"Trebizond" redirects here. For the medieval state see Empire of Trebizond. For the Ottoman Province of Trabzon see Vilayet of Trabzon. Trabzon 1. Ahi Evran Mosque 2. Hagia Sophia Museum/Church 3. Uzun Sokak 4. Walls of Trabzon 5. Atatrk Pavillion 6. Turbe of Glbahar Hatun Trabzon Location of Trabzon within Turkey. Coordinates: 4100N 3944E / 41N 39.733E / 41; 39.733 Country  Turkey Province Trabzon Government  - Mayor Orhan Fevzi Gmrkolu (AKP) Area  - Total 4685 km2 (1808.9 sq mi) Elevation 0 m (0 ft) Population (2009)  - Total 230399  - Density 258.7/km2 (670/sq mi) Time zone EET (UTC+2)  - Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) Postal code 61xxx Area code(s) (+90) 462 Licence plate 61

Trabzon (Turkish: Trabzon Pontic Greek: Trapezounta Armenian: Trapizon Ottoman Turkish Persian: Laz: Tamtra Georgian: ) historically known as Trapezus and Trebizond is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon located on the historical Silk Road became a melting pot of religions languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the southeast and the Caucasus to the northeast.1 The Venetian and Genoese merchants paid visits to Trebizond during the medieval period and sold silk linen and woolen fabric; with the Republic of Genoa having an important merchant colony within the city that was similar to Galata near Constantinople (across the Golden Horn) in present-day Istanbul.2 Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. During the Ottoman period Trabzon because of the importance of its port became a focal point of trade to Iran and the Caucasus. The population of the city is 230399 (2009 census). Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient and medieval 1.2 Ottoman era 1.3 Modern era 2 Geography and climate 2.1 Rivers 2.2 Lakes 2.3 Climate 3 People 4 Main sights 5 Culture 6 Education 7 Cuisine 8 Sports 9 Notable natives 10 Twin towns sister cities 11 See also 12 Notes and references 13 External links History Ancient and medieval

Originally it was founded as Trapezus () by Greek traders from Miletus (traditionally in 756 BC).

The city was one of a number (about ten) of Milesian emporia or trading colonies along the shores of the Black Sea. Others include Sinope Abydos and Cyzicus (in the Dardanelles). Like most Greek colonies the city was a small enclave of Greek life and not an empire unto its own in the later European sense of the word. Early banking (money-changing) activity is suggested occurring in the city according to a silver drachm coin from Trapezus in the British Museum London.

Trebizond's trade partners included the Mossynoeci. When Xenophon and the Ten Thousand mercenaries were fighting their way out of Persia the first Greek city they reached was Trebizond (Xenophon Anabasis 5.5.10). The city and the local Mossynoeci had become estranged from the Mossynoecian capital to the point of civil war. Xenophon's force resolved this in the rebels' favor and so in Trebizond's interest. A silver Trapezus coin from the 4th century BC

Until 112 BC Trabzon was Lesser Armenia's capital.citation needed The city was added to the kingdom of Pontus by Mithridates VI Eupator and it became home port for the Pontic fleet. Walls of Trabzon

When the kingdom was annexed to the Roman province of Galatia in 6465 the fleet passed to new commanders becoming the Classis Pontica. Trebizond gained importance under Roman rule in the 1st century for its access to roads leading over the Zigana Pass to the Armenian frontier or the upper Euphrates valley. New roads were constructed from Persia and Mesopotamia under the rule of Vespasian and Hadrian commissioned improvements to give the city a more structured harbor. A mithraeum now serves as a crypt for the church of Panaghia Theoskepastos in nearby Kizlara east of the citadel and south of the modern harbor. The city was pillaged by the Goths in 258 and although it was afterwards re-built Trebizond did not recover until the trade route regained importance in the 8th to 10th centuries; 10th century Muslim authors note that Trebizond was frequented by Muslim merchants as the main source transshipping Byzantine silks into eastern Muslim countries.3 In Byzantine times the city was the capital of the theme of Chaldia. It was also ruled by Danishmendids between 1080 and 1098.

