For other uses see Toronto (disambiguation). Toronto   City   City of Toronto From top left: Downtown Toronto featuring the CN Tower and Financial District from the Toronto Islands City Hall the Ontario Legislative Building Casa Loma Prince Edward Viaduct and the Scarborough Bluffs Flag Coat of arms Logo Nickname(s): T.O. T-Dot Hogtown The Queen City Toronto the Good The City Within a Park Motto: Diversity Our Strength Location of Toronto and its census metropolitan area in the province of Ontario Coordinates: 434259.72N 792026.47W / 43.7165889N 79.3406861W / 43.7165889; -79.3406861Coordinates: 434259.72N 792026.47W / 43.7165889N 79.3406861W / 43.7165889; -79.3406861 Country  Canada Province  Ontario Former cities East York Etobicoke North York Old Toronto Scarborough York Established August 27 1793 (as York) Incorporated March 6 1834 (as Toronto) Amalgamated January 1 1998 (from Metropolitan Toronto) Government  - Mayor Rob Ford  - Council Toronto City Council  - MPs List of MPs Mark Adler Carolyn Bennett John Carmichael Andrew Cash Corneliu Chisu Olivia Chow Joe Daniel Kirsty Duncan Dan Harris Roxanne James Jim Karygiannis Matthew Kellway Jack Layton Chungsen Leung John McKay Peggy Nash Joe Oliver Ted Opitz Bob Rae Judy Sgro Rathika Sitsabaiesan Mike Sullivan Bernard Trottier  - MPPs List of MPPs Laura Albanese Bas Balkissoon Lorenzo Berardinetti Margarett Best Laurel Broten Donna Cansfield David Caplan Mike Colle Cheri DiNovo Brad Duguid Eric Hoskins Monte Kwinter Rosario Marchese Glen Murray Gerry Phillips Michael Prue Shafiq Qaadri Tony Ruprecht Mario Sergio Peter Tabuns Kathleen Wynne David Zimmer Area12  - City 630 km2 (243.2 sq mi)  - Urban 1749 km2 (675.3 sq mi)  - Metro 7125 km2 (2751 sq mi) Elevation 76 m (249 ft) Population (2006)12  - City 2503281 (1st)  - Density 3972/km2 (10287.4/sq mi)  - Urban 4753120 (1st)  - Metro 5113149 (1st)  - Demonym Torontonian Time zone EST (UTC-5)  - Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4) Postal code span M Area code(s) (416) and (647) NTS Map 030M11 GNBC Code FEUZB Website www.toronto.ca

Toronto ( /trnto/) is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area with over 5 million residents is the seventh largest urban region in North America. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe which is home to over 8.1 million residentsapproximately 25% of Canada's population.345 The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 51131491 and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 5555912 in the 2006 Census.4

As Canada's economic capital and one of the top financial centres in the world Toronto is considered an alpha world city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) study group.67 It is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange the world's seventh largest in terms of market value. Toronto contains more corporate headquarters than any other Canadian city including those of Canada's five largest banks.8 Toronto's leading economic sectors include finance business services telecommunications aerospace transportation media arts film television production publishing software production medical research education tourism engineering and sports industries.910

A relatively modern city Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor John Graves Simcoe. In 1834 York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires: in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities most recently in 1998. Toronto's population is cosmopolitan and international11 reflecting its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada.12 Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents with about 49% of the population born outside Canada.111213

According to Forbes Toronto is the tenth-most economically powerful city in the world and one of the fastest growing among the G7 nations whilst PwC ranks the city as the world's second-best "metro powerhouse".1415 Toronto was ranked twelfth in the world and fourth in the Americas in 2010 for economic innovation by 2thinknow.16 Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.1718 In addition the cost of living in Toronto was ranked as the highest in Canada in 2006update.19 Contents 1 History 1.1 Before 1800 1.2 18001945 1.3 Since 1945 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Neighbourhoods 3.3 Industrial 3.4 Public spaces 4 Culture 4.1 Tourism 4.2 Sports 4.3 Media 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Government 8 Crime 9 Education 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Health and medicine 10.2 Transportation 11 International relations 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Footnotes 13.2 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links History Map of Toronto 1894 Part of the series on History of Toronto

History Town of York (17931834) City of Toronto (18341954) Metropolitan Toronto (19541998) Toronto Megacity (1998present) Events Toronto Purchase 1787 Battle of York 1813 Battle of Montgomery's Tavern 1837 First Great Fire of Toronto 1849 Second Great Fire of Toronto 1904 Hurricane Hazel (effects) 1954 First Amalgamation 1967 Second Amalgamation 1998 Other Etymology of 'Toronto' History of Neighbourhoods Oldest buildings and structures Timeline of Toronto history Toronto portal v d e Main articles: History of Toronto Name of Toronto and Amalgamation of Toronto Before 1800

When Europeans first arrived at the site of present-day Toronto the vicinity was inhabited by the Huron tribes who by then had displaced the Iroquois tribes that had occupied the region for centuries before c. 1500.20 The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto meaning "place where trees stand in the water".21 It refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail led to widespread use of the name.

French traders founded Fort Rouill on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750 but abandoned it in 1759.22 During the American Revolutionary War the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the unsettled lands north of Lake Ontario. In 1787 the British negotiated the Toronto Purchase with the Mississaugas of New Credit thereby securing more than a quarter million acres (1000 km2) of land in the Toronto area.23

In 1793 Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the existing settlement naming it after Prince Frederick Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe chose the town to replace Newark as the capital of Upper Canada24 believing the new site would be less vulnerable to attack by the Americans.25 Fort York was constructed at the entrance of the town's natural harbour sheltered by a long sand-bar peninsula. The town's settlement formed at the eastern end of the harbour behind the peninsula near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street and Front Street (in the CorktownSt. Lawrence area). 18001945

In 1813 as part of the War of 1812 the Battle of York ended in the town's capture and plunder by American forces.26 The surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. American soldiers destroyed much of Fort York and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation. The sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war. York was incorporated as the City of Toronto on March 6 1834 reverting to its original native name. The population of only 9000 included escaped African American slaves.27 Slavery was banned outright in Upper Canada in 1834. Reformist politician William Lyon Mackenzie became the first Mayor of Toronto and led the unsuccessful Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 against the British colonial government. The city grew rapidly through the remainder of the 19th century as a major destination for immigrants to Canada. The first significant population influx occurred with the Great Irish Famine brought a large number of Irish to the city some of them transient and most of them Catholic. By 1851 the Irish-born population had become the largest single ethnic group in the city. Smaller numbers of Protestant Irish immigrants were welcomed by the existing Scottish and English population giving the Orange Order significant and long lasting influence over Toronto society. Toronto was twice for brief periods the capital of the united Province of Canada: first from 1849 to 1852 following unrest in Montreal and later 18561858 after which Quebec became capital until 1866 (one year before Confederation); since then the capital of Canada has remained Ottawa.28 As it had been for Upper Canada from 1793 Toronto became the capital of the province of Ontario after its official creation in 1867 the seat of government located at the Ontario Legislature located at Queen's Park. Because of its provincial capital status the city was also the location of Government House the residence of the vice-regal representative of the Crown. In the 19th century an extensive sewage system was built and streets became illuminated with gas lighting as a regular service. Long-distance railway lines were constructed including a route completed in 1854 linking Toronto with the Upper Great Lakes. The Grand Trunk Railway and the Northern Railway of Canada joined in the building of the first Union Station in downtown. The advent of the railway dramatically increased the numbers of immigrants arriving commerce and industry as had the Lake Ontario steamers and schooners entering port before which enabled Toronto to become a major gateway linking the world to the interior of the North American continent. The Great Toronto Fire of 1904. Toronto became the largest alcohol distillation (in particular spirits) centre in North America; the Gooderham and Worts Distillery operations became the world's largest whiskey factory by the 1860s. A preserved section of this once dominant local industry remains in the Distillery District the harbour allowed for sure access of grain and sugar imports used in processing. Expanding port and rail facilities brought in Northern Timber for export and imported Pennsylvania coal industry dominated the waterfront for the next 100 years. Horse-drawn