A map of all countries who declared themselves to be socialist states under any definition at some point in their history. Part of a series on Socialism Currents Marxian socialism Scientific socialism Democratic socialism Libertarian socialism  Mutualism Market socialism  State socialism Utopian socialism  Communism Social anarchism  Syndicalism Social democracy Revolutionary socialism Green socialism  Guild socialism Socialism of the 21st century Agrarian socialism Key topics and issues Types History Economics State Criticisms Concepts Economic planning  Free association Equality of opportunity Economic democracy Adhocracy  Technocracy Self-management  Direct democracy Public ownership  Common ownership Social dividend  Basic income Production for use Calculation in kind  Labour voucher Industrial democracy  Collaboration Material balance accounting People Charles Hall  Henri de Saint-Simon Robert Owen  Charles Fourier William Thompson Pierre Joseph Proudhon  Thomas Hodgskin Louis Blanc  Moses Hess  Mikhail Bakunin Karl Marx  Friedrich Engels Ferdinand Lassalle William Morris  Mary Harris Jones   Peter Kropotkin John Dewey  Edvard Kardelj Enrico Barone  Ben Tillett Eugene V. Debs  Bertrand Russell   Robin Hahnel Michael Albert Organizations First International (International Workingmen's Association) Second International Third International (Comintern) Fourth International Fifth International Socialist International World Federation of Democratic Youth International Union of Socialist Youth World Socialist Movement Religious socialism Buddhist  Christian Islamic  Jewish left Regional socialism African socialism  Arab socialism Bundism  Chinese socialism  Titoism Maoism  Labour Zionism Third World Socialism Left-wing nationalism Related topics Criticism of capitalism Criticism of socialism  Class struggle  Democracy Dictatorship of the proletariat Egalitarianism  Equality of outcome Impossibilism  Internationalism State-owned enterprise Left-wing politics  Marxism Mixed economy  Nationalization Socialization of production Planned economy Perspectives on Capitalism Proletarian revolution Reformism  Socialism in One Country Socialist market economy Post-capitalism  Trade union Mode of production v d e Part of the Politics series Forms of government List of government types Androcracy Anarchy Aristocracy Autocracy Authoritarianism Despotism Dictatorship Right-wing dictatorship Military dictatorship Military junta Enlightened absolutism Nazism Stratocracy Totalitarianism Communist state Collective leadership Confederation Corporatocracy Corporatism Consociationalism Demarchy Democracy Consensus Consociationalism Deliberative democracy Democratic socialism Totalitarian democracy Dictatorship of the proletariat Guided democracy Managed democracy Direct democracy Egalitarianism Futarchy Industrial Open source governance Participatory democracy People's Pure Representative democracy Parliamentary system Consensus government Westminster system Polyarchy Presidential system Semi-presidential system Despotism Empire Ethnic democracy Ethnocracy Fascist state Corporative state Federation Feudalism Garrison state Gerontocracy Green state Hierocracy Isocracy Interregnum Caretaker government Interrex Provisional government Regent Transitional government Kakistocracy Kratocracy Kleptocracy Kritarchy Kritocracy Kyriarchy Logocracy Matriarchy Gynaecocracy Gynarchy Gynocracy Mediocracy Meritocracy Minarchism Night watchman state Monarchy Absolute monarchy Constitutional monarchy Duchy Grand Duchy Diarchy Enlightened absolutism Elective monarchy Hereditary monarchy Non-Sovereign Monarchy Popular monarchy Principality New Monarchs Self-proclaimed monarchy Nanny state Nation-state Monocracy Nomocracy Noocracy Ochlocracy Mobocracy Oligarchy Panarchism Pantisocracy Parliamentary state Patriarchy Plutocracy Plutarchy Police state Polyarchy Triarchy Tetrarchy Pentarchy Heptarchy Presidential Puppet state Republic Crowned Capitalist Constitutional Single Party Federal Parliamentary Federal Slave state Slavocracy Socialist state Sociocracy Squirearchy Stratocracy Sultanism Superpower Hyperpower Inverted totalitarianism Supranational union Synarchy Technocracy Thalassocracy Theocracy Islamic state Theodemocracy Timocracy Tribal Chiefdom Tyranny Unitary state Welfare state Politics portal v d e

A socialist state (or socialist republic) generally refers to any state that is constitutionally dedicated to the development of a socialist society. It is closely related to the political strategy of state socialism an ideology that strives to build a socialist economy through government policy. Alternatively the term Worker's state is often used to describe such a state to distinguish between a state where the working-class controls the state apparatus but a socialist economy has not yet been established. The concept is distinguished from a socialist government which generally refers to an elected socialist party presiding over a liberal democratic state which may or may not be pursuing the development of socialism - in either case the state apparatus is not constitutionally bound to an eventual transition to socialism.