After the Fourth Crusade in 1204 a Byzantine successor state was founded there with support of Queen Tamar of Georgia the Empire of Trebizond which ruled part of the Black Sea coast from Trebizond until 1461 when its ruler David surrendered to Mehmed II ruler of the Ottoman Empire. Following this takeover Mehmed sent many Turkish settlers into the area but the old ethnic Laz Armenian and Greek communities remained. During the late Ottoman period the city had a great Christian influence in terms of culture and a wealthy merchant class who created several Western consulates. Ottoman era Main article: Trabzon Vilayet Trabzon Vilayet within the Ottoman Empire borders in the year 1900.

The city became part of the Ottoman Empire after 1461. Trabzon became the capital of the Vilayet of Trabzon that was a vilayet of the north-eastern part of the Ottoman Empire. The population of the city was in 1523 according to the Ottoman defter a total of 1473 adult males.4 85% of the total population was Christian 1252 adult males 13% of the total population was Armenian 197 adult males and 15% of the total population was Muslim 221 adult males.4

During Ottoman era Local Chepni and Laz beys were appointed as beylerbey. It is recorded that even some Bosniak beys appointed by Sublime Porte ruled Trabzon as beylerbey. During Ottoman campaign in Europe (XVI-XVII c.) "beylerbeylik" of Trabzon had always sent troops. Modern era Uzun Sokak one of the busiest pedestrian shopping streets in Trabzon. In 1901 the harbour was equipped with cranes by Stothert and Pitt of Bath in England. The city was the site of one of the key battles between the Ottoman and Russian armies during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I which resulted in the capture of Trebizond by the Russian Caucasus Army under command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Yudenich in April 1916. The Russian Army retreated from the city and the rest of eastern and northeastern Anatolia with the Russian Revolution of 1917. Trabzon was a major Armenian extermination centre during the Armenian Genocide as well as a location of subsequent trials (see Trabzon during the Armenian Genocide). Many of the victims were taken out to sea in boats that were then capsized.5 The Trabzon trials reported Armenians having been drowned in the Black Sea.6 Following the Turkish War of Independence and the annulment of the Treaty of Svres (1920) which was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) Trebizond again became a part of Turkey. During World War II shipping activity was limited because the Black Sea had again become a war zone. Hence the most important export products tobacco and hazelnut could not be sold and living standards degraded. As a result of the general development of the country Trabzon has developed its economic and commercial life. The coastal highway and a new harbour have increased commercial relations with Central Anatolia which has led to some growth. However progress has been slow in comparison with the western and the southwestern parts of Turkey. Trabzon is famous throughout Turkey for its anchovies called hamsi which are the main meal in many restaurants in the city. Major exports from Trabzon are hazelnuts and tea. The city may still have a small community of Greek-speaking Muslims most of whom are originally from the vicinities of Tonya and Of. However the Pontic Greek language (known as Pontiaka) is spoken mostly by the older generations.7 Geography and climate Smela Monastery on the Pontic Mountains near Trabzon. Trabzon Province has a total area of 4685 km and is bordered by the provinces of Rize Giresun and Gmhane. The total area is 22.4% plateau and 77.6% hills. The Pontic Mountains pass through the Trabzon Province. Trabzon used to be an important reference point for navigators in the Black Sea during harsh weather conditions. The popular expression "perdere la Trebisonda" (losing Trebizond) is still commonly used in the Italian language to describe situations