"Suburbia" and "Suburban" redirect here. For other uses see Suburbia (disambiguation) and Suburban (disambiguation). Tract housing and culs-de-sac are hallmarks of suburban planning. A suburban development in San Jose California. Le Plessis Robinson is an example of a new suburb in France

Suburb mostly refers to a residential area. They may be the residential areas of a city (such as in Australia and New Zealand) or separate residential communities within commuting distance of a city (such as in the United States and Canada). Some suburbs have a degree of political autonomy and most have lower population density than inner city neighborhoods. Suburbs grew in the 19th and 20th century as a result of improved rail and later road transport and an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land.1 Any particular suburban area is referred to as a suburb while suburban areas on the whole are referred to as the suburbs or suburbia with the demonym being a suburbanite. Colloquial usage sometimes shortens the term to burb. Contents 1 Etymology and usage 1.1 United States and Canada 1.2 United Kingdom and Ireland 1.3 Australia and New Zealand 2 History 3 Suburbia worldwide 3.1 United States 3.1.1 History 3.2 Canada 3.2.1 History 3.3 Other countries 4 Traffic flows 5 Cultural depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology and usage

The word is derived from the Old French subburbe and ultimately from the Latin suburbium formed from sub meaning "under" and urbs meaning "city". In Rome important people tended to live within the city hills. "Under" in later usage sometimes referred variously to lesser wealth political power population or population density. The first recorded usage according to the Oxford English Dictionary comes from Wycliffe in 1380 where the form subarbis is used.

The word suburb is used a variety of ways around the world. United States and Canada

In the United States and Canada suburb can refer either to an outlying residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality borough or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The latter definition is evident in the title of David Rusk's book Cities Without Suburbs (ISBN 0-943875-73-0) which promotes metropolitan government. Note however that this definition is not universal. In fact many of the classic streetcar suburbs are within the political boundaries of their respective cities such as West Philadelphia Pennsylvania a part of which has is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the West Philadelphia Streetcar Suburb Historic District. American journalist and social commentator Joel Garreau criticized the common use of the term solely to areas outside the political boundaries of major cities in his 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier when he discussed the phenomenon of edge cities in Atlanta (emphasis added): Meanwhile "suburban" is usually defined for statistical purposes as any place in a metropolitan area outside the central city. That definition is less than ideal in both directions. There are beautiful affluent quiet black and white neighborhoods within the political boundaries of the city of Atlanta that feature trees lawns and single-family detached homes. For all practical purposes they look and function like suburbs even though they are usually counted as urban. Similarly there are downtrodden neighborhoods in outlying "suburban" jurisdictions that are nothing but extensions of either urban or rural poverty. Suppose therefore a neighborhood is functionally suburban regardless of its location within a metro area if it is predominantly residential well off and marked by single-family homes.2

For its part the Canadian national statistical agency Statistics Canada uses a variety of definitions of "suburban" and "urban" depending of the context: The central municipality can be differentiated from the suburbs in a number of ways. We will try to impose some order on these ideas by presenting four ways of categorizing them based on four criteria for delineation: 1) administrative or political boundaries; 2) the boundaries of the citys central core... 3) distance from the city centre; and 4) neighbourhood density. As we will see each one has its strengths and weaknesses...

In the series of articles on life in metropolitan areas we will rely on... three major distinctions: central and peripheral neighbourhoods high-density and low-density neighbourhoods and central and suburban municipalities. -Statistics Canada3 United Kingdom and Ireland

In Ireland and the United Kingdom suburb merely refers to a residential areas outside the city center regardless of administrative boundaries. Suburbs in this sense are not separated by open countryside from the city center. In large cities such as London suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages which have been gradually absorbed during a city's growth and expansion. Australia and New Zealand

In Australia and New Zealand suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas of Australia their equivalents are called localities (see suburbs and localities). In Australia the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. Inner suburbs such as Te Aro in Wellington Prahran in Melbourne and Ultimo in Sydney are usually characterised by higher density apartment housing and greater integration between commercial and residential areas. History

While suburbs had originated far earlier; the suburban population in North America exploded during the post-World War II economic expansion. Returning veterans wishing to start a settled life moved en masse to the suburbs. Levittown developed as a major prototype of mass-produced housing. At the same time African Americans were rapidly moving north for better jobs and educational opportunities than were available to them in the segregated South. Their arrival in Northern cities en masses in addition to race riots in several large cities such as Detroit Chicago and Philadelphia further stimulated white suburban migration. De-investment in American cities was rampant during the time of mass suburbanization. Aging cities were left to fall apart during the time when the country was experiencing tremendous prosperity. Industrial factories that were once the heart of the city were now being abandoned and jobs were shifting to the service sector jobs.4 In the U.S. 1950 was the first year that more people lived in suburbs than elsewhere.5 In the U.S the development of the skyscraper and the sharp inflation of downtown real estate prices also led to downtowns being more fully dedicated to businesses thus pushing residents outside the city center. The history of suburbia is a subfield of