For other uses see Treason (disambiguation) or Traitor (disambiguation). The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (August 2010) A 19th century illustration of Guy Fawkes by George Cruikshank. Guy Fawkes tried to assassinate James I of England. He failed and was convicted of treason and sentenced to be hanged drawn and quartered.

In law treason is the crime that covers some of the more serious acts of betrayal of one's sovereign or nation. Historically treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors such as the murder of a husband by his wife. Treason against the king was known as high treason and treason against a lesser superior was petit treason. A person who commits treason is known in law as a traitor.

Oran's Dictionary of the Law (1983) defines treason as "...a...citizen's actions to help a foreign government overthrow make war against or seriously injure the parent nation." In many nations it is also often considered treason to attempt or conspire to overthrow the government even if no foreign country is aided or involved by such an endeavour.

Outside legal spheres the word "traitor" may also be used to describe a person who betrays (or is accused of betraying) their own political party nation family friends ethnic group team religion social class or other group to which they may belong. Often such accusations are controversial and disputed as the person may not identify with the group of which they are a member or may otherwise disagree with the group leaders making the charge. See for example race traitor.

At times the term "traitor" has been levelled as a political epithet regardless of any verifiable treasonable action. In a civil war or insurrection the winners may deem the losers to be traitors. Likewise the term "traitor" is used in heated political discussion  typically as a slur against political dissidents or against officials in power who are perceived as failing to act in the best interest of their constituents. In certain cases as with the German Dolchstolegende the accusation of treason towards a large group of people can be a unifying political message.

In English law high treason was punishable by being hanged drawn and quartered (men) or burnt at the stake (women) or beheading (royalty and nobility). Treason was the only crime which attracted those penalties (until they were abolished in 1814 1790 and 1973 respectively).1 The penalty was used by later monarchs against people who could reasonably be called traitors although most modern jurists would call it excessive. Many of them would now just be considered dissidents.

In William Shakespeare's play King Lear (circa 1600) when the King learns that his daughter Regan has publicly dishonoured him he says They could not would not do 't; 'tis worse than murder: a conventional attitude at that time. In Dante Alighieri's Inferno the ninth and lowest circle of Hell is reserved for traitors; Judas Iscariot who betrayed Jesus suffers the worst torments of all: being constantly gnawed at by one of Lucifer's own three mouths. His treachery is considered so notorious that his name has long been synonymous with traitor a fate he shares with Benedict Arnold Marcus Junius Brutus (who too is depicted in Dante's Inferno suffering the same fate as Judas along with Cassius Longinus) and Vidkun Quisling. Indeed the etymology of the word traitor originates with Judas' handing over of Jesus to the Roman authorities: the word is derived from the Latin traditor which means "one who delivers."2

Christian theology and political thinking until after the Enlightenment considered treason and blasphemy as synonymous as it challenged both the state and the will of God. Kings were considered chosen by God and to betray one's country was to do the work of Satan. Cartoon depicting Vclav Blsk (18181878) Mayor of Prague from 1863 till 1867 in charge of the city during Prussian occupation in July 1866. Some forces wanted to try him for high treason (left: "What some men wished" "Dr. Blsk for high treason") but he got a full confidence from the Council of Prague (right: "but what they did not expect" "address of confidence from the city of Prague"). Contents 1 In individual jurisdictions 1.1 Australia 1.1.1 New South Wales 1.1.2 Victoria 1.2 Brazil 1.3 Canada 1.4 France 1.5 Hong Kong 1.6 Germany 1.7 Ireland 1.7.1 Before 1937 1.8 New Zealand 1.9 Russia 1.10 Switzerland 1.11 Turkey 1.12 United Kingdom 1.12.1 International influence 1.13 United States 1.13.1 Federal 1.13.2 State 1.14 Muslim countries 1.14.1 Algeria 1.14.2 Bahrain 1.14.3 Iran 1.14.4 Palestinian territories 2 List of people convicted by country 3 Related offences 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 External links 7 References In individual jurisdictions Australia