Other socialists such as anarcho-socialists libertarian socialists and Council communists reject the concept of a "socialist state" altogether believing that the state is not required to establish a socialist system and is ultimately antithetical to socialism arguing instead that socialism will emerge spontaneously on the grass-roots level in an evolutionary manner developing its own unique institutions for a highly organized stateless society.

The phrase 'Socialist state' often called 'Communist states' in the West is widely used by Leninists and Marxist-Leninists in reference to a state under control by a Vanguard party that is organizing the economic social and political affairs of the state toward the construction of socialism. This often includes at least the "commanding heights" of the economy to be nationalised usually operated according to a plan of production at least in the major productive and social spheres.1 Under the Leninist definition the socialist state presides over a state capitalist economy based upon state accumulation of capital with the goal of developing the productive forces and promoting worldwide socialist revolution with the eventual long-term goal of building a socialist economy.2

Most theories assume widespread democracy and some assume workers' democratic participation at every level of economic and state administration while varying in the degree to which economic planning decisions are delegated to public officials and administrative specialists. States where democracy is lacking yet the economy is largely in the hands of the state are termed by orthodox Trotskyist theories "workers' states" but not socialist states3 using the terms "degenerated" or "deformed" workers' states.

In the early 21st century right leaning commentators especially in the United States have come to use the term "socialist state" to describe states which provide welfare provisions such as healthcare and unemployment benefits despite the economic basis of such states being privatized and operated for profits.4citation needed Contents 1 Marxist concept of a socialist state 1.1 Leninist conception of a socialist state 2 Marxist-Leninist states (Communist states) 3 Non-Leninist/Communist countries 3.1 Post-war European countries 3.2 Economic interventionist and welfare states 4 Establishing a Socialist state by Reformism or Revolution 5 Criticism of the term 6 See also 7 References Marxist concept of a socialist state

Henri de Saint-Simon a pre-Marxian socialist understood that the nature of the state would change under socialism from that of political rule (via coercion) over people to a scientific administration of things and a direction of processes of production; specifically the state would become a coordinating entity for production as opposed to a mechanism for political control.56

Karl Marx understood the state to be an instrument of the class rule dominated by the interests of the ruling class in any mode of production. Although Marx never referred to a "socialist state" he argued that the working-class would have to take control of the state apparatus and machinery of government in order to transition out of capitalism and to socialism. This transitional stage would involve working-class interests dominating the government policy (the "Dictatorship of the proletariat") in the same manner that capitalist-class interests dominate government policy under capitalism. Fredrick Engels argued that the state under socialism is not a "government of people but the administration of things" and thus would not be a state in the traditional sense of the term.