urban history and enlists scholars across the world. Most published work looks at the origins growth diverse typologies culture and politics of suburbs as well as to the gendered and family-oriented nature of suburban space.67 Many people have assumed that early-20th-century suburbs were enclaves for middle-class whites a concept that carries tremendous cultural influence yet is actually stereotypical. Many suburbs are based on a heterogeneous society of working-class and minority residents many of whom share the American Dream regarding home ownership as defined by developers and the power of advertising. Sies (2001) argues that it is necessary to examine how "suburb" is defined as well as the distinction made between cities and suburbs geography economic circumstances and the interaction of numerous factors that move research beyond acceptance of stereotyping and its influence on scholarly assumptions.8 Suburbia worldwide United States Suburban Dallas Texas. Big box shopping centers in suburban New Orleans Louisiana. In the United States suburbs have a prevalence of usually detached9 single-family homes.10 Suburban Santa Fe New Mexico. Many post-World War II American suburbs are characterized by: Lower densities than central cities dominated by single-family homes on smallclarification needed plots of land surrounded at close quarters by very similar dwellings. Zoning patterns that separate residential and commercial development as well as different intensities and densities of development. Daily needs are not within walking distance of most homes. Subdivisions carved from previously rural land into multiple-home developments built by a single real estate company. These subdivisions are often segregated by minute differences in home value creating entire communities where family incomes and demographics are almost completely homogeneous.citation needed. Shopping malls and strip malls behind large parking lots instead of a classic downtown shopping district. A road network designed to conform to a hierarchy including culs-de-sac leading to larger residential streets in turn leading to large collector roads in place of the grid pattern common to most central cities and pre-World War II suburbs. A greater percentage of one-story administrative buildings than in urban areas. A greater percentage of Whites and less percentage of citizens of other ethnic groups than in urban areas. Black suburbanization grew between 1970 and 1980 by 2.6% as a result of central city neighborhoods expanding into older neighborhoods vacated by whites.111213 Compared to rural areas suburbs usually have greater population density higher standards of living more complex road systems more franchised stores and restaurants and less farmland and wildlife. By 2010 suburbs increasingly gained people in racial minority groups as White Americans moved back to city centers. Many major city downtowns (such as Downtown Miami Downtown Detroit or Downtown Los Angeles) are experiencing a renewal with large population growth residential apartment construction and increased social cultural and infrastructural investments. Better public transit proximity to work and cultural attractions and frustration with suburban life and gridlock have attracted young Americans to the city centers.14 History Prior to the 19th century suburb often correlated with the outlying areas of cities where work was most inaccessible; implicitly where the poorest people had to live. The modern American usage of the term came about during the course of the 19th century as improvements in transportation and sanitation made it possible for wealthy developments to exist on the outskirts of cities for example in Brooklyn Heights. The growth of suburbs was facilitated by the development of zoning laws redlining and numerous innovations in transport. After World War II availability of FHA loans stimulated a housing boom in American suburbs. In the older cities of the northeast U.S. streetcar suburbs originally developed along train or trolley lines that could shuttle workers into and out of city centers where the jobs were located. This practice gave rise to the term bedroom community meaning that most daytime business activity took place in the city with the working population leaving the city at night for the purpose of going home to sleep. Economic growth in the United States encouraged the suburbanization of American cities that required massive investments for the new infrastructure and homes. Consumer patterns were also shifting at this time purchasing power was becoming stronger and more accessible to a wider range of families. Suburban houses also brought about needs for products that were not needed in urban neighborhoods such as lawnmowers and automobiles. During this time commercial shopping malls were being developed near suburbs to satisfy consumer needs and their car dependent lifestyle..4 Long Island New York in the United States became the first large scale suburban area in the world to develop thanks to William Levitt's Levittown New York which is widely considered to be the archetype of Post-WWII suburbia. Long Island's significance as a suburb derived mostly from the upper-middle-class development of entire communities in the late nineteenth century and the rapid population growth that occurred as a result. As car ownership rose and wider roads were built the commuting trend accelerated as in North America. This trend towards living away from towns and cities has been termed the urban exodus. Zoning laws also contributed to the location of residential areas outside of the city center by creating wide areas or "zones" where only residential buildings were permitted. These suburban residences are built on larger lots of land than in the urban city. For example the lot size for a residence in Chicago is usually 125 feet (38 m) deep while the width can vary from 14 feet (4.3 m) wide for a row house to 45 feet (14 m) wide for a large standalone house.citation needed In the suburbs where standalone houses are the rule lots may be 85 feet (26 m) wide by 115 feet (35 m) deep as in the Chicago suburb of Naperville.citation needed Manufacturing and commercial buildings were segregated in other areas of the city. View of housing development near farm in Richfield Minnesota (1954) Increasingly more people moved out to the suburbs known as suburbanization. Moving along with the population many companies also located their offices and other facilities in the outer areas of the cities. This has resulted in increased density in older suburbs and often the growth of lower density suburbs even further from city centers. An alternative strategy is the deliberate design of "new towns" and