Section 80.1 of the Criminal Code contained in the schedule of the Australian Criminal Code Act 1995 defines treason as follows: "A person commits an offence called treason if the person: (a) causes the death of the Sovereign the heir apparent of the Sovereign the consort of the Sovereign the Governor-General or the Prime Minister; or (b) causes harm to the Sovereign the Governor-General or the Prime Minister resulting in the death of the Sovereign the Governor-General or the Prime Minister; or (c) causes harm to the Sovereign the Governor-General or the Prime Minister or imprisons or restrains the Sovereign the Governor-General or the Prime Minister; or (d) levies war or does any act preparatory to levying war against the Commonwealth; or (e) engages in conduct that assists by any means whatever with intent to assist an enemy: (i) at war with the Commonwealth whether or not the existence of a state of war has been declared; and (ii) specified by Proclamation made for the purpose of this paragraph to be an enemy at war with the Commonwealth; or (f) engages in conduct that assists by any means whatever with intent to assist: (i) another country; or (ii) an organisation; that is engaged in armed hostilities against the Australian Defence Force; or (g) instigates a person who is not an Australian citizen to make an armed invasion of the Commonwealth or a Territory of the Commonwealth; or (h) forms an intention to do any act referred to in a preceding paragraph and manifests that intention by an overt act."