in which the sense of direction is lost.2 The Italian maritime republics such as Venice and in particular Genoa were active in the Black Sea trade for centuries using Trabzon as an important seaport for trading goods between Europe and the Middle East.2 Rivers Deirmendere (ancient Piksidis) Yanbolu Fol Karadere Koha Srmene (ancient Manahos) Solakl Baltac and yidere (ancient Kalopotamos). Lakes Lake Uzungl near Trabzon. Uzungl akrgl Sera Gl. Climate Trabzon has a typical Black Sea climate with high and evenly distributed rainfall the year round. Summers are warm and humid and the average maximum temperature is around 27C in August. Winters are cool and damp and the lowest average minimum temperature is around 5C in January. Precipitation is heaviest in autumn and spring. Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March snowing for a week or two and it can be heavy once it snows. The water temperature like in the rest of the Black Sea coast of Turkey is always cool and fluctuates between 8 and 20C throughout the year. Climate data for Trabzon Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high C (F) 24.3 (75.7) 26.4 (79.5) 33.1 (91.6) 35.0 (95) 37.8 (100) 35.9 (96.6) 37.0 (98.6) 34.8 (94.6) 33.2 (91.8) 32.7 (90.9) 30.3 (86.5) 26.4 (79.5) 37.8 Average high C (F) 10.8 (51.4) 10.7 (51.3) 12.2 (54) 15.7 (60.3) 19.0 (66.2) 23.5 (74.3) 26.3 (79.3) 26.9 (80.4) 23.9 (75) 20.0 (68) 16.2 (61.2) 12.9 (55.2) 18.18 (64.72) Average low C (F) 4.4 (39.9) 4.1 (39.4) 5.5 (41.9) 8.7 (47.7) 12.7 (54.9) 16.9 (62.4) 20.0 (68) 20.3 (68.5) 17.1 (62.8) 13.4 (56.1) 9.3 (48.7) 6.3 (43.3) 11.56 (52.81) Record low C (F) -4.6 (23.7) -6.1 (21) -5.0 (23) -2.0 (28.4) 5.4 (41.7) 10.3 (50.5) 13.5 (56.3) 13.8 (56.8) 9.4 (48.9) 3.8 (38.8) 1.0 (33.8) -3.1 (26.4) -6.1 Precipitation mm (inches) 78.0 (3.071) 63.7 (2.508) 59.8 (2.354) 59.5 (2.343) 52.9 (2.083) 51.2 (2.016) 38.3 (1.508) 46.8 (1.843) 77.0 (3.031) 121.6 (4.787) 100.4 (3.953) 83.5 (3.287) 832.7 (32.783) % Humidity 69 69 73 75 77 75 73 73 74 73 70 68 72.4 Avg. rainy days 13.5 13.0 14.0 14.8 13.2 11.3 8.4 9.7 12.0 13.8 13.1 13.0 149.8 Sunshine hours 80.6 84 105.4 126 170.5 210 173.6 167.4 150 133.3 102 77.5 1580.3 Source no. 1: Devlet Meteoroloji leri Genel Mdrl 8 Source no. 2: Weatherbase 9 People Suleiman the Magnificent was born in Trabzon on November 6 1494. The current ethnic background of the people of Trabzon is Chepni Turkmens10 and Lazs. Muslim Greek population is also significant but it is a small community. According to Turkish citizenship law any Muslim who holds Turkish citizenship is considered "Turkish".1112 The main language of these ethnic groups is Turkish.13 Pontic Greek has also been spoken in the region since early antiquity. The local dialect developed along its own lines and is today partly intelligible to speakers of Standard Greek. It was spoken mainly by a Greek Orthodox population up until the population exchange after the Pontian Genocide; nearly all speakers are now Muslim. Laz people who are the aboriginals of this area also live in Trabzon. There was an Armenian community in Trebizond as early as the 7th century.14 During the 13th and 14th centuries numerous Armenian families migrated here from Ani.14 According to Ronald C. Jennings in the early 16th century Armenians made up approximately 13 percent15 of the city's population.16 Now Trabzon does not have an Armenian-speaking community. The Chepni people a tribe of Oghuz Turks who played an important role in the history of the eastern Black Sea area in the 13th and 14th centuries live in the alpazar (Aasar valley) region of the Trabzon Province.17 Very little has been written on the Turkification of the area. There are no historical records of any considerable Turkish-speaking groups in the Trabzon area until the late 15th century with the exception of the Chepnis. The original Greek (and in some regions Armenian) speakers imposed features from their mother language into the Turkish spoken in the region. Heath W. Lowry's18 work about Ottoman