For the Buddhist monk Kya see Kya. "Brother(s)" and "Sister(s)" redirect here. For other uses see Brother (disambiguation) Brothers (disambiguation) Sister (disambiguation) and Sisters (disambiguation) Close relationships

Types of relationships Family  Marriage Husband  Wife Soulmate  Significant other Siblings  Cousin Domestic partnership Widowhood

Boyfriend  Girlfriend Cohabitation  Casual Romantic friendship  Sexual partner

Friendship  Kinship Monogamy  Same-sex relationship Non-monogamy  Open marriage Polyamory  Polyfidelity  Polygamy  Relationship anarchy

Mistress (lover)  Cicisbeo  Concubinage  Courtesan 

Romantic relationship events Bonding  Breaking up  Courtship  Dating  Divorce  Infidelity  Mating  Meet market   Romance  Separation  Singles event   Transgressing  Wedding

Feelings and emotions Affinity  Attachment  Compersion  Intimacy  Jealousy  Limerence  Love  Passion  Platonic love  Psychology of sexual monogamy

Human practices Bride price (Dower Dowry)  Hypergamy  Infidelity  Sexuality

Relationship abuse Child abuse  Elder abuse  Dating abuse  Infidelity  Spousal abuse  v d e

Siblings are people who share at least one parent. A male sibling is called a brother; and a female sibling is called a sister. In most societies throughout the world siblings usually grow up together and spend a good deal of their childhood socializing with one another. This genetic and physical closeness may be marked by the development of strong emotional bonds such as love or hostility. The emotional bond between siblings is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment birth order personality and personal experiences outside the family.1 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Types of siblings 2.1 Full sibling 2.2 Half sibling 2.3 3/4 sibling 2.4 Stepsibling 2.5 Milk sibling 2.6 Godsiblings 2.7 Foster siblings 3 Birth order 4 Regressive behavior at the birth of a new sibling 5 Sibling rivalry 6 Westermarck effect and its opposite 7 Famous sibling groups (mostly sibling bands) 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Sister project links Etymology Two Sisters by William-Adolphe Bouguereau. Brothers Prince Edward V of England and Prince Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York. The Bront sisters painted by their brother Sibling is a modern revival of the Old English word sibling meaning "relative kinsman" a derivative of sibb "kinship relationship" from Proto-Germanic *sibj "race" from Proto-Indo-European *sebh- *s(w)ebh- "tribe one's own people". The term along with its shortened form sib may have been in use dialectally throughout the Middle English and Early Modern English periods but was officially recognized c. 1903 when it came into common use in anthropology as a translation of the German genetics term Geschwister ("a brother or sister"). The word is further related to the second part of the word gossip which derives from Old English gdsibb meaning "a sponsor close relation". Types of siblings Full sibling A "full sibling" (full brother or full sister) is a sibling with whom an individual shares the same biological parents. Half sibling A half sibling that shares the same mother (but different fathers) is known as a "uterine" sibling whereas one that shares the same father (but different mothers) is known as an "agnate" sibling. In law the term consanguine is used in place of agnate. In addition first cousins who between them have a set of parents who are identical twins while technically not siblings are genetically equivalent to half siblings. Half siblings can have a wide variety of interpersonal relationships from a bond as close as any full siblings to total strangers. In law (and especially inheritance law) half siblings were often accorded unequal treatment. Old English common law at one time incorporated inequalities into the laws of intestate succession with half siblings taking only half as much property of their intestate siblings' estates as other siblings of full-blood. Unequal treatment of this type has been wholly abolished in England and throughout the United States. Adopted siblings are not biologically related but may consider each other siblings because they act like they are. 3/4 sibling "3/4 siblings" are siblings who share one parent and whose other two parents are full siblings. A similar situation arises when a man or a woman has children with two half-siblings. 3/4 siblings share more DNA than half siblings but less than full siblings. For example if a man has a child with a woman and then fathers a child with her sister the children will be 3/4 siblings. This term is more commonly used in animal breeding. A possible example was the relationship between Queen Elizabeth I of England the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn and Henry Carey and Catherine Carey the children of Mary Boleyn. Before her sister married King Henry Mary was Henry's mistress and he is sometimes named the father of her children. If so Henry and Catherine would be 3/4 siblings of Elizabeth. Stepsibling A "stepsibling" (stepbrother or stepsister) is the child of one's stepparent from a previous relationship. Milk sibling Milk brothers or sisters are children breastfed by a woman other than their biological mother a practice known as wetnursing and once widespread in the developed world as it still is in parts of the developing world. In Islam those who are