A person is not guilty of treason under paragraphs (e) (f) or (h) if their assistance or intended assistance is purely humanitarian in nature. The maximum penalty for treason is life imprisonment. Section 24AA of the Crimes Act 1914 creates the related offence of treachery. New South Wales The Treason Act 1351 the Treason Act 1795 and the Treason Act 1817 form part of the law of New South Wales. The Treason Act 1795 and the Treason Act 1817 have been repealed by section 11 of the Crimes Act 1900 except in so far as they relate to the compassing imagining inventing devising or intending death or destruction or any bodily harm tending to death or destruction maim or wounding imprisonment or restraint of the person of the heirs and successors of King George III of the United Kingdom and the expressing uttering or declaring of such compassings imaginations inventions devices or intentions or any of them. Section 12 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) creates an offence which is derived from section 3 of the Treason Felony Act 1848: 12 Compassing etc deposition of the Sovereignoverawing Parliament etc Whosoever within New South Wales or without compasses imagines invents devises or intends to deprive or depose Our Most Gracious Lady the Queen her heirs or successors from the style honour or Royal name of the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom or of any other of Her Majesty's dominions and countries or to levy war against Her Majesty her heirs or successors within any part of the United Kingdom or any other of Her Majesty's dominions in order by force or constraint to compel her or them to change her or their measures or counsels or in order to put any force or constraint upon or in order to intimidate or overawe both Houses or either House of the Parliament of the United Kingdom or the Parliament of New South Wales or to move or stir any foreigner or stranger with force to invade the United Kingdom or any other of Her Majesty's dominions or countries under the obeisance of Her Majesty her heirs or successors and expresses utters or declares such compassings imaginations inventions devices or intentions or any of them by publishing any printing or writing or by open and advised speaking or by any overt act or deed shall be liable to imprisonment for 25 years. Section 16 provides that nothing in Part 2 repeals or affects anything enacted by the Treason Act 1351 (25 Edw.3 c. 2). This section reproduces section 6 of the Treason Felony Act 1848. Victoria The offence of treason was created by section 9A(1) of the Crimes Act 1958. Brazil According to Brazilian law treason is the crime of disloyalty by a citizen to the Federal Republic of Brazil applying to combatants of the Brazilian military forces. Treason during warfare is the only crime for which a person can be sentenced to death (see capital punishment in Brazil). The only military person in the history of Brazil to be convicted of treason was Carlos Lamarca an army captain who deserted to become the leader of a left-wing guerrilla against the military dictatorship. Canada Section 46 of the Criminal Code of Canada has two degrees of treason called "high treason" and "treason." However both of these belong to the historical category of high treason as opposed to petty treason which does not exist in Canadian law. Section 46 reads as follows: "High treason (1) Every one commits high treason who in Canada (a) kills or attempts to kill Her Majesty or does her any bodily harm tending to death or destruction maims or wounds her or imprisons or restrains her; (b) levies war against Canada or does any act preparatory thereto; or (c) assists an enemy at war with Canada or any armed forces against whom Canadian Forces are engaged in hostilities whether or not a state of war exists between Canada and the country whose forces they are. Treason (2) Every one commits treason who in Canada (a) uses force or violence for the purpose of overthrowing the government of Canada or a province; (b) without lawful authority communicates or makes available to an agent of a state other than Canada military or scientific information or any sketch plan model article note or document of a military or scientific character that he knows or ought to know may be used by that state for a purpose prejudicial to the safety or defence of Canada; (c) conspires with any person to commit high treason or to do anything mentioned in paragraph (a); (d) forms an intention to do anything that is high treason or that is mentioned in paragraph (a) and manifests that intention by an overt act; or (e) conspires with any person to do anything mentioned in paragraph (b) or forms an intention to do anything mentioned in paragraph (b) and manifests that intention by an overt act." It is also illegal for a Canadian citizen to do any of the above outside Canada. The penalty for high treason is life imprisonment. The penalty for treason is imprisonment up to a maximum of life or up to 14 years for conduct under subsection (2)(b) or (e) in peacetime. France Article 411-1 of the French Penal Code defines treason as follows: "The acts defined by articles 411-2 to 411-11 constitute treason where they are committed by a French national or a soldier in the service of France and constitute espionage where they are committed by any other person." Article 411-2 prohibits "handing over troops belonging to the French armed forces or all or part of the national territory to a foreign power to a foreign organisation or to an organisation under foreign control or to their agents". It is punishable by life imprisonment and a fine of 750000. Generally parole is not available until 18 years of a life sentence have elapsed.3 Articles 411-3 to 411-10 define various other crimes of collaboration with the enemy sabotage and the like. These are punishable with imprisonment for between thirty and seven years. Article 411-11 make it a crime to incite any of the above crimes. Besides treason and espionage there are many other crimes dealing with national security insurrection terrorism and so on. These are all to be found in Book IV of the Code. Hong Kong Section 2 of the Crime Ordinance provides that levying war against the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China conspiring to do so instigating a foreigner to invade Hong Kong or assisting any public enemy at war with the Central People's Government is treason punishable with life imprisonment.45 Germany The German law differentiates between two types of treason: "High treason" (Hochverrat) and "treason" (Landesverrat). The high treason defined in the Section 816 of the German criminal code is defined as a violent attempt against the existence or the constitutional order of the Federal Republic of Germany carrying a penalty of life imprisonment or a fixed term of at least ten years. In less serious cases the penalty is 110 years in prison. The German criminal law also criminalizes the high treason against a German state. Preparation of both types of the crime is criminal and carries a penalty of up to five years. The other type of treason Landesverrat is defined in Section 94 1. This is basically the crime of espionage. The crime carries a penalty of one to five years in prison. However in especially severe cases life imprisonment or any term of at least of five years may be sentenced. Ireland Article 39 of the Constitution of Ireland (adopted in 1937) states that "treason shall consist only in levying war against the State or assisting any State or person or inciting or conspiring with any person to levy war against the State or attempting by force of arms or other violent means to overthrow the organs of government established by the Constitution or taking part or being concerned in or inciting or conspiring with any person to make or to take part or be concerned in any such attempt." 