For the civilization of classical antiquity see Ancient Rome. For other uses see Rome (disambiguation). Rome Roma   Comune   Roma Capitale A view of Rome: the top left picture to the is the Colosseum followed (left to right) by the Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II the Piazza della Repubblica the Castel Sant'Angelo the Trevi Fountain the dome of St. Peter's Basilica and finally an aerial view of the city's historic centre. Flag Coat of arms Nickname(s): The Eternal City Rome Location of Rome in Italy Coordinates: 4154N 1230E / 41.9N 12.5E / 41.9; 12.5Coordinates: 4154N 1230E / 41.9N 12.5E / 41.9; 12.5 Country Italy Region Lazio Province Rome (RM) Government  - Mayor Gianni Alemanno (PDL) Area  - Total 1285.31 km2 (496.3 sq mi) Elevation 20 m (66 ft) Population (December 2010)1  - Total 2761477  - Density 2148.5/km2 (5564.6/sq mi) Demonym Roman Time zone CET (UTC+1)  - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2) Postal code 00100; 00121 to 00199 Dialing code 06 Patron saint Saint Peter and Saint Paul Saint day 29 June Website Official website

Rome (English pronunciation: /rom/; Italian: Roma pronounced roma ( listen); Latin: Rma) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune with over 2.7 million residents in 1285.3 km2 (496.3 sq mi). The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.

Rome's history spans over two and a half thousand years. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire which was the dominant power in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD. Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and after the end of Byzantine domination in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic.

After the Middle Ages Rome was ruled by popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X who transformed the city into one of the major centers of the Italian Renaissance along with Florence.2 The current-day version of St Peter's Basilica was built and the Sistine Chapel was painted by Michelangelo. Famous artists and architects such as Bramante Bernini and Raphael resided for some time in Rome contributing to its Renaissance and Baroque architecture.

In 2007 Rome was the 11th-most-visited city in the world 3rd most visited in the European Union and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy.3 The city is one of Europe's and the world's most successful city "brands" both in terms of reputation and assets.4 Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.5 Monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are amongst the world's 50 most visited tourist destinations (the Vatican Museums receiving 4.2 million tourists and the Colosseum receiving 4 million tourists every year).6 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Earliest history 2.2 Monarchy Republic Empire 2.3 Middle Ages 2.4 Early modern 2.5 Late modern and contemporary 3 Government 3.1 Local government 3.2 National government 4 Geography 4.1 Location 4.2 Topography 4.3 Climate 5 Demographics 5.1 Ethnic groups 5.2 Religion 6 Cityscape 6.1 Architecture 6.1.1 Ancient Rome 6.1.2 Medieval 6.1.3 Renaissance and Baroque 6.1.4 Neoclassicism 6.1.5 Fascist architecture 6.2 Parks and gardens 6.3 Fountains and aqueducts 6.4 Statues 6.5 Obelisks and columns 6.6 Bridges 6.7 Catacombs 7 Economy 8 Education 9 Culture 9.1 Entertainment and performing arts 9.2 Tourism 9.3 Cuisine 9.4 Cinema 9.5 Language 9.6 Sports 10 Transportation 11 International entities organisations and involvement 12 Twin towns sister cities and partner cities 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 Documentaries 17 External links Etymology

About the origin of the name Roma several hypotheses have been advanced.7 The most important are the following: from Rommylos (Romulus) son of Ascanius and founder of the city; from Rumon or Rumen archaic name of Tiber. It has the same root of the Greek verb (rho) and of the Latin verb ruo which both mean "flow";8 from the Etruscan word ruma whose root is *rum- "teat" with possible reference either to the totem wolf that adopted and suckled the cognately named twins Romulus and Remus or to the shape of Palatine and Aventine Hills; from the Greek word (rhme) which means strength;9 History Main articles: History of Rome and Timeline of Rome history Earliest history Main article: Founding of Rome

There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from at least 14000 years but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites.10 Evidence of stone tools pottery and stone weapons attest to at least 10000 years of human presence. The power of the well known tale of Rome's legendary foundation tends also to deflect attention from its actual and much more ancient origins. Monarchy Republic Empire Main articles: Ancient Rome Roman Kingdom Roman Republic and Roman Empire Capitoline Wolf suckles the infant twins Romulus and Remus.

Rome's early history is shrouded in legend. According to Roman tradition the city was founded by Romulus11 on 21 April 753 BC.12 The legendary origin of the city tells that Romulus and Remus decided to build a city. After an argument Romulus killed his brother Remus. Archaeological evidence supports the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built in the area of the future Roman Forum. While some archaeologists argue that Rome was indeed founded in the middle of the 8th century BC the date is subject to controversy.13 The original settlement developed into the capital of the Roman Kingdom (ruled by a succession of seven kings according to tradition) and then the Roman Republic (from 510 BC governed by the Senate) and finally the Roman Empire (from 27 BC ruled by an Emperor). This success depended on military conquest commercial predominance as well as selective assimilation of neighbouring civilisations most notably the Etruscans and Greeks. From its foundation Rome although losing occasional battles had been undefeated in war until 386 BC when it was briefly occupied by the Gauls.14 According to the legend the Gauls offered to deliver Rome back to its people for a thousand pounds of gold but the Romans refused preferring to take back their city by force of arms rather than ever admitting defeat after which the Romans recovered the city in the same year. Map depicting late ancient Rome.

The Roman Republic was wealthy powerful and stable before it became an empire. According to tradition Rome became a republic in 509 BC. However it took a few centuries for Rome to become the great city of popular imagination and it only became a great empire after the rule of Augustus (Octavian). By the 3rd century BC Rome had become the pre-eminent city of the Italian peninsula having conquered and defeated the Sabines the Etruscans the Samnites and most of the Greek colonies in Sicily Campania and Southern Italy in general. During the Punic Wars between Rome and the great Mediterranean empire of Carthage Rome's stature increased further as it became the capital of an overseas empire for the first time. Beginning in the 2nd century BC Rome went through a significant population expansion as Italian farmers driven from their ancestral farmlands by the advent of massive slave-operated farms called latifundia flocked to the city in great numbers. The victory over Carthage in the First Punic War brought the first two provinces outside the Italian peninsula Sicily and Sardinia. Parts of Spain (Hispania) followed and in the beginning of the 2nd century the Romans got involved in the affairs of the Greek world. By then all Hellenistic kingdoms and the Greek city-states were in decline exhausted from endless civil wars and relying on mercenary troops. This saw the fall of Greece after the Battle of Corinth (146 BC) and the establishment of Roman control over Greece.15 The Roman Empire at its greatest extent controlled approximately 6.5 million km216 of land surface.

