"Mugabe" redirects here. For other uses see Mugabe (disambiguation). Robert Mugabe 2nd President of Zimbabwe Incumbent Assumed office  31 December 1987 Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai Vice President Joice Mujuru Simon Muzenda John Nkomo Preceded by Canaan Banana 1st Prime Minister of Zimbabwe In office 18 April 1980  31 December 1987 President Canaan Banana Preceded by Abel Muzorewa (Zimbabwe Rhodesia) Succeeded by Post abolished Morgan Tsvangirai (2009) 10th Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement In office 6 September 1986  7 September 1989 Preceded by Zail Singh Succeeded by Janez Drnovek Born 21 February 1924 (1924-02-21) (age 87) Kutama Southern Rhodesia Political party ZANU-PF (1987present) ZANU 19631987) ZAPU (19611963) NDP (19601961) Spouse(s) Sally Hayfron (Deceased) Grace Marufu Alma mater University of Fort Hare University of South Africa University of London University of Oxford Religion Roman Catholicism Signature

Robert Gabriel Mugabe (Shona pronunciation: muaeneeds tone English: /mubi/ moo-gah-bee; born 21 February 1924) is the President of Zimbabwe. As one of the leaders of the liberation movement against white-minority rule he was elected into power in 1980. He served as Prime Minister from 1980 to 1987 and as the first executive head of state since 1987.1

Mugabe rose to prominence in the 1960s as the Secretary General of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) during the conflict against the white-minority rule government of Ian Smith. Mugabe was a political prisoner in Rhodesia for more than 10 years between 1964 and 1974.2 Upon release with Edgar Tekere Mugabe left Rhodesia in 1975 to re-join the Zimbabwe Liberation Struggle (Rhodesian Bush War) from bases in Mozambique.

At the end of the war in 1979 Mugabe emerged as a hero in the minds of many Africans.34 He won the general elections of 1980 the second in which the majority of Black Africans participated in large numbers (though the electoral system in Rhodesia had allowed Black participation based on qualified franchise). Mugabe then became the first Prime Minister after calling for reconciliation between formerly warring parties including white Rhodesians and rival political groups.

The years following Zimbabwe's independence saw a split between the two key belligerents who had fought alongside each other during the 1970s against the government of Rhodesia. An armed conflict between Mugabe's Government and dissident followers of Joshua Nkomo's pro-Marxist ZAPU erupted. Following the deaths of thousands neither warring faction able to defeat the other the heads of the opposing movements reached a landmark agreement whence was created a new ruling party ZANU PF as a merger between the two former rivals.5

In 1998 Mugabe's government supported the Southern African Development Community's intervention in the Second Congo War by sending Zimbabwean troops to assist the Kabila government.citation needed

Since 2000 the Mugabe-led government embarked on a controversial fast-track land reform program intended to correct the inequitable land distribution created by colonial rule.6 The period has been marked by the deterioration of the Zimbabwean economic situation. Mugabe's policies have been condemned in some quarters at home and abroad especially receiving harsh criticism from the British and American governments arguing they amount to an often violent land seizure. Eventually a wide range of sanctions789 was imposed by the US government and European Union against the person of Mugabe individuals private companies parastatals and the government of Zimbabwe. In 2008 his party suffered a tight defeat in national parliamentary elections but after disputed presidential elections Mugabe retained presidential power with the signing of a power-sharing deal with opposition leaders Morgan Tsvangirai and Arthur Mutambara of the MDC-T and MDC-M opposition party.10 Contents 1 Early life 2 Early political career 3 Lancaster House Agreement 4 Prime Minister 5 President 5.1 Gukurahundi 5.2 Economy 5.3 Social programs 5.4 Racism 5.5 Views on homosexuality 5.6 Second Congo War 5.7 Land reform 5.8 Elections 5.8.1 General elections 2008 5.8.1.1 First-round defeat and the campaign of violence 5.8.1.2 The outcome of the run-off election 5.9 Criticism and opposition 5.10 Sanctions 5.11 Succession 5.12 SADC-facilitated government power-sharing agreement 6 Honours and revocations 7 Personal life 8 In fiction 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life

Robert Gabriel Mugabe was born near Kutama Jesuit Mission in the Zvimba District northwest of Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia to a Malawian father Gabriel Matibili and a Shona mother Bona both Roman Catholic. He was the third of six children. He had two older brothers and one of them Michael was very popular in the village. Both his older brothers died when he was young leaving Robert and his younger brother Donato.11 His father Gabriel Matibili a carpenter12 abandoned the Mugabe family in 1934 after Michael died in search of work in Bulawayo.13

Mugabe was raised as a Roman Catholic studying in Marist Brothers and Jesuit schools including the exclusive Kutama College headed by an Irish priest Father Jerome O'Hea who took him under his wing. Through his youth Mugabe was never socially popular nor physically active and spent most of his time with the priests or his mother when he was not reading in the school's libraries. He was described as never playing with other children but enjoying his own company.12 According to his brother Donato his only friends were his books 14

He qualified as a teacher but left to study at Fort Hare in South Africa graduating in 1951 while meeting contemporaries such as Julius Nyerere Herbert Chitepo Robert Sobukwe and Kenneth Kaunda. He then studied at Salisbury (1953) Gwelo (1954) and Tanzania (19551957). Originally graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Fort Hare in 1951 Mugabe subsequently earned six further degrees through distance learning including a Bachelor of Administration and Bachelor of Education from the University of South Africa and a Bachelor of Science Bachelor of Laws Master of Science and Master of Laws all from the University of London External Programme.15 The two Law degrees were earned while he was in prison the Master of Science degree earned during his premiership of Zimbabwe.16 After graduating Mugabe lectured at Chalimbana Teacher Training College in Zambia from 19551958 thereafter he taught at Apowa Secondary School at Takoradi in the Western region of Ghana after completing his local certification at Achimota School (19581960) where he met Sally Hayfron whom he married in April 1961.17 During his stay in Ghana he was influenced and inspired by Ghana's then Prime Minister Kwame Nkrumah. In addition Mugabe and some of his Zimbabwe African National Union party cadres received instruction at the Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute then at Winneba in southern Ghana.1819 Early political career Main article: History of Zimbabwe Mugabe returned to Southern Rhodesia and joined the National Democratic Party (NDP) in 1960.20 The administration of Prime Minister Ian Smith banned the NDP when it later became Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU). Mugabe left ZAPU in 1963 to join the rival Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) which had been formed in 1963 by the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole Edgar Tekere Edson Zvobgo Enos Nkala and lawyer Herbert Chitepo. ZANU was influenced by the Africanist ideas of the Pan Africanist Congress in South Africa21 and influenced by Maoism while ZAPU was an ally of the African National Congress and was a supporter of a more orthodox pro-Soviet line on national liberation. Similar divisions can also be seen in the liberation movement in Angola between the MPLA and UNITA. It would have been easy for the party to split along tribal lines between the Ndebele and Mugabe's own Shona tribe but cross-tribal representation was maintained by his partners. ZANU leader Sithole nominated Robert Mugabe as his Secretary General. In 1964 Mugabe was arrested for subversive speech and spent the next 11 years in Salisbury prison. During that period he earned three degrees including a law degree from London and a bachelor of administration from the University of South Africa by correspondence courses. When Mugabe's four-year-old son died he was refused permission by Smith's government to leave prison to attend the funeral.12 In 1974 while still in prison Mugabe was electedwith the powerful influence of Edgar Tekereto take over the reins of ZANU after a no-confidence vote was passed on Ndabaningi Sithole22 Mugabe himself abstained from voting. His time in prison burnished his reputation and helped his cause.12 Following a South African dtente initiative Mugabe was released from prison in November 1974 along with other Nationalist leaders and having initially travelled to Zambia where he was ignored by Kenneth Kaunda returned then left once again in April 1975 for Mozambique assisted by a Dominican nun where he was later placed in temporary protective custody by President Samora Machel. According to Eddie Cross who participated in interviews of the leadership at that time to determine their views on the "longer term future" Mugabe's political viewpoint was that "a new 'progressive' society could not be constructed on the foundations of the past and that they would have to destroy most of what had been built up after 1900 before a new society based on subsistence and peasant values could be constructed".232425 Mugabe unilaterally assumed control of ZANU after the death of Herbert Chitepo on 18 March 1975. Later that year after squabbling with Ndabaningi Sithole Mugabe formed a militant ZANU faction leaving