the protection of green belts around cities. Some social reformers attempted to combine the best of both concepts in the garden city movement.15 In the United States since the 18th century urban areas have often grown faster than city boundaries. Until the 1900s new neighborhoods usually sought or accepted annexation to the central city to obtain city services. In the 20th century however many suburban areas began to see independence from the central city as an asset. In some cases white suburbanites saw self-government as a means to keep out people who could not afford the added suburban property maintenance costs not needed in city living. Federal subsidies for suburban development accelerated this process as did the practice of redlining by banks and other lending institutions.16 Some cities such as Miami and San Francisco the main city is much smaller than the surrounding suburban areas leaving the city proper with a small portion of the metro area's population and land area. Cleveland Ohio is typical of many American central cities; its municipal borders have changed little since 1922 even though the Cleveland urbanized area has grown many times over.citation needed Several layers of suburban municipalities now surround cities like Cleveland Chicago Detroit Los Angeles Dallas Denver Fort Worth San Francisco Sacramento Atlanta Miami Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. Canada The Calgary Region is Canada's most suburban metropolitan region with 67% of the population living in low-density neighborhoods in 2001.17 Suburban development in Maple Ontario. Canadian suburban development in Markham Ontario north of Toronto. In determining which areas are considered "urban" and which are "suburban" the national statistical agency Statistics Canada has examined a number of potential methods for drawing the distinction including municipal boundaries age of the housing stock distance from city hall or the central business district and housing (but not population) density. It considers the last two distance from center and housing density the best measures of suburban or urban identity. Suburbs are defined as primarily single-family housing located at distance from the center of the city while urban areas are primarily multi-family buildings near the center.3 Canada is an urbanized nation where over 80% of the population live in urban areas (loosely defined) and roughly two-thirds live in one of Canada's 33 census metropolitan areas (CMAs) with a population of over 100000. However of this metropolitan population in 2001 nearly half lived in low-density neighborhoods with only one in five living in a typical "urban" neighborhood.17 The percentage living in low-density neighborhoods varied from a high of nearly two-thirds of Calgary CMA residents (67%) to a low of about one-third of Montreal CMA residents (34%).17 The history of urban development in Canada is comparable to that in the United States: after World War II large bedroom communities of single-family homes and shopping malls sprouted on the outskirts of Canadian cities. However there are number of differences. A major difference between the suburban / urban divides in Canada and the United States is the greater relevance of the concept of white flight in explaining demographic patterns in the United States. Furthermore compared to the United States since 1971 Canadian core cities have not experienced as much population decline have been allowed to annex more outlying areas and have enacted zoning policies that are more tolerant of density.18 Despite these caveats the trend in Canada has been of steady suburbanization. Population and income growth in Canadian suburbs has tended to outpace growth in core urban or rural areas. The suburban population increased 87% between 1981 and 2001 well ahead of urban growth.19 The majority of recent population growth in Canada's three largest metropolitan areas (Greater Toronto Greater Montreal and Greater Vancouver) has occurred in non-core municipalities20 although this is not the same as total suburban growth which often occurs within core cities' boundaries particularly in geographically large cities like Calgary and Edmonton. Transportation in Canadian suburbs is dominated by private automobiles. Between 1992 and 2005 automobile dependence rose in Canadian suburbs while bicycle usage declined.21 The political independence of suburban municipalities from the nearby city is a sensitive political issue since provincial governments have the power to rewrite municipal boundaries at will and they have often dictated mergers without input from residents (recently in Nova Scotia in 1996 Ontario in 1997 and Quebec in 2002). The percenage of a CMA's population located in the core municipality varies substantially. According to 2006 Census data Calgary's seven suburban municipalities accounted for only 8% of the CMAs total population. The same was true for the CMA of Winnipeg where the suburban municipalities also made up only 9% of the CMAs total population. The situation was completely different in the CMA of Vancouver where 73% of the total population lived in the suburban municipalities. Statistics Canada 3 For this reason Statistics Canada does not use municipal boundaries to delineate "suburbs" from "cities". Canada's largest administratively independent suburban municipalities are those surrounding the four largest cities. Montreal is neighbored both by municipalities that lie on the same island in the St. Lawrence River as well as "off-island suburbs" including the two largest Laval (located on a neighboring island) and Longueuil (on the mainland) as well as a "ring" of smaller municipalities on the South and North shores of the river. From 2002 to 2006 the entire Island of Montreal was merged into one city but this policy was partly reversed when a different party captured the provincial government. Ottawa and its large neighbor of Gatineauboth expanded greatly by city-suburb mergers in the early 2000sface one another on the Ottawa River; the two together with neighboring suburban towns in both Ontario and Quebec form the National Capital Region. Toronto annexed many of the outlying suburbs in 1998. The Greater Toronto Area has many large suburban cities with its two largest being Mississauga and Brampton. Greater Vancouver has seven suburban municipalities with at least 100000 people with the largest being Surrey and Vancouver's direct neighbors Burnaby and Richmond. Edmonton is neighbored by St. Albert and Sherwood Park among others. History In the 1890-1930 era part of Toronto' east-end district now known as "the Beach" changed from a "cottage colony" of summer second-homes into a metropolitan suburb