Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Such transliteration is necessary for writing Russian names and other words in the non-Cyrillic letters.

Romanization is also essential for the input of Russian text into computers by users who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for input of Cyrillic or else they are not capable of typing rapidly on the distinct Cyrillic keyboard. In the latter case they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their Keyboard layout such as for English QWERTY keyboards and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic. Sergei Gonchar (Cyrillic: ) a popular NHL and international ice hockey player wearing a jersey with Roman characters. A street sign in Russia with the name of the street shown in Cyrillic and Latin characters.

Contents 1 Systematic transliterations of Cyrillic to Latin 1.1 Scientific transliteration 1.2 GOST 1.2.1 GOST 16876 (1971) 1.2.2 ST SEV 1362 (1978) 1.2.3 GOST 7.79 (2002) 1.3 ISO 1.3.1 ISO/R 9 1.3.2 ISO 9 1.4 United Nations romanization system 1.5 ALA-LC 1.6 British Standard 1.7 BGN/PCGN 1.8 Transliteration of the names in Russian passports 1.8.1 Old system 19972010 1.8.2 New system 2010 2 Transliteration table 2.1 Table notes 3 Roman alphabet 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Systematic transliterations of Cyrillic to Latin Scientific transliteration Main article: Scientific transliteration

Scientific transliteration also known as the International Scholarly System is a system that has been used in linguistics since the 19th century. It is based on the Czech alphabet and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems. GOST GOST 16876 (1971) Main article: GOST 16876-71

Developed by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the USSR Council of Ministers GOST 16876-71 has been in service for over 30 years and is the only romanization system that does not use diacritics. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000. ST SEV 1362 (1978)

This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the COMECON.

GOST 7.79 (2002)

GOST 7.79-2000 System of Standards on Information Librarianship and Publishing-Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using the Latin Alphabet is the newest document on transliteration in the series of GOST standards. This standard is an adoption of ISO 9:1995 and is now the official standard of both Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). ISO Main article: ISO 9 ISO/R 9