fed in this way become siblings to the biological children of their wetnurse provided that they are less than 2 years old. Islamic law (shariah) codifies the relationship between these people and certain specified relatives as rada'a; given that a child is breastfed three fulfilling (satisfactory to him) times once they are adult they are mahram meaning that they are not allowed to marry each other and the rules of modesty known as purdah are relaxed as with other family members. But laws of inheritance do not apply in the case of milk siblings. Godsiblings This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) A "godsibling" (godbrother or godsister) is determined when two or more children share the same godparent. They are siblings in the eyes of God since they share the same godparents. There is a common misconception that the blood children of a godparent are godsiblings of those who were baptised by their parents. Foster siblings "Foster siblings" are children who are raised in the same foster home or are also foster children of the person's parents or foster parents' biological children. Birth order Main article: Birth order The Benzon Daughters by Peder Severin Kryer. Birth order is a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Typically researchers classify siblings as "eldest" "middle child" and "youngest" or simply distinguish between "firstborn" and "later born" children. Birth order is commonly believed in pop psychology and popular culture to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development and personality. For example firstborns are seen as conservative and high achieving middle children as natural mediators and youngest children as charming and outgoing. In his book Born to Rebel Frank Sulloway argues that firstborns are more conscientious more socially dominant less agreeable and less open to new ideas compared to laterborns. Literature reviews that have examined many studies and attempted to control for confounding variables tend to find minimal effects for birth order on personality.23 In her review of the scientific literature Judith Rich Harris suggests that birth order effects may exist within the context of the family of origin but that they are not enduring aspects of personality.4 Some research has found that firstborn children have slightly higher IQs on average than later born children.5 However other research finds no such effect.6 In practice systematic birth order research is a challenge because it is difficult to control for all of the variables that are statistically related to birth order. For example large families are generally lower in socioeconomic status than small families so third born children are more likely than firstborn children to come from poorer families. Spacing of children parenting style and gender are additional variables to consider. Regressive behavior at the birth of a new sibling The arrival of a new baby is especially stressful for firstborns and for siblings between 3 and 5 years old. Regressive behavior and aggressive behavior such as handling the baby roughly can also occur. All of these symptoms are considered to be typical and developmentally appropriate for children between the ages of 35.citation needed While some can be prevented the remainder can be improved within a few months. Regressive behavior may include demand for a bottle thumb sucking requests to wear diapers (even if toilet-trained) or requests to carry a security blanket. Regressive behaviors are the child's way of demanding the parents' love and attention. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggestscitation needed that instead of protesting or telling children to act their age parents should simply grant their requests without becoming upset. The affected children will soon return to their normal routine when they realize that they now have just as important a place in the family as the new sibling. Most of the behaviors can be improved within a few months. The University of Michigan Health System advisescitation needed that most occurrences of regressive behavior are mild and to be expected; however it recommends parents to contact a pediatrician or child psychologist if the older child tries to hurt the baby if regressive behavior does not improve within 2 or 3 months or if the parents have other questions or concerns. Sibling rivalry Main article: Sibling rivalry Portrait of Lady Cockburn and her Three Eldest Sons by Joshua Reynolds. "Sibling rivalry" is a type of competition or animosity among brothers and sisters. It appears to be particularly intense when children are very close in age and of the same gender.7 Sibling rivalry can involve aggression; however it is not the same as sibling abuse where one child victimizes another. Sibling rivalry usually starts right after or before the arrival of the second child. While siblings will still love each other it is not uncommon for them to bicker and be malicious to each other.8 Children are sensitive from the age of 1 year to differences in parental treatment and by 3 years they have a sophisticated grasp of family rules and can evaluate themselves in relation to their siblings.1 Sibling rivalry often continues throughout childhood and can be very frustrating and stressful to parents.9 One study found that the age group 1015 reported the highest level of competition between siblings.10 Sibling rivalry can