dominated by the middle classes. The Beach is a representative type of pre-World War II suburban growth since it emerged slowly and piecemeal and was inconsistent in pattern and form with a mix of housing types. The Beach exemplifies how social classes sorted themselves by income level and neighborhood. The Beach was dominated by the middle classes with some working-class areas.22 In sharp contrast to the haphazard development of "the Beach" stands the elaborately designed Montral suburb of Mount Royal. The Canadian Northern Railway built Mount Royal northwest of Montral in 1910 to 1925. It was a corporate suburb that was planned designed and developed as a real estate venture to help offset the costs of building a railway tunnel into the center of Montreal. Its main designer was Frederick Todd a protg of the junior Olmsted and Canada's most prominent landscape architect of the early 20th century. His design was influenced by the City Beautiful ideals of Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. and the Garden City Movement principles of Henry Vivian.23 After the Second World War a serious housing shortage and the return of large numbers of veterans led the national government through the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) to promote suburbs by offering very low cost mortgages with small down payments and easy terms.24 Other countries In many parts of the developed world suburbs are different from the American suburb both in terms of population and in terms of what they represent. In some cases suburbs of cities outside of North America are economically distressed areas inhabited by higher proportions of recent immigrants with higher delinquency rates and social problems. Sometimes the notion of suburb may even refer to people in real misery who are kept at the limit of the city borders for economic social and sometimes ethnic reasons. An example in the developed world would be the banlieues of France or the concrete suburbs of Sweden even if the suburbs of these countries also include middle-class and upper-class neighborhoods that often consist of single-family houses. Thus some of the suburbs of most of the developed world are comparable to several inner cities of the U.S. and Canada. The growth in the use of trains and later automobiles and highways increased the ease with which workers could have a job in the city while commuting in from the suburbs. In the United Kingdom railways stimulated the first mass exodus to the suburbs. The Metropolitan Railway for example was active in building and promoting its own housing estates in the north-west of London consisting mostly of detached houses on large plots which it then marketed as "Metro-land".25he Australian and New Zealand usage came about as outer areas were quickly surrounded in fast-growing cities but retained the appellation suburb; the term was eventually applied to the original core as well. Middle-class housing in Naucalpan a suburb of Mexico City. In Mexico suburbs are generally similar to their United States counterparts. Houses have much different architecture which is a mix of Spanish Aztec and American architecture and are generally bigger or smaller and called lomas (literally Spanish for hills). Suburbs can be found in Guadalajara Mexico City Monterrey and most major cities. Lomas de Chapultepec is an example of an affluent suburb. In the rest of Latin America the situation is that similar to Mexico with many suburbs being built most notably Argentina Brazil and Chile which have experienced a boom in the construction of suburbs since the late 70s and early 80s. As the growth of middle-class and upper-class suburbs increased low-class squatter areas have increased most notably "lost cities" in Mexico barriadas in Peru villa miserias in Argentina asentamientos in Guatemala and favelas of Brazil. In Africa since the beginning of the 1990s the development of middle-class suburbs boomed. Due to the industrialization of many African countries particularly in cities such as Cairo Johannesburg and Lagos the middle class has grown. In an illustrative case of South Africa RDP housing has been built. In much of Soweto many houses' architecture are American in appearance but are smaller and often consist of a kitchen and living room two or three bedrooms and a bathroom. However more affluent neighborhoods more comparable to American suburbs particularly east of the FNB Stadium. In Cape Town there is a distinct European style which is due to the European influence during the mid-1600s when the Dutch conquered the area. Houses like these are called Cape Dutch Houses and can be found in the affluent suburbs of Constantia and Bishopscourt. Houses in Kensington a wealthy suburb of London In the UK the government is seeking to impose minimum densities on newly approved housing schemes in parts of southeast England. The goal is to 'build sustainable communities' rather than housing estates. However commercial concerns tend to retard the opening of services until a large number of residents have occupied the new neighborhood. File:Http://i212.photobucket.com/albums/cc40/andresannman/cpt-constantia-aerial.jpg Constantia an affluent suburb in Cape Town South Africa. In the illustrative case of Rome Italy in the 1920s and 1930s suburbs were intentionally created ex novo in order to give lower classes a destination in consideration of the actual and foreseen massive arrival of poor people from other areas of the country. Many critics have seen in this development pattern (which was circularly distributed in every direction) also a quick solution to a problem of public order (keeping the unwelcome poorest classes together with the criminals in this way better controlled comfortably remote from the elegant "official" town). On the other hand the expected huge expansion of the town soon effectively covered the distance from the central town and now those suburbs are completely engulfed by the main territory of the town. Other newer suburbs (called exurbs) were created at a further distance from them. Bangsar a suburb outside of downtown Kuala Lumpur Malaysia In Russia the term suburb differs from the American term but also differ from the Western European term. In North America suburbs often refer to residential areas that house the middle and high class and are made up of single-family homes. In Russia however a suburb refers to high-rise residential apartments which usually consist of two bedrooms one bathroom a kitchen and a living room. These suburbs however are usually not in poor neighborhoods as with the banlieues of France. In China the term suburb is new although suburbs are already being constructed rapidly. Many new suburban homes