streetcars gave way to electric streetcars in 1891 when the city granted the operation of the transit franchise to the Toronto Railway Company. The public transit system passed into public ownership in 1921 as the Toronto Transportation Commission later renamed the Toronto Transit Commission. The system now has the third-highest ridership of any city public transportation system in North America.29 The Great Toronto Fire of 1904 destroyed a large section of downtown Toronto but the city was quickly rebuilt. The fire had cost more than $10 million in damage led to more stringent fire safety laws and the expansion of the city's fire department. Toronto Harbour 1919. Union Station can be seen under construction. The city received new immigrant groups beginning in the late 19th century into early 20th century particularly Germans French Italians and Jews from various parts of Eastern Europe. They were soon followed by Chinese Russians Poles and immigrants from other Eastern European nations as the Irish before them many of these new migrants lived in overcrowded shanty type slums such as "the Ward" which was centred on Bay Street now the heart of the country's finances. Despite its fast paced growth by the 1920s Toronto's population and economic importance in Canada remained second to the much longer established Montreal. However by 1934 the Toronto Stock Exchange had become the largest in the country. Since 1945 Following the Second World War refugees from war-torn Europe and Chinese job-seekers arrived as well as construction labourers particularly from Italy and Portugal. Following elimination of racially based immigration policies by the late 1960s immigration began from all parts of the world. Toronto's population grew to more than one million in 1951 when large-scale suburbanization began and doubled to two million by 1971. By the 1980s Toronto had surpassed Montreal as Canada's most populous city and the chief economic hub. During this time in part owing to the political uncertainty raised by the resurgence of the Quebec sovereignty movement many national and multinational corporations moved their head offices from Montreal to Toronto and other western Canadian cities.30 In 1954 the City of Toronto and 12 surrounding municipalities were federated into a regional government known as Metropolitan Toronto.31 The postwar boom had resulted in rapid suburban development and it was believed that a coordinated land use strategy and shared services would provide greater efficiency for the region. The metropolitan government began to manage services that crossed municipal boundaries including highways police services water and public transit. In that year a half-century after the Great Fire of 1904 disaster struck the city again when Hurricane Hazel brought intense winds and flash flooding. In the Toronto area 81 people were killed nearly 1900 families were left homeless and the hurricane caused more than $25 million in damage.32 In 1967 the seven smallest municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto were merged into their larger neighbours resulting in a six-municipality configuration that included the old City of Toronto and the surrounding municipalities of East York Etobicoke North York Scarborough and York. In 1998 the metropolitan government was dissolved by the Provincial Government in the face of vigorous opposition from the smaller component municipalities and all six municipalities were amalgamated into a single municipality creating the current City of Toronto with Mel Lastman as its first mayor (after being mayor of North York). David Miller was the second mayor and Rob Ford is the third and current mayor. The city celebrated its 175th anniversary on March 6 2009 since its inception as the City of Toronto in 1834. Toronto hosted the 4th G-20 summit during June 2627 2010 for which the largest security operation in Canadian history took place amidst large-scale protests. Geography A simulated-colour image of Toronto taken by NASA's Landsat 7 satellite from 2004. Yonge Street can clearly be seen bisecting the city just right of centre in the image. The other prominent road running east-west is Highway 401. Main article: Geography of Toronto Toronto covers an area of 630 square kilometres (243 sq mi)33 with a maximum north-south distance of 21 kilometres (13 mi) and a maximum east-west distance of 43 km (27 mi). It has a 46-kilometre (29 mi) long waterfront shoreline on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. The Toronto Islands and Port Lands extend some distance out into the lake allowing for a somewhat sheltered Toronto Harbour immediately south of the downtown core.34 The city's borders are formed by Lake Ontario to the south Etobicoke Creek and Highway 427 to the west Steeles Avenue to the north and the Rouge River to the east. Topography The city is intersected by two rivers and numerous tributaries: the Humber River in the west end and the Don River east of downtown at opposite ends of the Toronto Harbour. The harbour was naturally created by sediment build-up from lake currents that created the Toronto Islands. The many creeks and rivers cutting from north toward the lake created large tracts of densely forested ravines and provide ideal sites for parks and recreational trails. However the ravines also interfere with the city's grid plan and this results in major thoroughfares such as Finch Avenue Leslie Street Lawrence Avenue and St. Clair Avenue terminating on one side of ravines and continuing on the other side. Other thoroughfares such as the Prince Edward Viaduct are required to span above the ravines. These deep ravines prove useful for draining the city's vast storm sewer system during heavy rains but some sections particularly near the Don River are prone to sudden heavy floods. During the last ice age the lower part of Toronto was beneath Glacial Lake Iroquois. Today a series of escarpments mark the lake's former boundary known as the Iroquois Shoreline. The escarpments are most prominent from Victoria Park Avenue to the mouth of Highland Creek where they form the Scarborough Bluffs. Other observable sections include the area near St. Clair Avenue West between Bathurst Street and the Don River and north of Davenport Road from Caledonia to Spadina Road; the Casa Loma grounds sit above this escarpment. Despite its deep ravines Toronto is not remarkably hilly but does increase in elevation steadily away from the lake. Elevation differences range from 75 metres (246 ft) above-sea-level at the Lake Ontario shore to 209 m (686 ft) ASL near the York University grounds in the city's north end at the intersection of Keele Street and Steeles Avenue.35 There are occasional hilly areas in particular midtown Toronto has a number of rolling hills some of which are of considerable height. Lake Ontario remains occasionally visible from the peaks of these ridges as far north as Eglinton Avenue 7 to 8 kilometres (4.3 to 5.0 mi) inland. Much of the current lakeshore land area fronting the Toronto Harbour is artificial landfill filled during the late 19th century. Until then the lakefront docks (then known as wharves) were set back further inland than today. Much of the adjacent Port Lands are also fill. The Toronto Islands were a natural landspit until a storm in 1858 severed their connection to the mainland creating a channel later used by shipping interests to access the docks. Climate Toronto's climate is moderate for Canada owing to its southerly location within the country. It has a humid continental climate (Kppen Dfa) with warm humid summers and cold winters. The city experiences four distinct seasons with considerable variance in day to day temperature particularly during the colder weather season. Owing to urbanization and its proximity to water Toronto has a fairly low diurnal temperature range (day-night temperature difference). The denser urban scape makes for warmer nights year around and is not as cold throughout the winter than surrounding areas (particularly north of the city); however it can be noticeably cooler on many spring and early summer afternoons under the influence of a lake breeze. Other low-scale maritime effects on the climate include lake-effect snow fog and delaying of spring- and fall-like conditions known as seasonal lag. Toronto winters sometimes feature short cold snaps where maximum temperatures remain below 10 C (14 F) often made to feel colder by wind chill. Snowstorms sometimes mixed with ice and rain can disrupt work and travel schedules accumulating snow can fall any time from November until mid-April. However mild stretches with temperatures in the 5 to 12 C (41 to 54 F) range and infrequently higher also occur in most winters melting accumulated snow. Summer in Toronto is characterized by long stretches of humid weather. Usually in the range from 23 C (73 F) to 31 C (88 F) daytime temperatures occasionally surpass 35 C (95 F) accompanied by high humidity making it feel oppressive during these brief periods of hot weather. Spring and autumn are transitional seasons with generally mild or cool temperatures with alternating dry and wet periods. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year but summer is usually the wettest season the bulk falling during thunderstorms. There can be periods of dry weather but drought-like conditions are rare. The average yearly precipitation is about 830 mm (32.7 in) with an average annual snowfall of about 133 cm (52 in). Toronto experiences an average of 2038 sunshine hours or 44% of daylight hours varying between a low of 27% in December to 59% in July.36 Climate data for The Annex Toronto Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high C (F) 16.1 (61) 14.4 (57.9) 26.7 (80.1) 32.2 (90) 34.4 (93.9) 36.7 (98.1) 40.6 (105.1) 38.9 (102) 37.8 (100) 30.0 (86) 23.9 (75) 19.9 (67.8) 40.6 (105.1) Average high C (F) 1.1 (30) 0.2 (31.6) 4.6 (40.3) 11.3 (52.3) 18.5 (65.3) 23.5 (74.3) 26.4 (79.5) 25.3 (77.5) 20.7 (69.3) 13.8 (56.8) 7.4 (45.3) 1.8 (35.2) 12.7 (54.9) Average low C (F) 7.3 (18.9) 6.3 (20.7) 2.0 (28) 3.8 (38.8) 9.9 (49.8) 14.8 (58.6) 17.9 (64.2) 17.3 (63.1) 13.2 (55.8) 7.3 (45.1) 2.2 (36) 3.7 (25.3) 5.6 (42.1) Record low C (F) 32.8 (-27) 31.7 (-25.1) 26.7 (-16.1) 15.0 (5) 3.9 (25) 2.2 (28) 3.9 (39) 4.4 (39.9) 2.2 (28) 8.9 (16) 20.6 (-5.1) 30.0 (-22) 32.8 (-27) Precipitation mm (inches) 61.2 (2.409) 50.5 (1.988) 66.1 (2.602) 69.6 (2.74) 73.3 (2.886) 71.5 (2.815) 67.5 (2.657) 79.6 (3.134) 83.4 (3.283) 64.7 (2.547) 75.7 (2.98) 71.0 (2.795) 834.0 (32.835) Rainfall mm (inches) 29.2 (1.15) 26.2 (1.031) 42.0 (1.654) 63.2 (2.488) 73.3 (2.886) 71.5 (2.815) 67.5 (2.657) 79.6 (3.134) 83.4 (3.283) 64.7 (2.547) 67.3 (2.65) 41.9 (1.65) 709.8 (27.945) Snowfall cm (inches) 38.2 (15.04) 26.6 (10.47) 22.0 (8.66) 6.0 (2.36) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.1 (0.04) 8.1 (3.19) 32.2 (12.68) 133.1 (52.4) Avg. precipitation days ( 0.2 mm) 15.3 11.7 12.7 12.1 12.2 11.1 10.3 10.5 10.6 11.4 12.7 14.5 145.1 Avg. rainy days ( 0.2 mm) 5.2 4.6 8.0 10.9 12.2 11.1 10.3 10.5 10.6 11.4 10.6 7.4 112.8 Avg. snowy days ( 0.2 cm) 12.0 8.7 6.4 2.2 0 0 0 0 0 .07 3.2 9.5 42.0 Sunshine hours 88.3 110.3 156.3 185.4 229.1 256.2 276.2 241.3 188.0 148.4 83.6 74.7 2037.6 Source: Environment Canada 37 Cityscape 360-degree panorama of Toronto Canada as seen from the CN Tower. The Toronto Islands and the Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on Lake Ontario are visible on the left side of the image. Architecture Main article: Architecture of Toronto See also: List of tallest buildings in Toronto Doors Open Toronto and List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto Art Gallery of Ontario According to knowledgeable Toronto residentswho and architects who have designed buildings in the city such as Will Alsop and Daniel Libeskind Toronto has no single dominant architectural style.citation needed Lawrence Richards a member of the faculty of architecture at the University of Toronto has said "Toronto is a new brash rag-tag placea big mix of periods and styles."38 Toronto buildings vary in design and age with many structures dating back to the mid-19th century while other prominent buildings were just newly built in the first decade of the 21st century. Defining the Toronto skyline is the CN Tower. At a height of 553.33 metres (1815 ft 5 in) it was the world's tallest39 freestanding structure until 2007 when it was surpassed by the Burj Khalifa but it is still the tallest tower in the western hemisphere surpassing Chicago's Willis Tower (formerly known as Sears Tower) by 110 metres. It is an important telecommunications hub and a centre of tourism in Toronto. Allen Lambert Galleria in Brookfield Place Toronto is a city of high-rises having over 2000 buildings over 90 metres (300 ft) second only to New York City (which has over 5000 such buildings) in North America.40 Most of these buildings are residential (either rental or condominium) whereas the central business district contains the taller commercial office towers. There has been recent media attention given for the need to retrofit many of these buildings which were constructed beginning in the 1950s as residential apartment blocks to accommodate a quickly growing population. Through the 1960s and 1970s significant pieces of Toronto's architectural heritage were demolished to make way for redevelopment or simply parking. In contrast Toronto is currently experiencing a period of architectural revival with several buildings by world-renowned architects having opened in the last five years. Daniel Libeskind's Royal Ontario Museum addition Frank Gehry's remake of the Art Gallery of Ontario and Will Alsop's distinctive Ontario College of Art & Design expansion are among the city's new showpieces.41 The historic Distillery District located on the eastern edge of downtown is North America's largest and best preserved collection of Victorian era industrial architecture. It has been redeveloped into a pedestrian-oriented arts culture and entertainment neighbourhood. Modern glass and steel highrises have begun to transform the majority of the downtown area as the condominium market has exploded and triggered widespread construction throughout the city's centre. Trump International Hotel and Tower Ritz-Carlton Toronto Four Seasons Hotel and Residences Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts are just some of the many high rise luxury condominium-hotel projects currently under construction in the downtown core. Neighbourhoods See also: List of neighbourhoods in Toronto and History of neighbourhoods in Toronto Row houses in Old Toronto; some of the houses shown have the distinctive bay-and-gable design common in many parts of Old Toronto. The many residential communities of Toronto express a character distinct from that of the skyscrapers in the commercial core. Victorian and Edwardian-era residential buildings can be found in enclaves such as Rosedale Cabbagetown The Annex and Yorkville. Wychwood Park is historically significant for the architecture of its homes and for being one of Toronto's earliest planned communities. The Wychwood Park neighbourhood was designated as an Ontario Heritage Conservation district in 1985. The Casa Loma neighbourhood is named after Casa Loma a storybook castle built in 1911 complete with stunning gardens multiple turrets massive stables an elevator secret passages and bowling alleys. Spadina House is a 19th century manor that is now a museum. The City of Toronto encompasses a geographical area formerly administered by six separate municipalities. These municipalities have each developed a distinct history and identity over the years and their names remain in common use among Torontonians. Throughout the city there exist hundreds of small neighbourhoods and some larger neighbourhoods covering a few square kilometres. Former municipalities include East York Etobicoke North York Old Toronto Scarborough and York. Map of Toronto with major traffic routes. Also shown are the boundaries of six former municipalities which form the current City of Toronto. The Old City of Toronto covers the area generally known as downtown. It is the historic core of Toronto and remains the most densely populated part of the city. The Financial District contains the largest cluster of skyscrapers in Canada including the First Canadian Place Toronto-Dominion Centre Scotia Plaza Royal Bank Plaza Commerce Court and Brookfield Place. This area includes among others the neighbourhoods of St. James (not to be confused with St. James Town to the north) Garden District St. Lawrence Corktown and Church and Wellesley. From that point the Toronto skyline extends northward along Yonge Street. Old Toronto is also home to many historically wealthy residential enclaves such as Yorkville Rosedale The Annex Forest Hill Lawrence Park Lytton Park Deer Park Moore Park and Casa Loma most stretching away from downtown to the north. These neighbourhoods generally feature upscale homes luxury condominiums and high-end retail. At the same time the downtown core vicinity includes neighbourhoods with many recent immigrants and low-income families living in social housing and rental high-rises such as St. James Town Regent Park Moss Park Alexandra Park and Parkdale. East and west of Downtown neighbourhoods such as Kensington Market Chinatown Leslieville Cabbagetown and Riverdale are home to bustling commercial and cultural areas as well as vibrant communities of artists with studio lofts with many middle and upper class professionals. Other neighbourhoods in the central city retain an ethnic identity including two Chinatowns the popular Greektown area the trendy Little Italy Portugal Village and Little India along with others. The inner suburbs are contained within the former municipalities of York and East York. These are mature and traditionally working class areas primarily consisting of postWorld War I small single-family homes and small apartment blocks. Neighbourhoods such as Crescent Town Thorncliffe Park Weston and OakwoodVaughan mainly consist of high-rise apartments which are home to many new immigrant families. During the 2000s many neighbourhoods have become ethnically diverse and have undergone gentrification as a result of increasing population and a housing boom during the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century. The first neighbourhoods affected were Leaside and North Toronto gradually progressing into the western neighbourhoods in York. Some of the area's housing is in the process of being replaced or remodelled. The outer suburbs comprising the former municipalities of Etobicoke (west) Scarborough (east) and North York (north) largely retain the grid plan laid before post-war development. Sections were long established and quickly growing towns before the suburban housing boom began and the emergence of Metro Government existing towns or villages such as Mimico Islington and New Toronto in Etobicoke; Willowdale Newtonbrook and Downsview in North York; Agincourt Wexford and West Hill in Scarborough where suburban development boomed around or between these and other towns beginning in the late 1940s. Upscale neighbourhoods were built such as the Bridle Path in North York the area surrounding the Scarborough Bluffs in Guildwood and most of central Etobicoke such as Humber Valley Village and The Kingsway. One of largest and earliest "planned communities" was Don Mills parts of which were first built in the 1950s.42 Phased development mixing single-detached housing with higher density apartment blocks became more popular as a suburban model of development. To some this model has been copied in other GTA municipalities surrounding Toronto albeit with less population density. Over the late 20th century and early 21st century the North York Centre Etobicoke City Centre and the Scarborough City Centre have emerged as secondary business districts outside Downtown Toronto. High-rise development in these areas have given North York Etobicoke and Scarborough distinguishable skylines of their own and a more downtown feel with high-density transit corridors serving them. Industrial The Distillery District In the earlier industrial era of