Sithole to lead the moderate Zanu (Ndonga) party. Many opposition leaders mysteriously died during this time (Including one who allegedly died in a car crash although the car was rumoured to have been riddled with bullet holes at the scene of the accident).12 Additionally an opposing newspaper's printing press was bombed and its journalists tortured.12 Lancaster House Agreement Prime Minister Mugabe departs Andrews Air Force Base after a state visit to the United States in 1983 Main article: Lancaster House Agreement Persuasion from B.J. Vorster himself under pressure from Henry Kissinger forced Ian Smith the sitting prime minister at the time to accept in principle that white minority rule could not continue indefinitely. On 3 March 1978 Bishop Abel Muzorewa Ndabaningi Sithole and other moderate leaders signed an agreement at the Governor's Lodge in Salisbury which paved the way for an interim power-sharing government in preparation for elections. The elections were won by the United African National Council under Bishop Abel Muzorewa but international recognition did not follow and sanctions were not lifted. The two 'Patriotic Front' groups under Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo refused to participate and continued the war. The incoming government did accept an invitation to talks at Lancaster House in September 1979. A ceasefire was negotiated for the talks which were attended by Smith Mugabe Nkomo Zvobgo and others. Eventually the parties to the talks agreed on a new constitution for a new Republic of Zimbabwe with elections in February 1980. The Lancaster Agreement saw Mugabe make two important and contentious concessions. First he allowed 20 seats to be reserved for whites in the new Parliament and second he agreed to a ten year moratorium on constitutional amendments. His return to Zimbabwe in December 1979 following the completion of the Lancaster House Agreement was greeted with enormous supportive crowds. Prime Minister President Robert Mugabe After a campaign marked by intimidation from all sides mistrust from security forces and reports of full ballot boxes found on the road the Shona majority was decisive in electing Mugabe to head the first government as prime minister on 4 March 1980. ZANU won 57 out of 80 Common Roll seats in the new parliament with the 20 white seats all going to the Rhodesian Front.citation needed Mugabe whose political support came from his Shona-speaking homeland in the north attempted to build Zimbabwe on a basis of an uneasy coalition with his ZAPU rivals whose support came from the Ndebele-speaking south and with the white minority. Mugabe sought to incorporate ZAPU into his ZANU led government and ZAPU's military wing into the army. ZAPU's leader Joshua Nkomo was given a series of cabinet positions in Mugabe's government. However Mugabe was torn between this objective and pressures to meet the expectations of his own ZANU followers for a faster pace of social change. In 1983 Mugabe fired Nkomo from his cabinet triggering bitter fighting between ZAPU supporters in the Ndebele-speaking region of the country and the ruling ZANU. Mugabe accused the Ndebele tribe of plotting to overthrow him after sacking Nkomo. Between 1982 and 1985 the military crushed armed resistance from Ndebele groups in the provinces of Matabeleland and the Midlands leaving Mugabe's rule secure. Mugabe has been accused by the BBC's Panorama programme of committing mass murder during this period of his rule after the show investigated claims made by political activist Gary Jones that Mugabe had been instrumental in removing him and his family from his farmland.26 A peace accord was negotiated in 1987.27 ZAPU merged into the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) on 22 December 1988.28 Mugabe brought Nkomo into the government once again as a vice-president.citation needed President In 1987 the position of Prime Minister was abolished and Mugabe assumed the new office of executive President of Zimbabwe gaining additional powers in the process. He was re-elected in 1990 and 1996 and in 2002 amid claims of widespread vote-rigging and intimidation. Mugabe's term of office expired at the end of March 2008 but he was re-elected later in 2008 in another election marred by allegations of election fraud and intimidation. Mugabe has been the Chancellor of the University of Zimbabwe since Parliament passed the University of Zimbabwe Amendment Bill in November 1990.29 Gukurahundi Main article: Gukurahundi There were major outbreaks of violence between ZIPRA and ZANLA awaiting integration into the National Army. ZAPU was believed to have been planning an armed revolt to make up for ZAPU's poor showing in the 1980 elections.5 Major arms caches were discovered in early 1982 and this caused a final rift between ZANU and ZAPU. Some believe that this was engineered by South African agents. South Africa's policy of destabilising Zimbabwe by military means while blaming ZAPU for the actions of South African agents helped to escalate the breakdown between ZAPU and ZANU in the early 1980s. This in turn led Zimbabwe to retain a state of emergency throughout the 1980s.5 According to a report by the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe's Fifth Brigade killed between 3000 and 3750 people.5 Economy Main article: Economy of Zimbabwe During the 1980s Mugabe's policies were largely socialist in orientation. In 1980 and 1981 the Zimbabwean economy showed strong growth of the GDP with 10.6% and 12.5%. From 19821989 economic growth averaged just 2.7% (19801989 average 4.47%). The white minority government maintained (with economic sanctions) from 19661972 a 6.7% average growth rate and overall from 1966 till 1979 a 3.8% average growth rate.30 Unsuccessful market reform attempts were started in the 1990s and the economy stagnated in this time. Since 2000 GDP has declined by roughly 40% in part due to land reform and hyperinflation. On November 2010 the IMF described the Zimbabwean economy as "completing its second year of buoyant economic growth".3132 Social programs According to a 1995 World Bank report after independence "Zimbabwe gave priority to human resource investments and support for smallholder agriculture" and as a result "smallholder agriculture expanded rapidly during the first half of the 1980s and social indicators improved quickly." From 1980 to 1990 infant mortality decreased from 86 to 49 per 1000 live births under five mortality was reduced from 128 to 58 per 1000 live births and immunisation increased from 25% to 80% of the population. Also "child malnutrition fell from 22% to 12% and life expectancy increased from 56 to 64. By 1990 Zimbabwe had a lower infant mortality rate higher adult literacy and higher school enrolment rate than average for developing countries".33 In 1991 the government of Zimbabwe short on hard currency and under international pressure embarked on an austerity program. The World Bank's 1995 report explained that such reforms were required because Zimbabwe was unable to absorb into its labour market the many graduates from its impressive education system and that it needed to attract additional foreign investments. The reforms however undermined the livelihoods of Zimbabwe's poor majority; the report noted "large segments of the population including most smallholder farmers and small scale enterprises find themselves in a vulnerable position with limited capacity to respond to evolving market opportunities. This is due to their limited access to natural technical and financial resources to the contraction of many public services for smallholder agriculture and to their still nascent links with larger scale enterprises." Moreover these people were forced to live on marginal lands as Zimbabwe's best lands were reserved for mainly white landlords growing cash crops for export a sector of the economy favoured by the IMF's plan. For the poor on the communal lands "existing levels of production in these areas are now threatened by the environmental fragility of the natural resource base and the unsustainability of existing farming practices".33 The International Monetary Fund later suspended aid saying reforms were "not on track." According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) life expectancy at birth for Zimbabwean men has since become 37 years and is 34 years for women the lowest such figures for any nation.34 The World Bank's 1995 report predicted this decline in life expectancy from its 1990 height of 64 years when commenting on health care system cuts mandated by the IMF structural adjustment programme it stated that "The decline in resources is creating strains and threatening the sustainability of health sector achievements".33 While Zimbabwe has suffered in many other measures under Mugabe as a former schoolteacher he has been well-known for his commitment to education.12 As of 2008 Zimbabwe had a literacy rate of 90% the highest in Africa.35 However Catholic Archbishop of Zimbabwe Pius Ncube decried the educational situation in the country saying among other scathing indictments of Mugabe "We had the best education in Africa and now our schools are closing".36 Prior to its suspension in 2009 the Zimbabwe dollar had suffered from the second-highest hyperinflation rate of any currency in modern times.37 Racism A number of people have accused Mugabe of having a racist attitude towards white people. John Sentamu a Uganda-born Archbishop of York in the United Kingdom calls Mugabe "the worst kind of racist dictator" for having "targeted the whites for their apparent riches".38 Almost thirty years after ending white-minority rule in Zimbabwe Mugabe accuses the United Kingdom and the United States of promoting white imperialism and regularly accuses opposition figures to his government of being allies of white imperialism.3940 When the United Kingdom once condemned