening of that undersea cable in November and he negotiated a contract with the London Stock Exchange to provide stock prices from exchanges in continental Europe in return for access to the London prices which he then supplied to stockbrokers in Paris. In 1865 Reuter's private firm was restructured and it became a limited company (a corporation) called the Reuter's Telegram Company. Reuter had been naturalised as a British subject in 1857.

Reuter's agency built a reputation in Europe for being the first to report news scoops from abroad such as Abraham Lincolns assassination. Almost every major news outlet in the world now subscribes to Reuters' services which operates in over 200 cities in 94 countries in about 20 languages.

The last surviving member of the Reuters family founders Marguerite Baroness de Reuter died at age 96 on 25 January 2009 after having suffered a series of strokes.3 Initial public offering (IPO)

Reuters was financed as a public company in 1984 on the London Stock Exchange and on the NASDAQ in the United States. However there were concerns that the company's tradition for objective reporting might be jeopardised if control of the company later fell into the hands of a single shareholder. To counter that possibility the constitution of the company at the time of the stock offering included a rule that no individual was allowed to own more than 15% of the company. If this limit is exceeded the directors can order the shareholder to reduce the holding to less than 15%. That rule was applied in the late 1980s when Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation which already held around 15% of Reuters bought an Australian news company that also owned stock in Reuters. Murdoch was subsequently compelled to reduce his holdings to less than 15%.

Further protecting Reuters from owner actions that might threaten its independence is Reuters Founders Share Company Limited formed in 1984 as part of the share float. This company's stated mission is to protect the integrity of the company's news output. It holds one "Founders Share" which can veto all other shares if an attempt is made to alter any of the rules relating to the Reuters Trust Principles. These principles set out the company's aims of independence integrity and freedom from bias in its news reporting.4 Subsequent to the forming of Thomson Reuters the trust principles continued with the RFSC now holding a Founders Share in each of Thomson Reuters Corporation and Thomson Reuters PLC.5 Post-IPO Expansion

Reuters grew rapidly after its 1984 IPO widening the range of its business products and global reporting network for media financial and economic services. In 1988 Reuters formed a joint-venture with the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to build an automated futures trading system named "Globex" at a cost of over USD$100 million.6 Key product launches include Equities 2000 (1987) Dealing 2000-2 (1992) Business Briefing (1994) Reuters Television for the financial markets (1994) 3000 Series (1996) and the Reuters 3000 Xtra service (1999). In the mid-1990s the Reuters company engaged in a brief foray in the radio sector with London Radio's two radio stations London News 97.3 FM and London News Talk 1152 AM. A Reuters Radio News service was also set up to compete with the Independent Radio News. In 1995 Reuters established its "Greenhouse Fund" to take minority investments in start-up technology companies initially in the USA only. In October 2007 Reuters Market Light a division of Reuters launched a mobile phone service for Indian farmers to provide local and customised commodity pricing information news and weather updates. Thomson merger

On 15 May 2007 Canada's The Thomson Corporation merged with Reuters in a deal valued at US $17.2 billion. Thomson now controls about 53 percent of the new company named Thomson Reuters. The chief of Thomson Reuters is Tom Glocer the former head of Reuters. An earlier rule of 15-percent maximum ownership was waived; the reason as given by Pehr Gyllenhammar the chairman of the Reuters Founders Share Company as that the "future of Reuters takes precedence over the principles. If Reuters were not strong enough to continue on its own the principles would have no meaning."7 citing the recent bad financial performance of the company. The acquisition was closed on 17 April 2008. Journalists Reuters employs several thousand journalists sometimes at the cost of their lives. In May 2000 Kurt Schork an American reporter was killed in an ambush while on assignment in Sierra Leone. In April and August 2003 news cameramen