tax books19 (Tahrir Defteri) It is possible that the majority of the population of Trabzon and Rize (and other ancient Greek colonies in the Pontus region) except up to the time of the Chepni Turk immigration waves consisted of indigenous Caucasian tribes (the Colchians and the Laz) who had been partly Hellenized religiously and linguistically.20 Michael Meeker stresses the cultural resemblances (e.g. in village structure house types and pastoral techniques) between the Eastern Black Sea coast and the areas in the Caucasus proper.21 At present Trabzon has a sizeable Russian minority who began emigrating to the region after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.Russian language shops and facilities can be found in the town. The city is known as Trapezounda () in Modern Greek Trapizon () in Armenian Trapizoni () in Georgian and Tamtra () in Laz. Main sights Hagia Sophia. Atatrk Kk. Historic houses in the Ortahisar neighbourhood of Trabzon. Trabzon has a number of tourist attractions some of them dating back to the times of the ancient empires that once existed in the region. In the city itself one can find a hub of shops stalls and restaurants surrounding the "Meydan" a square in the center of the city which includes a tea garden. The Hagia Sophia (Turkish: Ayasofya Mzesi) a stunning Byzantine church is probably the town's most important tourist attraction. Trabzon Castle ruins are visible in the town but cannot be visited as they fall in a military zone. The outside wall of the castle now serves as the back wall of a military building. The "Atatrk Kk" is villa built in 1890 for a local Greek merchant. In 1924 Mustafa Kemal Atatrk stayed in the villa during his visit to Trabzon. He stayed there again in 1937. It houses period rooms and acts as a shrine to the memory of the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. Boztepe Park is a small park and tea garden on the hills above Trabzon that has a panoramic view of nearly the entire city. The terrain in Trabzon is such that although the view is far above that of the buildings below it is still close enough to be able to observe the flow of traffic and the people moving about in the city. Trabzon Museum is located in the town centre and offers interesting exhibits on the history of the region including an impressive collection of Byzantine-era artifacts. Trabzon's Bazaar District offers interesting shopping opportunities on ancient narrow streets continuing from Kunduraclar Street from the Meydan (town square). Kostaki Mansion is located to the north of Zeytinlik near Uzun Sokak. Within Trabzon Province the main attractions are the Smela Monastery and Uzungl. The monastery is built on the side of a very steep mountain overlooking the green forests below and is about 50 km south of the city. Uzungl is famous for the natural beauty of the area and the amazing scenery. Other important sites of interest include:22 Kaymakl Monastery Kzlar (Panagia Theoskepastos) Monastery Kutul (Gregorios Peristera) Monastery Kzlar (Panagia Kerameste) Monastery Vazelon Monastery Hagios Savvas (Maatlk) Cave Churches Hagia Anna (Little Ayvasl) Sotha (St. John) Hagios Theodoros Hagios Konstantinos Hagios Khristophoras Hagios Kiryaki Santa Maria Hagios Mikhail and Panagia Tzita churches Fatih Mosque (originally the Panagia Khrysokephalos Church) Yeni Cuma Mosque (originally the Hagios Eugenios Church) Nakip Mosque (originally the Hagios Andreas Church) Hsn Kktu Mosque (originally the Hagios Eleutherios Church) skender Pasha Mosque Semerciler Mosque ar Mosque and the Glbahar Hatun Mosque and Trbe (commissioned by Sultan Selim I.) Culture The 10th century Trebizond Gospel is a testimony to the artistic traditions of the city during the medieval period. Being open towards other cultures and religions plays a significant role in the lifestyle of the Trabzonites. Muslims and Christians have lived together in the past as well as today making the city a proud heir to a rich cultural heritage. Folk dancing is still