are similar to their equivalents in the United States primarily outside Beijing and Shanghai which also mimic Spanish and Italian architecture.26 In Hong Kong however suburbs are mostly government-planned new towns containing numerous public housing estates. New Towns such as Tin Shui Wai may gain notoriety as a slum. However other new towns also contain private housing estates and low density developments for the upper classes. In Japan the construction of suburbs have boomed since the end of World War II. They are very similar to their US counterparts and many cities are experiencing the urban sprawl effect. In Malaysia suburbs are common especially in areas surrounding the Klang Valley which is the largest conurbation in the country. These suburbs also serve as major housing areas and commuter towns. Terraced houses semi-detached houses and shophouses are common concepts in suburbs. In certain areas such as Klang Subang Jaya and Petaling Jaya suburbs form the core of these places. The latter one has been turned into a satellite city of Kuala Lumpur. Suburbs are also evident in other smaller conurbations including Ipoh Johor Bahru Kota Kinabalu Kuching and Penang. Traffic flows Suburbs typically have more traffic congestion and longer travel times than traditional neighborhoods.27 Only the traffic within the short streets themselves is less. This is due to three factors:citation needed almost-mandatory automobile ownership due to poor suburban bus systems longer travel distances and the hierarchy system which is less efficient at distributing traffic than the traditional grid of streets. In the suburban system most trips from one component to another component requires that cars enter a collector road no matter how short or long the distance is. This is compounded by the hierarchy of streets where entire neighborhoods and subdivisions are dependent on one or two collector roads. Because all traffic is forced onto these roads they are often heavy with traffic all day. If a traffic accident occurs on a collector road or if road construction inhibits the flow then the entire road system may be rendered useless until the blockage is cleared. The traditional "grown" grid in turn allows for a larger number of choices and alternate routes. Suburban systems of the sprawl type are also quite inefficient for cyclists or pedestrians as the direct route is usually not available for them either. This encourages car trips even for distances as low as several hundreds of yards or meters (which may have become up to several miles or kilometers due to the road network). Improved sprawl systems though retaining the car detours possess cycle paths and footpath connecting across the arms of the sprawl system allowing a more direct route while still keeping the cars out of the residential and side streets. Cultural depictions Suburbia was the subject matter for the American photojournalist Bill Owens whose books documented the culture of suburbia in the 1970s most notably his book Suburbia. The 1962 song "Little Boxes" by Malvina Reynolds lampoons the development of suburbia and its perceived bourgeois and conformist values.28 In Britain television series such as The Good Life Butterflies and The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin depicted suburbia as well-manicured but relentlessly boring and its residents as either overly conforming or prone to going stir crazy. Contrastingly U.S. shows - such as Desperate Housewives or Weeds - portray the suburbs with perfectly manicured lawns friendly people and beautifully up-kept houses. However shows from both countries depict the suburbs as being full of drama secrets and hidden motivations amongst its residents. See also Boomburbs Developed Environments Ethnoburb Faubourg Levittown Pennsylvania List of largest suburbs by population London commuter belt (Stockbroker belt) Microdistrict Penurbia Settlement types Hamlet Megalopolis Suburbia bashing Urban rural fringe References The Fractured Metropolis: Improving the New City Restoring the Old City Reshaping the Region by Jonathan Barnett Garreau Joel (1991). "Chapter 5: Atlanta The Color of Money". Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. The Garreau Group. http://www.garreau.com/main.cfmactionchapters&id25. Retrieved 2009-12-29.  a b c http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2008001/article/10459-eng.htm a b Beauregard Robert A. When America Became Suburban. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press 2006. Managing Urban America Ruth McManus and Philip J. Ethington "Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history" Urban History Aug 2007 Vol. 34 Issue 2 pp 317-337 Kenneth T. Jackson. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (1987) excerpt and text search Mary Corbin Sies "North American Suburbs 1880-1950" Journal of Urban History March 2001 Vol. 27 Issue 3 pp 313-46 Land Development Calculations 2001 Walter Martin Hosack. "single-family detached housing" "suburb houses" p133 "Housing Unit Characteristics by Type of Housing Unit 2005" Energy Information Association Barlow Andrew L. (2003). Between fear and hope: globalization and race in the United States. Lanham Md. PG county md: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-1619-9. http://books.google.com/id2gJhgr0BrooC&printsecfrontcover.  Noguera Pedro (2003). City schools and the American dream: reclaiming the promise of public education. New York: Teachers College Press. ISBN 0-8077-4381-X. http://books.google.com/idbfuFosKIPeEC&printsecfrontcover.  Naylor Larry L. (1999). Problems and issues of diversity in the United States. Westport Conn.: Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 0-89789-615-7. http://books.google.com/idy7-EyumYyCUC&printsecfrontcover.  Yen Hope. "White flight Suburbs lose young whites to cities." Associated Press at Yahoo! News. Sunday May 9 2010. Retrieved on May 10 2010. Garden Cities of To-Morrow Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival By Paul S. Grogan Tony Proscio. ISBN 0-8133-3952-9. Published 2002. Page 142. "Perhaps suburbanization was a 'natural' phenomenonrising incomes allowing formerly huddled masses in city neighborhoods to breathe free on green lawn and leafy culs-de-sac. But we will never know how natural it was because of the massive federal subsidy that eased and accelerated it in the form of tax transportation and housing policies." a b c http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2008001/article/10459-eng.htm#9 http://www.planetizen.com/node/43255 http://www.planetizen.com/node/20741 http://www.fcpp.org/publication.php/1735 http://www41.statcan.ca/2009/4006/cybac4006002-eng.htm Nik Luka "From Summer Cottage Colony to Metropolitan Suburb: Toronto's Beach District 1889-1929" Urban History Review/ Revue d'Histoire Urbaine Fall 2006 Vol. 35 Issue 1 pp 18-31 L. D. McCann "Planning and building the corporate suburb of Mount Royal 1910-1925" Planning Perspectives July 96 Vol. 11 Issue 3 pp 259-301 J. M. Bumsted "Home sweet suburb" Beaver Oct/Nov 1992 Vol. 72 Issue 5 pp 26-34 London's metroland Modern suburbia not just in America anymore Why adding lanes makes traffic worse Keil Rob (2006). Little Boxes: The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb. Daly City CA: Advection Media. ISBN 0977923649.  