Taras Protsyuk and Mazen Dana were killed in separate incidents by US troops in Iraq. In July 2007 Namir Noor-Eldeen and Saeed Chmagh were killed when they were fired upon by a US military Apache helicopter in Baghdad after having been mistakenly identified as carrying weapons.8 During 2004 cameramen Adlan Khasanov in Chechnya and Dhia Najim in Iraq were also killed. In April 2008 cameraman Fadel Shana was killed in the Gaza Strip after being hit by an Israeli tank using flechettes.9 The first Reuters journalist to be taken hostage in action was Anthony Grey. Detained while covering the Cultural Revolution in Peking in the late 1960s it was said to be in response to the jailing of several Chinese journalists by the colonial British Government in Hong Kong.10 He was considered to be the first political hostage of the modern age and was released after almost 2 years of solitary confinement. Awarded an OBE by the British Government in recognition of this he went on to become a best selling author. Fatalities Name Nationality Location Date Kurt Schork American Sierra Leone 24 May 2000 Taras Protsyuk Ukrainian Iraq 8 April 2003 Mazen Dana Palestinian Iraq 17 August 2003 Adlan Khasanov Russian Chechnya 9 May 2004 Dhia Najim Iraqi Iraq 1 November 2004 Waleed Khaled Iraqi Iraq 28 August 2005 Namir Noor-Eldeen Iraqi Iraq 12 July 200711 Saeed Chmagh Iraqi Iraq 12 July 200711 Fadel Shana Palestinian Gaza Strip 16 April 2008 Hiro Muramoto Japanese Thailand 10 April 2010 Sabah al-Bazee Iraqi Iraq 29 March 2011 Acquisitions & Investments Action Images In September 2005 Reuters purchased North London-based Action Images a collection of sports photography of more than 8 million images of which 1.7 million are online. Application Networks In June 2006 Reuters acquired Application Networks Inc. a provider of trade and risk management software based on JRisk and agreed to acquire Feri Fund Market Information Ltd (FERI FMI) and its fund database subsidiary FI Datenservice GmbH (FID).12 AVT Technologies In December 2002 Reuters announced that it would acquire AVT Technologies a specialist in foreign exchange transaction technology. Concurrent with the deal Reuters established an Automated Dealing Technologies business unit headed up by Mark Redwood CEO of AVT Technologies. Bridge Information Systems On 28 September 2001 it completed the largest acquisition in its history with a partial acquisition of Bridge Information Systems Inc. Also during the year the Group acquired 100% of Diagram fip SA and 92% of ProTrader Group LP. In October 2001 the Group disposed of its majority stake in VentureOne Corp. ClearForest In June 2007 Reuters acquired ClearForest13 a provider of Text Analytics solutions whose tagging platform and analytical products allow clients to derive business information from textual content. EcoWin In November 2005 Reuters acquired EcoWin a Gothenburg (Sweden) based provider of global fianancial equities and economic data. Factiva In May 1999 Reuters entered a joint venture with rival Dow Jones & Company to form Factiva14 a business news and information provider. In December 2006 Reuters sold its 50% share in Factiva to Dow Jones who is now sole owner.15 Instinet In May 2001 Instinet completed an IPO on NASDAQ; Reuters sold its majority stake in Instinet to The Nasdaq Stock Market in 2005. Multex.com Inc. In March 2003 Reuters acquired Multex.com Inc. a provider of global financial information. TIBCO Software In July 1999 TIBCO Software completed an IPO on NASDAQ; Reuters retains a substantial proportion of the shares. Reuters announced in early 2000 initiatives designed to migrate core business to an internet-based model. Corporate locations The Reuters Building in Canary Wharf London Borough of Tower Hamlets Thomson Reuters Building at Times Square Midtown Manhattan From 1939 corporate headquarters was in London's famous Fleet Street in a building designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. In 2005 Reuters moved to a larger building in the more modern Canary Wharf. The Reuters Building at 30 South Colonnade is near the One Canada Square tower Jubilee Park and Canary Wharf tube station. The open space below the Reuters building has since been renamed Reuters Plaza. The company's North American headquarters is the Reuters Building at 3 Times Square New York. It is on Seventh Avenue between 42nd and 43rd Streets and was constructed from 1998 to 2001.16 Asian headquarters is located in Singapore having moved there from Hong Kong ahead of the British handover to China in 1997. It has two offices in Singapore one in the city centre