Mugabe's authoritarian policies and alleged racist attitudes as being comparable to those of German Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler Mugabe responded with an extremely controversial remark mocking the UK's claims by saying about himself and his policies that "I am still the Hitler of the time. This Hitler has only one objective justice for his own people sovereignty for his people recognition of the independence of his people and their right to their resources. If that is Hitler then let me be a Hitler tenfold."41 Views on homosexuality Mugabe has been uncompromising in his opposition to homosexuality. In September 1995 Zimbabwe's parliament introduced legislation banning homosexual acts.42 In 1997 a court found Canaan Banana Mugabe's predecessor and the first President of Zimbabwe guilty of 11 counts of sodomy and indecent assault.43 Second Congo War Mugabe was blamed for Zimbabwe's participation in the Second Congo War in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At a time when the Zimbabwean economy was struggling Zimbabwe responded to a call by the Southern African Development Community to help the struggling regime in Kinshasa. The Democratic Republic of the Congo had been invaded by Rwanda and Uganda both of which claimed that their civilians and regional stability were under constant threat of attack by Rwandan Hutu militiamen based in the Congo.44 However the Congolese government as well as international commentators charged that the motive for the invasion was to grab the rich mineral resources of eastern Congo.4546 The war raised accusations of corruption with officials alleged to be plundering the Congo's mineral reserves. Mugabe's defence minister Moven Mahachi said "Instead of our army in the DRC burdening the treasury for more resources which are not available it embarks on viable projects for the sake of generating the necessary revenue".47 Land reform Main article: Land reform in Zimbabwe When Zimbabwe gained independence 46.5% of the country's arable land was owned by around 6000 commercial farmers48 and white farmers who made up less than 1% of the population owned 70% of the best farming land.49 Mugabe accepted a "willing buyer willing seller" plan as part of the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 among other concessions to the white minority.50 As part of this agreement land redistribution was blocked for a period of 10 years.51 In 1997 the new British government led by Tony Blair unilaterally stopped funding the "willing buyer willing seller" land reform programme on the basis that the initial 44 million allocated under the Thatcher government was used to purchase land for members of the ruling elite rather than landless peasants. Furthermore Britain's ruling Labour Party felt no obligation to continue paying white farmers compensation or in minister Clare Short's words "I should make it clear that we do not accept that Britain has a special responsibility to meet the costs of land purchase in Zimbabwe. We are a new Government from diverse backgrounds without links to former colonial interests. My own origins are Irish and as you know we were colonised not colonisers".52 Some commentators such as Matthew Sweet in The Independent hold Cecil Rhodes ultimately responsible: ... It was Cecil Rhodes who originated the racist 'land grabs' to which Zimbabwe's current miseries can ultimately be traced. It was Rhodes who in 1887 told the House Of Assembly in Cape Town South Africa that 'the native is to be treated as a child and denied the franchise. We must adopt a system of despotism in our relations with the barbarians of Southern Africa'.53 According to Sweet "In less oratorical moments he put it even more bluntly: 'I prefer land to niggers.'" From 12 to 13 February 2000 a referendum on constitutional amendments was held. The proposed amendments would have limited future presidents to two terms but as it was not retroactive Mugabe could have stood for another two terms. It also would have made his government and military officials immune from prosecution for any illegal acts committed while in office. In addition it allowed the government to confiscate white-owned land for redistribution to black farmers without compensation. The motion failed with 55% of participants against the referendum.54 The referendum had a 20% turnout fuelled by an effective SMS campaign. Mugabe declared that he would "abide by the will of the people". The vote was a surprise to ZANU-PF and an embarrassment before parliamentary elections due in mid-April. Almost immediately self-styled "war veterans" led by Chenjerai 'Hitler' Hunzvi began invading white-owned farms. Those who did not leave voluntarily were often tortured and sometimes killed. One was forced to drink diesel fuel as a form of torture.55 On 6 April 2000 Parliament pushed through an amendment taken word for word from the draft constitution that was rejected by voters allowing the seizure of white-owned farmlands without due reimbursement or payment.56 On 8 December 2003 in protest against a further 18 months of suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations (thereby cutting foreign aid to Zimbabwe) Mugabe withdrew his country from the Commonwealth. Mugabe informed the leaders of Jamaica Nigeria and South Africa of his decision when they telephoned him to discuss the situation. Zimbabwe's government said the President did not accept the Commonwealth's position and was leaving the group.57 The United Nations provoked anger when its Food and Agriculture Organisation invited Mugabe to speak at a celebration of its 60th anniversary in Rome. Critics of the move argued that since Mugabe could not feed his own people without the UN's support he was an inappropriate speaker for the group which has a mission statement of "helping to build a world without hunger".58 In 2005 Mugabe ordered a raid conducted on what the government termed "illegal shelters" in Harare resulting in 10000 urban poor being left homeless from "Operation Murambatsvina (English: Operation Drive Out the Rubbish)." The authorities themselves had moved the poor inhabitants to the area in 1992 telling them not to build permanent homes and that their new homes were temporary leading the inhabitants to build their own temporary shelters out of cardboard and wood.59 Since the inhabitants of the shantytowns overwhelmingly supported the Movement for Democratic Change opposition party in the previous election many alleged that the mass bulldozing was politically motivated.59 The UK's Daily Telegraph noted that Mugabe's "latest palace" in the style of a pagoda was located a mile from the destroyed shelters.59 The UN released a report stating that the actions of Mugabe resulted in the loss of home or livelihood for more than 700000 Zimbabweans and negatively affected 2.4 million more.58 As of September 2006 Mugabe's family owns three farms: Highfield Estate in Norton 45 km west of Harare Iron Mask Estate in Mazowe about 40 km from Harare and Foyle Farm in Mazowe formerly owned by Ian Webster and adjacent to Iron Mask Farm renamed to Gushungo Farm after Mugabe's own clan name.60 These farms were seized forcibly from their previous owners.61 Mugabe blames the food shortages on drought and the cumulative effect of sanctions imposed against the country. In November 2010 the Institute of Development Studies at Sussex University in England released a comprehensive study on the effects of Zimbabwean land reform. The study suggested that the consequences were mixed but that previous claims that the reform was a failure that its primary recipients were political "cronies" or that it caused rural collapse were unfounded. One of the study's authors Professor Ian Scoones stated: "What comes through from our research is the complexity the differences in experience almost farm by farm; there is no single simple story of the Zimbabwe land reform as sometimes assumed by press reports political commentators or indeed much academic study".62 Elections In April 1979 64% of the black citizens of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) lined up at the polls to vote in the first democratic election in the history of that southern African nation. Two-thirds of them supported Abel Muzorewa a bishop in the United Methodist Church. He was the first black prime minister of a country only 4% white. Muzorewa's victory put an end to the 14-year political odyssey of outgoing prime minister Ian Smith who had infamously announced in 1976 "I do not believe in black majority rulenot in a thousand years." Less than a year after Muzorewa's victory however in February 1980 another election was held in Zimbabwe. This time Robert Mugabe the Marxist who had fought a seven-year guerilla war against Rhodesia's white-led government won 64% of the vote after a campaign marked by widespread intimidation outright violence and Mugabe's threat to continue the civil war if he lost. Mugabe became prime minister and was toasted by the international community and media as a new sort of African leader. Mugabe has continued to win elections although frequently these have been criticised by outsiders for violating various electoral procedures. Mugabe faced Tsvangirai of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in presidential elections in March 2002.63 Mugabe defeated Tsvangirai by 56.2% to 41.9% amid violence and the prevention of large numbers of citizens in urban areas from voting. The conduct of the elections was widely viewed internationally as having been manipulated.6465 Many groups such as the United Kingdom the European Union the United States and Tsvangirai's party assert that the result was rigged.63 Mugabe's ZANU-PF party won the 2005 parliamentary elections with an increased majority. The elections were said by (again) South African observers to "reflect the free will of the people of