Bibliography Baumgartner M. P. The Moral Order of a Suburb. New York: Oxford University Press 1988. Baxandall Rosalyn and Elizabeth Ewen. Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened. New York: Basic Books 2000. Blakely Edward J. and Mary Gail Snyder. Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution 1997. Bruegmann Robert. Sprawl: A Compact History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2005. Duany Andrs and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream. New York: North Point Press 2000. England Robert E. and David R. Morgan. Managing Urban America 1979. Fava Sylvia Fleis. "Suburbanism as a Way of Life." American Sociological Review 21 no. 1 (February 1956): 34-37. Fishman Robert. Bourgeois Utopia: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia. New York: Basic Books 1987. Fogelson Robert M. Bourgeois Nightmares: Suburbia 1870-193'. New Haven: Yale University Press 2005. Gans Herbert J. The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community. New York: Pantheon 1967. Gruenberg Sidonie Matsner. "The Challenge of the New Suburbs." Marriage and Family Living 17 no. 2 (May 1955): 133-137. Hanlon Bernadette. Once the American Dream: Inner ring Suburbs in the Metropolitan United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press 2010 Hayden Dolores. Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth 1920-2000. New York: Pantheon Books 2003. Hope Andrew. "Evaluation the Significance of San Lorenzo Village A Mid-20th Century Suburban Community." CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship 2 (Summer 2005): 50-61. Katz Peter ed. The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community. New York: McGraw-Hill 1994. Kelly Barbara. Expanding the American Dream: Building and Rebuilding Levittown. Albany NY: State University of Albany Press 1993. Kruse Kevin M and Thomas J. Sugrue editors. The New Suburban History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2006. Kunstler James Howard. The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape. New York: Simon and Schuster 1993. Lewis Robert (2001) "Manufacturing Montreal: The Making of an Industrial Landscape 1850 to 1930" Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Lukez Paul. "Suburban Transformations." New York: Princeton Architectural Press 2007. McKenzie Evan. Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government. New Haven Conn.: Yale University Press 1994. Morton Marian. "The Suburban Ideal and Suburban Realities: Cleveland heights Othio 1860-2001." Journal of Urban History 28 no. 5 (September 2002) 671-698 Muller Peter O. Contemporary Suburban America. Englewood Cliffs N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1981. Mumford Louis. The Culture of Cities. New York: Harcourt Brace 1938. Oliver J. Eric. "Democracy in Suburbia." Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001. O'Toole Randall. "The Vanishing Automobile and Other Urban Myths" The Thoreau Institute. Putman Robert D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster 2000. Rybczynski Witold. "How to Build a Suburb." The Wilson Quarterly 19 no. 3 (Summer 2005): 114-126. Rybczynski Witold (November 7 2005). "Suburban Despair". Slate. Smith Albert C. & Schank Kendra (1999). "A Grotesque Measure for Marietta". Journal of Urban Design 4 (3). Vicino Thomas J. Transforming Race and Class in Suburbia: Decline in Metropolitan Baltimore. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2008. Warner Sam Bass. Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston 1870-1890. Cambridge. Mass. 1962. Winkler Robert. Going Wild: Adventures with Birds in the Suburban Wilderness. Washington D.C.: National Geographic 2003. Winkler Robert. "All the World's a Mall: Reflections on the Social and Economic Consequences of the American Shopping Center." The American Historical Review 101 no. 4 (October 1996): 1111-1121. Further reading It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article. (Discuss) Allen Frederick Lewis. The Big Change in Suburbia Part I. Harpers Magazine 208 no. 1249 (June 1954): 21-28. Archer John. Country and City in the American Romantic Suburb. The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 42 no. 2 (May 1983): 139-56. . Architecture and Suburbia: From English Villa to American Dream House 1690-2000. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 2005. Avila Eric. Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles. Berkeley: University of California Press 2004. Baldassare Mark. Trouble in Paradise: The Suburban Transformation in America. New York: Columbia University Press 1986. Baker Kevin. The Improved Man. Harpers 300 (June 2000): 126-34. Baumgartner M. P. The Moral Order of a Suburb. New York: Oxford University Press 1988. Baxabdall Rosalyn and Elizabeth Ewen. Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened. New York: Basic Books 2000. Beauregard Robert A. When America Became Suburban. New York: University of Minnesota Press 2006. Binford Henry C. The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on the Boston Periphery 1815-1860. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1985. Blake Robert. Gods Own Junkyard: The Planned Deterioration of Americas Landscape. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston 1964. Blakely Edward J. and Mary Gail Snyder. Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution 1997. Blauvelt Andrew ed. Worlds Away: New Suburban Landscapes. Minneapolis: Walker Art Center 2008. Bruegmann Robert. Sprawl: A Compact History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2005. Clark Jr. Clifford Edward. The American Family Home 1800-1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1986. Conn Steven and Max Page editors. Building the Nation: Americans Write About Their Architecture Their Cities and Their Landscape. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2003. Crawford Margaret. Building the Workingmans Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns. New York: Verso 1995. Davis Mike. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. London: Verso 1990. Donoghue John. Alexander Jackson Davis Romantic Architect 1803-1892. New York: Arno Press 1977. Downs Jr. Arthur Channing. Downings Newburgh Villa. Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology 4 nos. 3-4 (1972): 1-113. Douglass Harlan Paul. The Suburban Trend. 1925. Reprint New York Johnson Reprint Corp. 1970. Dreir Peter John Mollenkopf and Todd Swanstrom. Place Matters: Metropolitics for the Twenty-first Century. Topeka: University of Kansas Press 2002. Duany Andres Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Jeff Speck editors. Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream. New York: North Point Press 2000. Ebner Michael H. Creating Chicagos North Shore: A Suburban History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1988. Fishman Robert. Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia. New York: Basic Books 1987. Flint Anthony. This Land: The Battle Over Sprawl and the Future of America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2006. Fogelson Robert M. Bourgeois Nightmares: Suburbia 1870-1930. New Haven CT: Yale University Press 2005. Fong Timothy P. The First Suburban Chinatown: The Remaking of Monterey Park California. Philadelphia: Temple University Press 1994. Friedan Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: Norton 1963. Gans Herbert J. The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community. New York: Pantheon 1967. Gruenberg Sidonie Matsner. "The Challenge of the New Suburbs." Marriage and Family Living 17 no. 2 (May 1955): 133-37. Gardner Todd. The Slow Wave: The Changing Residential Status of Cities and Suburbs in the United States 1850-1949. Journal of Urban History 27 no. 3 (March 2001): 293-312. Garreau Joel. Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. New York: Doubleday 1991. Hanlon Bernadette.Once the American Dream: Inner ring Suburbs of the Metropolitan United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press 2010. Hanlon Bernadette John Rennie Short and Thomas J. Vicino. Cities and Suburbs: New Metropolitan Realities in the U.S. New York: Routledge 2010. Harris Richard and Robert Lewis. Constructing a Fault(y) Zone: Misrepresentations of American Cities and Suburbs 1900-1950. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 no. 4 (1998): 622-41. . The Geography of North American Cities and Suburbs 1900-1950: A New Synthesis. Journal of Urban History 27 no. 3 (March 2001): 262-92. Harris Richard. Unplanned Suburbs: Torontos American Tragedy 1900 to 1950. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996. Hayden Dolores. Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth 1820-2000. New York: Vintage Books 2003. Haynes Bruce D. Red Lines Black Spaces: The Politics of Race and Space in a Black Middle-Class Suburb. New Haven: Yale University Press 2001. Henderson Susan. Llewellyn Park Suburban Idyll. Journal of Garden History 7 no. 3 (JulySeptember 1987): 221-43. Hise Greg. Magnetic Los Angeles: Planning the Twentieth-Century Metropolis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1997. Hope Andrew. "Evaluation the Significance of San Lorenzo Village A Mid-20th Century Suburban Community." CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship 2 (Summer 2005): 50-61. Jackson John Brinckerhoff. Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. New Haven CT: Yale University Press 1984. Jackson Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press 1985. Jacobs Jane. Dark Age Ahead. New York: Random House 2004. Johnson Ronald M. From Romantic Suburb to Racial Enclave: LeDroit Park Washington D.C. 1880-1920. Phylon 45 no. 4 (4th Quarter 1984): 264-70. Kalita S. Mitra. Suburban Sahibs: Three Immigrant Families and Their Passage from India to America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press 2003. Kargon Robert Hugh and Arthur P. Molella. Invented Edens: Techno-Cities of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge MA: MIT Press 2008. Katz Bruce and Robert E. Lang editors. Redefining Urban and Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000. Washington D.C.: Brookings 2003. Kay Jane Holtz. Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile took over America and How We Can Take it Back. New York: Crown Publishers 1997. Katz Peter editor. The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community. Afterward by Vincent Scully. New York: McGraw-Hill 1994. Keating Ann Durkin. Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis. Columbus: Ohio State University Press 1988. Kelly Barbara. Expanding the American Dream: Building and Rebuilding Levittown. Albany NY: State University of Albany Press 1993. Kirp David L. John P. Dwyer and Larry A. Rosenthal. Our Town: Race Housing and the Soul of Suburbia. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press 1995. Kruse Kevin M. White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2005. Kruse Kevin M. and Thomas J. Sugrue editors. The New Suburban History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2006. Kunstler James Howard. The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of Americas Man-Made Landscape. New York: Simon & Schuster 1993. Lassiter Matthew D. The New Suburban History II: Political Culture and Metropolitan Space. Journal of Planning History 4 no. 1 (February 2005): 75-88. . The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. Princeton N.J: Princeton University Press 2006. . Suburban Strategies: The Volatile Center in Postwar Politics. In The Democratic Experiment: New Directions in American Political History edited by Meg Jacobs William J. Novak and Julian E. Zelizer 327-49. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2003. Lewis Robert. Manufacturing Montreal: The Making of an Industrial Landscape 1850 to 1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2001. editor. Manufacturing Suburbs: Building Work and Home on the Metropolitan Fringe. Philadelphia: Temple University Press 2004. Li Wei. Building Ethnoburbia: The Emergence and Manifestation of the Chinese Ethnoburb in Los Angeles San Gabriel Valley. Journal of Asian American Studies 2 no. 1 (February 1999): 1-29. Lipsitz George. The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press 1998. Low Setha. Behind the Gates: Life Security and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America. New York: Routledge 2003. Lukez Paul. Suburban Transformations. New York: Princeton Architectural Press 2007. Marsh Margaret. Suburban Lives. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press 1990. . Suburban Men and Masculine Domesticity. American Quarterly 40 no. 2 (June 1988): 165-86. Mattingly Paul H. Suburban Landscapes: Culture and Politics in a New York Metropolitan Community. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2001. McGirr Lisa. Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press 2001. McKenzie Evan. Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government. New Haven Conn.: Yale University Press 1994. Moore Shirley Ann Wilson. To Place Our Deeds: The African American Community in Richmond California 1910-1963. Berkeley: University of California Press 2000. Morton Marian. "The Suburban Ideal and Suburban Realities: Cleveland Heights Ohio 1860-2001." Journal of Urban History 28 no. 5 (September 2002) 671-98. Muller Robert O. Contemporary Suburban America. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall 1981. Mumford Lewis. Suburbia and Beyond. In The City in History: Its Origins Its Transformations and Its Prospects by Lewis Mumford 483-503. New York: Harcourt Brace & World 1961. Murray Sylvie. The Progressive Housewife: Community Activism in Suburban Queens. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2004. The New Suburban History. H-Urban. Available online at http://www.h-net.org/urban. H-Urban discussion sparked by Amanda I. Seligmans December 2003 comments on her fall 2003 course. Nicolaides Becky M. My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles 1920-1965. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2002. Nicolaides Becky M. and Andrew Weise editors. The Suburb Reader. New York: Routledge 2006. O Mara Margaret Pugh. Suburbia Reconsidered: Race Politics and Prosperity in the Twentieth Century. Journal of Social History 39 no. 1 (Fall 2005): 229-44. Oliver J. Eric. Democracy in Suburbia. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001. Orfield Myron. American Metropolitics: The New Suburban Reality. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 2002. Orser W. Edward. Secondhand Suburbs: Black Pioneers in Baltimores Edmondson Village 1955-1980. Journal of Urban History 10 no. 3 (May 1990): 227-62. Palen J. John. The Suburbs. New York: McGraw-Hill 1995. Pattillo-McCoy Mary. Black Pickett Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1999. Putman Robert D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster 2000. Riesman David. The Lonely Crowd. New Haven CT: Yale University Press 1961. Rome Adam Ward. The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism. New York: Cambridge University Press 2001. Russell James S. When Suburbs Become Mega-Suburbs. Architectural Record 191 no. 8 (August 2003): 76-81. Rybczynski Witold. "How to Build a Suburb." The Wilson Quarterly 19 no. 3 (Summer 2005): 114-26. Salamon Sonya. Newcomers to Old Towns: Suburbanization of the Heartland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2003. Schuyler David. Apostle of Taste: Andrew Jackson Downing 1815-1852. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996. . The New Urban Landscape: The Redefinition of Form in Nineteenth-Century America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1986. Self Robert O. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press 2003. Seligman Amanda I. The New Suburban History. Journal of Planning History 3 no. 4 (November 2004): 312-33. Sies Mary Corbin. The City Transformed: Nature Technology and the Suburban Ideal 1877-1917. Journal of Urban History 14 no. 1 (November 1987): 81-111. . Moving Beyond Scholarly Orthodoxies in North American Suburban History. Journal of Urban History 27 no. 3 (March 2001): 355-61. . North American Urban History: The Everyday Politics and Spatial Logics of Metropolitan Life. Urban History Review/Revue dhistoire 32 no. 1 (Fall 2003): 28-42. . Paradise Retained: An Analysis of Persistence in Planned Exclusive Suburbs 1880-1980. Planning Perspectives 12 (1997): 165-91. Stevens William K. Beyond the Mall: Suburbs Evolving into Outer City. New York Times November 8 1987 E5. Stilgoe John R. Borderland: Origins of the American Suburb 1820-1939. New Haven: Yale University Press 1989. Sugrue Thomas J. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton University Press 1996. Sweeting Adam W. Reading Houses and Building Books: Andrew Jackson Downing and the Architecture of Popular Antebellum Literature 1835-1855. Hanover: University Press of New England 1996. Tatum George B. and Elisabeth Blair MacDougall editors. Prophet with Honor: The Career of Andrew Jackson Downing 1815-1852. Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection 1989. Taylor Jr. Henry L. The Building of a Black Industrial Suburb: The Lincoln Heights Ohio. Thesis State University of New York at Buffalo 1979. Teaford Jon C. The American Suburb: The Basics. New York: Routledge 2008. . City and Suburb: The Political Fragmentation of Metropolitan America 1850-1970. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1979. Vicino Thomas J. Transforming Race and Class in Suburbia: Decline in Metropolitan Baltimore. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2008. von Hoffman Alexander. Local Attachments: The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood 1850-1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1994. Walker Richard and Robert Lewis. Beyond the Crabgrass Frontier: Industry and the Spread of North American Cities 1850-1950. Journal of Historical Geography 27 no. 1 (January 2001): 3-19. Warner Jr. Sam Bass. Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston 1870-1900. 1962. Reprint New York: Athenaeum 1976. Weise Andrew. Black Housing White Finance: African American Housing and Home Ownership in Evanston Illinois before 1940. Journal of Social History 33 no. 2 (Winter 1999): 429-60. . Places of Our Own: Suburban Black Towns before 1960. Journal of Urban History 19 no. 3 (1993): 30-54. . Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 2004. Whyte Jr. William H. The Organization Man. New York: Simon and Schuster 1956. Wilson Richard Guy. Idealism and the Origin of the First American Suburb: Llewellyn Park New Jersey. American Art Journal (October 1979): 79-90. Wilson William H. Hamilton Park: A Planned Black Community in Dallas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1998. Winkler Robert. Going Wild: Adventures with Birds in the Suburban Wilderness. Washington D.C.: National Geographic 2003. Wright Gwendolyn. Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America. New York: Pantheon Books 1981. . Moralism and the Model Home: Domestic Architecture and Cultural Conflict in Chicago 18701913. Chicago Ill.: The University of Chicago Press 1980. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Suburb A Future Vision for the North American Suburb Centre for Suburban Studies Images of a mature north London suburb illustrating a wide range of domestic architecture The end of suburbia (documentary film)