2 The Treason Act 1939 gave legislative effect to Article 39 and provided for the imposition of the death penalty on persons convicted of committing treason within the state and on citizens convicted of committing treason against Ireland outside of the state. The Act also created the ancillary offences of encouraging harbouring and comforting persons guilty of treason and the offence of misprision of treason. No person has been charged under this Act. The Criminal Justice Act 1990 removed the death penalty for treason setting the punishment at life imprisonment with parole in not less than forty years. 3 For other offences against national security see the Offences against the State Acts 19391998. Before 1937 Section 1(1) of the Treasonable Offences Act 1925 (enacted under the 1922 Constitution) defined treason as: (a) levying war against Saorstt ireann or (b) assisting any state or person engaged in levying war against Saorstt ireann or (c) conspiring with any person (other than his or her wife or husband) or inciting any person to levy war against Saorstt ireann or (d) attempting or taking part or being concerned in an attempt to overthrow by force of arms or other violent means the Government of Saorstt ireann as established by or under the Constitution or (e) conspiring with any person (other than his or her wife or husband) or inciting any person to make or to take part or be concerned in any such attempt.4 The maximum punishment was death. The Act also defined the offences of misprision of treason and of encouraging harbouring or comforting any person engaged in levying Saorstt ireann or engaged taking part or concerned in any attempt to overthrow by force of arms or other violent means the Government of Saorstt ireann as established by or under the Constitution of 1922. The Treasonable Offences Act 1925 was the first comprehensive and permanent measure designed to deal with offences against the state. Section 3 reenacted portions of the Treason Felony Act 1848 while sections 4 and 5 dealt respectively with the usurpation of executive authority and assemblies pretending to parliamentary functions. Section 6 prohibited the formation of pretended military or police forces and section 7 proscribed unauthorised drilling. Although Garda prosecuted a number of persons under section 1.1(d) in 1925 and 1926 the Minister for Justice Kevin O'Higgins believed that such serious charges were not 'desirable in the present conditions'. Rather more bluntly in March 1930 Eoin O'Duffy the Garda Commissioner wrote that the prospect of charging IRA members with 'levying war against the State' or with usurping executive authority would make a 'laughing stock' of the Garda. Before Irish independence treason was governed under the laws of the United Kingdom. Many historical Irish nationalist insurgents now considered heroes or freedom fighters in contemporary Ireland were executed for treason against the Irish or Union Crown. New Zealand New Zealand has treason laws that are stipulated under the Crimes Act 1961. Section 73 of the Crimes Act reads as follows: "Every one owing allegiance to Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand commits treason who within or outside New Zealand (a) Kills or wounds or does grievous bodily harm to Her Majesty the Queen or imprisons or restrains her; or (b) Levies war against New Zealand; or (c) Assists an enemy at war with New Zealand or any armed forces against which New Zealand forces are engaged in hostilities whether or not a state of war exists between New Zealand and any other country; or (d) Incites or assists any person with force to invade New Zealand; or (e) Uses force for the purpose of overthrowing the Government of New Zealand; or (f) Conspires with any person to do anything mentioned in this section." 7 The penalty is life imprisonment except that the maximum for conspiracy is 14 years. Treason was the last capital crime in New Zealand law with the death penalty not being revoked until 1989 years after it was abolished for murder. Very few people have been prosecuted for the act of treason in New Zealand and none have been prosecuted in recent years.8 Russia Article 275 of the Criminal Code of Russia 5 defines treason as "espionage disclosure of state secrets or any other assistance rendered to a foreign State a foreign organization or their representatives in hostile activities to the detriment of the external security of the Russian Federation committed by a citizen of the Russian Federation." The sentence is imprisonment for 12 to 20 years. It is not a capital offence even though murder and some aggravated forms of attempted murder are (although Russia currently has a moratorium on the death penalty). Subsequent sections provide for further offences against state security such as armed rebellion and forcible seizure of power. Switzerland There is no single crime of treason in Swiss law; instead multiple criminal prohibitions apply. Article 265 of the Swiss Criminal Code prohibits "high treason" (Hochverrat/haute trahison) as follows: "Whoever commits an act with the objective of violently changing the constitution of the Confederation or of a canton removing the constitutional authorities of the state from office or making them unable to exercise their authority separating Swiss territory from the Confederation or territory from a canton shall be punished with imprisonment of no less than a year." A separate crime is defined in article 267 as "diplomatic treason" (Diplomatischer Landesverrat/Trahison diplomatique): "1. Whoever makes known or accessible a secret the preservation of which is required in the interest of the Confederation to a foreign state or its agents (...) shall be punished with imprisonment of no less than a year. 2. Whoever makes known or accessible a secret the preservation of which is required in the interest of the Confederation to the public shall be punished with imprisonment of up to five years or a monetary penalty." In 1950 in the context of the Cold War the following prohibition of "foreign enterprises against the security of Switzerland" was introduced as article 266bis: "1 Whoever with the purpose of inciting or supporting foreign enterprises aimed against the security of Switzerland enters into contact with a foreign state or with foreign parties or other foreign organizations or their agents or makes or disseminates untrue or tendentious claims (unwahre oder entstellende Behauptungen / informations inexactes ou tendancieuses) shall be punished with imprisonment of up to five years or a monetary penalty. 