ISO/R 9 established in 1954 and updated in 1968 was the adoption of the scientific transliteration by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages. ISO 9 ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968 which it deprecates; for Russian the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for Cyrillic text in any contemporary language. United Nations romanization system The UNGEGN a Working Group of the United Nations in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names which was based on the 1983 version of GOST 16876-71. It may be found in some international cartographic products. ALA-LC Main article: ALA-LC romanization for Russian American Library Association and Library of Congress (ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets (updated 1997) are used in North American libraries and in the British Library since 1975. The formal unambiguous version of the system requires some diacritics and two-letter tie characters which are often omitted in practice. British Standard British Standard 2979:1958 is the main system of the Oxford University Press1 and a variation is used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975 (the Library of Congress system is used for newer acquisitions).2 BGN/PCGN Main article: BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names typically converting to yo simplifying -iy and -yy endings to -y and omitting apostrophes for and . It can be rendered using only the basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required although the interpunct character () may be used to avoid ambiguity. This particular standard is part of the BGN/PCGN romanization system which was developed by the United States Board on Geographic Names and by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use. The portion of the system pertaining to the Russian language was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947. Transliteration of the names in Russian passports Old system 19972010 In the Soviet international passports transliteration was based on French rules (but without diacritics) so all of the names were transliterated in a French-style sysyem. In 1997 with the introduction of new Russian passports a diacritics-free English-oriented system was established by the Ministry of Internal Affairs1 but this system was also abandoned in 2010. New system 2010 In 2006 GOST 52535.1-2006 was adopted which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010 the Federal Migratory Service of Russia approved Order No. 26 stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between the new system and the old one citizens who want to retain the old version of a name's transliteration especially which was in the old pre-2010 passport may apply to the local migratory office before acquiring a new passport. Transliteration table Common systems for romanizing Russian Cyrillic Scholarly ISO/R 9:1968 GOST 1971 (2) UN (1987) ISO 9:1995; GOST 2002 (A) ALA-LC British Standard BGN/PCGN Passport (19972010) Passport (2010) a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b b b v v v v v v v v v v g g g g g g g g g g d d d d d d d d d d e e e e e e e  e ye*  ye e e yo   y*  ye e e zh zh zh zh zh zh z z z z z z z z z z i i i i i i i i i i j j j j j y y i k k k k k k k k k k l l l l l l l l l l m m m m m m m m m m n n n n n n n n n n o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p p p p r r r r r r r r r r s s s s s s s s s s t t t t t t t t t t u u u u u u u u u u f f f f f f f f f f x (h) ch x h h kh kh kh kh kh c c  cz c c c ts ts ts ts tc ch ch ch ch ch ch sh sh sh sh sh sh shh shch shch shch shch shch   y y y' y y y    (ui)** y y y eh e e e ju ju yu ju iu yu yu yu iu ja ja ya ja ia ya ya ya ia Obsolete letters Cyrillic Scholarly ISO/R 9:1968 GOST 16876-71 1971 (2) UN (1987) ISO 9:1995; GOST 2002 (A) ALA-LC British Standard Pre-1918 letters i i   i ih i' f fh f ye ie i yh Pre-18th century letters dz js ks ps o u ja j ju j ja Table notes GOST 16876-71 and GOST 7.79-2000 It is recommended to use c before i e y and j but cz in all other cases. In GOST 7.79-2000 Cyrillic in Ukrainian and Bulgarian is always transliterated as Latin i as well as in Old Russian and Old Bulgarian texts where it is usually used before vowels. In the rare case that it falls before a consonant (for example in the word i) it is transliterated with an apostrophe i' . ALA-LC is not romanized at the end of a word. British Standard The endings - - - may be simplified to -y. ** The British Library uses ui BGN/PCGN * The digraphs ye and y are used to indicate iotation at the beginning of a word and after vowels or . Roman alphabet This article's Roman alphabet section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008) In a second sense the romanization of Russian may also indicate the introduction of a separate independent instance of the Roman alphabet for writing the Russian language. Such an alphabet is not necessarily bound closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times through history (especially during the Soviet era) but was never conducted on a large scale except for graphemic (such as the Volapuk) and phonemic (such as translit) ad hoc transcriptions due to technological restrictions (such as ASCII SMS IRC). The most serous possibility of adoption of the Latin alphabet for the Russian language was discussed in 1929-30 during the campaign of latinisation of the languages of the USSR when a special commission was created to propose a latinisation system for Russian. See also Romanization of Bulgarian Romanization of Ukrainian Romanization of Macedonian Computer russification Volapuk encoding Russian Chat Alphabet (Informal romanizations of Russian) Faux Cyrillic Kyrillisches Alphabet (from the German Wikipedia) shows how to transliterate between Russian and German. GOST standards Notes Oxford Style Manual (2003) Slavonic Languages s 11.41.2 p 350. Oxford University Press. Searching for Cyrillic items in the catalogues of the British Library: guidelines and transliteration tables References U.S. Board on Geographic Names Foreign Names Committee Staff 1994. Romanization Systems and Roman-Script Spelling Conventions pp. 8485. External links Online Russian Transliterator supports both GOST 7.79 "System B" and ISO 9 standards Online Free Transliterator for Russian Summary of romanization systems for Russian (PDF) by Thomas T. Pedersen. United Nations-recommended romanization system for Russian (PDF) American Library Association & Library of Congress Romanization Russian toponym translations and transliterations database Comparative transliteration of Russian into various European languages Morse Braille Georgian and Arabic Umschrift des russischen AlphabetsRussian transliteration in several systems including DIN 1460 (1982) ISO/R9:1968 GOST ST SEV 1362 (1978) and BSI BS 2979 (1958) GOST 7.79-2000 (in Russian) System of standards on information librarianship and publishing. Rules of transliteration of Cyrillic script by Latin alphabet. CyrAcademisator Bi-directional online transliteration for ALA-LC (diacritics) scientific ISO/R 9 ISO 9 GOST 7.79B and others. Supports Old Slavonic characters Lingua::Translit Perl module and online service covering a variety of writing systems. Transliteration according to several standards including ISO 9 and DIN 1460 for Russian.