Zimbabwe" despite accusations of widespread fraud from the MDC.66 On 6 February 2007 Mugabe orchestrated a cabinet reshuffle ousting ministers including five-year veteran finance minister Herbert Murerwa.67 On 11 March 2007 opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai was arrested and beaten following a prayer meeting in the Harare suburb of Highfields. Another member of the Movement for Democratic Change was killed while other protesters were injured.68 Mugabe claimed that "Tsvangirai deserved his beating-up by police because he was not allowed to attend a banned rally" on 30 March 2007.69 General elections 2008 Main article: Zimbabwean presidential election 2008 Mugabe launched his election campaign on his birthday in Beitbridge a small town on the border with South Africa on 23 February 2008 by denouncing both the opposition MDC and Simba Makoni's candidacy. He was quoted in the state media as saying: "Dr Makoni lacked majority support while Mr Tsvangirai was in the presidential race simply to please his Western backers in exchange for money".70 These are the charges he has used in the past to describe the leader of the opposition.citation needed In the week Dr. Makoni launched his campaign for the presidency he accused Mugabe of buying votes from the electorate. This was a few hours after Dumiso Dabengwa had come out and endorsed Dr. Makoni's candidature.71 First-round defeat and the campaign of violence The presidential elections were conducted on 29 March 2008 together with the parliamentary elections. On 2 April 2008 the Zimbabwe Election Commission confirmed that Mugabe and his party known as ZANU-PF had lost control of Parliament to the main opposition party the Movement for Democratic Change. This was confirmed when the results were released.72 Both the opposition and his party challenged the results in some constituencies.73 According to unofficial polling Zanu-PF took 94 seats and the main opposition party MDC took 96 seats.74 On 3 April 2008 Zimbabwean government forces began cracking down on the main opposition party and arrested at least two foreign journalists who were covering the disputed presidential election including a correspondent for the New York Times.7576 On 30 March 2008 Mugabe convened a meeting with his top security officials to discuss his defeat in the elections. According to the Washington Post he was prepared to concede but was advised by Zimbabwe's military chief Gen. Constantine Chiwenga to remain in the race with the senior military officers "supervising a military-style campaign against the opposition".77 The first phase of the plan started a week later involving the building of 2000 party compounds across Zimbabwe to serve as bases for the party militias.77 On an 8 April 2008 meeting the military plan was given the code name of "CIBD" which stood for: "Coercion. Intimidation. Beating. Displacement."77 The official results for the presidential elections would be delayed for five weeks. When British Prime Minister Gordon Brown attempted to intervene into the election controversy Mugabe dismissed him as "a little tiny dot on this planet".78 When the official results for the presidential elections were finally published by the Zimbabwe election commission on 2 May 2008 they showed that Mr. Mugabe had lost in the first round getting 1079730 votes (43.2%) against 1195562 (47.9%) collected by Mr. Tsvangirai. Therefore no candidate secured the final win in the first round and a presidential run-off will be needed. The opposition called the results "scandalous daylight robbery" claiming an outright victory in the first round with 50.3% of the votes.79 However closer analysis of the opposition MDC's own figures as published on the party's website at time showed they had secured 49.1% of the vote and not the claimed requiste of +50% to avoid a run-off election.80 Mugabe's run-off campaign was managed by Emerson Mnangagwa a former security chief of the conflict of Gukurahundi.77 The Washington Post asserts that the campaign of violence was bringing results to the ruling party by crushing the opposition party MDC and coercion of its supporters. By 20 June 2008 the Zimbabwe Association of Doctors for Human Rights had "recorded 85 deaths in political violence since the first round of voting".81 News organizations report that by the date of the second-round election more than 80 opposition supporters had been killed hundreds more were missing in addition to thousands injured and hundreds of thousands driven from their homes.77 Zimbabwean officials alleged that activists of the MDC disguised as ZANU-PF members had perpetrated violence against the population mimicking the tactics of the Selous Scouts during the liberation struggle. They alleged that there was a "predominance" of Selous Scouts in the MDC.82 The Sunday Mail published an article which claimed that former Selous Scouts were training MDC youth activists in violent tactics at locations near Tswane (Pretoria) and Pietermaritzburg in South Africa.83 In addition at least 100 officials and polling officers of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission were arrested after the first round election.8485 Tsvangirai initially agreed to a presidential run-off with Robert Mugabe86 but later withdrew (on 22 June 2008) citing violence targeted at his campaign. He complained that the elections were pointless as the outcome would be determined by Mugabe himself.87 The outcome of the run-off election The run-off election was held on 27 June 2008 and Zimbabwes Electoral Commission released the results two days later. The official results showed that Mugabe had managed to double his votes since the first round to 2150269 votes (85.5%) while his opponent Tsvangirai obtained only 233000 (9.3%).88 However Tsvangirai had pulled out previously because of widespread violence from the ZANU-PF's forces. The violence includes beating rape and others. Many voted because if they did not they could face violence against them. Although witnesses and election monitors had reported a low turnout in many areas of the country89 the official tally showed that the total vote had increased from 2497265 votes in the first round90 to 2514750 votes in the second round.88 Two legal opinions commissioned by the Southern African Litigation Centre (SALC)91 declared the run-off election illegal because it occurred outside the 21 day period within which it had to take place under Zimbabwean law. Under item 3(1)(b) of the Second Schedule of the Electoral Act if no second election is held within 21 days of the first election the candidate with the highest number of votes in the first election has been duly elected as President and must be declared as such. According to the figures released by Zimbabwes Electoral Commission that would mean that Morgan Tsvangirai is the de jure President. Mugabe's inauguration to his sixth presidential term of office was a hastily arranged ceremony convened barely an hour after the electoral commission declared his victory on 29 June 2008.92 None of his fellow African heads of state were present at his inauguration; there were only family members ministers and security chiefs in the guests' tent.93 The Zimbabwean military and not President Robert Mugabe is now running the troubled country in the opinion of a South Africa-based NGO called the Zimbabwe Solidarity Forum (ZSF) 10 Jul 2008.94 The United Kingdom announced a policy of seizing foreign assets belonging to Mugabe. Mugabe replied that he has no foreign assets to seize. HSBC proceeded to seize the bank account of Sam Mugabe a 23-year old British subject of Zimbabwean origin no relation to Robert Mugabe. The HSBC bank which carried out the seizure of her account subsequently apologised.959697 On 20 December despite increased criticism and pressure to resign Mugabe averred during ZANU-PF's tenth annual conference in Bindura some eighty kilometres north of Harare that he would brook no such thing.98 Criticism and opposition Example of foreign criticism: a demonstration against Mugabe's regime next to the Zimbabwe embassy in London (Summer 2006). Since 1998 Mugabe's policies have increasingly elicited domestic and international denunciation. They have been denounced as racist against Zimbabwe's white minority99100101 Mugabe has described his critics as "born again colonialists"102103 and both he and his supporters claim that Zimbabwe's problems are the legacy of imperialism104 aggravated by Western economic meddling. According to The Herald a Zimbabwean newspaper owned by the government the U.K. is pursuing a policy of regime change.95 Mugabe's critics accuse him of conducting a "reign of terror"59105 and being an "extremely poor role model" for the continent whose "transgressions are unpardonable".106 In solidarity with the April 2007 general strike called by the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) British Trades Union Congress General Secretary Brendan Barber said of Mugabe's regime: 'Zimbabwe's people are suffering from Mugabe's appalling economic mismanagement corruption and brutal repression. They are standing up for their rights and we must stand with them." Lela Kogbara Chair of ACTSA (Action for Southern Africa) similarly has said: "As with every oppressive regime women and workers are left bearing the brunt. Please join us as we stand in solidarity with the people of Zimbabwe in their struggle for peace justice and freedom".107 Robert Guest the Africa editor for The Economist for seven years argues that Mugabe is to blame for Zimbabwe's economic freefall. "In 1980 the average annual income in Zimbabwe was US$950 and a Zimbabwean dollar was worth more than an American one. By 2003 the average income was less than US$400 and the Zimbabwean economy was in freefall.108 "Mugabe has ruled Zimbabwe for nearly three decades and has led it in that time from impressive success to the