very much in evidence in the Black Sea region. The "Horon" is a famous dance which is indigenous to the city and its surrounding area. It is performed by men women the young and elderly alike; in festivities local weddings and harvest times.23 While similar to Russian Cossack dances in terms of vividness the Trabzon folk dance is probably indigenous to the eastern Black Sea region which has an impressive variety of folk music . The people of Trabzon have a reputation for being religiously conservative and nationalist. Many Trabzonites generally show a strong sense of loyalty to their family friends religion and country. Atatrk selected his presidential guards from Trabzon and the neighbouring city of Giresun because of their fierce fighting ability and their loyalty. Outside of the relatively urban space of Trabzon proper and within parts of it as well rural traditions from the Black Sea village life are still thriving. These include traditional gender roles social conservatism hospitality and a willingness to help strangers; and all aspects both positive and negative of an agrarian lifestyle such as hard work poverty strong family ties and a closeness to nature. The people of the eastern Black Sea region are also known for their wit and sense of humour; in fact many jokes in Turkey are told about the natives of the Black Sea region Karadeniz fkralar (Black Sea jokes). The character Temel a universal buffon figure found in many cultures forms an important part of the Turkish oral tradition. The city's profile was raised somewhat in the English-speaking world by Dame Rose Macaulay's last novel The Towers of Trebizond (1956) which is still in print.24 Education A view from the KTU campus. Karadeniz Technical University in Trabzon hosts students from all over Turkey especially from the Black Sea and East Anatolian regions as well as students from the Turkic states in Central Asia. Historically the city was a center of Greek culture and education and from 1683 to 1921 a teachers' college operated known as Phrontisterion of Trapezous which provided a major impetus for the rapid expansion of Greek education throughout the region.25 The building of this institution still remains the most impressive Pontic Greek monument in the city and today hosts the Turkish school Anadolu Lisesi.26 Cuisine Trabzon's regional cuisine is traditionally reliant on fish especially hamsi (fresh European Anchovy similar to the British Sprat or American Smelt). Trabzon meets 20% of the total fish production in Turkey. Regional dishes include the Akaabat kfte (spicy lamb meatball from the Akaabat district) Karadeniz pidesi (canoe shaped pita bread often filled with ground beef cheese and eggs) sucuk (Turkish sausage) pastrma (pastrami) kuymak (a Turkish fondue made with cornmeal fresh butter and cheese) Vakfkebir ekmei (large country-style bread) Vakfkebir tereya (Vakfkebir butter) tava msr ekmei (deep-dish corn bread) and kara lahana orbas (bean and cabbage soup). Taflan kavurmas is a cherry laurel dish served with onions and olive oil. Trabzon is also famous for its hazelnuts. The Black Sea region of Turkey is the world's largest producer of cherry and hazelnut; and a large production area of tea; all of which play an important role in the local cuisine. Sports Trophies won by Trabzonspor at the club's museum. Football is by far the most popular sport in Trabzon as Trabzonspor was until 2010 the only Turkish club in Anatolia to win the Turkish Super League (6 times) as the "Big Three" of Istanbul (Fenerbahe Galatasaray and Beikta) had previously dominated and continue to do so. Due to Trabzonspor's success the decades-old term "Big Three" which defined the largest clubs of Turkey had to be modified into the "Big Four". Trabzonspor is also one of the most successful Turkish clubs in the European Cups managing to beat numerous prominent teams such as Barcelona Inter Liverpool Aston Villa and Olympique Lyonnais. Renowned former players of Trabzonspor include enol Gne Lars Olsen and