Toronto industry became concentrated along the Toronto Harbour and lower Don River mouth. The Distillery District contains the largest and best-preserved collection of Victorian industrial architecture in North America. Once the largest alcohol processing centre in North America related structures along the Harbour include the Canada Malting Co. grain processing towers and the Redpath Sugar Refinery. Although production of spirits has declined over the decades Toronto still has a robust and growing microbrewery industry. The District is a national heritage site it was listed by National Geographic magazine as a "top pick" in Canada for travellers. Similar areas that still retain their post-industrial character but are now largely residential are the Fashion District Corktown and parts of South Riverdale and Leslieville. Toronto still has some active older industrial areas such as Brockton Village Mimico and New Toronto. In the west end of Old Toronto and York the Weston/Mount Dennis and Junction areas have a sense of grit to them as they still contain factories meat packing facilities and railyards close to medium density residential. Beginning in the late 19th century as Toronto sprawled out industrial areas were set up on the outskirts. Over time pockets of industrial land mostly followed rail lines and later highway corridors as the city grew outwards. This trend continues to this day the largest factories and distribution warehouses have mostly moved to the suburban environs of Peel and York Regions; but also within the current city: Etobicoke (concentrated around Pearson Airport) North York and Scarborough. Many of Toronto's former industrial sites close to (or Downtown) have been redeveloped including parts of the Toronto waterfront and Liberty Village large-scale development is underway in the West Don Lands. The still mostly vacated Port Lands remain largely undeveloped apart from a power plant a shipping container facility and out-of-commission industrial facilities. There are future plans for development including residential areas under the guidance of Waterfront Toronto. Public spaces See also: List of Toronto parks Toronto has a diverse array of public spaces from city squares to public parks overlooking ravines. A group called the Toronto Public Space Committee was formed to protect the city's public spaces. Nathan Phillips Square is the city's main square in downtown and forms the entrance to City Hall. Yonge-Dundas Square a newer privately owned square near to City Hall has also gained attention in recent years as one of the busiest gathering spots in the city. Other squares include Harbourfront Square on the revitalized Toronto waterfront and the civic squares at the former city halls of the defunct Metropolitan Toronto most notably Mel Lastman Square in North York. There are many large downtown parks which include Grange Park Moss Park Allan Gardens Little Norway Park Queen's Park Riverdale Park Trinity Bellwoods Park Christie Pits and the Leslie Street Spit which mainly consists of Tommy Thompson Park and opens on weekends. The Toronto Islands have several acres of park space accessible from downtown by ferry. Large parks in the outer areas include High Park Humber Bay Park Centennial Park Downsview Park Guildwood Park and Rouge Park. An almost hidden park is the compact Cloud Gardens43 which has both open areas and a glassed-in greenhouse in downtown Toronto. Nathan Phillips Square Harbourfront Centre and Mel Lastman Square feature popular rinks for public ice-skating. Etobicoke's Colonel Sam Smith Trail opened in 2011 and is Toronto's first skating trail. Centennial Park and Earl Bales Park offer outdoor skiing and snowboarding slopes with a chair lift rental facilities and lessons. Nathan Phillips Square is undergoing a major redesign by PLANT Architect Inc. Shore Tilbe Irwin + Partners Peter Lindsay Schaudt Landscape Architecture Inc. and Adrian Blackwell (winners of the international design competition in 2007). West 8 a Dutch architecture firm won the Central Waterfront Innovative Design Competition in 2006 to redesign the central part of the Toronto waterfront.4445 In 1999 Downsview Park initiated an international design competition to realise its vision of creating Canada's first national urban park. In May 2000 the winning park design was announced: "TREE CITY" by the team of Bruce Mau Design Office for Metropolitan Architecture Oleson Worland Architect and Inside/Outside. Downtown Toronto as seen at twilight. Culture Main article: Culture in Toronto See also: Recreation in Toronto Annual events in Toronto and List of cinemas in Toronto The Royal Alexandra Theatre Toronto is a major scene for theatre and other performing arts with more than fifty ballet and dance companies six opera companies two symphony orchestras and a host of theatres. The city is home to the National Ballet of Canada the Canadian Opera Company the Toronto Symphony Orchestra the Canadian Electronic Ensemble and the Canadian Stage Company. Notable performance venues include the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts Roy Thomson Hall the Princess of Wales Theatre the Royal Alexandra Theatre Massey Hall the Toronto Centre for the Arts the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres and the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts (originally the "O'Keefe Centre" and formerly the "Hummingbird Centre"). Ontario Place features the world's first permanent IMAX movie theatre the Cinesphere46 as well as the Molson Amphitheatre an open-air venue for large-scale music concerts. Each summer the Canadian Stage Company presents an outdoor Shakespeare production in Toronto's High Park called "Dream in High Park". Canada's Walk of Fame acknowledges the achievements of successful Canadians with a series of stars on designated blocks of sidewalks along King Street and Simcoe Street. The Distillery District is a pedestrian village containing boutiques art galleries restaurants artist studios and small breweries including the well-known Mill Street Brewery. A new theatre in the district the Young Centre for the Performing Arts is the home of the Soulpepper Theatre Company and the drama productions of nearby George Brown College. The production of domestic and foreign film and television is a major local industry. Many movie releases are screened in Toronto before wider release in North America. The Toronto International Film Festival is one of the most important annual events for the international film industry. Europe's largest film studio Pinewood Studios Group of London is scheduled to open a major new film studio complex in west-end Toronto with five sound stages with the first two to open by fall 2008. Toronto's Caribana festival takes place from mid-July to early August of every summer and is one of North America's largest street festivals.47 Primarily based on the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival the first Caribana took place in 1967 when the city's Caribbean community celebrated Canada's Centennial. More than forty years later it has grown to attract one million people to Toronto's Lake Shore Boulevard annually. Tourism for the festival is in the hundred thousands and each year the event generates over $400 million in revenue into Ontario's economy.48 Pride Week in Toronto takes place in late June and is one of the largest LGBT festivals in the world. One of the largest events in the city it attracts more than one million people from around the world. Tourism Main article: Attractions in Toronto Toronto Eaton Centre is the busiest shopping mall in the City of Toronto. Royal Ontario Museum is one of Canada's leading museums.49 Toronto's most prominent landmark is the CN Tower which once stood as the tallest free-standing land structure in the world at 553 metres (1814 ft). To the surprise of its creators the tower held the world record for over 30 years.50 The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) is a major museum for world culture and natural history. The Toronto Zoo one of the largest in the world5152 is home to over 5000 animals representing over 460 distinct species. The Art Gallery of Ontario contains a large collection of Canadian European African and contemporary artwork and also plays host to exhibits from museums and galleries all over the world. The Gardiner Museum of ceramic art is the only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics and the Museum's collection contains more than 2900 ceramic works from Asia the Americas and Europe. The Ontario Science Centre always has new hands-on activities and science displays particularly appealing to children and the Bata Shoe Museum features many unique exhibitions focused on footwear throughout history. The centrally located Textile Museum of Canada possesses another niche collection of great quality and interest. The Don Valley Brick Works is a former industrial site which opened in 1889 and was partly restored as a park and heritage site in 1996 with further restoration and reuse being completed in stages since then. The Canadian National Exhibition is held annually at Exhibition Place and it is the oldest annual fair in the world. It is Canada's largest annual fair and the fifth largest in North America with an average attendance of 1.25 million.53 The Yorkville neighbourhood is one of Toronto's most elegant shopping and dining areas. On many occasions celebrities from all over North America can be spotted in the area especially during the Toronto International Film Festival. The Distillery District Queen West Harbourfront the Entertainment District the Financial District and the St. Lawrence Market neighbourhood are also popular areas for tourists. The Eaton Centre is one of North America's top shopping destinations and Toronto's most popular tourist attraction with over 52 million visitors annually.54 Greektown on the Danforth is another one of the major attractions of Toronto which boasts one of the highest concentrations of restaurants per kilometre in the world. It is also home to the annual "Taste of the Danforth" festival