The Roman Empire had begun more formally when Emperor Augustus (63 BCAD 14; known as Octavian before his throne accession) founded the Principate in 27 BC.17 This was a monarchy system which was headed by an emperor holding power for life rather than making himself dictator like Julius Caesar had done which had resulted in his assassination on 15 March 44 BC.18 At home Emperor Augustus started off a great programme of social political and economic reform and grand-scale reconstruction of the city of Rome. The city became dotted with impressive and magnificent new buildings palaces fora and basilicae. Augustus became a great and enlightened patron of the arts and his court was attended by such poets as Virgil Horace and Propertius.17 His rule also established the Pax Romana a long period of relative peace which lasted approximately 200 years.19 Following his rule were emperors such as Caligula Nero Trajan and Hadrian to name a few. Roman emperor Nero was well-known for his extravagance cruelty tyranny and the myth that he was the emperor who "fiddled while Rome burned" during the night of 18 to 19 July 64 AD.20 The Antonine Plague of 165180 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of the population.21 Roman dominance expanded over most of Western Europe and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea though its influence through client states and the sheer power of its presence was wider than its formal borders. Its population surpassed one million inhabitants.22 For almost a thousand years Rome was the most politically important richest and largest city in the Western world. After the Empire started to decline and was split it lost its capital status to Milan and then to Ravenna and was surpassed in prestige by the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire Constantinople whose Greek inhabitants continued through the centuries to call themselves Roman. Middle Ages 15th century miniature depicting the Sack of Rome (410) The Bishop of Rome became the Pope due to his increased political and religious importance under Emperor Constantine I. The Pope set Rome as the centre of the Catholic Church. After the Sack of Rome in 410 AD by Alaric I and the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD Rome alternated between Byzantine and Germanic control. Its population declined from more than a million in 210 AD to a mere 35000 during the Early Middle Ages23 reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation. Rome remained nominally part of the Byzantine Empire until 751 AD when the Lombards finally extinguished the Exarchate of Ravenna which was the last holdout of the Byzantines in northern Italy. In 756 Pepin the Short gave the Pope temporal jurisdiction over Rome and surrounding areas thus creating the Papal States. In 846 Muslim Arabs invaded Rome and looted St. Peter's Basilica.24 Rome remained the capital of the Papal States until its annexation by the Kingdom of Italy in 1870; the city became a major pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire starting with Charlemagne who was crowned its first emperor in Rome in 800 by Pope Leo III. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages Rome kept its status as Papal capital and "holy city" for centuries even when the Papacy briefly relocated to Avignon (13091377). Early modern Main article: Roman Renaissance The latter half of the 15th century saw the seat of the Italian Renaissance move to Rome from Florence. The Papacy wanted to equal and surpass the grandeur of other Italian cities and to this end created ever more extravagant churches bridges squares and public spaces including a new Saint Peter's Basilica the Sistine Chapel Ponte Sisto (the first bridge to be built across the Tiber since antiquity) and Piazza Navona. The Popes were also patrons of the arts engaging such artists as Michelangelo Perugino Raphael Ghirlandaio Luca Signorelli Botticelli and Cosimo Rosselli. The Tempietto (San Pietro in Montorio) which is an excellent example of Italian Renaissance architecture The period was also infamous for papal corruption with many Popes fathering children and engaging in nepotism and simony. The corruption of the Popes and the extravagance of their building projects led in part to the Reformation and in turn the Counter-Reformation. Popes such as Alexander VI were well-known for their decadence wild parties extravagance and immoral lives.25 However under these extravagant and rich popes Rome was transformed into a centre of art poetry music literature education and culture. Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth grandeur the arts learning and architecture. Michelangelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel. Rome in 1642 The Renaissance period changed Rome's face dramatically with works like the Piet by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartment all made during Innocent's reign. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under Pope Julius II (15031513) and his successors Leo X and Clement VII both members of the Medici family. In this twenty-year period Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by Emperor Constantine the Great26 (which by then was in a terrible state) was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like Ghirlandaio Perugino Botticelli and Bramante who built the temple of San Pietro in Montorio and planned a great project to renovate the Vatican. Raphael who in Rome became one the most famous painters of Italy creating frescos in the Cappella Niccolina the Villa Farnesina the Raphael's Rooms plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the Moses for the tomb of Julius. Rome lost in part its religious character becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city with a great number of popular feasts horse races parties intrigues and licentious episodes. Its economy was rich with the presence of several Tuscan bankers including Agostino Chigi who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins. The fight between France and Spain in Europe caused the first plunder of the City in more than one thousand years. In 1527 the Landsknechts of Emperor Charles V sacked the city putting to an abrupt end the golden age of the renaissance in Rome.27 In the beginning of the 16th century the Church began also a secular struggle against the Reformation which subtracted a great part of Christendom to the papal authority.27 The revenge of the church started with the Council of Trent and with the great Popes of the Counter-Reformation (from Pius IV to Sixtus V). Under them Rome became the center of the reformed Catholicism and thanks to them the City was adorned with monuments which celebrated the restored greatness of the Papacy.28 During the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries the Popes continued the tradition of Counter-reformation enriching the city's landscape with Baroque buildings erected by the Popes themselves or by theirs Cardinal-nephews.27 During the Age of Enlightenment the new ideas reached also the Eternal City where the Papacy supported Archeological Studies and improved the people's welfare.27 However at the same time the Popes had to fight against the anti-church policy of the great European powers which among others forced them to suppress the Jesuits.27 Late modern and contemporary The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived Roman Republic (1798) which was built under the influence of the French Revolution. During Napoleon's reign Rome was annexed into the French Empire. After the fall of Napoleon the Church State under the pope was reinstated through the Congress of Vienna of 1814. In 1849 another Roman Republic arose within the framework of revolutions of 1848. Two of the most influential figures of the Italian unification Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi fought for the short-lived republic. Italian soldiers enter Rome in 1870. Rome became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification when the rest of Italy was reunited under the Kingdom of Italy with a temporary capital at Florence. In 1861 Rome was declared the capital of Italy even though it was still under the control of the Pope. During the 1860s the last vestiges of the Papal States were under the French protection Napoleon III. And it was only when this was lifted in 1870 owing to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War that Italian troops were able to capture Rome entering the city through a breach near Porta Pia. Afterwards Pope Pius IX declared himself as prisoner in the Vatican and in 1871 the capital of Italy was moved from Florence to Rome.29 Soon after World War I Rome witnessed the rise to power of Italian Fascism guided by Benito Mussolini who marched on the city in 1922 eventually declaring a new Empire and allying Italy with Nazi Germany. The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population that surpassed 1000000 inhabitants. In World War II due to its status of an open city Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities but was occupied by the Germans from the Italian Armistice until its liberation on June 4th 1944. However on June 19 1943 Rome was bombed by Anglo-American forces being one of the hardest hit areas in the San Lorenzo district. Causing about 3000 deaths and 11000 wounded. Rome grew momentously after the war as one of the driving forces behind the "Italian economic miracle" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation. It became a fashionable city in the 1950s and early 1960s the years of "la dolce vita" ("the sweet life") with popular classic fims such as Ben Hur Quo Vadis Roman Holiday and La Dolce Vita30 being filmed in the city's iconic Cinecitt Studios. A new rising trend in population continued until the mid-1980s when the commune had more than 2800000 residents; after that population started to slowly decline as more residents moved to nearby suburbs. Government See also: List of mayors of Rome and Administrative subdivision of Rome Local government Composition of the City Council Party Members PDL 35 PD 17 Left 2 Palazzo Senatorio Rome City Hall The 19 municipi of Rome. Rome constitutes one of Italy's 8101 communes and is the largest both in terms of land area and population. It is governed by a mayor currently Gianni Alemanno and a city council. The seat of the commune is the Palazzo Senatorio on the Capitoline Hill the historic seat of the city government. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as "Campidoglio" the Italian name of the hill. The city is divided into 20 administrative areas called municipi or municipalities. They were created in 1972 for administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city.31 Each municipality is governed by a president and a council of four members who are elected by the residents of the municipality every five years. The municipalities frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional non-administrative divisions of the city. Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative divisions. The historic centre is divided into 22 rioni all of which are located within the Aurelian Walls except Prati and Borgo. The Rioni have changed in number throughout history from ancient Rome the medieval period32 to the Renaissance. They were later organized in a more precise way by Pope Benedict XIV in 1743. Even after Napoleon lost his power in the city there were no sensible changes in the organisation of the city until Rome became the capital of the new born Italy. The needs of the new capital caused a great urbanisation and an increase of the population both within the Aurelian walls and outside them. In 1874 the rioni became 15 adding Esquilino obtained taking a part from Monti. At the beginning of the 20th century some rioni started being split up and the first parts outside the Aurelian walls started being considered part of the city. In 1921 the number of the rioni increased to 22. Prati was the last rione to be established. and the only one outside the City Walls. With the creation of the circoscrizioni (later renamed municipi) in 1972 all the rioni except Borgo and Prati have been placed in the first one Municipio I which so contains almost completely the Centro Storico. National government Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the Italian Government. The official residences of the President of the Italian Republic and the Italian Prime Minister the seats of both houses of the Italian Parliament and that of the Italian Constitutional Court are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs which is located in Palazzo della Farnesina near the Olympic stadium. Geography Location Rome is in the Lazio region of central Italy on the Tiber river (Italian: Tevere). The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the Tiber island the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the Aventine Hill the Caelian Hill the Capitoline Hill the Esquiline Hill the Palatine Hill the Quirinal Hill and the Viminal Hill. Modern Rome is also crossed by another river the Aniene which joins the Tiber north of the historic centre. Although the city center is about 24 kilometres (15 mi) inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea the city territory extends to the shore where the south-western district of Ostia is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from 13 metres (43 ft) above sea level (at the base of the Pantheon) to 139 metres (456 ft) above sea level (the peak of Monte Mario).33 The Commune of Rome covers an overall area of about 1285 square kilometres (496 sq mi) including many green areas. Topography Rome seen from satellite. Throughout the history of Rome the urban limits of the city were considered to be the area within the city walls. Originally these consisted of the Servian Wall which was built twelve years after the Gaulish sack of the city in 390 BC. This contained most of the Esquiline and Caelian hills as well as the whole of the other five. Rome outgrew the Servian Wall but no more walls were constructed until almost 700 years later when in 270 AD Emperor Aurelian began building the Aurelian Walls. These were almost 19 kilometres (12 mi) long and were still the walls the troops of the Kingdom of Italy had to breach to enter the city in 1870. Modern Romans frequently consider the city's urban area to be delimited by its ring-road the Grande Raccordo Anulare which circles the city centre at a distance of about 10 km. The Commune of Rome however covers considerably more territory and extends to the sea at Ostia the largest town in Italy that is not a commune in its own right. The Commune covers an area roughly three times the total area within the Raccordo and is comparable in area to the entire provinces of Milan and Naples and to an area six times the size of the territory of these cities. It also includes considerable areas of abandoned marsh land which is suitable neither for agriculture nor for urban development. As a consequence the density of the Commune is not that high the communal territory being divided between highly urbanised areas and areas designated as parks nature reserves and for agricultural use. The Province of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At 5352 square kilometres (2066 sq mi) its dimensions are comparable to the region of Liguria. Climate Rome enjoys a Mediterranean climate (Kppen climate classification: Csa)34 typical of the Mediterranean coasts of Italy. Spring and autumn are mild to warm and the Romans ottobrate ("beautiful October days") are known as being sunny and warm. By August the maximum diurnal temperature often exceeds 30 C (86 F). Traditionally many businesses were accustomed to closing during August while Romans visited holiday resorts. In more recent years however in response to growing tourism and changing work habits the city has been staying open for the whole summer. The average high temperature in January is about 12.9 C (55.2 F) but in hot periods it can be higher while subzero lows are not uncommon. Snowfalls can occur in December January and February. Within the last four decades they have been rare in Rome: the most recent snowfall with accumulation was in February 201035 the first since 1986 (in some peripheral areas since 1991); between 1986 and 2010 snow fell four times without significant traces on the ground. Generally summer's season lasts about 6 months from May to October. Two months (April and November) are transitional sometimes there are temperature above 20 C (68 F). December January February and March is the coldest months with average temperatures (of these four months) over 13.1 C (55.6 F) near city centre (13.9 C (57.0 F) near sea) during the day and 3.7 C (38.7 F) near city centre (4.7 C (40.5 F) near sea) at night. Average relative humidity is 74.8% from 72% in July to 77% in November and December. Climate data for Rome-Ciampino airport near city centre (19611990) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high C (F) 11.8 (53.2) 13.0 (55.4) 15.2 (59.4) 18.1 (64.6) 22.9 (73.2) 27.0 (80.6) 30.4 (86.7) 30.3 (86.5) 26.8 (80.2) 21.8 (71.2) 16.3 (61.3) 12.6 (54.7) 20.5 (68.9) Daily mean C (F) 7.3 (45.1) 8.3 (46.9) 10.1 (50.2) 12.8 (55) 17.0 (62.6) 20.9 (69.6) 23.9 (75) 23.9 (75) 20.8 (69.4) 16.3 (61.3) 11.6 (52.9) 8.3 (46.9) 15.3 (59.5) Average low C (F) 2.7 (36.9) 3.5 (38.3) 5.0 (41) 7.5 (45.5) 11.1 (52) 14.7 (58.5) 17.4 (63.3) 17.5 (63.5) 14.8 (58.6) 10.8 (51.4) 6.8 (44.2) 3.9 (39) 10.0 (50) Precipitation mm (inches) 102.6 (4.039) 98.5 (3.878) 67.5 (2.657) 65.4 (2.575) 48.2 (1.898) 34.4 (1.354) 22.9 (0.902) 32.8 (1.291) 68.1 (2.681) 93.7 (3.689) 129.6 (5.102) 111.0 (4.37) 874.7 (34.437) Avg. precipitation days 9.0 8.8 8.7 8.7 5.8 4.4 2.2 3.2 5.6 7.6 10.9 9.6 84.5 Sunshine hours 120.9 132.8 167.4 201.0 263.5 285.0 331.7 297.6 237.0 195.3 129.0 111.6 2472.8 Source: Italiano della Meteorologia36 Climate data for Rome-Fiumicino airport near sea (19611990) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high C (F) 12.9 (55.2) 13.7 (56.7) 15.3 (59.5) 18.0 (64.4) 22.0 (71.6) 25.6 (78.1) 28.6 (83.5) 28.7 (83.7) 26.0 (78.8) 22.0 (71.6) 17.2 (63) 13.9 (57) 20.3 (68.5) Daily mean C (F) 8.3 (46.9) 9.1 (48.4) 10.6 (51.1) 13.2 (55.8) 17.0 (62.6) 20.6 (69.1) 23.4 (74.1) 23.6 (74.5) 20.9 (69.6) 17.0 (62.6) 12.7 (54.9) 9.5 (49.1) 15.5 (59.9) Average low C (F) 3.7 (38.7) 4.4 (39.9) 5.8 (42.4) 8.3 (46.9) 11.9 (53.4) 15.6 (60.1) 18.2 (64.8) 18.4 (65.1) 15.8 (60.4) 12.0 (53.6) 8.1 (46.6) 5.1 (41.2) 10.6 (51.1) Precipitation mm (inches) 80.7 (3.177) 74.9 (2.949) 65.0 (2.559) 54.7 (2.154) 31.8 (1.252) 16.3 (0.642) 14.7 (0.579) 33.3 (1.311) 68.2 (2.685) 93.4 (3.677) 110.5 (4.35) 89.6 (3.528) 733.1 (28.862) Avg. precipitation days 9.1 8.3 7.9 7.0 4.4 2.4 1.6 2.8 4.5 7.0 9.9 9.0 73.9 Source: Italiano della Meteorologia37 Demographics Main article: Demographics of Italy Historical populations Year Pop.  % 1861 194500 1871 212432 9.2% 1881 273952 29.0% 1901 422411 54.2% 1911 518917 22.8% 1921 660235 27.2% 1931 930926 41.0% 1936 1150589 23.6% 1951 1651754 43.6% 1961 2188160 32.5% 1971 2781993 27.1% 1981 2840259 2.1% 1991 2775250 2.3% 2001 2663182 4.0% 2010 (Est.) 2754440 3.4% Source: ISTAT 2001 At the time of the Emperor Augustus Rome was the largest city in the world: with a population of about one million people (about the size of London in the early 19th century when London was the largest city in the world).38394041 After the fall of the Roman Empire the city's population fell dramatically to less than 50000 people and continued to either stagnate or shrink until the Renaissance.42 When the Kingdom of Italy annexed Rome in 1870 the city had a population of about 200000 which rapidly increased to 600000 by the eve of World War I. The Fascist regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by early 1930s. After the Second World War growth continued helped by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created a large number of suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s. In mid-2010 there were 2754440 residents in the city proper while some 4.2 million people lived in the greater Rome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative province with a population density of about 800inhab./km2 stretching over more than 5000 km2). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007 the population of Rome grew by 6.54 percent while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.43 The current birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. Ethnic groups According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT44 approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-Italians. The bulk of immigrants are those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanians Polish Ukrainians and Albanians) numbering a combined total of 131118 or 4.7 percent of the population and almost one half of the total immigrant population. The remaining 4.8 percent are those with non-European origins chiefly Filipinos: 26933 Bangladeshis: 12154 Peruvians: 10530 Chinese: 10283 and other nationalities. The Esquilino district off Termini Railway Station has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood it is now seen as Rome's Chinatown but in fact immigrants from more than a hundred different countries crowd its busy streets and piazzas. A thriving commercial district Esquilino boasts dozens of restaurants featuring every kind of international cuisine. There are innumerable wholesale clothes shops: of the 1300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world and some 200 are owned by Italians.45 In order to serve the growing number Muslims community in 1995 the first Mosque in Rome was inaugurated the largest mosque in Europe. Hundreds of Romani gypsies live in illegal trailer camps on the city's outskirts. There is a growing population of homeless people in Rome mostly not Italian and estimated at 7000. Religion Main article: Religion in Rome St. Peter's Square in Vatican City. Much like the rest of Italy Rome is predominantly Roman Catholic and the city has been an important centre of religion and pilgrimage for centuries the base of the ancient Roman Religion with the pontifex maximus and later the seat of the Vatican City and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome the Religio Romana (literally the "Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were Jupiter the most high and Mars god of war and father of Rome's twin founders Romulus and Remus according to tradition. Other gods and goddesses such as Vesta and Minerva were honoured. Rome was also the base of several mystery cults such as Mithraism. Later after St Peter and St Paul were martyred in the city and the first Christians began to arrive Rome became Christian and the St. Peter's Basilica was first constructed in 313 AD. Despite some interruptions (such as the Avignon papacy) Rome has for centuries been the home of the Roman Catholic Church and the bishop of Rome otherwise known as the pope. Basilica of St. John Lateran Rome's Cathedral. Despite the fact that Rome is home to the Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica Rome's cathedral is the Basilica of St. John Lateran located to the south-east of the city-centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total aside from the cathedral itself some others of note include: the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls the Basilica di San Clemente San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and the Church of the Gesu. There are also the ancient Catacombs of Rome underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome such as the Pontifical Lateran University Pontifical Biblical Institute Pontifical Gregorian University and Pontifical Oriental Institute. The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields where St. Peter's Basilica the Apostolic Palace the Sistine Chapel and museums were built along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the Tiber river the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV later expanded by the current fortification walls of Paul III/Pius IV/Urban VIII. The Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore is one of the largest churches in the city. When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its present form was being prepared the boundaries of the proposed territory was influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier there was no wall but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed. The territory includes Saint Peter's Square separated from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square where it touches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione which runs from the Tiber River to St. Peter's. This grand approach was constructed by Benito Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty. According to the Lateran Treaty certain properties of the Holy See that are located in Italian territory most notably Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies. In recent years there has been a significant growth in Rome's Muslim community mainly due to immigration from North African and Middle Eastern countries into the city. As a consequence of this increase of the local practitioners of the Islamic faith the commune promoted the building of the largest mosque in Europe which was designed by architect Paolo Portoghesi and inaugurated on June 21 1995. Since the end of the Roman Republic Rome is also the center of an important Jewish community46 which was once based in Trastevere and later in the Roman Ghetto. There lies also the major synagogue in Rome the Tempio Maggiore. Cityscape See also: List of tourist attractions in Rome and List of streets in Rome The Colosseum and the Arch of Constantine. Architecture Main article: Architecture of Rome The Pantheon. Rome's architecture over the centuries has greatly developed especially from the Classical and Imperial Roman styles to modern Fascist architecture. Rome was for a period one of the world's main epicentres of classical architecture developing new forms such as the arch the dome and the vault.47 The Romanesque style in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture and later the city became one of the main centres of Renaissance and Baroque architecture.47 Ancient Rome Castel Sant'Angelo. The Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura. Main articles: List of ancient monuments in Rome and Ancient Roman architecture One of the symbols of Rome is the Colosseum (7080 AD) the largest amphitheatre ever built in the Roman Empire. Originally capable of seating 60000 spectators it was used for gladiatorial combat. A list of important monuments and sites of ancient Rome includes the Roman Forum the Domus Aurea the Pantheon Trajan's Column Trajan's Market the Catacombs the Circus Maximus the Baths of Caracalla Castel Sant'Angelo the Mausoleum of Augustus the Ara Pacis the Arch of Constantine the Pyramid of Cestius and the Bocca della Verit. Medieval Often overlooked Rome's medieval heritage is one of the largest in Italian cities. Basilicas dating from the Paleochristian age include Santa Maria Maggiore and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (the latter largely rebuilt in the 19th century) both housing precious 4th century AD mosaics. Later notable medieval mosaic and fresco art can be also found in the churches of Santa Maria in Trastevere Santi Quattro Coronati and Santa Prassede. Lay buildings include a number of towers the largest being the Torre delle Milizie and the Torre dei Conti both next the Roman Forum and the huge staircase leading to the basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli. Renaissance and Baroque Rome was a major world centre of the Renaissance second only to Florence and was profoundly affected by the movement. Among others a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture in Rome is the Piazza del Campidoglio by Michelangelo. During this period the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as the Palazzo del Quirinale (now seat of the President of the Italian Republic) the Palazzo Venezia the Palazzo Farnese the Palazzo Barberini the Palazzo Chigi (now seat of the Italian Prime Minister) the Palazzo Spada the Palazzo della Cancelleria and the Villa Farnesina. Panoramic view of Piazza del Campidoglio with the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. Many of the famous city's squares - some huge majestic and often adorned with obelisks some small and pictoresque - got their present shape during the Renaissance and Baroque. The principal ones are Piazza Navona Piazza di Spagna Campo de' Fiori Piazza Venezia Piazza Farnese Piazza della Rotonda and Piazza della Minerva. One of the most emblematic examples of Baroque art is the Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi. Other notable 17th-century baroque palaces are the Palazzo Madama now the seat of the Italian Senate and the Palazzo Montecitorio now the seat of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy. Neoclassicism The Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II. Piazza del Popolo. Palazzo della Farnesina seat of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1870 Rome became the capital city of the new Kingdom of Italy. During this time neoclassicism a building style influenced by the architecture of antiquity became a predominant influence in Roman architecture.During this period many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries embassies and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbols of Roman neoclassicism is the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II or "Altar of the Fatherland" where the Grave of the Unknown Soldier that represents the 650000 Italians that fell in World War I is located. Fascist architecture See also: Fascist architecture The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 developed an architectural style that was characterised by its links with ancient Roman architecture. The most important Fascist site in Rome is the E.U.R district designed in 1938 by Marcello Piacentini. It was originally conceived for the 1942 world exhibition and was called "E.42" ("Esposizione 42"). The world exhibition however never took place because Italy entered the Second World War in 1940. The most representative building of the Fascist style at E.U.R. is the Palazzo della Civilt Italiana (19381943) the iconic design of which has been labelled the cubic of Square Colosseum. After World War II the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centre business district of the type that other capitals were still planning (London Docklands and La Dfense in Paris). Also the Palazzo della Farnesina the current seat of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs was designed in 1935 in pure Fascist style. Parks and gardens Main article: List of parks and gardens in Rome The Villa Borghese gardens. Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome and the city has one of the largest areas of green space amongst European capitals.48 The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While many villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century a great many remain. The most notable of these are Villa Borghese Villa Ada and Villa Doria Pamphili. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill comprising some 1.8 km2. Also on the Gianicolo hill there is Villa Sciarra with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere the Orto Botanico (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space but the main attraction is the ancient site of the chariot racing and it has few trees. Nearby is the lush Villa Celimontana close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla and Rose Garden (roseto comunale). The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. It is close to the Spanish Steps and Piazza del Popolo. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin including the Pineto Regional Park and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano. Fountains and aqueducts Main articles: List of fountains in Rome and List of aqueducts in the city of Rome The Trevi Fountain one of the most famous in the world. Fontana della Barcaccia in Piazza di Spagna. Rome is a city famous for its numerous fountains built in all different styles from Classical and Medieval to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had fountains for more than two thousand years and they have provided drinking water and decorated the piazzas of Rome. During the Roman Empire in 98 AD according to Sextus Julius Frontinus the Roman consul who was named curator aquarum or guardian of the water of the city Rome had nine aqueducts which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household baths and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts in case one was shut down for service.49 During the 17th and 18th century the Roman popes reconstructed other ruined Roman acqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome like the paintings of Rubens were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. They were crowded with allegorical figures and filled with emotion and movement. In these fountains sculpture became the principal element and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They like baroque gardens were "a visual representation of confidence and power."50 Statues Main article: Talking statues of Rome The 39.7 m tall.51 Column of Marcus Aurelius. Rome is well known for its statues but in particular the talking statues of Rome. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the Pasquino and the Marforio yet there are four other noted ones: il Babuino Madama Lucrezia il Facchino and Abbot Luigi. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical and most of them also depict mythical gods ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents Menelaus Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate il Babuino is supposed to be Silenus Marforio represents Oceanus Madama Lucrezia is a bust of Isis and il Facchino is the only non-Roman statue created in 1580 and not representing anyone in particular. They are often due to their status covered with placards or graffiti expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city which are not related to the talking statues include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo or several monuments scattered across the city such as that to Giordano Bruno in the Campo de'Fiori. Obelisks and columns Main article: List of obelisks in Rome The city contains eight ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an ancient Ethiopian obelisk in Rome.52 The city contains some of obelisks in piazzas such as in Piazza Navona St Peter's Square Piazza Montecitorio and Piazza del Popolo and others in villas thermae parks and gardens such as in Villa Celimontana the Baths of Diocletian and the Pincian Hill. Moreover the centre of Rome hosts also Trajan's and Antonine Column two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief. Bridges Main article: List of bridges in Rome Bridge of Angels which leads to Castel Sant'Angelo. The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the Tiber. Famous ones include the Ponte Cestio the Ponte Milvio the Ponte Nomentano the Ponte Sant'Angelo the Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II the Ponte Sisto and the Ponte dei Quattro Capi. Currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city.53 Most of the city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style but also in Baroque Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the Encyclopdia Britannica the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the Ponte Sant'Angelo which was completed in 135AD and was decorated with 10 statues of the angels designed by Bernini in 1688.54 Catacombs Main article: Catacombs of Rome Rome has extensive amount of ancient catacombs or underground burial places under or near the city of which there are at least forty some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials they include pagan and Jewish burials either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through tuff a soft volcanic rock outside the boundaries of the city because Roman law forbade burial places within city limits. Currently maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the Papacy which has invested in the Salesians of Don Bosco the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome. Economy Panoramic view of EUR business district. Being the capital city of Italy Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation like the Presidency of the Republic the government (and its single Ministeri) the Parliament the main judicial Courts and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and the Vatican City (curiously Rome also hosts in the Italian part of its territory the Embassy of Italy for the Vatican City a unique case of an Embassy within the boundaries of its own country). Many international institutions are located in Rome notably cultural and scientific ones such as the American Institute the British School the French Academy the Scandinavian Institutes the German Archaeological Institute for the honour of scholarship in the Eternal City and humanitarian ones such as the FAO. Rome also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) World Food Programme (WFP) the NATO Defence College and ICCROM the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property 1. Rome is currently an alpha- world city along with Chicago Istanbul Frankfurt Athens Zurich Mexico City Prague Budapest Amsterdam Vienna and Dublin to name a few.55 Rome was in 2008 also ranked 15th out of all the cities of the world for global importance mainly for cultural experience.56 With a 2005 GDP of 94.376 billion (US$121.5 billion)57 the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy) and its unemployment rate lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005 is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.57 Rome grows +4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.57 This means that were Rome a country it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of 29153 (US$ 37412) which was second in Italy (after Milan) and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita.58 Rome on the whole has the highest total earnings in Italy reaching 47076890463 in 200859 yet in terms of average workers' incomes the city places itself 9th in Italy with 2450959 On a global level Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009 coming three places higher than in 2008 in which the city ranked 33rd.60 Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry and it is largely dominated by services high-technology companies (IT aerospace defence telecommunications) research construction and commercial activities (especially banking) and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport Fiumicino is the largest in Italy and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: Enel Eni and Telecom Italia.61 Universities national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the Italian film industry thanks to the Cinecitt studios working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics energy transport and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters government ministries conference centres sports venues and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR); the Torrino (further south from the EUR); the Magliana; the Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and the so-called Tiburtina-valley along the ancient Via Tiburtina. Education Rome is a nation-wide and major international centre for higher education containing numerous academies colleges and universities. According to the City Brands Index Rome is considered the world's second most historically educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city.62 It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre especially during Ancient Rome and the Renaissance along with Florence.63 La Sapienza University in Rome is Europe's largest with 140000 students.64 Rome has a large number of universities and colleges. Its first university La Sapienza (founded in 1303) is the largest in Europe and the second-largest in the world with more than 140000 students attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university65 and currently ranks amongst Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges.66 In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza two new public universities were founded during the last decades: Tor Vergata in 1982 and Roma Tre in 1992. Rome contains also a large number of pontifical universities