most dramatic peacetime collapse of any country since Weimar Germany".12 In The Daily Telegraph Mugabe was criticised for comparing himself to Hitler. Mugabe was quoted as saying "This Hitler has only one objective: justice for his people sovereignty for his people recognition of the independence of his people and their rights over their resources. If that is Hitler then let me be a Hitler tenfold".109 In recent years Western governments have condemned Mugabe's government. On 9 March 2003 U.S. President George W. Bush approved measures for economic sanctions to be levelled against Mugabe and other high-ranking Zimbabwe politicians freezing their assets and barring Americans from engaging in any transactions or dealings with them. Justifying the move Bush's spokesman stated that the President and Congress believe that "the situation in Zimbabwe endangers the southern African region and threatens to undermine efforts to foster good governance and respect for the rule of law throughout the continent." The bill was known as the Zimbabwe Democracy Act.110 In reaction to human rights violations in Zimbabwe students at universities from which Mugabe has honorary doctorates have sought to get the degrees revoked. So far the University of Edinburgh and University of Massachusetts have stripped Mugabe of his honorary degree111 after two years of campaigning from Edinburgh University Students' Association. In addition the student body at Michigan State University (ASMSU) unanimously passed a resolution calling for this. The issue is now being considered by the university.112 Mugabe's office forbade the screening of the 2005 movie The Interpreter claiming that it was propaganda by the CIA and fearing that it could incite hostility towards him.113 In 2007 Parade magazine ranked Mugabe the 7th worst dictator in the world.114 The same magazine ranked him worst dictator of the year 2009 two years later. 115 An official from Chatham House suggested that Mugabe was unlikely to leave Zimbabwe but that if he were to leave he might go to Malaysia where some believe that he has "stashed much of his wealth".116 In response to Mugabe's critics former Zambian leader Kenneth Kaunda was quoted blaming not Mugabe for Zimbabwe's troubles but successive British governments.117 He wrote in June 2007 that "leaders in the West say Robert Mugabe is a demon that he has destroyed Zimbabwe and he must be got rid of but this demonising is made by people who may not understand what Robert Gabriel Mugabe and his fellow freedom fighters went through".3 Similarly Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade responded to his critics by saying that Zimbabwe's problems are the legacy of colonialism.118 Mugabe's supporters characterise him as a true Pan-Africanist and a dedicated anti-imperialist who stands strong against forces of imperialism in Africa. According to Mugabe's supporters the Western media are not objectively reporting on Zimbabwe but are peddling falsehoods. Mugabe's supporters accuse certain western governments of trying to eradicate pan-Africanism in order to deny real independence to African countries by imposing client regimes.119 The Times charged that on 12 June 2008 Mugabe's Militia murdered Dadirai Chipiro the wife of Mugabe's political opponent Patson Chipiro by burning her alive with a petrol bomb after severing her hands and feet.120 Sanctions After the start of the Fast Track land reform program in 2000 the US Senate put a credit freeze on the government of Zimbabwe through the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001. Signed into law on December 21 2001 ZDERA froze the Zimbabwean government's lines of credit at international financial institutions through Section 4C titled Multilateral Financing Restriction. This credit freeze forced the Zimbabwean government to operate on a cash only basis and caused high inflation in 2001 to turn into hyperinflation in 2002 and beyond. It caused the first export deficit the first big drop in tobacco exports and a greater fall of the Zimbabwe dollar against the US dollar than in the previous 6 years in the year 2002. SEC. 4. SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY. (c) MULTILATERAL FINANCING RESTRICTION- ... the Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director to each international financial institution to oppose and vote against-- (1) any extension by the respective institution of any loan credit or guarantee to the Government of Zimbabwe; or (2) any cancellation or reduction of indebtedness owed by the Government of Zimbabwe to the United States or any international financial institution. 121 ZDERA was sponsored by Bill Frist (R-Tenn.) and co-sponsored by then senators Hillary Clinton Joe Biden Russ Feingold and Jesse Helms. In 2010 Russ Feingold introduced a new law that would continue the credit freeze on Zimbabwe called the Zimbabwe Transition to Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2010 (ZTDERA). Senator James Inhofe (R-Okla.) introduced the Zimbabwe Sanctions Repeal Act of 2010 specifically to repeal ZDERA through Section 2 article 26.122 Robert Mugabe visiting Vatican City in 2008 while in Rome for a UN Food Conference-a permitted exception from his travel ban. After observers from the European Union were barred from examining Zimbabwe's 2002 elections the EU imposed sanctions on Mugabe and 94 members of his government banning them from travelling to participating countries and freezing any assets held there. The United States instituted similar restrictions. The EU's ban has a few loopholes resulting in Mugabe taking a few trips into Europe despite the ban. Mugabe is permitted to travel to UN events within European and American borders.123124 On 8 April 2005 Mugabe attended the funeral of Pope John Paul II a move which could be seen as defiance of a European Union travel ban that does not however apply to Vatican City. He was granted a transit visa by the Italian authorities as they are obliged to under the Concordat. However the Catholic hierarchy in Zimbabwe have been very vocal against his rule and the senior Catholic cleric Archbishop Pius Ncube is a major critic even calling for Western governments to help in his overthrow.125126 Mugabe surprised Prince Charles Prince of Wales by shaking his hand during the service. Afterwards the Prince's office released a statement saying "The Prince of Wales was caught by surprise and not in a position to avoid shaking Mr. Mugabes hand. The Prince finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent. He has supported the Zimbabwe Defence and Aid Fund which works with those being oppressed by the regime. The Prince also recently met Pius Ncube the Archbishop of Bulawayo an outspoken critic of the government".127 Robert Mugabe and senior members of the Harare government are not allowed to travel to the United States because it is the position of the US government that he has worked to undermine democracy in Zimbabwe and has restricted freedom of the press.128 Despite strained political relations the United States remains a leading provider of humanitarian assistance to Zimbabwe providing roughly US$900 million in humanitarian assistance from 20022008 mostly food aid.129 Because United Nations events are exempt from the travel bans Mugabe attended the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) summit in Rome. African leaders threatened to boycott the event if Mugabe were blacklisted; when he was not the United Kingdom refused to send a representative. British and Australian officials denounced the presence of Mugabe.130131 Succession Because Mugabe is one of Africa's longest-lasting leaders speculation has built over the years related to his succession. In June 2005 a report that Mugabe had entered a hospital for tests on his heart fuelled rumours that he had died of a heart attack.132 These reports were later dismissed by a Mugabe spokesman. Joyce Mujuru recently elevated to vice-president of ZANU-PF during the December 2004 party congress and considerably younger than Joseph Msika the other vice-president has been touted as a likely successor to Mugabe. Mujuru's candidacy for the presidency is strengthened by the backing of her husband Solomon Mujuru who is the former head of the Zimbabwean army. In October 2006 a report prepared by Zimbabwe's Ministry of Economic Development acknowledged the lack of coordination among critical government departments in Zimbabwe and the overall lack of commitment to end the crisis. The report implied that the infighting in Zanu-PF over Mugabe's successor was also hurting policy formulation and consistency in implementation.133 In late 2006 a plan was presented to postpone the next presidential election until 2010 at the same time as the next parliamentary election thereby extending Mugabe's term by two years. It was said that holding the two elections together would be a cost-saving measure134 but the plan was not approved: there were reportedly objections from some in ZANU-PF to the idea. In March 2007 Mugabe said that he thought that the feeling was in favour of holding the two elections together in 2008 instead of 2010. He also said that he would be willing to run for re-election again if the party wanted him to do so.135 Other leaders in southern Africa were rumoured to be less warm on the idea of extending his term to 2010. On 30 March 2007 it was announced that the ZANU-PF central committee had chosen Mugabe as the party's candidate for another term in 2008 that presidential terms would be shortened to five years and that the parliamentary election would also be held in 2008.136 Mugabe was chosen by acclamation as the party's presidential candidate for 2008 by ZANU-PF delegates at a party conference on 13 December 2007.137 At Zanu-PF's tenth annual conference in Bindura in December 2008 Mugabe spoke of his determination not to follow US president George