One of the most influential modern visions of a socialist state was based on the Paris Commune in which the workers and poor took control of the city of Paris in 1871 in reaction to the Franco-Prussian War. Karl Marx described the Paris Commune as the prototype for a revolutionary government of the future "the form at last discovered" for the emancipation of the proletariat.7

Friedrich Engels noted that "all officials high or low were paid only the wages received by other workers... In this way an effective barrier to place-hunting and careerism was set up".8 Commenting on the nature of the state Engels continued: "From the outset the Commune was compelled to recognize that the working class once come to power could not manage with the old state machine". In order not to be overthrown once having conquered power Engels argues the working class "must on the one hand do away with all the old repressive machinery previously used against it itself and on the other safeguard itself against its own deputies and officials by declaring them all without exception subject to recall at any moment." 9 Such a state would be a temporary affair Engels argued. A new generation he suggested brought up in "new and free social conditions" will be able to "throw the entire lumber of the state on the scrap-heap." Leninist conception of a socialist state The Leninist conception of a socialist state is tied to Vladimir Lenin's theory of the Vanguard party and democratic centralism. The objective of the Vanguardist or socialist state is to secure the government and bring production under control by the worker's and peasants (or the Vanguard party which would represent their interests). According to Lenin's April Theses the goal of the revolution and Vanguard party is not the introduction of socialism which could only be established on a worldwide scale but to bring production and the state under the control of the Soviets of Workers' Deputies. Following the October revolution in Russia the Bolsheviks consolidated their power and sought to control and direct the social and economic affairs of the state and broader Russian society in order to safeguard against counterrevolutionary insurrection foreign invasion and to promote socialist consciousness among the Russian population. These ideas were adopted by Vladimir Lenin in 1917 just prior to the October Revolution in Russia and published in The State and Revolution a central text for many Marxists. With the failure of the worldwide revolution envisaged by Lenin and Trotsky the Civil War and finally Lenin's death war measures that were deemed to be temporary such as forced requisition of food and the lack of democratic control became permanent and a tool to boost Stalin's power leading to the emergence of Marxism-Leninism and Stalinism as well as the notion that socialism can be created and exist in a single state. Vladimir Lenin argued that as socialism is replaced by communism the state would "wither away"10 as strong centralized control progressively reduces as local communities gain more empowerment. As he put succinctly: "So long as the state exists there is no freedom. When there is freedom there will be no state." Marxist-Leninist states (Communist states) Main article: Communist state States run by Communist parties that adhere to Marxism-Leninism or some variation thereof refer to themselves as socialist states. The Soviet Union was the first to proclaim itself a "socialist state" in its 1936 Constitution and a subsequent 1977 one. Another well-known example is the People's Republic of China which proclaims itself to be a "socialist state" in its 1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of China. In the West such states are commonly known as "communist states" (though they do not use this term to refer to themselves). These "Communist states" often don't claim to have achieved socialism in their countries; rather they claim to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism in their countries. For example the preamble to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's constitution states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between capitalism and socialism after the country was re-unified under the Communist party in 197611 and the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Cuba states that the role of the Communist Party is to "guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism".12 Non-Leninist/Communist countries Countries such as Portugal (which states that one of the primary roles of the Constituent Assembly is to open the way to socialist society)13 India and Algeria have used the term "socialist" in their official name or constitution without claiming to follow Communism or any of its derivatives. In such cases the intended meaning of "socialism" can vary widely and sometimes the constitutional references to socialism are left over from a previous period in the country's history. In the case of many Middle-Eastern states "socialism" was often used in reference to an Arab socialist / nationalist philosophy adopted by specific regimes such as Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egypt and Algeria. Examples of countries using the word "socialist" in a non-communist sense in their names include the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Countries with non-Leninist/communist references to socialism in their constitutions include India14 and Portugal. Post-war European countries In the post-war period when nationalisation was relatively widespread it was not uncommon for commentators to describe some European countries as socialist states seeking to move their countries toward socialism. In 1956 for example leading British Labour Party politician and author Anthony Crosland claimed that capitalism had been abolished in Britain and socialism established although others such as Welshman Aneurin Bevan Minister of Health in the first post-war