continue into adulthood and sibling relationships can change dramatically over the years. Approximately one-third of adults describe their relationship with siblings as rivalrous or distant. However rivalry often lessens over time and at least 80% of siblings over age 60 enjoy close ties.1 Each child in a family competes to define who they are as persons and want to show that they are separate from their siblings. Sibling rivalry increases when children feel they are getting unequal amounts of their parents' attention where there is stress in the parents' and children's lives and where fighting is accepted by the family as a way to resolve conflicts.9 Sigmund Freud saw the sibling relationship as an extension of the Oedipus complex where brothers were in competition for their mother's attention and sisters for their father's.11 Evolutionary psychologists explain sibling rivalry in terms of parental investment and kin selection: a parent is inclined to spread resources equally among all children in the family but a child wants most of the resources for him or herself.10 Westermarck effect and its opposite Anthropologist Edvard Westermarck found that children who are brought up together as siblings are desensitized to form sexual attraction to one another later in life. This is known as the Westermarck Effect. It can be seen in biological and adoptive families but also in other situations where children are brought up in close contact such as the Israeli kibbutz system and the Chinese Shim-pua marriage.1213 The opposite phenomenon when relatives do fall in love is known as genetic sexual attraction. This can occur between siblings brought up apart from each other for example adoptees who are re-united in adulthood. Famous sibling groups (mostly sibling bands) Kardashians reality stars and Americans socialite Kourtney Kardashian Kim Kardashian Khloe Kardashian and Rob Kardashian Jenners reality starschildren of gold medal winning Olympic decathlete Bruce Jenner and half siblings of the Kardashians Kendall Jenner Kylie JennerBurt JennerCasey Jenner (b. June 10 1980) Brandon Jenner (born June 4 1981) and Brody Jenner (born August 21 1983)(Half sibling of Kendall and Kyile). Heart an American rock band Ann and Nancy Wilson Pantera an American heavy metal band Dimebag Darrell and Vinnie Paul Halestorm an American hard rock band Arejay and Lzzy Hale Misery Signals an American hardcore band Brandon and Ryan Morgan Lamb of God an American metal band Will and Chris Adler Hanson an American pop rock band Isaac Taylor and Zac Hanson The Osmonds an American family music group Alan Wanyne Merrill Jay Donny Marie and Jimmy Osmond The Everly Brothers an American country-influenced band Philip and Isaac Donald Everly. Dixie Chicks an American country music group Martie Maguire and Emily Robison DEVO an American new-wave band Mark and Bob Mothersbaugh and Gerald and Bob Casale Tegan and Sara Canadian indie band Tegan Rain and Sara Kiersten Quin The Boswell Sisters an American close harmony singing group Martha Connee and Helvetia "Vet" Boswell The Andrews Sisters an American close harmony singing group LaVerne Sophia Maxene Angelyn and Patricia "Patty" Marie Andrews No Doubt an American rock band Gwen and Eric Stefani Van Halen an American heavy metal/hard rock band Eddie Wolfgang and Alex Van Halen Stone Temple Pilots an American grunge/alternative rock band Robert and Dean DeLeo AC/DC an Australian rock band Malcolm and Angus Young Jackson 5 an American popular music family group Jackie Tito Jermaine Marlon and Michael Jackson (And also Randy when Jermaine left.) Jonas Brothers an American Disney Rock band Kevin Joe and Nick Jonas Good Charlotte an American pop punk band Joel and Benji Madden Oasis an English rock band Liam and Noel Gallagher My Chemical Romance an American rock band Mikey and Gerard Way The Wayans Bros. is a family of directors screenwriters and actors. Dwayne Kim Wayans (born 1956) American writer and composer Keenen Ivory Wayans (born 1958) American actor comedian director and writer. He has five children Jolie Ivory Imani Wayans (b. 1992) Nala Wayans (b. 1996) Keenen Ivory Wayans Jr. (b. 1998) Bella Wayans (b. 2001) Daphne Ivory Wayans (b. 2003) Damon Wayans (born 1960) American actor comedian and producer. Father of two sons and two daughters (three artists): Damon Wayans Jr. (b. 1982) American actor comedian and screenwriter Michael Wayans (b. 1985) American actor Cara Mia Wayans (b. 1987) American actress Kyla Wayans (b. 1991) American actress Kim Wayans (born 1961) American actress has no children Shawn Wayans (born 1971) American actor & writer has 3 children Laila Wayans (b. 1999) Illia Wayans (b. 2003) Marlon Wayans (b. 2006) Marlon Wayans (born 1972) American actor & writer has two children Shawn Howell Wayans (b.2001) Arnai Zackary Wayans Elvira Wayans American screenwriter Nadia Wayans American actress Damien Wayans (b. 1980) American actor screenwriter television producer and director Chaunt Wayans (b. 1982) American actress comedienne and editor Diedre Wayans American screenwriter and producer Craig Wayans American screenwriter television producer director and actor Vonnie Wayans Beach Boys an American rock band Brian Carl and Dennis Wilson Wilson Phillips an American pop group composed of sisters Wendy and Carnie Wilson with Chynna Phillips The Kinks an English rock band Ray and Dave Davies The Veronicas