W. Bush to his "political death"138 and urged the party to ready itself for new polls. He also took the opportunity once more to cite Britain as the source of Zimbabwe's woes. At independence celebrations in Ghana in March 2007 South African President Thabo Mbeki was rumoured to have met with Mugabe in private and told him that "he was determined that South Africa's hosting of the Football World Cup in 2010 should not be disrupted by controversial presidential elections in Zimbabwe".139 As of 10 September 2010 there was considerable speculation that Mugabe was dying of cancer.140141142 It is rumoured that his choice of successor would be Simba Makoni 4 SADC-facilitated government power-sharing agreement On 11 September 2008 at the end of the fourth day of negotiations South African President and mediator to Zimbabwe Thabo Mbeki announced in Harare that Robert Mugabe of Zanu-PF Professor Arthur Mutambara and Morgan Tsvangirai (both of MDC) finally signed the power-sharing agreement "memorandum of understanding."143 Mbeki stated: "An agreement has been reached on all items on the agenda ... all of them Mugabe Tsvangirai Mutambara endorsed the document tonight and signed it. The formal signing will be done on Monday 10am. The document will be released then. The ceremony will be attended by SADC and other African regional and continental leaders. The leaders will spend the next few days constituting the inclusive government to be announced on Monday. The leaders will work very hard to mobilise support for the people to recover. We hope the world will assist so that this political agreement succeeds." In the signed historic power deal Mugabe on 11 September 2008 agreed to surrender day-to-day control of the government and the deal is also expected to result in a de facto amnesty for the military and Zanu-PF party leaders. Opposition sources said "Tsvangirai will become prime minister at the head of a council of ministers the principal organ of government drawn from his Movement for Democratic Change and the president's Zanu-PF party; and Mugabe will remain president and continue to chair a cabinet that will be a largely consultative body and the real power will lie with Tsvangirai.144145146 South Africas Business Day reported however that Mugabe was refusing to sign a deal which would curtail his presidential powers.147 New York Times said Nelson Chamisa a spokesman for the opposition Movement for Democratic Change announced: This is an inclusive government. The executive power would be shared by the president the prime minister and the cabinet. Mugabe Tsvangirai and Arthur Mutambara have still not decided how to divide the ministries. But Jendayi E. Frazer the American assistant secretary of state for African affairs said: We dont know whats on the table and its hard to rally for an agreement when no one knows the details or even the broad outlines148 On 15 September 2008 the leaders of the 14-member SADC witnessed the signing of the power-sharing agreement brokered by South African leader Thabo Mbeki. With symbolic handshake and warm smiles at the Rainbow Towers hotel in Harare Mugabe Mutambara and Tsvangirai signed the deal to end violent political crisis provides. As provided Robert Mugabe will be recognised as president Morgan Tsvangirai will become prime minister149 the MDC will control the police Mugabes Zanu (PF) will command the Army and Arthur Mutambara becomes deputy prime minister.150151 Violence however did not entirely subside with the power-sharing agreement. As the New Your Times reports Mugabe's top lieutenants started "trying to force the political opposition into granting them amnesty for their past crimes by abducting detaining and torturing opposition officials and activists." Dozens of members of the opposition and human rights activists have been abducted and tortured in the months since October 2008 including Roy Bennett the oppositions third-highest ranking official and Tsvangirais nominee for deputy agriculture minister (arrested just two days after Tsvangirai was sworn in as prime minister in 11 February 2009) and Chris Dhlamini the oppositions director of security.152 Honours and revocations In 1994 Mugabe was appointed an honorary Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Bath by Queen Elizabeth II.153 This entitled him to use the postnominal letters GCB but not to use the title "Sir." In the United Kingdom the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee called for the removal of this honour in 2003 and on 25 June 2008 Queen Elizabeth II cancelled and annulled the honorary knighthood after advice from the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom. "This action has been taken as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided".154 Mugabe holds several honorary degrees and doctorates from international universities awarded to him in the 1980s; at least three of these have since been revoked. In June 2007 he became the first international figure ever to be stripped of an honorary degree by a British university when the University of Edinburgh withdrew the degree awarded to him in 1984.155 On 12 June 2008 the University of Massachusetts Board of Trustees voted to revoke the law degree awarded to Mugabe in 1986; this is the first time one of its honorary degrees has been revoked.156 Similarly on 12 September 2008 Michigan State University revoked an honorary law degree that it awarded Mugabe in 1990.157 Titles and honours of Robert Gabriel Mugabe Title/Honour Awarding body/person Date of award Reason for award Date of revocation/loss of award Reason for revocation/loss (Comment) 1 Comrade member of ZANU-PF 2 General Secretary ZANU-PF (date of appointment) 3 1st Executive President Constitution (date of constitutional amendment) 4 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Bath Queen Elizabeth II 1994 "significant contributions" to relations between Britain and Zimbabwe158 25 June 2008 "The abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided"154 5 Honorary LLD degree University of Edinburgh 1984 "... honoured not only for his extraordinary intellectual discipline and energy but for those qualities of statesmanship which made him one of the great figures of modern Africa.159 June 2007 "The decision was taken after the university set up an academic panel to look at events between 1982 and 1984 in Matabeleland where 20000 people are thought to have died. The university has said that it knew nothing of the killings at the time of the award."155 6 Honorary LLD degree University of Massachusetts 1986 "Your gentle firmness in the face of anger and your intellectual approach to matters which inflame the emotions of others are hallmarks of your quiet integrity." ... "We salute you for your enduring and effective translation of a moral ethic into a strong popular voice for freedom."160 June 2008 "Mugabe's corrupt repressive regime" was deemed "antithetical to the values and beliefs of the University of Massachusetts." It is the first time the board has revoked an honorary degree.156 7 Honorary LLD degree Michigan State University 1990 "... for his achievements as the president of Zimbabwe and for establishing a strong cooperative effort between MSU and the University of Zimbabwe."161 12 September 2008 "...a pattern of human rights abuses."157 8 Honorary LLD degree Ahmadou Bello University162 9 Honorary LLD degree Morehouse College162 10 Honorary LLD degree University of Zimbabwe162 11 Honorary LLD degree St. Augustine's College162 12 Honorary LLD degree Lomonosov Moscow State University162 13 Honorary LLD degree Solusi University162 14 Honorary D.Litt. degree Africa University162 15 Honorary D Civil Laws degree University of Mauritius162 16 Honorary D.Com. degree University of Fort Hare162 17 Honorary D.Tech. degree National University of Science and Technology162 18 Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger The Hunger Project162 1988 Mr. Mugabe's agricultural programs "pointed the way not only for Zimbabwe but for the entire African continent."163 8 August 2001 "The Hunger Project wishes to be on the record as deploring policies that have resulted in increased unemployment poverty and hunger in Zimbabwe. This situation is inconsistent with the spirit of the Africa Prize for Leadership and Zimbabwes need to work for the sustainable end of hunger."164 19 Honorary Order of Jamaica Government of Jamaica162 1996 "in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the fight for liberation and the overthrow of apartheid in Southern Africa and his distinct leadership in the pursuit of freedom and human development throughout the African continent" Prime Minister Bruce Golding says Jamaica has no plan to strip President Robert Mugabe of the honorary award conferred on him in 1996 despite the ongoing political situation in Zimbabwe. Personal life His first wife Sally Hayfron died in 1992 from a chronic kidney ailment.165 Their only son Michael Nhamodzenyika Mugabe born 27 September 1963 died on 26 December 1966 from cerebral malaria in Ghana where Sally was working while Mugabe was in prison. Sally Mugabe was a trained teacher who asserted her position as an independent political activist and campaigner166 who was seen as Mugabe's closest friend and advisor and some critics suggest that Mugabe began to misrule Zimbabwe after her death.12 On 17 August 1996 Mugabe married his former secretary Grace Marufu 41 years his junior with whom he already had two children; she first became pregnant by Mugabe while he was still married to his first wife Sally and while Grace was married to another man Stanley Goreraza now a diplomat in China.167168 Mugabe and Marufu were married in a Roman Catholic wedding Mass at Kutama College a Catholic mission school he previously attended. Nelson Mandela and Mugabe's two children by Grace were among the guests. The Mugabes have three children: Bona Robert Peter Jr. (although Robert Mugabe's middle name is Gabriel) and Bellarmine Chatunga. As First Lady Grace has been the subject of criticism for her lifestyle. Her sometimes lavish European shopping sprees have led to the nickname "Gucci Grace". When she was included in the 2002 EU travel sanctions on her husband one EU parliamentarian was quoted as saying that the ban "will stop Grace Mugabe going on her shopping trips in the face of catastrophic poverty blighting the people of Zimbabwe."169 In fiction The movie The Interpreter features a negative portrayal of a fictional African ruler with many parallels to Mugabe. The Mugabe government described the film as "anti-Zimbabwean" and a "CIA-campaign against Robert Mugabe".170 See also Zimbabwe portal Biography portal ZANU-PF Notes Chan Stephen (2003). Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence. p. 123.  "HISTORY OF ZIMBABWE". http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asphistoryidad28.  a b Viewpoint: Kaunda on Mugabe BBC 12 June 2007 Biles Peter (25 August 2007). "Mugabe's hold on Africans". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/fromourowncorrespondent/6960506.stm. 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Retrieved 2010-09-05.  In pictures: Mugabe's inauguration accessed 1 July 2008. 2 Zimbabwe Solidarity Forum (ZSF) a b UK steps up regime change agenda hunts for suspected assets The Herald 16 July 2008 Woman Named Mugabe Unpaid in Bank Mistake Fox News 15 July 2008 Sam Mugabe Mistaken for Tyrant Namesake The Sun 18 July 2008 SAPA-DPA 2008. "UK anger over Zimbabwe violence". BBC News. 1 April 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uknews/politics/698175.stm. Retrieved 4 January 2010.  McGreal Peter (2 April 2007). "Corrupt greedy and violent: Mugabe attacked by Catholic bishops after years of silence". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/zimbabwe/article/0204803200.html.  Bentley Daniel (17 September 2007). "Sentamu urges Mugabe Action". The Independent (London). http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/article2970781.ece.  Egbuna Obi (31 July 2003). "Zimbabwe: Who else but Mugabe". The Black Commentator (51). http://www.blackcommentator.com/51/51zimegbuna.html.  "Mugabe: US must disarm". BBC News. 25 February 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2796883.stm. Retrieved 4 January 2010.  "Colonial history tugs at EU-Africa ties". People's Daily. 5 December 2007. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/6315084.html.  The Spectator Dictators' legacies retrieved from FindArticles.com on 7 July 2007 Tribune India Commonwealth at crossroads 52 heads failed to look beyond Zimbabwe!. Retrieved 7 July 2007. National Union of Mineworkers TUC Backs Zimbabwe's Trade Unions. Retrieved 7 July 2007. Guest Robert. The Shackled Continent: Africa's Past Present and Future. Pan Books 2005 Moore Charles. "'Hitler' Mugabe launches revenge terror attacks Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtmlxml/news/2003/03/26/wzim26.xml&sSheet/news/2003/03/26/ixworld.html. Retrieved 22 May 2010.  President Signs Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act 21 December 2001 "Mugabe stripped of degree honour". BBC. 6 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburghandeast/6724271.stm. Retrieved 4 January 2010.  See also: Nizza Mike (13 June 2008). "Mugabe loses Honorary Degree from UMass". The New York Times. http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/13/mugabe-loses-honorary-degree-from-umass/hp. Retrieved 28 June 2008.  Vaznis James (6 April 2007). "UMass students aim to revoke honorary degree for Mugabe The Boston Globe". http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/04/06/umassstudentsaimtorevokehonorarydegreeformugabe/.  Rainbow Banned From Screening "Anti-Mugabe" Movie ZimDaily 23 September 2005 "The World's Worst Dictators 2007". http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2007/edition02-11-2007/Dictators.  "The World's Worst Dictators 2010". http://www.parade.com/dictators/2009/.  Robert Mugabe 'unlikely to flee Zimbabwe' Daily Telegraph 4.4.2008 Peter Biles: "Mugabe's hold on Africans." BBC News website 25 August 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2007. "Colonial history tugs at EU-Africa ties" People's Daily Kwanisai Mafa "Zimbabwe: Imperialism Will Meet Its Death On Election Day" The Herald (Harare) 19 March 2008 Raath Jan (12 June 2008). "Robert Mugabe's militia burn opponents wife alive". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4116638.ece. Retrieved 28 June 2008.  Template:Cite legislation Template:Cite legislation "Mugabe's wife on EU sanctions list". BBC News. 22 July 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2143442.stm. Retrieved 28 Sept 09.  "MUGABE DEFIES EU FLIES TO ROME". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7357164/page/5/. Retrieved 8 July 2007.  "MUGABE DEFIES EU FLIES TO ROME". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7357164/page/5/. Retrieved 8 July 2007.  Mugabe warns Catholic bishops over politics Reuters. Retrieved 4 July 2007. "Charles shakes hands with Mugabe at Pope's funeral". London: Times. 8 April 2005. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article378880.ece. Retrieved 8 July 2007.  Recent OFAC Actions US Dept. of Treasury 23 November 2005 (accessed 02/07/2008) http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5479.htm U.S. Department of State Bureau of African Affairs February 2008 (accessed 04/02/2008) 1 Jun 2008 (1 June 2008). "AFP: Mugabe arrives in Rome for UN food summit". Afp.google.com. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iN7-bIe4r7GRfYcxabOT7WbWLaSw. Retrieved 14 June 2009.  2 Jun 2008 (2 June 2008). "AFP: World at 'alarming juncture' as leaders gather for FAO summit". Afp.google.com. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gUQxFQpnXvjBlmAW76S247JHjUiQ. Retrieved 14 June 2009.  Zimbabwe denies reports Robert Mugabe is dead CTV 7 June 2005. Zim government in chaos says secret report IOL. "Mugabe set to rule until 2010" IRIN 14 December 2006. "Mugabe ready for 2008 elections" DPA (IOL) 12 March 2007. "Zimbabwe's Mugabe to stand in 2008 poll" Reuters (Sydney Morning Herald) 31 March 2007. "Mugabe to run again for Zanu-PF" BBC News 13 December 2007. Quoted in Sapa-dpa. "Bob vows to hold power." IOL. 21 December 2008. 3 . Retrieved 26 December 2008. BBC News S Africa changes tune on Zimbabwe. Retrieved 4 July 2007. Tendi Blessing-Miles (1 September 2010). "After Robert Mugabe". guardian.co.uk (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/sep/01/robert-mugabe-zimbabwe.  "Mugabe is dying of cancer REPORT". ZimEye. http://www.zimeye.org/p21359.  "Robert Mugabe: the cancer story and the succession bombshell". The Zimbabwe Guardian. http://www.zimguardian.com/p3238.  newsnet.co Deal finally sealed Chris McGreal Africa correspondent (12 September 2008). "guardian.co.uk Zimbabwe deal gives power to Tsvangirai". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/sep/12/zimbabwe. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  "capetimes.co.za Zimbabwe rivals reach historic power deal". Capetimes.co.za. http://www.capetimes.co.za/fArticleId4607058. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  "hararetribune.com GNU deal between Mugabe and Tsvangirai agreed on". Hararetribune.com. http://hararetribune.com/index.phpoptioncomcontent&viewarticle&id244:breaking-news-a-gnu-deal-is-agreed-on-&catid1:latest-news&Itemid50. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  "www.dispatch.co.za Zimbabwe leaders closing in on deal". Dispatch.co.za. http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspxid248225. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  nytimes.com Zimbabwe Rivals Strike a Bargain to Share Power "edition.cnn.com Rivals sign Zimbabwe power-share deal". Edition.cnn.com. 16 September 2008. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/15/zimbabwe.powershare/irefmpstoryview. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  timesonline.co.uk Power-sharing deal signed in Zimbabwedead link "www.msnbc.msn Zimbabwe power-sharing deal signed". MSNBC. 2008-09-15. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26715920/. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  "Mugabe Aides Are Said to Use Violence to Gain Amnesty" The New York Times 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2009. "Mugabe honorary knighthood annulled". http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/viewPressR&id3878224.  a b "Foreign and Commonwealth Office Statement". http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/viewPressR&id3862607.  See also Smyth Chris (25 June 2008). "Queen strips Robert Mugabe of knighthood to mark 'revulsion' at violence". London: Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4213800.ece. Retrieved 25 June 2008.  and Porter Andrew (25 June 2008). "Robert Mugabe to be stripped of knighthood". London: Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/2193924/Robert-Mugabe-to-be-stripped-of-knighthood.html. Retrieved 25 June 2008.  and Cowell Alan (26 June 2008). "Queen Strips Mugabe of Knighthood". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/world/africa/26zimbabwe.htmlhp. Retrieved 26 June 2008.  a b English Shirley; Lister David (7 June 2007). "Mugabe stripped of degree by Edinburgh". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1896047.ece. Retrieved 4 July 2007.  See also: Paul Kelbie (15 July 2007). "Edinburgh University revokes Mugabe degree". London: Observer. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/jul/15/highereducation.internationaleducationnews. Retrieved 28 June 2008.  a b "UMass revokes Mugabe's honorary degree". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/breakingnews/2008/06/umassrevokesm.html. Retrieved 28 June 2008.  