at One Raffles Quay and another at 18 Science Park Drive next to the National University of Singapore. Criticism and controversy Policy of objective language Reuters has a strict policy towards upholding journalistic objectivity. This policy has caused comment on the possible insensitivity of its non-use of the word terrorist in reports including the September 11 attacks. Reuters has been careful to only use the word terrorist in quotes whether quotations or scare quotes. Reuters global news editor Stephen Jukes wrote "We all know that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter and that Reuters upholds the principle that we do not use the word terrorist." The Washington Post media critic Howard Kurtz responded "After the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing and again after the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon Reuters allowed the events to be described as acts of terror. But as of last week even that terminology is banned." Reuters later apologised for this characterisation of their policy17 although they maintained the policy itself. The 20 September 2004 edition of The New York Times reported that the Reuters Global Managing Editor David A. Schlesinger objected to Canadian newspapers' editing of Reuters articles by inserting the word terrorist stating that "my goal is to protect our reporters and protect our editorial integrity".18 However when reporting the 7 July 2005 London bombings the service reported "Police said they suspected terrorists were behind the bombings." This line appeared to break with their previous policy and was also criticised.19 Reuters later clarified by pointing out they include the word "when we are quoting someone directly or in indirect speech" and the headline was an example of the latter.20 The news organisation has subsequently used "terrorist" without quotations when the article clarifies that it is someone else's words. Photograph controversies / Anti-Israel Bias Main article: 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict photographs controversies See also: Adnan Hajj photographs controversy Reuters was accused of bias against Israel in its coverage of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict in which the company used two doctored photos by a Lebanese freelance photographer Adnan Hajj.21 On 7 August 2006 Reuters announced22 it severed all ties with Hajj and said his photographs would be removed from its database. In 2010 Reuters was criticised again for anti-Israeli bias when it cropped out activists' knives and a naval commando's blood from photographs taken aboard the Mavi Marmara during the Gaza flotilla raid.2324 In two separate photographs knives held by the activists were edited out of the versions of the pictures published by Reuters.232425 The live arms wielded by the Israeli forces who had boarded the ship were not cropped out. Antitrust issues In November 2009 The European Commission opened formal anti-trust proceedings26 against Thomson Reuters concerning a potential infringement of the EC Treaty's rules on abuse of a dominant market position (Article 82). The Commission will investigate Thomson Reuters' practices in the area of real-time market datafeeds and in particular whether customers or competitors are prevented from translating Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) to alternative identification codes of other datafeed suppliers (so-called 'mapping') to the detriment of competition. The opening of proceedings does not imply that the Commission has proof of an infringement. It signifies that the Commission will conduct an in-depth investigation of the case as a matter of priority. See also Agence France-Presse Associated Press Deutsche Presse-Agentur Interbank market United Press International Caribbean News Agency References Balmer Crispian (Mar 23 2011). "Bombing near Jerusalem bus stop kills woman 30 hurt". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/03/23/uk-israel-explosion-idUKTRE72M3S520110323.  "Police said it was a 'terrorist attack' -- Israel's term for a Palestinian strike." "Reuters About Reuters Investor Relations". Market Update & News Provided by Reuters.com. http://about.reuters.com/investors/corpinfo/.  "Baroness de Reuter last link to news dynasty dies". Reuters. ABC News (Australia). 2009-01-26. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/01/26/2474298.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-21.  "Our company Independence & Trust Principles". reuters.com. http://about.reuters.com/home/aboutus/ourcompany/independencetrust.