Thesaurus

A thesaurus is a book that lists words grouped together according to similarity of meaning (containing synonyms and sometimes antonyms), in contrast to a dictionary, which contains definitions and pronunciations. The largest thesaurus in the world is the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionarycitation needed, which contains more than 920,000 words and meanings.

Contents 1 History and use of term 2 Thesauri in IT 3 Literary Thesauri 4 Specialized Thesauri for Information Retrieval 5 Standards and Manuals 6 See also 7 References 8 External links // History and use of term

In antiquity, Philo of Byblos authored the first text that could now be called a thesauruscitation needed. In Sanskrit, the Amarakosha is a thesaurus in verse form, written in the 4th century. The first example of the modern genre, Roget's Thesaurus, was compiled in 1805 by Peter Mark Roget, and published in 1852. Entries in Roget's Thesaurus are listed conceptually rather than alphabetically.

Although including synonyms, a thesaurus should not be taken as a complete list of all the synonyms for a particular word. The entries are also designed for drawing distinctions between similar words and assisting in choosing exactly the right word. Unlike a dictionary, a thesaurus entry does not define words.

The word "thesaurus" is derived from 16th-century New Latin, in turn from Latin thesaurus, from ancient Greek θησαυρός thesauros, meaning a collection of things which are of big importance or value (and thus the medieval rank of thesaurer was a synonym for treasurer). This meaning has been largely supplanted by Roget's usage of the term.

Thesauri in IT

In Information Science, Library Science, and Information Technology, specialized thesauri are designed for information retrieval. They are a type of controlled vocabulary, for indexing or tagging purposes. Such a thesaurus can be used as the basis of an index for online material. The Art and Architecture Thesaurus, for example, is used to index the Canadian national database of museums, Artifacts Canada, held by the Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN).

Information retrieval thesauri are formally organized so that existing relationships between concepts are made explicit. As a result, they are more complex than simpler controlled vocabularies such as authority lists and synonym rings. Each term is placed in context, allowing a user to distinguish between "bureau" the office and "bureau" the furniture. Following international standards, they are generally arranged hierarchically by themes, topics or facets. Unlike a literary thesaurus, these specialized thesauri typically focus on one discipline, subject or field of study.

In information technology, a thesaurus represents a database or list of semantically orthogonal topical search keys. In the field of Artificial Intelligence, a thesaurus may sometimes be referred to as an ontology.

Thesauri for information retrieval are typically constructed by information specialists, and have their own unique vocabulary defining different kinds of terms and relationships:

Terms are the basic semantic units for conveying concepts. They are usually single-word nouns, since nouns are the most concrete part of speech. Verbs can be converted to nouns – "cleans" to "cleaning", "reads" to "reading", and so on. Adjectives and adverbs, however, seldom convey any meaning useful for indexing. When a term is ambiguous, a “scope note” can be added to ensure consistency, and give direction on how to interpret the term. Not every term needs a scope note, but their presence is of considerable help in using a thesaurus correctly and reaching a correct understanding of the given field of knowledge.

"Term relationships" are links between terms. These relationships can be divided into three types: hierarchical, equivalency or associative.

Hierarchical relationships are used to indicate terms which are narrower and broader in scope. A "Broader Term" (BT) or hyperonym is a more general term, e.g. “Apparatus” is a generalization of “Computers”. Reciprocally, a Narrower Term (NT) or hyponym is a more specific term, e.g. “Digital Computer” is a specialization of “Computer”. BT and NT are reciprocals; a broader term necessarily implies at least one other term which is narrower. BT and NT are used to indicate class relationships, as well as part-whole relationships (meronyms and holonyms). The equivalency relationship is used primarily to connect synonyms and near-synonyms. Use (USE) and Used For (UF) indicators are used when an authorized term is to be used for another, unauthorized, term; for example, the entry for the authorized term "Frequency" could have the indicator "UF Pitch". Reciprocally, the entry for the unauthorized term "Pitch" would have the indicator "USE Frequency". Unauthorized terms are often called "entry vocabulary", "entry points", "lead-in terms", or "non-preferred terms", pointing to the authorized term (also referred to as the Preferred Term or Descriptor) that has been chosen to stand for the concept. As such, their presence in text can be use by automated indexing software to suggest the Preferred Term being used as an Indexing Term. Associative relationships are used to connect two related terms whose relationship is neither hierarchical nor equivalent. This relationship is described by the indicator "Related Term" (RT). Associative relationships should be applied with caution, since excessive use of RTs will reduce specificity in searches. Consider the following: if the typical user is searching with term "A", would they also want resources tagged with term "B"? If the answer is no, then an associative relationship should not be established. Literary Thesauri Thesaurus of English Words & Phrases (ed. P. Roget); ISBN 0-06-272037-6, see: Roget's Thesaurus. The Synonym Finder (ed. J. I. Rodale); ISBN 0-87857-236-8 Webster's New World Thesaurus (ed. C. Laird); ISBN 0-671-51983-2 Oxford American Desk Thesaurus (ed. C. Lindberg); ISBN 0-19-512674-2 Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier; ISBN 0-679-40030-3 Historical Thesaurus of English (HTE), http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/EngLang/thesaur/toe1.htm WordNet OpenThesaurus Specialized Thesauri for Information Retrieval NAL Agricultural Thesaurus, (United States National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture) European Thesaurus on International Relations and Area Studies; ISBN 978-3-927674-11-0 Evaluation Thesaurus (by. M. Scriven); ISBN 0-8039-4364-4 Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms (APA); ISBN 1-55798-775-0 Clinician's Thesaurus, (by E.Zuckerman); ISBN 1-57230-569-X Art and Architecture Thesaurus, (Getty Institute) Eurovoc Thesaurus, (Europa Publications Office) AGROVOC Thesaurus, (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus, (European Environment Agency) Standards and Manuals