a b "Michigan State revokes Mugabe's honorary degree". Detroit Free Press. http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/articleAID/20080912/NEWS06/80912055. Retrieved 12 September 2008. dead link Honorary Knighthood awarded for "significant contributions" to Anglo-Zimbabwean relationsdead link Reason for Edinburgh awarddead link Vaznis James (2007-04-06). "Quotation from UMass award programme". Boston.com. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/04/06/umassstudentsaimtorevokehonorarydegreeformugabe/. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  Bristow Kyle (2008-08-30). "Mugabe honoured for his achievements as the president of Zimbabwe and for establishing a strong cooperative effort between MSU and the University of Zimbabwe". Studentsagainstmugabe.blogspot.com. http://studentsagainstmugabe.blogspot.com/2008/08/1991-msu-yearbook-article-about-mugabe.html. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  a b c d e f g h i j k l Official Zimbabwean Government biography of Mugabe webpagedead link French Howard W. (1988-09-16). "report of award". Zimbabwe; Africa: New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htmlres940DE1DD133CF935A2575AC0A96E948260. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  The Hunger Project deplores Mugabe's policies in 2001dead link AP (1992-01-28). "The New York Times "Obituaries: Sally Mugabe Zimbabwe President's Wife 60" 28 January 1992". Great Britain; Zimbabwe: New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htmlres9E0CE7DA1331F93BA15752C0A964958260. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  Bowcott Owen (1 November 2005). "FO's fight over Mugabe's wife". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/nov/01/past.politics. Retrieved 14 June 2009.  Where We Have Hope: A Memoir of Zimbabwe By Andrew Meldrum. Books.google.com. 2005-03-27. http://books.google.com/booksidahHLgWQi-rkC&pgPA85&otsnDm65JhcDD&dqGrace+Marufu+married&sig0fUF4mwg0S5M4oID1g0uqJSn1Ew#PPA85M1. Retrieved 2010-09-05.  The Zimbabwe Times 28 July 2008: "Tekere book exposes Mugabe"dead link Mugabe's wife on EU sanctions list BBC 22 July 2002 "Zimbabwe accuses CIA of film plot". BBC news. 5 September 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/4216168.stm. Retrieved 28 June 2008.  References Chan Stephen (2003). Robert Mugabe: A life of power and violence. London: IB Taurus. ISBN 9781860648731.  East R. and Thomas Richard J. Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders 2003 ISBN 1-85743-126-X. Holland Heidi. Dinner with Mugabe 2008. Penguin South Africa. ISBN 978-0-14-302557-3. Meredith Martin : Mugabe: Power and Plunder in Zimbabwe 2003. Oxford rev. updated ed. ISBN 1-58648-213-0 (American ed.: Our votes our guns) Mwakikagile Godfrey. Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era 2006 Chapter Eight: "The Rhodesian Crisis: Tanzania's Role." New Africa Press South Africa. ISBN 978-0-9802534-1-2. Nolan Cathal J. Notable U.S. Ambassadors Since 1775: A Biographical Dictionary 1997 ISBN 0-313-29195-0 The Times (SA) Online. 'The angry little boy who showed them all'. Published: 1 Mar 2008. Who's Who : African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia by Robert Cary and Diana Mitchell 197719801994 Reprinted by Mardon Printers (PTY) Ltd Harare. SAPA-DPA. "Bob vows to hold power." IOL. 21 December 2008. (accessed 21 February 2009). External links Find more about Robert Mugabe on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks President Mugabe's address to the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly 25 September 2008 "Mugging Mugabe" (a commentary in defence of Mugabe) "The truth about Mugabe" (an anti-Mugabe commentary) "Zimbabwe election a defeat for imperialism" "Zimbabwe's silent selective starvation" "Robert Mugabe's War to Crush Press Freedom in Zimbabwe" Reporters Without Borders profile on Mugabe Opening Remarks 4th African-African American Summit Harare 1997 (video excerpt) Freedom House report on Zimbabwe IFEX Media Coverage Favours Mugabe "Robert Mugabe at UMass" from the WGBH series Ten O'clock News Indict Zimbabwe's demagogue before the International Criminal Court "Zimbabwe and the Politics of Torture" Human Rights Watch on Zimbabwe Comrade Mugabe is our leader War Vets million man march for Mugabe Zimbabwe Metro "The Destroyer: Robert Mugabe and the destruction of Zimbabwe". Political offices Preceded by Abel Muzorewa as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia Prime Minister of Zimbabwe 19801987 Vacant Post abolished 1987 2009 Title next held by Morgan Tsvangirai Preceded by Canaan Banana President of Zimbabwe 1987present Incumbent Diplomatic posts Preceded by Zail Singh Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement 19861989 Succeeded by Janez Drnovek Preceded by Paul Biya Cameroon Chairperson of the African Union 19971998 Succeeded by Blaise Compaor Burkina Faso Party political offices Preceded by Herbert Chitepo Leader of the Zimbabwe African National Union 19751987 Merged with ZAPU New political party ZANU/ZAPU merger Leader of the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front 1987present Incumbent v d eRobert Mugabe Family Sally Hayfron  Grace Mugabe Positions Leader of the ZANU and ZANU-PF  Prime Minister  President Politics and elections Lancaster House Agreement As Prime Minister in 1980 and 1985 As President in 1990  1996  2002  2008 Controversies Rhodesian Bush War  Gukurahundi  Second Congo War  Land reform  Hyperinflation  Operation Murambatsvina  Operation Mavhoterapapi  Operation Dzikisai Madhishi  Joint Operations Command  LGBT persecution v d e Ministers of the Zimbabwean Government of Robert Mugabe June 2000 - February 2009     Robert Mugabe (President) Joice Mujuru (Vice President) Aeneas Chigwedere (Education Sports and Culture) Patrick Chinamasa (Justice Legal and Parliamentary Affairs) Amos Midzi (2002-04) / Mike Nyambuya (2005-present) (Energy and Power Development) S Mombeshora / C Mushohwe (Transport and Communications) J Moyo (2000-05) / T Jokonya (2005-07) / S Ndlovu (2007-09) / P Mangwana (acting since 2009) (Information) Gideon Gono (RBZ Governor) S Makoni (2000-02) / H Murerwa (2002-07) / S C Mumbengegwi (since 2007) (Finance) Rugare Gumbo (Agriculture) Joseph Made (Agriculture Mechanization) Simbarashe Mumbengegwi (Foreign Affairs) Sydney Sekeramayi (Defence) Ambrose Mutinhiri (Youth Development and Medium Enterprises Development) Kembo Mohadi (Home Affairs) Obert Mpofu (Industry and International Trade) Olivia Muchena (Science and Technology Development) David Parirenyatwa (Health and Child Welfare) Nicholas Goche (Public Service Labour and Social Welfare) Ignatious Chombo (Local Government Public Works and Urban Development) John Nkomo (Special Affairs) J Tungamirai (2004-05) / S C Mumbengegwi (2005-07) / P Mangwana (since 2007) (Indigenisation and Empowerment) Emmerson Mnangagwa (Rural Housing and Social Amenities) Opa Muchinguri (Women Affairs Gender and Community Development) Sithembiso Nyoni (Small and Medium Enterprises Development) Webster Shamu (Policy Implementation) Didymus Mutasa (State Security) v d e Zimbabwean presidential election 2008 and subsequent events Candidates Robert Mugabe (ZANU-PF)  Morgan Tsvangirai (MDC-T)  Simba Makoni (Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn)(campaign)  Langton Towungana (independent) Events First round  Parliamentary election (constituency results)  Campaigning  Vote counting  SADC meeting  An Yue Jiang  Operation Mavhoterapapi  Second round  International reaction  Seventh Zimbabwean Parliament  Political negotiations  Cholera outbreak See also Arthur Mutambara (MDC-M)  Emmerson Mnangagwa  Joint Operations Command  Movement for Democratic Change (MDC)  Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)  Government of National Unity  Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee  Sanctions against Zimbabwe v d ePresidents of Zimbabwe and its antecedents Rhodesia (1970 1979) Clifford Dupont  Henry Everard*  John Wrathall  Henry Everard*  Jack William Pithey*  Henry Everard* Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979) Josiah Zion Gumede Zimbabwe (since 1980) Canaan Banana  Robert Mugabe * denotes acting. v d ePrime Ministers of Zimbabwe and its antecedents Southern Rhodesia (1923 1965) Premier: Charles Patrick John Coghlan  Howard Unwin Moffat Prime Minister: Howard Unwin Moffat  George Mitchell  Godfrey Huggins  Garfield Todd  Edgar Whitehead  Winston Field  Ian Smith Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953 1963) Godfrey Huggins  Roy Welensky Rhodesia (1965 1979) Ian Smith Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979) Abel Muzorewa Southern Rhodesia (1979 1980) Vacant Zimbabwe (1980 present) Robert Mugabe  post abolished 1987 - 2009  Morgan Tsvangirai v d eChairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity and the African Union (AU) Selassie  Nasser  Nkrumah  Ankrah  Selassie  Mobutu  Boumdienne  Ahidjo  Kaunda  Daddah  Hassan II  Gowon  Barre  Amin  Ramgoolam  Bongo  Nimeiry  Tolbert  Senghor  Stevens  Moi  Mengistu  Nyerere  Diouf  Nguesso  Kaunda  Traor  Mubarak  Museveni  Babangida  Diouf  Mubarak  Ben Ali  Meles  Biya  Mugabe  Compaor  Bouteflika  Eyadma  Chiluba  Mwanawasa  Mbeki  Chissano  Obasanjo  Nguesso  Kufuor  Kikwete  Gaddafi  Mutharika  Mbasogo v d eSecretaries-General of the Non-Aligned Movement Tito  Nasser  Kaunda  Boumdienne  Gopallawa  Jayewardene  F. Castro  Reddy  Singh  Mugabe  Drnovek  Jovi  Mesi  Kosti  osi  Suharto  Samper  Pastrana  Mandela  Mbeki  Mahathir  Abdullah  F. Castro  R. Castro  Mubarak Persondata Name Mugabe Robert Gabriel Alternative names Short description 2nd President of Zimbabwe and former Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Date of birth 21 February 1924 Place of birth Kutama Mission Harare Southern Rhodesia Date of death Place of death