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-03.  "Reuters Trust Principles". thomsonreuters.com. http://www.thomsonreuters.com/about/reuterstrustprinciples/. Retrieved 2009-07-05. dead link What is an exchange: the automation management and regulation of Financial Markets Rueben Lee Others dismissed this waiver as a convenience to get Company Management off the hook for poor performance.Aussie guardian for agency's ethics The Australian www.timesonline.co.uk TimesOnlinedead link News.Yahoo.com Yahoo! Newsdead link "Foreign Correspondents:The Tiny World of Anthony Grey". Time. 20 December 1968. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0917184470600.html. Retrieved 22 May 2010.  a b Tyson Ann Scott "Military's Killing Of 2 Journalists In Iraq Detailed In New Book" The Washington Post 15 September 2009 p. 7. "Reuters to Acquire European Fund Research Specialist". news.taume.com. 2007-06-29. http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Reuters-to-Acquire-European-Fund-Research-Specialist-1756.  "Text Analytics Solutions from ClearForest". clearforest.com. http://www.clearforest.com.  "Factiva a Dow Jones & Reuters Company". factiva.com. http://www.factiva.com/about/background.aspnodemenuElem1168.  "Dow Jones Completes Acquisition of Full-Ownership of Factiva". dowjones.com. 2006-12-15. http://www.dowjones.com/Pressroom/PressReleases/Other/US/2006/1215USFactiva3158.htm.  "The Reuters Building". Wirednewyork.com. http://www.wirednewyork.com/skyscrapers/3xsq/. Retrieved 2010-10-03.  "Reuters Terrorist Explanation". Homepage.mac.com. http://homepage.mac.com/bkerstetter/writersblock/reutersexplanation.html. Retrieved 2010-10-03.  Austen Ian (20 September 2004). "Reuters Asks a Chain to Remove Its Bylines". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.htmlresFA0917F63F5D0C738EDDA00894DC404482. Retrieved 22 May 2010.  "The Wall Street Journal Online Best of the Web Today". Opinionjournal.com. http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/id110006927#bbc. Retrieved 2010-10-03.  "Reuters About Reuters About us". Market Update & News Provided by Reuters.com. http://about.reuters.com/aboutus/editorial/.  Reuters admits altering Beirut photo Ynetnews Retrieved on 3 June 2008 "Reuters Says Freelancer Manipulated Lebanon Photos". Pdnonline.com. http://www.pdnonline.com/pdn/search/articledisplay.jspvnucontentid1002951326. Retrieved 2010-10-03.  a b Mozgovaya Natasha (8 June 2010). "Reuters under fire for removing weapons blood from images of Gaza flotilla". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/reuters-under-fire-for-removing-weapons-blood-from-images-of-gaza-flotilla-1.294780. Retrieved 8 June 2010.  a b "Did Reuters Crop a Photo to Remove a Peace Activist's Weapon". 6 June 2010. http://littlegreenfootballs.com/article/36488DidReutersCropaPhototoRemoveaPeaceActivistsWeapon. Retrieved 8 June 2010.  "Another Cropped Reuters Photo Deletes Another Knife - And a Pool of Blood". 6 June 2010. http://littlegreenfootballs.com/article/36489AnotherCroppedReutersPhotoDeletesAnotherKnife-AndaPoolofBlood. Retrieved 8 June 2010.  European Commission ed (2009). "Commission opens formal proceedings against Thomson Reuters concerning use of Reuters Instrument Codes" (in en). http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.doreferenceIP/09/1692&formatHTML&aged0&languageEN&guiLanguageen.  Read Donald (1992). The Power of News. The History of Reuters 18491989. Oxford Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821776-5 Mooney Brian ; Simspon Barry (2003). Breaking News. How the wheels came off at Reuters. Capstone. ISBN 1-84112-545-8 Further reading Reuters Interactive launches on BTX Enterprise as Reuters Interactive community site Editorials on Reuters' use of 'terrorist': Wall Street Journal's James Taranto Norman Solomon Institute for Public Accuracy/U.S. columnist Criticism of references to the Holocaust Reuters photo caption of New York City's World Trade Center site after September 11 causes controversy Reuters Investigation Leads To Dismissal Of Editor External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Reuters Group Reuters consumer websites Reuters US Reuters Germany Reuters UK Reuters Arabic Reuters Japan Reuters China Reuters India Reuters in Twitter Reuters Interactive Reuters Product website Times of Crisis multimedia interactive charting the year of global change Bearing Witness award-winning multimedia reflecting on war in Iraq Reuters The State of the World News Imagery of the 21st century Reuters Group PLC Company Profile at Yahoo! Inc. 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