an Australian electropop pop-rock duo Jessica and Lisa Origliasso Pierce the Veil an American experimental post-hardcore band Vic and Mike Fuentes The Bee Gees a British harmonic "soft rock" act Barry Robin and Maurice Gibb Paramore an American rock band Josh and Zac Farro Blue October Justin and Jeremy Furstenfeld 30 Seconds to Mars an American rock band Jared and Shannon Leto Nickleback a Canadian rock band Chad Mike and Brandon Kroeger Tokio Hotel a German pop rock band Bill and Tom Kaulitz Radiohead an English alternative rock band Jonny and Colin Greenwood The Corrs a Celtic folk rock band Andrea Sharon Caroline and Jim Corr Kings of Leon an American rock band Caleb Nathan and Jared Followill Chevelle an American rock trio Pete Sam and Joe Loeffler Cavalera Conspiracy a Brazilian heavy metal supergroup Max and Igor Cavalera Cheeky Girls a Romanian pop music duo Gabriela and Monica Irimia Creedence Clearwater Revival an American rock band John Fogerty and Tom Fogerty The Allman Brothers Band an American southern jam band led by Gregg Allman and the late Duane Allman. Olsen Brothers Olsen sisters Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen Kalmah a Finnish melodic death metal band Pekka and Antti Kokko. Arch Enemy a Swedish melodic death metal band Michael and Christopher Amott Smothers Brothers (Tom Smothers and Dick Smothers) comedians The Burns Sisters folk/pop/rock trio with a Celtic slant Wright Brothers (Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright) air travel pioneers and inventors The Dionne quintuplets Naked Brothers Band an American rock band Alex Wolff and Nat Wolff YU grupa a Serbian rock band Dragi Jelic Zika Jelic and Petar Jelic Isabelle and Paul Duchesnay world champion figure skaters. Sprouse brothers American Actors Dylan Sprouse and Cole Sprouse Sutter brothers Canadian family who played or have been associated with the National Hockey League. Brian Sutter (born 1956) former St. Louis Blues forward and former head coach of four different franchises. Darryl Sutter (born 1958) former Chicago Blackhawks forward and former head coach of three different franchises. Brett Sutter. (b. 1987) forward for the Carolina Hurricanes farm team the Charlotte Checkers. Duane Sutter (born 1960) former New York Islanders forward and former head coach of the Florida Panthers. Brent Sutter (born 1962) current head coach of the Calgary Flames. Brandon Sutter. (b. 1989) forward for the Carolina Hurricanes Rich Sutter (born 1963) former journeyman forward who played on seven different teams. Ron Sutter (born 1963) former journeyman forward who played on seven different teams. See also Sibling relationship Cousin Notes a b c Mersky Leder Jane (Jan/Feb 1993). "Adult Sibling Rivalry". Psychology Today. http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19930101-000023.html. Retrieved November 28 2006.  Ernst C. & Angst J. (1983). Birth order: Its influence on personality. Springer. Jefferson T. Herbst J.H. & McCrae R.R. (1998). Associations between birth order and personality traits: Evidence from self-reports and observer ratings. Journal of Research in Personality 32 498509. Harris J.R. (1998). The Nurture Assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. New York: Free Press. Carey Benedict (June 21 2007). "Family dynamics not biology behind higher IQ". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/21/africa/siblings.php. Retrieved July 15 2007.  Rodgers J.L. Cleveland H.H. van den Oord E. and Rowe D. (2000). Resolving the Debate Over Birth Order Family Size and Intelligence. American Psychologist Vol. 55. The Effects of Sibling Competition Syliva B. Rimm Educational Assessment Service 2002. New Baby Sibling University of Michigan Health System June 2006 a b Sibling Rivalry University of Michigan Health System October 2006 a b Sibling Rivalry in Degree and Dimensions Across the Lifespan Annie McNerney and Joy Usner 30 April 2001. Freud Lecture: Juliet Mitchell 2003 Westermarck E.A. (1921). The history of human marriage 5th edn. London: Macmillan 1921. Arthur P. Wolf. "Childhood Association and Sexual Attraction: A Further Test of the Westermarck Hypothesis". American Anthropologist New Series Vol. 72 No. 3 (Jun. 1970). pp. 503515. http://links.jstor.org/sicisici0002-7294(197006)2%3A72%3A3%3C503%3ACAASAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y. Retrieved November 29 2006.  Sister project links Quotations related to Siblings at Wikiquote Media related to Brothers at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Sisters at Wikimedia Commons The Wiktionary definition of sibling  Chisholm Hugh ed (1911). "sister". Encyclopdia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.  v d eFamily Household  Nuclear family  Complex family  Stepfamily  Dysfunctional family  template Parenting Immediate family Spouse (Husband Wife)  Parent (Father Mother)  Child (Son Daughter)  Sibling (Brother Sister) Extended family Grandparent  Uncle  Aunt  Cousin  Nephew  Niece  Common ancestor Family-in-law Father-in-law  Mother-in-law  Brother-in-law  Sister-in-law Kinship Consanguinity  Affinity  Fictive kinship  Marriage  Adoption  Divorce  Disownment Lineage Genealogy  Patrilineality  Matrilineality  Bilateral descent  Family tree  Pedigree  Family name  Heredity  Inheritance  Heirloom Relationships Familial love  Parental love  Marital love  Brotherly love  Filial piety  Veneration