The ANSI/NISO Z39.19 Standard of 2005 defines guidelines and conventions for the format, construction, testing, maintenance, and management of monolingual controlled vocabularies including lists, synonym rings, taxonomies, and thesauruses.1

For multilingual vocabularies, the ISO 5964 Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri can be applied.

Thesaurus Construction and Use: a practical manual. Jean Aitchison, Allan Gilchrist and David Bawden. London and New York: Europa Publications (2000).

See also Look up thesaurus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. AGRIS Controlled vocabulary Dictionary Ontology (computer science) Simple Knowledge Organisation System References ^ - 2005 Guidelines for the Construction, Format and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies, ISBN 1-880124-65-3. External links Thesaurus.com Synonyms.me Snappy Words Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus SynonymFor.com: Thesaurus United Dictionary User Submitted Thesaurus TemaTres: open source thesaurus management Aiksaurus: open source and online thesaurus Yahoo!Education: Thesaurus Public Domain Db's Free Online Thesaurus Sinonimi: open source online thesaurus Online thesaurus based on the Open Office spell checker Hunspell v • d • e Lexicography Types of reference works Dictionary · Glossary · Lexicon · Thesaurus Types of dictionaries Bilingual · Biographical · Conceptual · Defining · Electronic · Encyclopedic · Language for specific purposes dictionary · Machine-readable · Maximizing · Medical · Minimizing · Monolingual learner's · Multi-field · Phonetic · Picture · Reverse · Rhyming · Rime · Single-field · Specialized · Sub-field · Visual Vocabulary topics Function word · Headword · Holonymy · Hyponymy · Idiom · International scientific vocabulary · Lemma · Lexeme · Meronymy · Morphology · Synonym · Word Lexicographic topics Controlled vocabulary · English lexicology and lexicography · Lexicographic error · Lexicographic information cost · Linguistic prescription · Specialised lexicography Lexicographic projects Lexigraf · WordNet Other List of lexicographers · List of online dictionaries

Thesaurus.com: Roget's Thesaurus
Online version of Roget's Thesaurus. Find synonyms, antonyms, related words, and one-word definitions of English words and phrases.
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How many o's in 'ka-booom'?
The Monitor’s language columnist takes a look at a website devoted to written sound effects – a sort of Roget’s Thesaurus for comic book writers.

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Online version of the Merriam-Webster thesaurus. Find synonyms, spelling help, and related terms for English words and phrases.
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Sara Yirrell, CRN , Thursday 11 March 2010 at 10:38:00 Revenue down slightly on 2008, but VAR giant is feeling bullish for the year ahead Computacenter’s decision to exit trade distribution last year had a slight impact on its 2009 revenue, but pre-tax profit rocketed 22 per cent. The corporate VAR giant posted pre-tax profit of £48.4m, a 22.4 per cent leap from the £39.5m posted in 2008 ...

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Translations of thesaurus. thesaurus synonyms, thesaurus antonyms. Information about thesaurus in the free online English dictionary and ...
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Give yourself the gift of literacy!
With the school term in full swing, why not reward your kids with a gift of literacy for all their hard work? Imagine a device that combines a dictionary, thesaurus and spellchecker? The result is Australia’s own Macquarie Schools Dictionary from Franklin Electronic Publishers.

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thesaurus: Definition from Answers.com
thesaurus n. , pl. , -sauri ( ), or -sauruses . A book of synonyms, often including related and contrasting words and antonyms
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Duane Aikman, far left, a fifth grader from Charlo elementary spells a word, as Troy Bontrager, Chloe Greenfield and Collin Hardy await their turn at the mic.

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