and other institutes including the British School at Rome the French School in Rome the Pontifical Gregorian University (The oldest Jesuit university in the world founded in 1551) Istituto Europeo di Design the St. John's University the American University of Rome the Scuola Lorenzo de' Medici the Link Campus of Malta and the Universit Campus Bio-Medico. Rome is also the location of the John Felice Rome Center a campus of Loyola University Chicago. The Roman Colleges are several seminaries for students from foreign countries studying for the priesthood at the Pontifical Universities.67 Examples include the Venerable English College the Pontifical North American College the Scots College and the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome. Rome's major libraries include: the Biblioteca Angelica opened in 1604 making it Italy's first public library; the Biblioteca Casanatense opened in 1701; the Biblioteca Vallicelliana; Bibliotheca Hertziana Max Planck Institute of Art History a German library located in Rome often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences;68 the National Central Library one of the two national libraries in Italy which contains 4126002 volumes; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri specialised in diplomacy foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della Societ Geografica Italiana which is based in the Villa Celimontana and is the most important geographical library in Italy and one of Europe's most important;69 and the Vatican Library one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world which was formally established in 1475 though in fact much older and has 75000 codices from throughout history.70 Culture Main article: Culture in Rome Entertainment and performing arts Main articles: Music of Rome and Events in Rome Renzo Piano's Parco della Musica Auditorium. Rome is an important centre for music and it has an intense musical scene including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585) for which new concert halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2004. Rome has also had a major impact in music history. The Roman School was a group of composers of predominantly church music which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries therefore spanning the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth clear polyphonic perfection. However there were other composers working in Rome and in a variety of styles and forms. Tourism Historic Centre of Rome the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura* UNESCO World Heritage Site Country  Italy and Holy See Type Cultural Criteria i ii iii iv vi Reference 91 Region** Europe and North America Inscription history Inscription 1980  (4th Session) Extensions 1990 * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO. Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures as well as for the charm of its unique traditions the beauty of its panoramic views and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums (Musei Capitolini the Vatican Museums Galleria Borghese including those dedicated to modern and contemporary art and great many others) aqueducts fountains churches palaces historical buildings the monuments and ruins of the Roman Forum and the Catacombs. Rome is the 3rd most visited city in the EU after London and Paris and receives an average of 710 million tourists a year which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4 million tourists) and the Vatican Museums (4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world according to a recent study.71 Rome is a major archaeological hub and one of the world's main centres of archaeological research. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city such as the American Academy in Rome72 and The Swedish Institute at Rome73 to name a few. Rome contains numerous ancient sites including the Forum Romanum Trajan's Market Trajan's Forum74 the Colosseum and the Pantheon to name but a few. The Colosseum arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites is regarded as a wonder of the world.7576 Rome contains a vast and impressive collection of art sculpture fountains mosaics frescos and paintings from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome with forms of important Roman art such as architecture painting sculpture and mosaic work. Metal-work coin die and gem engraving ivory carvings figurine glass pottery and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.77 Rome later became a major centre of Renaissance art since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose basilicas palaces piazzas and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork second only to Florence and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres such as Paris and Venice. The city was affected greatly by the baroque and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects such as Bernini Caravaggio Carracci Borromini and Cortona to name a few.78 In the late 18th century and early 19th century the city was one of the centres of the Grand Tour79 when wealthy young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ancient Roman culture art philosophy and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists such as Pannini and Bernardo Bellotto. Today the city is a major artistic centre with numerous art institutes80 and museums. Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla Morandi Pirandello Carr De Chirico De Pisis Guttuso Fontana Burri Mastroianni Turcato Kandisky Czanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 sees the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as Maxxi National Museum of XXIst century Art and Architecture it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi 81 features a campus dedicated to culture experimental research laboratories international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parco della Musica 82 and Massimiliano Fuksas' Rome Convention Center Centro Congressi Italia EUR in the EUR district due to open in 2011.83 The Convention Center features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side. Rome is also widely recognised as a world fashion capital. Although not as important as Milan Rome is the world's 4th most important center for fashion in the world according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor after Milan New York and Paris and beating London.84 Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains such as Bulgari Fendi85 Laura Biagiotti and Brioni (fashion) just to name a few are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also other major labels such as Chanel Prada Dolce & Gabbana Armani and Versace have luxury boutiques in Rome primarily along its prestigious and upscale Via dei Condotti. Cuisine Spaghetti alla Carbonara a typical Roman dish Main articles: Roman Cuisine and Drink in Rome Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social cultural and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during Ancient Rome. Ancient Roman Cuisine was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture and after the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. In the beginning the differences between social classes were not very great but disparities developed with the empire's growth. Later during the Renaissance Rome became well-known as a centre of high-cuisine since some of the best chefs of the time worked for the popes. An example of this could be Bartolomeo Scappi who was a chef working for Pius IV in the Vatican kitchen and he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook Opera dell'arte del cucinare was published. In the book he lists approximately 1000 recipes of the Renaissance cuisine and describes cooking techniques and tools giving the first known picture of a fork.86 Today the city is home to numerous formidable and traditional Italian dishes. A Jewish influence can be seen as Jews have lived in Rome since the 1st century BCE. Vegetables especially globe artichokes are common.87 Examples of these include "Saltimbocca alla Romana" a veal cutlet Roman-style; topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; "Carciofi alla giudia" artichokes fried in olive oil typical of Roman Jewish cooking; "Carciofi alla romana" artichokes Roman-style; outer leaves removed stuffed with mint garlic breadcrumbs and braised; "Spaghetti alla carbonara" spaghetti with bacon eggs and pecorino and "Gnocchi di semolino alla romana" semolina dumpling Roman-style to name but a few. Cinema Set of Gangs of New York in Cinecitt studios Rome Main articles: List of films set in Rome and List of films set in ancient Rome Rome hosts the Cinecitt Studios88 the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema where a large number of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The 99-acre (40-ha) studio complex is 5.6 miles (9 km) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world second only to Hollywood with well over 5000 professionals from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3000 productions have been made on its lot from recent features like The Passion of the Christ Gangs of New York HBO's Rome The Life Aquatic and Dino De Laurentiis Decameron to such cinema classics as Ben-Hur Cleopatra and the films of Federico Fellini. Founded in 1937 by Benito Mussolini the studios were bombed by the Western Allies during the Second World War. In the 1950s Cinecitt was the filming location for several large American film productions and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with Federico Fellini. Today Cinecitt is the only studio in the world with pre-production production and full post-production facilities on one lot allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walk out" with a completed film. Language Main articles: Roman dialect and Latin The original language of Rome was Latin which evolved during the Middle Ages into Italian. The latter emerged as the confluence of various regional dialects among which the Tuscan dialect predominated but the population of Rome also developed its own dialect the Romanesco. The ancient Romanesco used during the Middle Ages was a southern Italian dialect very close to the Neapolitan. The influence of the Florentine culture during the renaissance and above all the immigration to Rome of many Florentines amongst them the two Medici Popes (Leo X and Clement VII) and their suite caused a major shift in the dialect which began to resemble more the Tuscan varieties. This remained largely confined to Rome until the 19th century but then expanded to other zones of Lazio (Civitavecchia Latina) from the beginning of the 20th century thanks to the rising population of Rome and to better transportation systems. As a consequence Romanesco abandoned its traditional forms to mutate into the dialect spoken within the city which is more like standard Italian although it remains distinct from the other Romanesco-influenced local dialects of Lazio. Dialectal literature in the traditional form Romanesco includes the works of such authors as Giuseppe Gioachino Belli Trilussa and Cesare Pascarella. Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors such as Aldo Fabrizi Alberto Sordi Nino Manfredi Anna Magnani Gigi Proietti Enrico Montesano and Carlo Verdone. Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is much more extensive however. Through the process of Romanisation the peoples of Gallia the Iberian Peninsula Italy and Dacia developed languages which derive directly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world both through colonization and cultural influence. Moreover also modern English because of the Norman Conquest borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin Language. The Roman or Latin alphabet is the most widely used writing system in the world used by the greatest number of languages.89 Sports Stadio Olimpico one of the largest in Europe with a capacity of over 70000.90 Football or soccer is the most popular sport in Rome as in the rest of the country. The city hosted the final games of the 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cup. The latter took place in the Olympic Stadium which is also the home stadium for local Serie A clubs A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio whose rivalry has become a staple of Roman sports culture. Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular as has been the case with players such as Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi (both for A.S. Roma). Atletico Roma is a minor team that plays in First Division; its home stadium is Stadio Flaminio. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics with great success using many ancient sites such as the Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla as venues. For the Olympic Games many new structures were created notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was also enlarged and renewed to host qualification and the final match of the 1990 FIFA World Cup the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district) etc. Rome is also an official candidate for the 2020 Olympic Games along with Milan Toronto Brisbane and Montreal.91 Rugby union is gaining wider acceptance. The Stadio Flaminio is the home stadium for the Italy national rugby union team which has been playing in the Six Nations Championship since 2000 albeit with less than satisfactory performances as they have never won the championship. Rome is home to local rugby teams such as Unione Rugby Capitolina Rugby Roma and S.S. Lazio. Every May Rome hosts the ATP Masters Series tennis tournament on the clay courts of the Foro Italico. Cycling was popular in the post-WWII period although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the Giro d'Italia twice in 1989 and 2000. Rome is also home to other sports teams including basketball (Virtus Roma) volleyball (M. Roma Volley) handball or waterpolo. Transportation Main article: Transport in Rome Rome-Fiumicino Airport in 2008 was the sixth busiest airport in Europe. Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads that began at the Capitoline Hill and connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled at a distance of about 10 km (6 mi) by the ring-road (the Grande Raccordo Anulare or GRA). Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula Rome is a principal railway node for central Italy. Rome's main train station Termini is one of the biggest train stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city Roma Tiburtina is currently being redeveloped as a high-speed rail terminus.92 Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport is Italy's chief airport and is commonly known as "Fiumicino Airport" as it is located within the nearby Comune of Fiumicino south-west of Rome. The older Rome Ciampino Airport is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport" as it is located beside Ciampino south-east of Rome. A third airport the Roma-Urbe Airport is a small low-traffic airport located about 6 km north of the city centre which handles most helicopter and private flights. The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size. In addition Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10000 inhabitants far below other major European cities.93 Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during the hours of daylight. Areas where these restriction apply are known as Limited Traffic Zones (Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL) in Italian). More recently heavy night-time traffic in Trastevere and San Lorenzo has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts and there are also plans to create another night-time ZTL in Testaccio. Overview map of Rome Underground and Rail in 2011 A 2-line metro system called the Metropolitana operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had been planned to quickly connect the main train station with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs where the 1942 World Fair was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war. The area was later partly redesigned and renamed EUR (Esposizione Universale di Roma: Rome Universal Exhibition) in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955 and it is now part of the B Line. The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations later extended in stages (19992000) to Battistini. In the 1990s an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. This underground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events especially the A line) as it is relatively short. As of 2005 its total length is 38 km (24 mi). The two existing lines A and B intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) is under construction with an estimated cost of 500 million. It is scheduled to open in 2012. B1 will connect to line B at Piazza Bologna and will have four stations over a distance of 3.9 km (2 mi). A third line line C is under construction with an estimated cost of 3 billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of 25.5 km (16 mi). It will partly replace the existing Rail Road line Termini-Pantano. It will feature full automated driverless trains.94 The first section is due to open in 2011 and the final sections in 2015 but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work. A fourth line D line is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of 20 km (12 mi). The first section is projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035. Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus and tram network is run by Trambus S.p.A. under the auspices of ATAC S.p.A. (which originally stood for the Bus and Tram Agency of the Commune Azienda Tranvie ed Autobus del Comune in Italian). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over 8 thousand bus stops whereas the more-limited tram system has 39 km of track and 192 stops.95 There is also one trolleybus line opened in 2005 and additional trolleybus lines are planned.96 International entities organisations and involvement FAO headquarters in Rome Rome is unique in having a sovereign state located entirely within its city limits the Vatican City. The Vatican is a enclave of Rome and a sovereign possession of the Holy See the supreme government of the Roman Catholic Church. Rome hosts foreign embassies to both Italy and the Holy See although frequently the same ambassador is accredited to both. Another body the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) took refuge in Rome in 1834 due to the conquest of Malta by Napoleon in 1798. It is sometimes classified as having sovereignty but does not claim any territory in Rome or anywhere else hence leading to dispute over its actual sovereign status. Rome is also the seat of international agencies of the United Nations such as the World Food Programme (WFP) the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the Treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (predecessor to the European Union) and also played host to the official signing of the proposed European Constitution in July 2004. Rome is the seat of the NATO Defense College and is the place where the Statute of the International Criminal Court was formulated. Twin towns sister cities and partner cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Column dedicated to Paris in 1956 near the Baths of Diocletian Rome is since 1956 exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with: Paris France (French) Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris. (Italian) Solo Parigi degna di Roma; solo Roma degna di Parigi. "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."979899 Rome's sister and partner cities are: Achacachi Bolivia. Algiers Algeria. Beijing China.100101 Belgrade Serbia. Braslia Brazil. Cairo Egypt. Kiev Ukraine. London United Kingdom. Mumbai India. Madrid Spain.102 Marbella Spain. Montreal Canada. New York City United States.103 Plovdiv Bulgaria. New Delhi India. Seoul South Korea. Sydney Australia. Tirana Albania.104105 Tokyo Japan. Tongeren Belgium. Tunis Tunisia106 Multan Pakistan107 See also Rome portal Glocal Forum Large Cities Climate Leadership Group List of shopping areas and markets in Rome References "Demography in Figures". Istituto nazionale di statistica (ISTAT). http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2010gen/index.html.  