which attracts over one million people in 2 days.55 Toronto is also home to Canada's most famous "castle" - Casa Loma the former estate of Sir Henry Pellatt a prominent Toronto financier industrialist and military man. Other notable neighbourhoods and attractions include The Beaches the Toronto Islands Kensington Market Fort York and the Hockey Hall of Fame. Intersection of Dundas at McCaul in the Grange Park district with the CN Tower OCAD University the Art Gallery of Ontario and a Toronto streetcar visible (centre left to right) Sports Main articles: Toronto sports Amateur sport in Toronto and List of sports teams in Toronto The Hockey Hall of Fame housed in a former bank erected in 1885 is located at the intersection of Front Street and Yonge Street in Downtown Toronto. Toronto is the only Canadian city with representation in seven major league sports with teams in the National Hockey League Major League Baseball National Basketball Association Canadian Football League Major League Soccer Canadian Women's Hockey League and W-League. The National Football League's Buffalo Bills also play select home games in the city. The city's major sports venues include the Air Canada Centre Rogers Centre (formerly known as SkyDome) Ricoh Coliseum and BMO Field. Toronto is home to the Toronto Maple Leafs one of the National Hockey League's Original Six clubs and has also served as home to the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1958. The city has a rich history of hockey championships. Along with the Maple Leafs' 13 Stanley Cup titles (second all-time) the Toronto Marlboros and St. Michael's College School-based Ontario Hockey League teams combined have won a record 12 Memorial Cup titles. The Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League also play in Toronto at Ricoh Coliseum and are the farm team for the Maple Leafs. They are currently the only AHL team that is located in the same market as its NHL parent club. Toronto is currently home to the only National Basketball Association franchise outside the United States. The Toronto Raptors entered the league in 1995 and have since earned five playoff spots in 15 seasons. The Raptors won the Atlantic Division title in the 200607 NBA season led by former star player Chris Bosh. The Raptors are the only NBA team with their own television channel NBA TV Canada. They and the Maple Leafs play their home games at the Air Canada Centre. BMO Field immediately after Danny Dichio scored the first goal in Toronto FC history. The Toronto Rock are the city's National Lacrosse League team. They are one of the league's most successful franchises winning five Champion's Cup titles in seven years in the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century appearing in an NLL record 5 straight championship games from 1999 to 2003 and are currently first all-time in the number of Champion's Cups won. The Rock share the Air Canada Centre with the Maple Leafs and the Raptors. The city is represented in the Canadian Football League by the Toronto Argonauts who have won a league-leading 15 Grey Cup titles. Toronto played host to the 95th Grey Cup in 2007 the first held in the city since 1992. In addition the city has hosted several National Football League exhibition games; Ted Rogers leased the Buffalo Bills from Ralph Wilson for the purposes of having the Bills play eight home games in the city between 2008 and 2012. The city is also home to Major League Baseball's Toronto Blue Jays who have won two World Series (1992 and 1993) titles and are currently the only Major League Baseball team in Canada. Both the Argonauts and Blue Jays (as well as the Bills when they are in town) play their home games at the Rogers Centre in the downtown core. Toronto is home to the International Bowl an NCAA sanctioned post-season football game that puts a Mid-American Conference team against a Big East Conference team. Beginning in 2007 the game is played at the Rogers Centre annually in January. Toronto Blue Jays host the Detroit Tigers at the Rogers Centre. Toronto along with Montreal hosts an annual Tennis Tournament called the Rogers Cup between the months of July and August. In odd-numbered years the men's tournament is held in Montral while the women's tournament is held in Toronto and vice-versa in even-numbered years. Besides team sports the city annually hosted Champ Car's Molson Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place from 1986 to 2007. The race was revived in 2009 as the Honda Indy Toronto part of the IndyCar Series schedule. Both thoroughbred and standardbred horse racing events are conducted at Woodbine Racetrack in Rexdale. Historic sports clubs of Toronto include the Granite Club (established in 1836) the Royal Canadian Yacht Club (established in 1852) the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club (established in pre-1827) the Argonaut Rowing Club (established in 1872) the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club (established in 1881) and the Badminton and Racquet Club (established in 1924). Toronto was a candidate city for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics which were awarded to Atlanta and Beijing respectively. The Canadian Olympic Committee is currently considering a Toronto bid for the 2020 or 2024 Summer Olympics.56 Toronto will be hosting the 2015 Pan American Games in July 2015. It contested against the cities of Lima Peru and Bogot Colombia.57 Professional and amateur sports teams in Toronto Club League Sport Venue Established Championships Toronto Argonauts CFL Football Rogers Centre 1873 15 (Last in 2004) Toronto Maple Leafs NHL Ice hockey Air Canada Centre 1917 13 (Last in 1967) Toronto Blue Jays MLB Baseball Rogers Centre 1977 2 (Last in 1993) Toronto Raptors NBA Basketball Air Canada Centre 1995 0 Toronto FC MLS Soccer BMO Field 2007 0 Toronto Maple Leafs IBL Baseball Christie Pits 1969 8 Toronto Rock NLL Box lacrosse Air Canada Centre 1998 6 Toronto Xtreme RCSL Rugby union Fletcher's Fields 1999 0 Toronto Marlies AHL Ice hockey Ricoh Coliseum 2005 0 Toronto Nationals MLL Field lacrosse Lamport Stadium 2009 1 Toronto City Saints CRL Rugby league 2010 0 Toronto Aeros CWHL Women's ice hockey Lakeshore Lions Arena 2007 1 Toronto Lady Lynx USL Women's soccer Centennial Park Stadium 2005 0 Media Main article: Media in Toronto Toronto is Canada's largest media market58 and among the largest media centres in North America with four conventional dailies and two free commuter papers in a greater metropolitan area of about 5.5 million inhabitants. The Toronto Star and the Toronto Sun are the prominent daily city newspapers while the major free daily newspapers are Metro and 24 Hours operated by their respective owners. National dailies The Globe and Mail and the National Post are also headquartered in the city. Two of the city's prominent weeklies are Now and The Grid both of which are free. Toronto contains the headquarters of the major English-language Canadian television networks including the English-language branch of the national public broadcaster Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) the largest private broadcaster CTV and the flagship stations of Citytv and Global. Canada's premier sports television networks are also based in Toronto including The Sports Network (TSN) Rogers Sportsnet and The Score. MuchMusic MuchMore and MTV Canada are the main music television channels based in the city though they no longer primarily show music videos due to channel drift. The bulk of Canada's periodical publishing industry is centred in Toronto including magazines such as Maclean's Chatelaine Flare Canadian Living Canadian Business and Toronto Life. Many art design architecture and fashion magazines were created or are based in the city including Fashion Monocle Azure Canadian Interiors Canadian Architect and Wallpaper*. Digital media companies including Toronto Standard have brought attention to Toronto as a hub for creativity in new media internet and design industries. Economy View of Toronto's Financial District from the CN Tower. Main article: Economy of Toronto Toronto is a major international centre for business and finance. Generally considered the financial capital of Canada Toronto has a high concentration of banks and brokerage firms on Bay Street in the Financial District. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the world's seventh-largest stock exchange by market capitalization.59 All the Big Five banks of Canada are headquartered in Toronto as are a majority of Canada's corporations.9 The city is an important centre for the media publishing telecommunication information technology and film production industries; it is home to Bell Media (formerly CTVglobemedia) Rogers Communications and Torstar. Other prominent Canadian corporations in the Greater Toronto Area include Magna International Celestica Manulife Financial Sun Life Financial the Hudson's Bay Company and major hotel companies and operators such as Four Seasons Hotels and Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Although much of the region's manufacturing activities take place outside the city limits Toronto continues to be an important wholesale and distribution point for the industrial sector. The city's strategic position along the Quebec City Windsor Corridor and its extensive road and rail connections help support the nearby production of motor vehicles iron steel food machinery chemicals and paper. The completion of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959 gave ships access to the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean. The city's debt stood at $2.7 billion at December 31 2008 and is forecast to rise to more than $3.5 billion by 2016 before subsiding.60 Demographics Main article: Demographics of Toronto Toronto population by year within present boundaries Year City CMA GTA 1861 65085 19384461 1901 238080 44000061 1951 1117470 126200061 1971 2089728 262804562 1976 2124295 280310163 1981 2137380 299894764 1986 2192721 373308565 1991 227577166 389393367 423575666 1996 238542168 426375968 462888369 