For other uses see Statue of Liberty (disambiguation). Statue of Liberty Location: Liberty Island New York City New York U.S.1 Coordinates: 404121N 74240W / 40.68917N 74.04444W / 40.68917; -74.04444Coordinates: 404121N 74240W / 40.68917N 74.04444W / 40.68917; -74.04444 Built: October 28 1886 Architect: Frdric Auguste Bartholdi Visitation: 3.2 million   (in 20072) Governing body: U.S. National Park Service UNESCO World Heritage Site Type: Cultural Criteria: i vi Designated: 1984 (8th session) Reference #: 307 State Party:  United States Region: Europe and North America U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name: Statue of Liberty National Monument Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated: October 15 19663 Reference #: 66000058 U.S. National Monument Designated: October 15 1924 Designated by: President Calvin Coolidge4 New York City Landmark Type: Individual Designated: September 14 19765 Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor

The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World French: La Libert clairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor designed by Frdric Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28 1886. The statue a gift to the United States from the people of France is of a robed female figure representing Libertas the Roman goddess of freedom who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue has become an icon of freedom and of the United States.

Bartholdi was inspired by French law professor and politician douard Ren de Laboulaye who commented in 1865 that any monument raised to American independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples. Due to the troubled political situation in France work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s. In 1875 Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the Americans provide the pedestal and the site. Bartholdi completed both the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions. The arm was displayed in New York's Madison Square Park from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult especially for the Americans and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened due to lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer of the World initiated a drive for donations to complete the project and the campaign inspired over 120000 contributors most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was constructed in France shipped overseas in crates and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.

The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service. The statue was closed for renovation for much of 1938. In the early 1980s it was found to have deteriorated to such an extent that a major restoration was required. While the statue was closed from 1984 to 1986 the torch and a large part of the internal structure were replaced. After the September 11 attacks in 2001 it was closed for reasons of safety and security; the pedestal reopened in 2004 and the statue in 2009 with limits on the number of visitors allowed to ascend to the crown. The statue is scheduled to close for up to a year beginning in late 2011 so that a secondary staircase can be installed. Public access to the balcony surrounding the torch has been barred for safety reasons since 1916. Contents 1 Design and construction 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design style and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.5 Fundraising criticism and construction in the United States 1.6 Dedication 2 History since dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department (18861933) 2.2 Early National Park Service years (19331982) 2.3 Renovation to present (since 1982) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and visiting 3.2 Inscriptions plaques and dedications 3.3 Physical characteristics 4 Depictions 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Design and construction Origin

The origin of the Statue of Liberty project is generally traced to a comment made by French law professor and politician douard Ren de Laboulaye in mid-1865. In after-dinner conversation at his home near Versailles Laboulaye an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War stated "If a monument should rise in the United States as a memorial to their independence I should think it only natural if it were built by united efforta common work of both our nations."6 Bartholdi's design patent

Laboulaye's comment was not intended as a proposal but it inspired a young sculptor Frdric Bartholdi who was present at the dinner.6 Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye. Instead Bartholdi approached Ismail Pasha Khedive of Egypt with a plan to build a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant robed and holding a torch aloft at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said. Sketches and models were made of the proposed work though it was never erected. There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal the Colossus of Rhodes: a bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun Helios. This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet (30 m) high and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships.7

The American project was further delayed by the Franco-Prussian War in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia.6 In the war Napoleon III was captured and deposed. Bartholdi's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians and a more liberal republic was installed in France.6 As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans.8 In June 1871 Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye.9 Arriving at New York Harbor Bartholdi fixed on Bedloe's Island as a site for the statue struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it. He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States governmentit had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense. It was thus as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye "land common to all the states."10 As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue.11 Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail and met many Americans whom he felt would be sympathetic to the project.9 However he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign.12 Bartholdi's Lion of Belfort

Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870.13 The son of a friend of Bartholdi's American artist John La Farge later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge's Rhode Island studio. Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France.13 He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians. One of these was the Lion of Belfort a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months. The defiant lion 73 feet (22 m) long and half that in height displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty.14 Design style and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington D.C. showing two early symbols of America: Columbia (left) and the Indian princess

Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty.15 In early American history two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation.16 One Columbia was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France. Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans.16 The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty derived from Libertas the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome especially among emancipated slaves. A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time15 and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art including Thomas Crawford's Statue of Freedom (1863) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building.15 The figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France.15

Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Liberty.15 However Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugne Delacroix's famed Liberty Leading the People (1830). In this painting which commemorates France's Revolution of 1830 Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen.16 Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution and so Bartholdi's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes.16 Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch representing progress for the figure to bear.3 Crawford's statue was designed in the early 1850s. It was originally to be crowned with a pileus the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis a Southerner who would later serve as president of the Confederate States of America was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol. He ordered that it be changed to a helmet.17 Delacroix's figure wears a pileus16 and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well. Instead he used a diadem or crown to top its head.18 In so doing he avoided a reference to Marianne who invariably wears a pileus.19 The seven rays form a halo or aureole.20 They evoke the sun the seven seas and the seven continents21 and represent another means besides the torch whereby Liberty enlightens the world.3 Bartholdi's early models were all similar in concept: a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty wearing a stola and pella (gown and cloak common in depictions of Roman goddesses) and holding a torch aloft. The face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi the sculptor's mother.22 He designed the figure with a strong uncomplicated silhouette which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan. He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose.3 Bartholdi wrote of his technique: Thomas Crawford's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple defined by a bold and clear design accentuated in the important places. The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared. By exaggerating the forms in order to render them more clearly visible or by enriching them with details we would destroy the proportion of the work. Finally the model like the design should have a summarized character such as one would give to a rapid sketch. Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study and that the artist concentrating his knowledge should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity.23 Aside from the change in the statue's headgear there were other design alterations as the project evolved. Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War. The erected statue does rise over a broken chain half-hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground.18 Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty's left hand; he settled on a tabula ansata a keystone-shaped tablet24 used to evoke the concept of law.25 Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution he chose to inscribe "JULY IV MDCCLXXVI" on the tablet thus associating the date of the country's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty.24 Consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget Gauthier & Co. led Bartholdi to conclude that the skin should be made of copper sheets beaten to shape by the repouss method.26 An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volumethe copper need be only .094 inches (2.4 mm) thick. He decided on a height of 151 feet (46 m) for the statue double that of Italy's Colosso di San Carlo Borromeo and the German statue of Arminius both made with the same method.27 Bartholdi interested a former teacher of his architect Eugne Viollet-le-Duc in the project. Viollet-le-Duc planned to construct a brick pier within the statue to which the skin would be anchored.28 Announcement and early work In 1875 France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy. Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support.29 In September 1875 he announced the project and the formation of the Franco-American Union as its fundraising arm. With the announcement the statue was given a name Liberty Enlightening the World.30 The French would finance the statue; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal.31 The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia.30 French monarchists opposed the statue if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye who had recently been elected a senator for life.31 Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 1876 that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod. The piece was titled La Libert clairant le monde the French version of the statue's announced name.30 Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society. Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave as did 181 French municipalities. Laboulaye's political allies supported the call as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War. Less idealistically contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal. The firm of Japy Frres copper merchants donated all the copper needed to build the statue a gift valued at 64000 francs (about $16000 at the time or the equivalent of $323000 today).3233 The copper is said to have come from a mine in Visnes Norway34 though this has not been conclusively determined.35 Although plans for the statue had not been finalized Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm bearing the torch and the head. Work began at the Gaget Gauthier & Co. workshop.36 In May 1876 Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition37 and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities.38 The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August; because of its late arrival it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue and while some reports correctly identified the work others called it the "Colossal Arm" or "Bartholdi Electric Light". The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers' interest including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi.39 Nevertheless the arm proved popular in the exhibition's waning days and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds.40 After the exhibition closed the arm was transported to New York where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue.40 During his second trip to the United States Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco-American Union.41 Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York Boston and Philadelphia.42 The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the "American Committee".43 One of its members was 19-year-old Theodore Roosevelt the future governor of New York and president of the United States.41 On March 3 1877 on his final full day in office President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it. President Rutherford B. Hayes who took office the following day selected the Bedloe's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed.44 Construction in France The statue's head on exhibit at the Paris World's Fair 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World's Fair. Fundraising continued with models of the statue put on sale. Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered.33 The French government authorized a lottery; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue. By the end of 1879 about 250000 francs had been raised.45 The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet-le-Duc who fell ill in 1879. He soon died leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier.46 The following year Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel.33 Eiffel and his structural engineer Maurice Koechlin decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower. Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking. To enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using an armaturea metal framework that ends in a mesh of metal straps known as "saddles" that are riveted to the skin providing firm support. In a labor-intensive process each saddle had to be crafted individually.47 To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac.48 The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue's assembly. He had originally expected to assemble the skin on-site as the masonry pier was built; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe's Island.49 Eiffel's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing but is instead supported by an interior framework. He included two interior spiral staircases to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown.50 Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder 40 feet (12 m) long.51 As the pylon tower arose Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure.52 In a symbolic act the first rivet placed into the skin fixing a copper plate onto the statue's big toe was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton.53 The skin was not however crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors.54 Some work was performed by contractorsone of the fingers was made to Bartholdi's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban.55 By 1882 the statue was complete up to the waist an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue.56 Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps builder of the Suez Canal. The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 1884 and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York.57 The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal; by January 1885 this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage.58 Fundraising criticism and construction in the United States The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds. The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade. The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years; it would ultimately take over three-and-a-half decades to complete.59 There was criticism both of Bartholdi's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal. In the years following the Civil War most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation's history rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue.59 There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public worksthe selection of Italian-born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen.60 Harper's Weekly declared its wish that "M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had 'gone the whole figure' while they were about it and given us statue and pedestal at once."61 The New York Times stated that "no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances."62 Faced with these criticisms the American committees took little action for several years.62 The foundation of Bartholdi's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood a disused army base on Bedloe's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811. Since 1823 it had rarely been used though during the Civil War it had served as a recruiting station.63 The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven-point star. The statue's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean.64 In 1881 the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal. Within months Hunt submitted a detailed plan indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months.65 He proposed a pedestal 114 feet (35 m) feet in height; faced with money problems the committee reduced that to 89 feet (27 m).66 Hunt's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture including Doric portals and the large mass is fragmented with architectural detail to focus attention on the statue.66 In form it is a truncated pyramid 62 feet (19 m) square at the base and 39.4 feet (12.0 m) at the top. The four sides are identical in appearance. Above the door on each side there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states (between 1876 and 1889 there were 40 U.S. states) although this was not done. Above that a balcony was placed on each side framed by pillars. Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal above which the statue itself rises.67 According to author Louis Auchincloss the pedestal "craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty".66 The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work.68 Construction on the 15-foot (4.6 m) deep foundation began in 1883 and the pedestal's cornerstone was laid in 1884.65 In Hunt's original conception the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite. Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans; the final design called for poured concrete walls up to 20 feet (6.1 m) thick faced with granite blocks.6970 The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time.70 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882. The committee organized a large number of money-raising events.71 As part of one such effort an auction of art and manuscripts poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work. She initially declined stating she could not write a poem about a statue. At the time she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe. These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced. She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.72 The resulting sonnet "The New Colossus" including the iconic lines "Give me your tired your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free" is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in the base.73 Richard Morris Hunt's pedestal under construction in June 1885 Even with these efforts fundraising lagged. Grover Cleveland the governor of New York vetoed a bill to provide $50000 for the statue project in 1884. An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100000 sufficient to complete the project failed when Democratic representatives would not agree to the appropriation. The New York committee with only $3000 in the bank suspended work on the pedestal. With the project in jeopardy groups from other American cities including Boston and Philadelphia offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it.74 Joseph Pulitzer publisher of the World a New York newspaper announced a drive to raise $100000 (the equivalent of $2.3 million today).32 Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor no matter how small the amount given.75 The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors. "A young girl alone in the world" donated "60 cents the result of self denial."76 One donor gave "five cents as a poor office boy's mite toward the Pedestal Fund." A group of children sent a dollar as "the money we saved to go to the circus with."77 Another dollar was given by a "lonely and very aged woman."76 Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York's rival city of Brooklyn (the cities would not merge until 1898) donated $15; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons.78 A kindergarten class in Davenport Iowa mailed the World a gift of $1.35.76 As the donations flooded in the committee resumed work on the pedestal.79 In June New Yorkers displayed their new-found enthusiasm for the statue as the French vessel Isre arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isre.80 After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund on August 11 1885 the World announced that $102000 had been raised from 120000 donors and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar.81 Even with the success of the fund drive the pedestal was not completed until April 1886. Immediately thereafter reassembly of the statue began. Eiffel's iron framework was anchored to steel I-beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled.82 Once this was done the sections of skin were carefully attached.83 Due to the width of the pedestal it was not possible to erect scaffolding and workers dangled from the armature by ropes while installing the skin sections. Nevertheless no one died during the construction work.84 Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch's balcony to illuminate it; a week before the dedication the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch (which was covered with gold leaf) and placed the lights inside them.85 A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs.86 After the skin was completed renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmstead designer of New York's Central Park and Brooklyn's Prospect Park supervised a cleanup of Bedloe's Island in anticipation of the dedication.87 Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World (1886) by Edward Moran. Oil on canvas. The J. Clarence Davies Collection Museum of the City of New York. A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 1886. President Grover Cleveland the former New York governor presided over the event.88 On the morning of the dedication a parade was held in New York City; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million. President Cleveland headed the procession then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America. General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade. The route began at Madison Square once the venue for the arm and proceeded to Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row. As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange traders threw ticker tape from the windows beginning the New York tradition of the ticker-tape parade.89 A nautical parade began at 12:45 p.m. and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe's Island for the dedication.90 De Lesseps made the first speech on behalf of the French committee followed by the chairman of the New York committee Senator William M. Evarts. A French flag draped across the statue's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts's speech but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely. The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts's address.89 President Cleveland spoke next stating that the statue's "stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world".91 Bartholdi observed near the dais was called upon to speak but he refused. Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address.92 No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies which were reserved entirely for dignitaries. The only females granted access were Bartholdi's wife and de Lesseps's granddaughter; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people. The restriction offended area suffragists who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island. The group's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women's right to vote.91 A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather.93 Shortly after the dedication the Cleveland Gazette an African American newspaper suggested that the statue's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation "in reality": "Liberty enlightening the world" indeed! The expression makes us sick. This government is a howling farce. It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders. Shove the Bartholdi statue torch and all into the ocean until the "liberty" of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family without being "ku-kluxed" perhaps murdered his daughter and wife outraged and his property destroyed. The idea of the "liberty" of this country "enlightening the world" or even Patagonia is ridiculous in the extreme.94 History since dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department (18861933) Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue's dedication it produced only a faint gleam barely visible from Manhattan. The World characterized it as "more like a glowworm than a beacon."86 Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light but this proved too expensive. The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch's effect; in spite of its efforts the statue remained virtually invisible at night. When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 he made additional suggestions all of which proved ineffective. He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel's design.86 In 1901 President Theodore Roosevelt once a member of the New York committee ordered the statue's transfer to the War Department as it had proved useless as a lighthouse.95 A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe's Island until 1923 after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction.96 The statue rapidly became a landmark. Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight. Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty. One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled I saw the Statue of Liberty. And I said to myself "Lady you're such a beautiful! sic You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here. Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it to do something to be someone in America." And always that statue was on my mind.97 Originally the statue was a dull copper color but shortly after 1900 a green patina also called verdigris caused by the oxidation of the copper skin began to spread. As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue.9899 In the belief that the patina was evidence of corrosion Congress authorized $62800 to paint the statue both inside and out.100 There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting.101 The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluding that it protected the skin "softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful."102 The statue was painted only on the inside. The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal.102 Bedloe's Island in 1927 showing the statue and army buildings. The eleven-pointed walls of Fort Wood which still form the statue's base are visible. On July 30 1916 during World War I German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City New Jersey in what is now part of Liberty State Park close to Bedloe's Island. Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated and seven people were killed. The statue sustained minor damage mostly to the torch-bearing right arm and was closed for ten days. The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about $100000. The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public safety reasons and it has remained closed ever since.92 That same year Ralph Pulitzer who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World began a drive to raise $30000 for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night. He claimed over 80000 contributors but failed to reach the goal. The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donora fact that was not revealed until 1936. An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood. Gutzon Borglum who later sculpted Mount Rushmore redesigned the torch replacing much of the original copper with stained glass. On December 2 1916 President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights successfully illuminating the statue.103 After the United States entered World War I in 1917 images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially. This impressed upon the public the war's stated purposeto secure libertyand served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue.104 In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a national monument.95 The only successful suicide in the statue's history occurred five years later when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death glancing off the statue's breast and landing by her feet.105 Early National Park Service years (19331982) September 26 1972: President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration. The statue's raised right foot is visible showing that it is depicted moving forward. In 1933 President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue transferred to the National Park Service (NPS). In 1937 the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe's Island.95 With the Army's departure the NPS began to transform the island into a park.106 The Works Progress Administration (WPA) demolished most of the old buildings regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear. The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue temporarily removing the rays from the statue's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced. Rusted cast-iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete;107 the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced as well. Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal.108 The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938.107 During World War II the statue remained open to visitors although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts. It was lit briefly on December 31 1943 and on D-Day June 6 1944 when its lights flashed "dot-dot-dot-dash" the Morse code for V for victory. New powerful lighting was installed in 19441945 and beginning on V-E Day the statue was once again illuminated after sunset. The lighting was for only a few hours each evening and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night all night.109 In 1946 the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away.108 In 1956 an act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe's Island as Liberty Island a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier. The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island which backers took as federal approval of the project though the government was slow to grant funds for it.110 Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965.95 In 1972 the immigration museum in the statue's base was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon. The museum's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island.82 A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976. The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 1976 and sailed around Liberty Island.111 The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue.112 Renovation to present (since 1982) See also: Liberty Weekend July 4 1986: First Lady Nancy Reagan (in red) reopens the statue to the public. The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986.113 In 1982 it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration. Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure. It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure. In addition the head had been installed 2 feet (0.61 m) off center and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind. The armature structure was badly corroded and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced.114 Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years.115 In May 1982 President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of LibertyEllis Island Centennial Commission led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca to raise the funds needed to complete the work.116 Through its fundraising arm the Statue of LibertyEllis Island Foundation Inc. the group raised more than $350 million in donations.117 The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project.118 In 1984 the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation. Workers erected scaffolding that obscured the statue from view. Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades leaving two layers of coal tar originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper.119 The restorers' work was hampered by the asbestos-based substance that Bartholdi had used (ineffectively as inspections showed) to prevent galvanic corrosion. Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear dubbed "moon suits" with self-contained breathing circuits.120 Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired and new copper was added where necessary.121 The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs which had a patina that closely resembled the statue's; in exchange the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing.122 The torch found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi's unaltered torch.123 Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead.124 September 11 2001: The twin towers of the World Trade Center burn with the Statue of Liberty in the foreground. The entire armature was replaced. The puddled iron bars used by Eiffel were gradually removed. The new bars that attach to the pylon are made of low-carbon corrosion-resistant stainless steel. The bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves.125 To prevent the ray and arm making contact the ray was realigned by several degrees.126 The lighting was again replacednight-time illumination now comes from metal halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue showing off various details.127 Access to the pedestal which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation.128 A modern elevator was installed allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal.129 An emergency elevator was installed within the statue reaching up to the level of the shoulder.130 July 36 1986 was designated "Liberty Weekend" marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening. President Reagan presided over the rededication with French President Franois Mitterrand in attendance. July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail131 and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5.132 In Reagan's dedication speech he stated "We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see."131 Following the September 11 attacks the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public. The island reopened at the end of 2001 while the pedestal and statue remained off-limits. The pedestal reopened in August 2004132 but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency. The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration.133 New York Congressman Anthony D. Weiner made the statue's reopening a personal crusade.134 On May 17 2009 President Barack Obama's Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar announced that as a "special gift" to America the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day.133 The statue is scheduled to close in late 2011 for nine months to a year so a secondary staircase can be installed to aid in emergency evacuation.135 Access and attributes Location and visiting Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry bound for Liberty Island June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island. Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800.136 As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line. Land created by reclamation at Ellis is New Jersey territory.137 Entrance to the Statue of Liberty National Monument is free but there is a charge for the ferry service that all visitors must use as private boats may not dock at the island. A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities replacing Circle Line which had operated the service since 1953.138 The ferries which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan also stop at Ellis Island making a combined trip possible.139 Along with the ferry ticket visitors intending to enter the statue's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum/pedestal ticket.25 Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown must purchase a special ticket which may be reserved up to a year in advance. A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend: ten per group three groups per hour. Climbers may bring only medication and cameraslockers are provided for other itemsand must undergo a second security screening.25 Inscriptions plaques and dedications Plaque honoring poet Emma Lazarus with the text of "The New Colossus" There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty. A plaque on the copper just under the figure's feet declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget Gauthier et Cie (Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co.). A presentation tablet also bearing Bartholdi's name declares the statue to be a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors "the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship."140 There is a tablet placed by the New York committee that commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal. The cornerstone also bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons.140 In 1903 a bronze tablet that bears the text of "The New Colossus" and commemorates Emma Lazarus was presented by friends of the poet. Until the 1986 renovation it was mounted inside the pedestal; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum in the base. It is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 celebrating the poet's life.140 A group of statues stands at the western end of the island honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty. Two AmericansPulitzer and Lazarusand three FrenchmenBartholdi Laboulaye and Eiffelare depicted. They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.141 In 1984 the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The UNESCO "Statement of Significance" describes the statue as a "masterpiece of the human spirit" that "endures as a highly potent symbolinspiring contemplation debate and protestof ideals such as liberty peace human rights abolition of slavery democracy and opportunity."142 Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature64 U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal (ground level) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Length of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60000 pounds 27.22 metric tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250000 pounds 113.4 metric tonnes Total weight of statue 450000 pounds 204.1 metric tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3/32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions Main articles: Statue of Liberty in popular culture and Replicas of the Statue of Liberty A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York-New York Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas Nevada. Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide.143 A smaller version of the original statue one-fifth the height of the original was given by the American community in Paris to that city. It now stands on the le aux Cygnes facing west toward her larger sister.143 A replica 30 feet (9.1 m) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years;143 it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum.144 In a patriotic tribute the Boy Scouts of America as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 19491952 donated about two hundred replicas of the statue made of stamped copper and 100 inches (2500 mm) in height to states and municipalities across the United States.145 Though not a true replica the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditionsthe sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty.107 Among other recreations of New York City structures a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York-New York Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas Nevada.146 1971 U.S. airmail stamp depicting the head of the Statue of Liberty Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon the Statue of Liberty has long been depicted on the country's stamps and coinage. It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial and on New York's 2001 entry in the state quarters series.147 An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 and it appears on the reverse or "tails" side of the currently issued series of Presidential Dollar circulating coins.21 Two images of the statue's torch appear on the current ten-dollar bill.148 The statue's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be that of the replica at the Las Vegas casino.149 Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions. Between 1986 and 2000 New York State issued license plates featuring the statue.150151 The Women's National Basketball Association's New York Liberty use both the statue's name and its image in their logo in which the torch's flame doubles as a basketball.152 The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue's head on their third jersey beginning in 1997.153 The National Collegiate Athletic Association's 1996 Men's Basketball Final Four played at New Jersey's Meadowlands Sports Complex featured the statue in its logo.154 The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture. In music it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies as in Toby Keith's song "Courtesy of the Red White & Blue (The Angry American)" and in opposition appearing on the cover of The Dead Kennedys' album Bedtime for Democracy which protested the Reagan administration's policies.155 In the movies the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock's 1942 film Saboteur.156 The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes in which it is seen half-buried in sand.155157 It is destroyed in the science-fiction films Independence Day The Day After Tomorrow and Cloverfield.155 In Jack Finney's time-travel novel Time and Again the right arm of the statue on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park plays a crucial role.158 Robert Holdstock consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction wondered in 1979: Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted Earthgiants have uprooted it aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty of optimism has become a symbol of science fiction's pessimistic view of the future."159 See also New York City portal List of statues List of statues by height Place des tats-Unis The Statue of Liberty Ken Burns documentary Statue of Responsibility Statues and sculptures in New York City References "Statue of Liberty National Monument". National Park Service. 2007-12-31. http://www.nps.gov/stli/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-24.  Hernandez Javier C. (July 5 2008). "U.S. to Study Access to Liberty's Crown". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htmlres9C0DE5DB123CF936A35754C0A96E9C8B63. Retrieved 2010-08-02.  a b c d National Park Service (1994). National Register of Historic Places 19661994: Cumulative List Through January 1 1994. Washington DC: National Park Service. p. 502. ISBN 0891332545.  "National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act". National Park Service. 2003-01-16. http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSHistory/monuments.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-01.  "Statue of Liberty National Monument" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 14 1976. http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bbfiles/STATUE-OF-LIBERTY.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-19.  a b c d Harris 1985 p. 7. Harris 1985 pp. 78. Khan 2010 pp. 6061. a b Moreno 2000 pp. 3940. Harris 1985 pp. 1213. 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"Final Four: States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation". The New York Times (New York). http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/29/sports/final-four-states-put-aside-their-rivalry-and-try-a-little-cooperation.htmlscp1&sq1996%20final%20four%20logo%20statue%20liberty&stcse. Retrieved 20100802.  a b c Morris Tracy S.. "The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture". USA Today. http://traveltips.usatoday.com/statue-liberty-popular-culture-3615.html. Retrieved 20100729.  Spoto Donald (1983). The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Ballantine. pp. 262263. ISBN 0-345-31462-X.  Greene Eric; Slotkin Richard (1998). Planet of the Apes as American myth: race politics and popular culture. Middletown CT: Wesleyan University Press. p. 52. ISBN 0819563293. http://books.google.com/idZyIiApfhWngC&dqstatue+of+liberty+planet+of+the+apes.  Darrach Brad (19700626). "The spy who came in from 1882". Life (New York): p. 16. http://books.google.com/booksidv1UEAAAAMBAJ&lpgPA16&dqstatue%20of%20liberty's%20arm%20time%20and%20again&pgPA16#vonepage&qstatue%20of%20liberty's%20arm%20time%20and%20again&ffalse. Retrieved 20100801.  Nicholls Peter (1979). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. St Albans Herts UK: Granada Publishing Ltd.. p. 14. ISBN 0-586-05380-8.  Bibliography Bell James B.; Abrams Richard L. (1984). In Search of Liberty: The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. Garden City N.Y.: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 0-385-19624-5.  Glassberg David (2003). "Rethinking the Statue of Liberty:". National Park Service. http://hdl.handle.net/2450/678.  Harris Jonathan (1985). A Statue for America: The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty. New York N.Y.: Four Winds Press (a division of Macmillan Publishing Company). ISBN 0-02-742730-7.  Hayden Richard Seth; Despont Thierry W. (1986). Restoring the Statue of Liberty. New York N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-027326-X.  Khan Yasmin Sabina (2010). Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty. Ithaca N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4851-5.  Moreno Barry (2000). The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia. New York N.Y.: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780738536897.  Sutherland Cara A. (2003). The Statue of Liberty. New York N.Y.: Barnes & Noble Books. 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