December 2010. "Rome city Italy". Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). 2009. http://www.questia.com/PM.qstao&d117042793.  Bremner Caroline (12 December 2008). 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Retrieved 31 July 2009.  cite weburlhttp://www.thenews.com.pk/dailydetail.aspid145013 titleRome and Multan to be made sister cities Bibliography Rendina Mario (2007) (in Italian). Roma ieri oggi domani. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori.  Lucentini Mario (2002) (in Italian). La Grande Guida di Roma. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. ISBN 88-8289-053-8.  Spoto Salvatore (1999) (in Italian). Roma Esoterica. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. ISBN 88-8289-265-4.  Richard Brilliant (2006). Roman Art. An American's View. Rome: Di Renzo Editore. ISBN 88-8323-085-X.  Rome. DK. 2006. ISBN 1405310901.  Coarelli Filippo (1984) (in Italian). Guida archeologica di Roma. Milano: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.  Bertarelli Luigi Vittorio (1925) (in Italian). Guida d'Italia. IV. Rome: CTI.  Documentaries The Holy Cities: Rome produced by Danae Film Production distributed by HDH Communications; 2006. External links Find more about Rome on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Rome travel guide from Wikitravel Rome travel guides at the Open Directory Project City models of Ancient Rome Vintage Rome: The Eternal City slideshow by Life magazine Official APT (official Tourist Office) of the City of Rome (English) Rome Museums Official site (Italian) Capitoline Museums (English)  Rome v d eMunicipi of Rome Municipio I (List of Rioni) Municipio II Municipio III Municipio IV Municipio V Municipio VI Municipio VII Municipio VIII Municipio IX Municipio X Municipio XI Municipio XII Municipio XIII Municipio XIV Municipio XV Municipio XVI Municipio XVII Municipio XVIII Municipio XIX Municipio XX v d eRioni of Rome I - Monti  II - Trevi  III - Colonna  IV - Campo Marzio  V - Ponte  VI - Parione  VII - Regola  VIII - Sant'Eustachio  IX - Pigna  X - Campitelli  XI - Sant'Angelo  XII - Ripa  XIII - Trastevere  XIV - Borgo  XV - Esquilino  XVI - Ludovisi  XVII - Sallustiano  XVIII - Castro Pretorio  XIX - Celio   XX - Testaccio  XXI - San Saba  XXII - Prati v d eMonuments of Rome Basilicas of Rome Catacombs of Rome  San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane  Basilica di San Clemente  Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore  Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls  Basilica of St. John Lateran  Chiesa del Ges  The Roman Ghetto  Santa Croce in Gerusalemme  Santa Maria degli Angeli  Santa Maria in Aracoeli  Santa Maria in Cosmedin  Santa Maria in Trastevere  Santa Prassede  Santa Sabina  St. Peter's Basilica  Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza  Sistine Chapel Roman villas Villa Ada  Villa Borghese  Villa Doria Pamphili  Villa Medici Roman temples Pantheon  Temple of Castor and Pollux  Temple of Portunus  Temple of Hercules Victor  Temple of Jupiter (Capitoline Hill)  Temple of Saturn  Temple of Vesta Roman architecture Ara Pacis  Castel Sant'Angelo  Circus Maximus  Colosseum  Column of Marcus Aurelius  Largo di Torre Argentina  Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II  Obelisks  Palazzo Barberini  Theatre of Marcellus  Theatre of Pompey  Tiber Island  Trajan's Column  Mausoleum of Augustus  Trevi Fountain  Baths of Caracalla  Aurelian Walls  Servian Wall  Palazzo Farnese  Piazza Navona  Pyramid of Cestius  Spanish Steps  Torre delle Milizie  Comitium  Roman Forum  Trajan's Market Roman art Apollo Belvedere  Augustus of Prima Porta  La Bocca della Verit  Laocon and His Sons Seven hills of Rome Aventine Hill  Caelian Hill  Capitoline Hill  Esquiline Hill  Palatine Hill  Quirinal Hill  Viminal Hill v d eLazio Comuni of the Province of Rome Affile  Agosta  Albano Laziale  Allumiere  Anguillara Sabazia  Anticoli Corrado  Anzio  Arcinazzo Romano  Ardea  Ariccia  Arsoli  Artena  Bellegra  Bracciano  Camerata Nuova  Campagnano di Roma  Canale Monterano  Canterano  Capena  Capranica Prenestina  Carpineto Romano  Casape  Castel Gandolfo  Castel Madama  Castel San Pietro Romano  Castelnuovo di Porto  Cave  Cerreto Laziale  Cervara di Roma  Cerveteri  Ciampino  Ciciliano  Cineto Romano  Civitavecchia  Civitella San Paolo  Colleferro  Colonna  Fiano Romano  Filacciano  Fiumicino  Fonte Nuova  Formello  Frascati  Gallicano nel Lazio  Gavignano  Genazzano  Genzano di Roma  Gerano  Gorga  Grottaferrata  Guidonia Montecelio  Jenne  Labico  Ladispoli  Lanuvio  Lariano  Licenza  Magliano Romano  Mandela  Manziana  Marano Equo  Marcellina  Marino  Mazzano Romano  Mentana  Monte Compatri  Monte Porzio Catone  Monteflavio  Montelanico  Montelibretti  Monterotondo  Montorio Romano  Moricone  Morlupo  Nazzano  Nemi  Nerola  Nettuno  Olevano Romano  Palestrina  Palombara Sabina  Percile  Pisoniano  Poli  Pomezia  Ponzano Romano  Riano  Rignano Flaminio  Riofreddo  Rocca Canterano  Rocca Priora  Rocca Santo Stefano  Rocca di Cave  Rocca di Papa  Roccagiovine  Roiate  Rome  Roviano  Sacrofano  Sambuci  San Cesareo  San Gregorio da Sassola  San Polo dei Cavalieri  San Vito Romano  Sant'Angelo Romano  Sant'Oreste  Santa Marinella  Saracinesco  Segni  Subiaco  Tivoli  Tolfa  Torrita Tiberina  Trevignano Romano  Vallepietra  Vallinfreda  Valmontone  Velletri  Vicovaro  Vivaro Romano  Zagarolo v d eSummer Paralympic Games host cities 1960: Rome  1964: Tokyo  1968: Tel Aviv  1972: Heidelberg  1976: Toronto  1980: Arnhem  1984: Stoke Mandeville/New York  1988: Seoul  1992: Barcelona  1996: Atlanta  2000: Sydney  2004: Athens  2008: Beijing  2012: London  2016: Rio de Janeiro v d eCapitals of European states and territories Capitals of non-sovereign territories or constituent nations shown in SmallCaps Western Northern Central Southern Eastern Amsterdam 6 Netherlands Andorra la Vella Andorra Belfast Northern Ireland Brussels 5 Belgium Douglas Isle of Man 4 Cardiff Wales Dublin Ireland Edinburgh Scotland Lisbon Portugal London United Kingdom England Luxembourg Luxembourg Madrid Spain Monaco Monaco Paris France Saint Helier Jersey 4 Saint Peter Port Guernsey 4 Copenhagen 7 Denmark Helsinki Finland Longyearbyen Svalbard Mariehamn land Islands Oslo Norway Reykjavk Iceland Riga Latvia Stockholm Sweden Tallinn Estonia Trshavn Faroe Islands Vilnius Lithuania Belgrade Serbia Berlin Germany Bern Switzerland Bratislava Slovakia Budapest Hungary Ljubljana Slovenia Prague Czech Republic Vienna Austria Warsaw Poland Vaduz Liechtenstein Zagreb Croatia Ankara Turkey 1 Athens Greece Gibraltar Gibraltar 4 Nicosia Cyprus 2 North Nicosia Northern Cyprus 2 3 Podgorica Montenegro Pristina Kosovo 3 Rome Italy San Marino San Marino Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje Republic of Macedonia Tirana Albania Valletta Malta Vatican City Vatican City Astana Kazakhstan 1 Baku Azerbaijan 1 Bucharest Romania Chiinu Moldova Kiev Ukraine Minsk Belarus Moscow Russia 1 Sofia Bulgaria Stepanakert Nagorno-Karabakh 2 3 Sukhumi Abkhazia 2 3 Tbilisi Georgia 1 Tiraspol Transnistria 3 Tskhinvali South Ossetia 2 3 Yerevan Armenia 1 1 Transcontinental country.  2 Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.  3 Partially recognised country.  4 Crown Dependency or Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom.  5 Also the seat of the European Union see Location of European Union institutions and Brussels and the European Union.6 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.7 Also the capital of the Kingdom of Denmark. v d eCapital cities of the Member States of the European Union Amsterdam  Athens  Berlin  Bratislava  Brussels  Bucharest  Budapest  Copenhagen  Dublin  Helsinki  Lisbon  Ljubljana  London  Luxembourg City  Madrid  Nicosia  Paris  Prague  Riga  Rome  Sofia  Stockholm  Tallinn  Valletta  Vienna  Vilnius  Warsaw v d eRegional capitals of Italy     L'Aquila Abruzzo Aosta Aosta Valley Bari Apulia Potenza Basilicata Catanzaro Calabria Naples Campania Bologna Emilia-Romagna Trieste Friuli Venezia Giulia Rome Lazio Genoa Liguria Milan Lombardy Ancona Marche Campobasso Molise Turin Piedmont Cagliari Sardinia Palermo Sicily Trento Trentino-Alto Adige/Sdtirol Florence Tuscany Perugia Umbria Venice Veneto v d eSummer Olympic Games host cities 1896: Athens  1900: Paris  1904: St. Louis  1908: London  1912: Stockholm  1920: Antwerp  1924: Paris  1928: Amsterdam  1932: Los Angeles  1936: Berlin  1948: London  1952: Helsinki  1956: Melbourne  1960: Rome  1964: Tokyo  1968: Mexico City  1972: Munich  1976: Montreal  1980: Moscow  1984: Los Angeles  1988: Seoul  1992: Barcelona  1996: Atlanta  2000: Sydney  2004: Athens  2008: Beijing  2012: London  2016: Rio de Janeiro v d eWorld Heritage Sites in Italy For official site names see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in Italy. North West Crespi d'Adda  Genoa  Mantua and Sabbioneta  Portovenere Cinque Terre (Monterosso al Mare Vernazza Corniglia Manarola Riomaggiore) Palmaria Tino and Tinetto  Residences of the Royal House of Savoy  Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes1  Rock Drawings in Valcamonica  Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy  Santa Maria delle Grazie Milan  Monte San Giorgio North East Aquileia  Botanical Garden Padua  Cathedral Torre Civica and Piazza Grande Modena  The Dolomites  Ferrara  Ravenna  Venice  Verona  Vicenza and Palladian Villas of the Veneto Centre Assisi  Cerveteri and Tarquinia  Florence  Hadrian's Villa  Piazza del Duomo Pisa  Pienza  Rome2  San Gimignano  Siena  Urbino  Val d'Orcia  Villa d'Este South Alberobello  Amalfi Coast  Castel del Monte  Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Paestum and Velia Certosa di Padula  Naples  Palace of Caserta Aqueduct of Vanvitelli and San Leucio Complex  Pompeii Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata  Sassi of Matera Islands Aeolian Islands  Archaeological Area of Agrigento  Barumini nuraghes  Syracuse and Necropolis of Pantalica  Val di Noto (Caltagirone Militello in Val di Catania Catania Modica Noto Palazzolo Acreide Ragusa Scicli)  Villa Romana del Casale 1 Shared with Switzerland  2 Shared with the Holy See