2001 24814941 46828971 508182670 2006 25032811 51131491 555591271 The last complete census by Statistics Canada estimated there were 2503281 people living in Toronto in June 20061 making it the largest city in Canada72 and the fifth most populous municipality in North America.73 The city's population grew by 4% (96073 residents) between 1996 and 2001 and 1% (21787 residents) between 2001 and 2006. Persons aged 14 years and under made up 17.5% of the population and those aged 65 years and over made up 13.6%. The median age was 36.9 years. Foreign-born people made up 49.9% of the population.74 The city's gender population is 48% male and 52% female.75 However women outnumber men in all age groups over 20.76 As of 2006 46.9% of the residents of the city proper belong to a visible minority group77 and visible minorities are projected to comprise a majority in the Toronto CMA by 2017.78 In 1981 Toronto's visible minority population was 13.6%.79 According to the United Nations Development Programme Toronto has the second-highest percentage of constant foreign-born population among world cities after Miami Florida. While Miami's foreign-born population consists mostly of Cubans and other Latin Americans no single nationality or culture dominates Toronto's immigrant population placing it among the most diverse cities in the world.74 By 2031 Toronto's current visible minority population will have increased to 63% changing the definition of visible minority in the city.80 More than 100000 immigrants arrive in the Toronto area every year.81 In 2006 people of European ethnicities formed the largest cluster of ethnic groups in Toronto 52.6%77 mostly of British Irish Italian and French origins. The five largest visible minority groups in Toronto are South Asian (12.0%) Chinese (11.4%) Black (8.4%) Filipino (4.1%) and Latin American (2.6%).77 Aboriginal peoples who are not considered visible minorities formed 0.5% of the population.77 This diversity is reflected in Toronto's ethnic neighbourhoods which include Chinatown Corso Italia Greektown Kensington Market Koreatown Little India Little Italy Little Jamaica Little Portugal and Roncesvalles. Christianity is the largest religious group in Toronto. The 2001 Census reports that 33.4% of the city's population is Catholic followed by Protestant (21.1%) Christian Orthodox at (4.8%) Coptic Orthodox (0.2%)82 and other Christians (3.9%). Due to the city's significant number of Methodist Christians Toronto is often referred to as the Methodist Rome. Other religions in the city are Islam (5.5%) Hinduism (4.1%) Judaism (3.5%) Buddhism (2.1%) Sikhism (1.9%) and other Eastern religions (0.2%). 16.6% of the population professes no religion.8384 While English is the predominant language spoken by Torontonians many other languages have considerable numbers of local speakers.85 The varieties of Chinese and Italian are the second and third most widely spoken languages at work.8687 As a result the city's 9-1-1 emergency services are equipped to respond in over 150 languages.88 Government Main article: Municipal government of Toronto Further information: Politics of Toronto and Public services in Toronto Toronto City Hall at night Toronto is a single-tier municipality governed by a mayorcouncil system. The structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of Toronto Act. The Mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city. The Toronto City Council is a unicameral legislative body comprising 44 councillors representing geographical wards throughout the city. The mayor and members of the city council serve four-year terms without term limits. (Until the 2006 municipal election the mayor and city councillors served three-year terms.) At the start of the 2007 term the city council will have seven standing committees each consisting of a Chairman a vice-chair and four other councillors. The Mayor names the committee chairs and the remaining membership of the committees is appointed by City Council.89 An executive committee is formed by the chairs of each of standing committee along with the mayor the deputy mayor and four other councillors. Councillors are also appointed to oversee the Toronto Transit Commission and the Toronto Police Services Board. The city has four community councils that consider local matters. City Council has delegated final decision-making authority on local routine matters while others - like planning and zoning issues - are recommended to the city council. Each city councillor serves as a member on a community council. There are about 40 subcommittees and advisory committees appointed by the city council. These bodies are made up of city councillors and private citizen volunteers. Examples include the Pedestrian Committee Waste Diversion Task Force 2010 and the Task Force to Bring Back the Don.90 Toronto had an operating budget of C$7.6 billion in 2006.91 The city receives funding from the Government of Ontario in addition to tax revenues and user fees spending 36% on provincially mandated programmes 53% on major municipal purposes such as the Toronto Public Library and the Toronto Zoo and 11% on capital financing and non-programme expenditures.92 Crime Main article: Crime in Toronto See also: Crime in Canada and Gun politics in Canada The low crime rate93 in Toronto has resulted in the city having a reputation as one of the safest major cities in North America.9495 For instance in 2007 the homicide rate for Toronto was 3.3 per 100000 people compared with Atlanta (19.7) Boston (10.3) Los Angeles (10.0) New York City (6.3) Vancouver (3.1) and Montreal (2.6). Toronto's robbery rate also ranks low with 207.1 robberies per 100000 people compared with Los Angeles (348.5) Vancouver (266.2) New York City (265.9) and Montreal (235.3).96979899100101 Toronto has a comparable rate of car theft to various U.S. cities although it is not among the highest in Canada.93 Toronto recorded its largest number of homicides in 1991 with 89 a rate of 3.9 per 100000.102103 In 2005 Toronto media coined the term "Year of the Gun" because there was a record number of gun-related homicides 52 out of 80 homicides in total (65% similar to the average in U.S. cities).95104 The total number of homicides dropped to 70 in 2006 that year nearly 2000 people in Toronto were victims of a violent gun-related crime about one-quarter of the national total.105 84 homicides were committed in 2007 roughly half of them involved guns. Gang-related incidents have also been on the rise; between the years of 1997 and 2005 over 300 gang-related homicides have occurred. As a result the Ontario government developed an anti-gun strategy.106 Education Main article: Education in Toronto University College at University of Toronto OCAD University (formerly the Ontario College of Art and Design) Toronto is home to a number of post-secondary academic institutions. The University of Toronto established in 1827 is the oldest university in Ontario and a leading public research institution. It is a worldwide leader in several fields including biomedical research. It houses North America's fourth-largest university library system after those of Harvard Yale and Berkeley. The Osgoode Hall Law School affiliated with Toronto's York University houses the largest law library in the Commonwealth of Nations. Toronto is also home to Ryerson University OCAD University and the University of Guelph-Humber. There are four diploma and degree granting colleges in Toronto. These are Seneca College Humber College Centennial College and George Brown College. The city is also home to a satellite campus of the francophone Collge Boral. In nearby Oshawa usually considered part of the Greater Toronto Area are Durham College and the University of Ontario Institute of Technology while Halton Region is home to Sheridan College. The Royal Conservatory of Music which includes The Glenn Gould School is a school of music located downtown. The Canadian Film Centre is a film television and new media training institute founded by filmmaker Norman Jewison. Tyndale University College and Seminary is a transdenominational Christian post-secondary institution and Canada's largest seminary. The Toronto District School Board (TDSB) operates 558 public schools. Of these 451 are elementary and 102 are secondary (high) schools. This makes the TDSB the largest school board in Canada. Additionally the Toronto Catholic District School Board manages the city's publicly funded Roman Catholic schools while the Conseil scolaire de district du Centre-Sud-Ouest and the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud manages public and Roman Catholic French-language schools. There are also numerous private university-preparatory schools such as Bayview Glen School Bishop Strachan School Branksome Hall College of Toronto Crescent School De La Salle College Greenwood College School Havergal College Ridley College Royal St. George's College St. Clement's School St. Michael's College School Toronto French School University of Toronto Schools Upper Canada College and The York School. The Toronto Public Library is the largest public library system in Canada and the most widely used107 consisting of 99 branches with more than 11 million items in its collection.108 Infrastructure Health and medicine Main article: Health in Toronto See also: List of hospitals in Toronto and XVI International AIDS Conference 2006 Toronto General Hospital Toronto is home to at least 20 public hospitals including the Hospital for Sick Children Mount Sinai Hospital St. Michael's Hospital North York General Hospital Toronto General Hospital Toronto Western Hospital St. Joseph's Health Centre Rouge Valley Health System The Scarborough Hospital Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Princess Margaret Hospital as well as the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine. Several years ago Toronto was reported as having some of the longer average ER wait times in Ontario. Toronto hospitals at the time employed a system of triage to ensure life-threatening injuries receive rapid treatment.109 After initial screening initial assessments by physicians were completed within the waiting waiting-rooms themselves for greater efficiency within a median 1.2 hours. Tests consultations and initial treatments were also provided within waiting rooms. 