Labour government disputed the claim that Britain was a socialist state.15 For Crosland and others who supported his views Britain was a socialist state. For Bevan Britain had a socialist National Health Service which stood in opposition to the hedonism of Britain's capitalist society. He stated: The National Health service and the Welfare State have come to be used as interchangeable terms and in the mouths of some people as terms of reproach. Why this is so it is not difficult to understand if you view everything from the angle of a strictly individualistic competitive society. A free health service is pure Socialism and as such it is opposed to the hedonism of capitalist society. Aneurin Bevan In Place of Fear p. 106 When the Socialist Party was in power in France in the post-war period some commentatorswho claimed that France was a socialist country although as in the rest of Europe the laws of capitalism still operated fully and private enterprises dominated their economy. Economic interventionist and welfare states Commentators have termed the 2008 bail-out of the banks "Socialism" suggesting that the USA and the UK have become socialist16 but these comments are dismissed by government spokespersons and socialists alike as the bailouts are more indicative of protectionism. Economic liberal (pro-capitalist) and socialist opponents of the claim that improving welfare benefits or increasing state regulation of financial activity makes a state "socialist" argue that the continued operation of capitalist economics in free market states like the USA shows that a state with welfare reforms is still a capitalist state pointing to numerous forms of welfare state capitalism such as the social market economy Rhine capitalism and Keynesian economics. While most socialists do not claim that welfare provision makes a state socialist socialists nevertheless support welfare provision within the capitalist state. Ever since (and even before) Marx and Engels called for "A heavy progressive or graduated income tax" and other reforms in the Communist Manifesto in 184817 socialists have campaigned for the state to implement welfare reforms of various kinds including for universal health care to alleviate the negative effects of capitalism on workers. However in Marx's time some socialists such as the German 'True Socialists'18 opposed calling on the state to implement welfare reforms. They argued that welfare programs regulation and progressive taxation were policies initiated by capitalist states (as opposed to being won from the capitalists as a result of the pressure of the working class) in an attempt to "patch up" the ineffective capitalist market economy and were therefore attempts to treat the symptoms but not the cause of the issues. The Communist Manifesto however declared that this 'True' socialism unintentionally "directly represented a reactionary interest." 19 Marxists support both "positive" and "negative" welfare.20 Positive welfare is the provision by the state of opportunities for people to help themselves. Negative welfare is the provision by the state or other institutions of a safety net or the distribution of benefits according to some criteria for those who in the view of socialists have been failed by the capitalist system. By implementing state or public ownership of the means of production and establishing socialist democracy socialists believe the need for negative welfare - hand outs via redistribution - will disappear both because all individuals would receive enough compensation or resources from their workplace and because increasingly costs to the public at large such as housing healthcare and education would pass into social provision at no cost to the individual.21 Marxists and socialists who advocate socialism argue that welfare states and (modern) social democratic policies limit the incentive system of the market by providing things such as minimum wages unemployment insurance taxing profits and reducing the reserve army of labor resulting in capitalists have little incentive to invest; in essence social welfare policies cripple the capitalist system and its incentive system the only solution being a socialist economic system.22 However some Socialists and Marxists23 today criticize welfare state programs as concessions made by the capitalist class in order to divert the working and middle classes away from pursuing a completely new socialist organization of the economy and society. They argue that welfare reforms had historically been used for this purpose in Prussia by Otto von Bismarck to ameliorate the impact of his anti-socialist laws while others such as Frederick Engels24 argue that the campaigns of the Marxists in Germany forced Bismarck to carry out reforms. Socialists perceive social welfare states with modern social democratic policies such as those in Sweden to be capitalist states.25 Social democratic Reformist Marxists Aneurin Bevan Minister of Health in the first post-war Labour government who introduced the UK National Health Service (NHS) also takes the view that welfare programmes such as health care which is free at the point of use for all are concessions forced on capitalism by the struggles of the working class and a "pure Socialism" embryo of the new socialist society gestating within capitalist society (see section 'Post-war European countries' above). In such conceptions (as in the example of the UK NHS) the taxation to pay for these services is intended to be taken largely if not entirely from the capitalist class through a tax on corporation profits. Those earning less than 50000 ($43000) in today's money (500 then) only paid 5.3% in tax the year after the NHS was introduced in the UK in 1948.26 These Marxists take the view that welfare programmes should be defended and improved with further nationalisations (such as in the case of the health service the drug companies) which would increase the income to the state