Shota Arveladze. Trabzon hosted the First Edition of the Black Sea Games in July 2007 and will host the 2011 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival. Notable natives Athanasios of Athos (10th century AD) Orthodox saint Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman Emperor Eugenius of Trebizond Christian saint and martyr Basilios Bessarion bishop scholar and writer who influenced the Renaissance George of Trebizond philosopher scholar and writer who influenced the Renaissance Michael Panaretos Greek historian and statesman Gregory Choniades Greek astronomer John VIII Greek Orthodox Patriarch Cevdet Sunay 5th President of Turkey. Cevdet Sunay General and 5th President of Turkey Hasan Saka politician Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister Osman irin President of the High Court of Appeals of Turkey Ioannis Passalidis Greek politician Bahriye ok theologist politician writer columnist and women's rights activist Adnan Kahveci politician Altan ymen journalist writer and politician Ertem Eilmez Film Director Adem Ayral actor Erol Gnaydn actor Hayati Hamzaolu actor Mualla Eybolu One of Turkey's first female architects27 Bedri Rahmi Eybolu Painter and Poet Engin Ard writer and TV commentator Volkan Konak musician enol Gne football player and manager Tugay Kerimolu football player Hami Mandral football player Fatih Tekke football player Sunay Akn poet and writer Periklis Hristoforidis Greek actor Dimitris Psathas (19071979) Greek playwright Leon Zaven Surmelian (19071995) Armenian-American writer Twin towns sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey Trabzon is twinned with: Sochi Russia since 1993 Rizhao China since 1997 Szigetvr Hungary since 1998 Batumi Georgia since 2000 Rasht Iran since 2000 Zanjan Iran since 2001 Kuopio Finland since 1977 Kaunas Lithuania since 1987 See also Trabzon Vilayet Empire of Trebizond The Towers of Trebizond Black Sea Black Sea region Black Sea Technical University KTU Kemene Chepni Laz people Colchis Smela Monastery Trabzonspor Anatolian Tigers Kolbast Uzungl Ataturk Pavillion Horon Akaabat Kfte Phrontisterion of Trapezous Pontic Greeks Notes and references Port of Trabzon and Silk Road a b c William Miller (2009). The Latin Orient. Bibliobazaar LLC. pp. 5154. ISBN 111086390X.  R.B. Serjeant Islamic Textiles: material for a history up to the Mongol conquest 1972 pp 63 213 noted by David Jacoby "Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium the Muslim World and the Christian West" Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58 (2004:197-240) p. 219 note 112. a b The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times Richard G. Hovannisian page 27/28 2004 Toronto Globe August 26 1915. Takvimi Vekdyi No. 3616 August 6 1919 p. 2. Trabzon Greek: A language without a tongue mer Asan http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspxmTRABZON http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3s83071&refer&unitsus&citynameTrabzon-Turkey Smer Faruk epniler http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/1982ay.htm Trkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasas Madde 66 elik Ali Do.Dr. epnilerin Anadolu'nun Trkletirilmesindeki Yeri Ve nemi a b *Ambartsumian Victor Amazaspovich; Abel Poghosi Simonyan; Makich Vahani Arzumanyan (1986) (in Armenian). Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran ("Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia"). 12. Yerevan. pp. 87. OCLC 10431241.  