50% of patients waited 4 hours before being transferred from the emergency room to another room.109 The least-urgent 10% of cases wait over 12 hours.109 The extended waiting-room times experienced by some patients were attributed to an overall shortage of acute care beds.109 Toronto's Discovery District110 is the centre of research in biomedicine. It is located on a 2.5 square kilometre (620 acre) research park that is fully integrated into Toronto's downtown core. It is also home to the Medical and Related Sciences Centre (MaRS)111 which was created in 2000 to capitalize on the research and innovation strength of the Province of Ontario. Another institute is the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (MCMM).112 Transportation Main article: Transportation in Toronto A TTC CLRV streetcar Ontario Highway 401 the busiest highway in North America The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) is the third largest public transit system in North America after the New York City Transit Authority and the Mexico City Metro.29 The TTC provides public transit within the City of Toronto. The backbone of its public transport network is the Toronto subway and RT which includes three heavy-rail rapid transit lines and a mainly elevated light-metro rapid transit line. The TTC also operates an extensive network of buses and streetcars. There have been numerous plans to extend the subway and implement light-rail lines but many efforts have been thwarted by monetary and budgetary concerns. These plans have been placed back on the docket as expansion and greater efforts for mass transportation are needed as the city continues to grow. An example of proposed light rail transit expansion is Transit City. The Government of Ontario also operates an extensive rail and bus transit system called GO Transit in the Greater Toronto Area. As of January 2009update GO Transit carries over 205000 passengers every weekday on its seven train lines and extensive bus system.113 Canada's busiest airport Toronto Pearson International Airport (IATA: YYZ) straddles the city's western boundary with the suburban city of Mississauga. Limited commercial and passenger service is also offered from the Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on the Toronto Islands southwest of downtown. Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport in Markham provides general aviation facilities. Toronto/Downsview Airport near the city's north end is owned by de Havilland Canada and serves the Bombardier Aerospace aircraft factory. There are a number of municipal expressways and provincial highways that serve Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area. In particular Highway 401 bisects the city from west to east bypassing the downtown core. It is the busiest road in North America114 and one of the busiest highways in the world.115116 The main municipal expressways in Toronto include the Gardiner Expressway the Don Valley Parkway and to some extent Allen Road. The square grid of major city streets was laid out by the concession road system in which each major arterial road is approximately two kilometres apart from each parallel route. Major east-west arterial roads are generally parallel with Lake Ontario and major north-south arterial roads are roughly perpendicular with Lake Ontario. International relations Main article: Sister cities of Toronto Partnership Cities117 Country City State / Region Since China Chongqing Southwest China 1986 United States Chicago Illinois 1991 Germany Frankfurt Hesse 1989 Italy Milan Lombardy 2002 Friendship Cities117 Country City State / Region Since Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City Southern Vietnam 2006 Ukraine Kiev Kiev Oblast 1991 Ecuador Quito Pichincha 2006 Japan Sagamihara Kant 1991 Poland Warsaw Mazovia 1990 See also Toronto portal Largest cities in the Americas List of metropolitan areas in the Americas OPENCities References Footnotes a b c d e f g h "Population and dwelling counts for Canada census metropolitan areas census agglomerations and census subdivisions (municipalities) 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data". Statistics Canada 2006 Census of Population. 2007-03-13. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfmT702&PR35&S0&OA&RPP25. Retrieved 2007-03-19.  a b "Population and dwelling counts for urban areas 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data". Statistics Canada 2006 Census of Population. 2007-03-13. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfmT801&PR0&SR1&S3&OD. Retrieved 2007-03-19.  Total population of the Greater Toronto Area comprises the regional municipalities of Durham (561258) Halton (439256) Peel (1159405) and York (892712). These population figures are taken from "Population and dwelling counts for Canada provinces and territories and census divisions 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data". Statistics Canada. 2007-03-13. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfmT702&PR35&SR1&S3&OD. Retrieved 2007-03-18.  a b The fact that these municipalities form the GTA is stated in "Ontario Population Projections Update 20052031 Ontario and Its 49 Census Divisions". Ministry of Finance Government of Ontario. April 2006. 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GameBids.com. http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/commonwealthgamesbids/1216133774.html.  Media Job Search Canadadead link Media Job Search Canada (2003). Retrieved on 2007-05-08. Market Statisticsdead link Toronto Stock Exchange (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-11. "Toronto's debt not sky high Moody's says". Toronto Star. April 7 2010. a b c "Toronto history FAQs: What was the population of Toronto in various years". City of Toronto Archives. http://www.toronto.ca/archives/torontohistoryfaqs.htm#population. Retrieved 2007-03-18.  "Population Tables for Toronto". Statistics Canada. 1971. http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/classes/ggr124/ggr124wksht.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-23.  "Population Tables for Toronto". Statistics Canada. 1976. http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/classes/ggr124/ggr124wksht.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-23.  "Population Tables for Toronto". Statistics Canada. 1981. http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/classes/ggr124/ggr124wksht.htm. 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City of Toronto. 2003. http://www.toronto.ca/demographics/pdf/profiletorbulletin.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-08.  "2001 Community Profile for Toronto" (PDF). Statistics Canada. City of Toronto. 2001. http://www.toronto.ca/demographics/pdf/profiletorbulletin.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-08.  "2006 Community Profile for Toronto Ontario". Statistics Canada. March 17 2007. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfmT702&PR35&SR1&S3&OD. Retrieved 2007-05-08.  "Toronto Quick Facts". Government of Canada Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Investment Science & Technology Branch. Archived from the original on 2008-06-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20080620015945/http://www.investincanada.gc.ca/en/explore-our-regions/ontario/toronto.aspx. Retrieved 2008-02-14.  "City of Toronto: Toronto Overview". City of Toronto. 2007. http://www.toronto.ca/invest-in-toronto/toroverview.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-23.  a b Francine Kopun; Nicholas Keung (2007-12-05). "A city of unmatched diversity". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/News/GTA/article/282694. Retrieved 2008-10-07.  "Toronto.ca" (PDF). http://www.toronto.ca/demographics/pdf/2006ageandsexbackgrounderwithmaps.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  Canada (July 18 2007). "Still Single Time To Move West". Toronto: TheGlobeAndMail.com. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/still-single-time-to-move-west/article771391/. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  a b c d "2006 Community Profile for Toronto: Ethnicities". Statistics Canada. 2006. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfmLangE&Geo1CSD&Code13520005&Geo2PR&Code235&DataCount&SearchTexttoronto&SearchTypeBegins&SearchPR01&B1All&Custom. Retrieved 2008-07-15.  Canada's visible minority population in 2017 Statistics Canada (2005). Retrieved on 2006-12-05. "Toronto in Transition: Demographic Change in the Late Twentieth Century". CERIS - The Ontario Metropolis Centre. 1 Toronto Star (Wed Mar 10 2010) "A few frank words about immigration". The Globe and Mail. October 7 2010 Religion (95A) Age Groups (7A) and Sex (3) for Population for Canada Provinces Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 1991 and 2001 Censuses - 20% Sample Data Statistics Canada (2001). Community Highlights for Toronto Statistics Canada (2001). Retrieved on 2006-12-05. "Religions in Canada (Toronto)". Statistics Canada. 2001. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Religion/Page.cfmLangE&GeoCMA&View2a&Code535&Table1&StartRec1&Sort2&B1501&B21. Retrieved May 19 2006.  Various Languages Spoken - Toronto CMA Statistics Canada (2006). Retrieved on 2009-09-09. Language used at work by mother tongue in Toronto CMA Statistics Canada (2001). Retrieved on 2006-12-05. Language used at work by mother tongue (City of Toronto) Statistics Canada (2001). Retrieved on 2006-12-05. "City of Toronto: Emergency Services - 9-1-1 EMERGENCY in any language". City of Toronto. http://www.toronto.ca/emerg/911.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-05.  "City Council names Speaker and members to Standing Committees Agencies Boards and Commissions". CNW Group. 2006-12-06. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930221940/http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/December2006/06/c4652.html. Retrieved 2007-03-18.  "Directory of committees task forces and round tables". City of Toronto. http://www.toronto.ca/committees/directory.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-18.  "2006 City Budget". City of Toronto. 2006. http://www.toronto.ca/budget2006/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-18.  "2006 Operating Budget" (PDF). City of Toronto. 2006. http://www.toronto.ca/budget2006/pdf/2006operatingbackgrounderrevised.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-18.  a b Statistics Canada The Daily (2006-07-21). "Crime statistics". http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/050721/d050721a.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-05.  Torontoisms - Crime and Safety a b "Despite rise police say T.O. murder rate 'low'". Ctv.ca. 2007-12-26. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071226/torontomurderrate071226/20071226hubTopStories. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  "FBI statistics 2008". Fbi.gov. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/08aprelim/table4.html. Retrieved 2010-04-17. dead link Topping David (2008-07-22). "Metrocide: A History of Violence". Torontoist. http://torontoist.com/2008/07/metrocidehistoricalhomicides.php. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  "Story - News". Vancouver Sun. 2009-03-15. http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Vancouver+murder+rate+North+American+standards/1494291/story.html. Retrieved 2010-04-17. dead link "Bilan chiffresAnew" (PDF). http://www.spvm.qc.ca/upload/documentations/BilanchiffresAnglais.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  "Vancouver.ca" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2010-06-23. http://www.webcitation.org/5qh4Zlfk0. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  "2007annrepdraftdaily20080326.xlsm" (PDF). http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/files/reports/2007statsreport.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  "GunControl.ca" (PDF). http://www.guncontrol.ca/English/Home/Works/gangsandguns.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-17.  "Double murder occurred on Christmas Day: police". Ctv.ca. 2007-12-27. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071227/doublemurder071227sname&noads. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  "CTV Toronto - Toronto sets a new record for gun-related carnage - CTV News Shows and Sports - Canadian Television". Toronto.ctv.ca. http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20051227/homicideyear051227/20051227hubTorontoHome. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  "Gun crime in Metro Vancouver highest per capita in Canada". http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.htmlk19079&id4b651ab1-e729-44a9-86d3-79a1ddc84689.  "Ministry of the Attorney General - Backgrounder". Attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca. 2005-10-25. http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/news/2005/20051025-gunviolence-bg.asp. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  "Key Facts : Media : Toronto Public Library". Torontopubliclibrary.ca. http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/media/key-facts/. Retrieved 2010-10-17.  "Toronto Public Library contributes 63 millionth record" OCLC (2006-02-03). Retrieved on 2007-07-08. a b c d "Study sheds light on ER wait times in Ontario". Cbc.ca. 2007-01-25. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2007/01/25/er-waits.html. Retrieved 2010-04-17.  Toronto Discovery District FAQ Toronto Discovery District (2006). Retrieved on 2006-12-05. Medical and Related Sciences Centre Medical and Related Sciences Centre (2006). Retrieved on 2006-12-05. McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (MCMM) McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (2006). Retrieved on 2006-12-05. "GO by the numbers". Archived from the original on 2008-06-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080624075033/http://www.gotransit.com/PUBLIC/en/aboutgo/whatisgo.htm#GObythenumbers. Retrieved 2009-01-19.  Maier Hanna (October 9 2007) Long-Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada. Federal Highway Administration. (Report). Retrieved May 1 2010. The key high-volume highways in Ontario are the 400-series highways in the southern part of the province. The most important of these is the 401 the busiest highway in North America with average annual daily traffic (AADT) of more than 425000 vehicles in 2004 and daily traffic sometimes exceeding 500000 vehicles. "Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401". Ontario Ministry of Transportation. 2002-08-06. Archived from the original on September 14 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070914064434/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2002/08/06/c0057.htmllmatch&lange.html. Retrieved 2007-03-18. "Highway 401 is one of the busiest highways in the world and represents a vital link in Ontario's transportation infrastructure carrying more than 400000 vehicles per day through Toronto."  Brian Gray (2004-04-10). "GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401 - North America's Busiest Freeway". Toronto Sun transcribed at Urban Planet. http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.phpshowtopic3459. Retrieved 2007-03-18. "The "phenomenal" number of vehicles on Hwy. 401 as it cuts through Toronto makes it the busiest freeway in the world..."  a b "Toronto's International Alliance Program". Toronto.ca. 2000-10-23. http://www.toronto.ca/invest-in-toronto/international-alliance-program.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-17.  Bibliography Fulford Robert (1995). Accidental city: the transformation of Toronto. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross. ISBN 0-921912-91-9; ISBN 1-55199-010-5 (paperback).  Rayburn Alan (2001). Naming Canada: stories about Canadian place names. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2nd ed. (ISBN 0-8020-8293-9). http://books.google.ca/booksidaiUZMOypNB4C&lpgPP1&dqNaming%20Canada%3A%20stories%20about%20Canadian%20place%20names&pgPP1#vonepage&q&ftrue.  Phillips Robert; Bram Leon & Dickey Norma (1971). Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Inc.. Volume 23 ISBN 0-8343-0025-7.  Careless J.M.S.. "Toronto". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfmPgNmTCE&ParamsA1ARTA0008050. Retrieved 2005-12-03.  "Toronto". Statistics Canada. 2002. 2001 Community Profiles.. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE.. 2003. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfmLangE&Geo1CSD&Code13520005&Geo2PR&Code235&DataCount&SearchTexttoronto&SearchTypeBegins&SearchPR01&B1All&Custom. Retrieved 2005-12-03.  "Toronto's Economic Profile". City of Toronto. http://www.toronto.ca/economicprofile/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-30.  "Ultimate Inline Skating Guide to Toronto v1.5" (Google Earth). 2007. http://maps.google.com/maps/msieUTF8&hlen&msa0&outputnl&msid105047441964785653381.0000011358da39f6cf7dd. Retrieved 2007-07-07.  The novel "In the Skin of a Lion" by Michael Ondaatje depicts Toronto in the 1920s giving prominence to the construction of Toronto landmarks such as the Prince Edward Viaduct and the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant and focusing on the lives of the immigrant workers. Further reading Careless J. M. S (1984). Toronto to 1918: An Illustrated History. J. Lorimer and National Museum of Man. ISBN 0888626657. http://books.google.ca/booksid7V5-PlPhwnAC&lpgPP1&dqToronto&pgPP1#vonepage&q&ftrue.  Filey Mike (2008). Toronto: the way we were. Dundurn Press. ISBN 9781550028423. http://books.google.ca/booksidToQcKz0DFM4C&lpgPP1&dqToronto&pgPP1#vonepage&q&ftrue.  Akler Howard; Hood Sarah (2003). Toronto: The Unknown City. Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 1551521466. http://books.google.ca/booksid9INeDSqwJ1MC&lpgPA1&dqToronto&pgPA1#vonepage&q&ftrue.  External links Find more about Toronto on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Toronto.ca The official City of Toronto Web site Tourism Toronto by the Toronto Convention & Visitors Association Wikitravel Toronto travel guide at Wikitravel OPENCities Monitor participant Milton Brampton Vaughan Richmond Hill Markham Burlington Oakville Mississauga Pickering Ajax Whitby Oshawa    Toronto     Lake Ontario  Links to related articles v d e Toronto Features Demographics  Name  Flag  Coat of arms  Sister cities  Notable Torontonians History Toronto Carrying-Place Trail  Fort Rouill  Fort York  Toronto Purchase  York  Battle of York  Battle of Montgomery's Tavern  Great Fire of 1904  Centennial of the 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municipalities  Ontario electoral districts  Historic counties of Ontario  Geography of Ontario Category:Ontario  Portal:Ontario  WikiProject:Ontario v d e  Federal provincial and territorial capitals of Canada Ottawa ON  Victoria BC  Edmonton AB  Regina SK  Winnipeg MB  Toronto ON  Quebec City QC  Fredericton NB  Halifax NS  Charlottetown PE  St. John's NL  Whitehorse YT  Yellowknife NT  Iqaluit NU v d eCensus metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Canada by size Toronto ON  Montreal QC  Vancouver BC  Ottawa ON  Calgary AB  Edmonton AB  Quebec City QC  Winnipeg MB  Hamilton ON  London ON  Cambridge-Kitchener-Waterloo ON  St. Catharines-Niagara ON  Halifax NS  Oshawa ON  Victoria BC  Windsor ON  Saskatoon SK  Regina SK  Sherbrooke QC  St. John's NL  Barrie ON  Kelowna BC  Abbotsford BC  Greater Sudbury ON  Kingston ON  Saguenay QC  Trois-Rivires QC  Guelph ON  Moncton NB  Brantford ON  Thunder Bay ON  Saint John NB  Peterborough ON v d eWorld's fifty most-populous urban areas Tokyo Yokohama 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1959: Chicago  1963: So Paulo  1967: Winnipeg  1971: Santiago de Cali  1975: Mexico City  1979: San Juan  1983: Caracas  1987: Indianapolis  1991: Havana  1995: Mar del Plata  1999: Winnipeg  2003: Santo Domingo  2007: Rio de Janeiro  2011: Guadalajara  2015: Toronto