while at the same time campaigning for public ownership of the commanding heights of the economy to eliminate capitalism and establish a socialist society in which poverty will be eliminated. ... the power relations of public and private property must be drastically altered. The solution of the problems I have been discussing cannot be approached until it becomes possible to create a purposive and intelligible design for society. That cannot be done until effective social and economic power passes from one order of society to another." Aneurin Bevan In Place of Fear p. 144 1961 Establishing a Socialist state by Reformism or Revolution Reformist socialists and Marxists exemplified by Eduard Bernstein take the view that a socialist state will evolve out of political reforms won by the struggle of the socialists. "The socialist movement is everything to me while what people commonly call the goal of Socialism is nothing."27 These views are considered a "revision" of Marxist thought. Revolutionary Marxists following Marx take the view that on the one hand the working class grows stronger through its battle for reforms (such as in Marx's time the ten-hours bill): "Now and then the workers are victorious but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies not in the immediate result but in the ever expanding union of the workers... it ever rises up again stronger firmer mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. Thus the ten-hours bill in England was carried." Marx and Engels Manifesto of the Communist Party Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians However on the other hand in the orthodox Marxist conception these battles of the workers reach a point at which a revolutionary movement arises. A revolutionary movement is required in the view of Marxists to sweep away the capitalist state which must be smashed so as to begin to construct a socialist society: "In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat we traced the more or less veiled civil war raging within existing society up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat." Marx and Engels Manifesto of the Communist Party Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians In this view only in this way can a socialist state be established. Criticism of the term Because there are several different branches of socialism a country's claim to the label of "socialist state" or "socialist republic" is almost always disputed by some branch. Indeed there are many socialists who strongly oppose certain (or all) self-proclaimed socialist republics. Trotskyists for instance are particularly known for their opposition to what they term Stalinist states. Within the socialist movement a number of criticisms are maintained towards the use of the term "socialist states" in relation to countries such as China and previously of Russia and Eastern and Central European states before what some term the 'collapse of Stalinism' in 1989. Democratic Socialists left communists28 Anarchists and some Trotskyists29 claim that the so-called "socialist states" or "people's states" were actually state capitalist and thus cannot be called "socialist". Other Trotskyists while agreeing that these states could not be described as socialist deny that they were state capitalist.30 They support Trotsky's analysis of (pre-restoration) Russia as a workers' state that had degenerated into a "monstrous" bureaucratic dictatorship which rested on a largely nationalised industry run according to a plan of production and claimed that the former Stalinist states of Central and Eastern Europe were deformed workers' states based on the same relations of production as Russia. See also List of socialist countries Bureaucratic collectivism Communist state Soviet republic Legislatures in communist states Deformed workers' state Degenerated workers' state Dictatorship of the proletariat Socialism State capitalism State socialism References C.J. Atkins 'The Problem of Transition: Development Socialism and Lenin's NEP' Political Affairs Magazine April 2009 http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/8331/ accessed 30/7/09 Lenin's Collected Works Vol. 27 p. 293 quoted by Aufheben Leon Trotsky The Workers State Thermidor and Bonapartism (February 1935) New International (New York) Vol.2 No.4 July 1935 ppp.116-122. Trotsky argues that Russia was at that time a "distorted" or degenerated workers' state and not a socialist republic or state because the "bureaucracy wrested the power from the hands of mass organizations" thereby necessitating only political revolution rather than a completely new social revolution for workers' political control (i.e. state democracy) to be reclaimed. It remained at base a workers' state he argued because the capitalists and landlords had been expropriated. http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1935/02/ws-therm-bon.htm accessed 30/7/09 Typical is 'Choose happiness or misery in Obama's socialist state'. Cal Thomas Glens Falls (New York) PostStar newspaper Tuesday February 10 2009 http://www.poststar.com/articles/2009/02/10/opinion/columns/calthomas/14411508.txt accessed 30/7/09. Encyclopaedia Britannica Saint Simon; Socialism Socialism: Utopian and Scientific on Marxists.org: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch01.htm: "In 1816 he declares that politics is the science of production and foretells the complete absorption of politics by economics. The knowledge that economic conditions are the basis of political institutions appears here only in embryo. Yet what is here already very plainly expressed is the idea of the future conversion of political rule over men into an administration of things and a direction of processes of production." Marx The Civil War in France (1871) Marx The Civil War in France (1871) 1891 Introduction by Frederick Engels 'On the 20th Anniversary of the Paris Commune' http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/postscript.htm