15.5% of 85% Jennings Ronald C. (Jan. 1976) Urban Population in Anatolia in the 16th Century: International Journal of MiddleEast Studies Vol. 7 No. 1 pp. 21-57. Bernt Brendemoen The Turkish dialects of Trabzon University of Oslo 2002 p18 Professor. Department of Near Eastern Studies. Princeton University Trabzon ehrinin slamlamas ve Trklemesi 14611583 ISBN 975-518-116-4 Michael Meeker "The Black Sea Turks: some aspects of their ethnic and cultural background" International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (1971) 2:318345 Meeker 1971: p. 326 "As the mentioned the villages along the Black Sea coast from Ordu to Artvin are composed of many hamlets each dominating a hilltop or mountain side on which its own crops are separately planted. This type of settlement pattern is in sharp contrast with the typical nucleated Anatolian village but its characteristic of many rural settlements of the Western Caucasus notably those of Abkhaz Circassians Georgians Mingrelians and Ossetes" For similar ideas See: Karl Koch Reise duch Russland nach dem Kaukasis chen Istmus in den Jahren 1836. vol1. p. 378; W.E.D. Allen A History of the Georgian People London 1932. pp. 545; zhan ztrk Karadeniz. 2005. p. 35 75768. For linguistic influence see: Bernt Brendomoen Laz influence on the Black Sea Turkish Dialects 1990 (Proceedings from 32nd meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference) Karalahana.com People and culture of Trabzon and Black sea region Macaulay Rose: The Towers of Trebizond (Collins London 1956) zdalga Elisabeth (2005). Late Ottoman society: the intellectual legacy. Routledge. p. 259. ISBN 9780415341646. http://books.google.gr/booksidsRtTyyGIgXsC&pgPA259&dqfrontistirion%2Bottoman&hlel&eiVWq3TLrQF4OD4AacounwCQ&saX&oibookresult&ctresult&resnum1&ved0CCsQ6AEwAA#vonepage&qIn%201683%2C%20a%20teachers%27%20college%20(Frontistirio)%20was%20opened%20in%20Trabzon%2C%20which%20provided%20a%20major%20impetus%20for%20the%20development%20of%20the%20so-called%20%27Pontus%20Renaissance%27%2C%20ie%2C%20the%20rapid%20expansion%20of%20Greek%20education%20throughout%20the%20region.&ffalse.  Bryer Anthony; Winfield David (2006). The post-Byzantine monuments of Pontos. Ashgate. p. xxxiii. ISBN 9780860788645. http://books.google.gr/bookseil6qwTPPJpDG4gaDjYClBg&ctresult&idgmfqAAAAMAAJ&dqTrebizond%2Bgreek%2Bphrontisterion&qphrontisterion#searchanchor.  Erikavuk Il (2009-08-21). "Portrait of A Lady as a non-conformist". Hrriyet Daily News and Economic Review. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.phpnportrait-of-a-lady-as-a-non-conformist-2009-08-20. Retrieved 2009-09-01.  Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites eds. Richard Stillwell William L. MacDonald Marian Holland McAllister: "Trapezus" zhan ztrk (2005). Karadeniz (Black Sea): Ansiklopedik Szlk. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yaynclk. stanbul. ISBN 975-6121-00-9 Bryer Anthony; David Winfield (1985-03). Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos (Dumbarton Oaks Studies20) Two Volume Set. Dumbarton Oaks Pub Service. ISBN 088402122X.  CSMonitor.com New York Times External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Trabzon Governorship of Trabzon Uzungl in Trabzon Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Weather Forecast Information Historical postcards of Trabzon Black Sea Giresun Rize    Trabzon     Gmhane and Bayburt Coordinates: 4100N 3944E / 41N 39.733E / 41; 39.733 v d e Trabzon in Trabzon Province (in the Black Sea region) of Turkey Urban districts Trabzon Rural districts Akaabat - Arakl - Arsin - Beikdz - arba - aykara - Dernekpazar - Dzky - Hayrat - Kprba - Maka - Of - alpazar - Srmene - Tonya - Vakfkebir - Yomra Regions Provinces Aegean Afyonkarahisar - Aydn - Denizli - zmir - Ktahya - Manisa - Mula - Uak Black Sea Amasya - Artvin - Bartn - Bayburt - Bolu - orum - Dzce - Giresun - Gmhane - Karabk - Kastamonu - Ordu - Rize - Samsun - Sinop - Tokat - Trabzon - Zonguldak Central Anatolia Aksaray - Ankara - ankr - Eskiehir - Karaman - Kayseri - Krkkale - Krehir - Konya - Nevehir - Nide - Sivas - Yozgat Eastern Anatolia Ar - Ardahan -Bingl - Bitlis - Elz - Erzincan - Erzurum - Hakkri - Idr - Kars - Malatya - Mu - Siirt - Tunceli - Van Marmara Balkesir - Bilecik - Bursa - anakkale - Edirne - Istanbul - Krklareli - Kocaeli - Sakarya - Tekirda - Yalova Mediterranean Adana - Antalya- Burdur - Hatay - Isparta - Kahramanmara - Kilis - Mersin - Osmaniye Southeastern Anatolia Adyaman - Batman - Diyarbakr - Gaziantep - Mardin - anlurfa - rnak