Lenin Vladimir The State and Revolution p70 cf Chapter V The economic basis for the withering away of the state. VN Embassy - Constitution of 1992 Full Text. From the Preamble: "On 2 July 1976 the National Assembly of reunified Vietnam decided to change the country's name to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; the country entered a period of transition to socialism strove for national construction and unyieldingly defended its frontiers while fulfilling its internationalist duty." Cubanet - Constitution of the Republic of Cuba 1992 Full Text. From Article 5: "The Communist Party of Cuba a follower of Marts ideas and of Marxism-Leninism and the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation is the highest leading force of society and of the state which organizes and guides the common effort toward the goals of the construction of socialism and the progress toward a communist society" The Preamble to the 1976 Constitution of Portugal stated: "The Constituent Assembly affirms the Portuguese people's decision to defend their national independence safeguard the fundamental rights of citizens establish the basic principles of democracy secure the primacy of the rule of law in a democratic state and open the way to socialist society." 1 The Preamble of the Constitution of India reads : "We the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic..." See Preamble to the Constitution of India. Crosland Anthony The Future of Socialism pp.9 89. Constable (2006); Bevan Aneurin In place of Fear. 'Barack Obama and Gordon Brown: a two-man socialist Comintern' Gerald Warner The Telegraph (UK) March 3rd 2009 http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/geraldwarner/9076123/BarackObamaandGordonBrownatwomansocialistComintern/ Manifesto of the Communist Party Chapter II. Proletarians and Communists Selected works 1968 p52 http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm Manifesto of the Communist Party Chapter III. Socialist and Communist Literature section 1 Reactionary Socialism Selected works 1968 p56 "While this True Socialism thus served the government as a weapon for fighting the German bourgeoisie it at the same time directly represented a reactionary interest the interest of German Philistines." Manifesto of the Communist Party Chapter III. Socialist and Communist Literature section 1 Reactionary Socialism Selected works 1968 p57. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch03.htm http://marxists.org/glossary/terms/w/e.htm#welfare Marx Critique of the Gotha Programme "before part of the total product is divided among the individuals there has to be deducted again... that which is intended for the common satisfaction of needs such as schools health services etc. From the outset this part grows considerably in comparison with present-day society and it grows in proportion as the new society develops. Third funds for those unable to work etc. in short for what is included under so-called official poor relief today." http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists by Schweickart David; Lawler James; Ticktin Hillel; Ollman Bertell. 1998. (P.60-61): "The Marxist answers that market socialism cannot exist because it involves limiting the incentive system of the market through providing minimum wages high levels of unemployment insurance reducing the size of the reserve army of labour taxing profits and taxing the wealthy. As a result capitalists will have little incentive to invest and the workers will have little incentive to work. Capitalism works because as Marx remarked it is a system of economic force (coercion)." http://marxisthumanistinitiative.org/2009/05/05/how-not-to-respond-to-the-economic-crisis/ "The Communist Manifesto had already proclaimed the winning of universal suffrage of democracy as one of the first and most important tasks of the militant proletariat and Lassalle had again taken up this point. When Bismarck found himself compelled to introduce the franchise as the only means of interesting the mass of the people in his plans our workers immediately took it in earnest and sent August Bebel to the first constituent Reichstag." Engels 1895 Introduction to republication of Marx The Class Struggles In France Marx and Engels Selected Works p649 http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/class-struggles-france/intro.htm http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/880/ In 1949 after the introduction of the NHS Bevan reports (In Place of Fear p. 146) that taxation for those earning less than 500 per annum (roughly 40000 or $63819 in wages in 2009 using the average earnings indicator) paid only 5.8% in tax those earning half that paid only 1.1% tax while those on less than 1000 (80000 in 2009 or $126000) paid 14.8%. Most income for government spending was taken from corporate profits. Steger Manfred. Selected Writings Of Eduard Bernstein 1920-1921. New Jersey: Humanities Press 1996. STATE CAPITALISM International Communist Current Tony Cliff for example. See: Tony Cliff's Internet Archive For instance Peter Taaffe: "The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems" The Rise of Militant Chapter 34 Russia Trotsky and the collapse of Stalinism v d eSocialism by country  History and variants History Brazil  Canada  France  India  Great Britain  Netherlands  New Zealand  Pakistan  United States Variants African  Arab  Chinese  Labor Zionism  Melanesian  with Chinese characteristics  in One Country  Communist states Africa Angola  Benin  Congo  Ethiopia  Mozambique  Somalia Asia Afghanistan  Azerbaijan  PR China  Kampuchea (197579)  Kampuchea (19791993)  Laos  Mongolia  North Korea  North Vietnam  South Vietnam  South Yemen (19671990)  South Yemen (1994)  Tuva  Vietnam Europe Albania  Bulgaria  Czechoslovakia  East Germany  Finland  Hungary  Poland  Pridnestrovian Republic  Romania  Soviet Union  Yugoslavia Latin America Cuba  Grenada