2 In grave cases the judge may pronounce a sentence of imprisonment of no less than a month." The criminal code also prohibits among other acts the suppression or falsification of legal documents or evidence relevant to the international relations of Switzerland (art. 267 imprisonment of no less than a year) and attacks against the independence of Switzerland and incitement of a war against Switzerland (art. 266 up to life imprisonment). The Swiss military criminal code contains additional prohibitions under the general title of "treason" which also apply to civilians or which in times of war civilians are also (or may by executive decision be made) subject to. These include espionage or transmission of secrets to a foreign power (art. 86); sabotage (art. 86a); "military treason" i.e. the disruption of activities of military significance (art. 87); acting as a franc-tireur (art. 88); disruption of military action by disseminating untrue information (art. 89); military service against Switzerland by Swiss nationals (art. 90); or giving aid to the enemy (art. 91). The penalties for these crimes vary but include life imprisonment in some cases. Turkey By Turkish civil law Treason is defined as a citizen committing acts against the Republic of Turkey the parliament or Kemalist ideology. Treason is technically punished with the death penalty by hanging however capital punishment has not been implemented in Turkey since 1983. In Turkish military law treason is defined as insubordination disobeying direct orders and/or surrendering. The Turkish military considers retreating without explicit orders a form of treason which can be met with capital punishment executed by firing squad or a life sentence in military correctional facility. United Kingdom Main article: High treason in the United Kingdom See also: Petty treason and Treason felony The British law of treason is entirely statutory and has been so since the Treason Act 1351 (25 Edw. 3 St. 5 c. 2). The Act is written in Norman French but is more commonly cited in its English translation. The Treason Act 1351 has since been amended several times and currently provides for four categories of treasonable offences namely: "when a man doth compass or imagine the death of our lord the King or of our lady his Queen or of their eldest son and heir"; "if a man do violate the Kings companion or the Kings eldest daughter unmarried or the wife of the Kings eldest son and heir";9 "if a man do levy war against our lord the King in his realm or be adherent to the Kings enemies in his realm giving to them aid and comfort in the realm or elsewhere"; and "if a man slea the chancellor treasurer or the Kings justices of the one bench or the other justices in eyre or justices of assise and all other justices assigned to hear and determine being in their places doing their offices". Another Act the Treason Act 1702 (1 Anne stat. 2 c. 21) provides for a fifth category of treason namely: "if any person or persons ... shall endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding after the decease of her Majesty (whom God long preserve) to the imperial crown of this realm and the dominions and territories thereunto belonging". By virtue of the Treason Act 1708 the law of treason in Scotland is the same as the law in England save that in Scotland the slaying of the Lords of Session and Lords of Justiciary and counterfeiting the Great Seal of Scotland remain treason under sections 11 and 12 of the Treason Act 1708 respectively. 6 Treason is a reserved matter about which the Scottish Parliament is prohibited from legislating. Two acts of the former Parliament of Ireland passed in 1537 and 1542 create further treasons which apply in Northern Ireland. The penalty for treason was changed from death to a maximum of imprisonment for life in 1998 under the Crime And Disorder Act. 7 Before 1998 the death penalty was mandatory subject to the royal prerogative of mercy. Since the abolition of the death penalty for murder in 1965 an execution for treason was unlikely to be carried out. Treason laws were used against Irish insurgents before Irish independence. However IRA and other republican groups were not prosecuted or executed for treason for levying war against the British government during the Troubles. They along with loyalist groups were jailed for murder violent crimes or terrorist offences. William Joyce was the last person to be put to death for treason in 1946. (On the following day Theodore Schurch was executed for treachery a similar crime and was the last man to be executed for a crime other than murder in the UK.) As to who can commit treason it depends on the ancient notion of allegiance. As such all British nationals (but not other Commonwealth citizens) owe allegiance to the Queen in right of the United Kingdom wherever they may be as do Commonwealth citizens and aliens present in the United Kingdom at the time of the treasonable act (except diplomats and foreign invading forces) those who hold a British passport however obtained and aliens who having lived in Britain and gone abroad again have left behind family and belongings. International influence The Treason Act 1695 enacted among other things a rule that treason could be proved only in a trial by the evidence of two witnesses to the same offence. Nearly one hundred years later this rule was incorporated into the U.S. Constitution which requires two witnesses to the same overt act. It also provided for a three year time limit on bringing prosecutions for treason (except for assassinating the king) another rule which has been imitated in some common law countries. The Sedition Act 1661 made it treason to imprison restrain or wound the king. Although this law was abolished in the United Kingdom in 1998 it still continues to apply in some Commonwealth countries. United States Federal To avoid the abuses of the English law (including executions by Henry VIII of those who criticized his repeated marriages) treason was specifically defined in the United States Constitution the only crime so defined. Article III Section 3 delineates treason as follows: Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying War against them or in adhering to their Enemies giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. However Congress has at times passed statutes creating related offenses that undermine the government or the national security such as sedition in the 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts or espionage and sedition in the 1917 Espionage Act which do not require the testimony of two witnesses and have a much broader definition than Article Three treason. For example some well-known spies have been convicted of espionage rather than treason. The Constitution does not itself create the offense; it only restricts the definition (the first paragraph) permits Congress to create the offense and restricts any punishment for treason to only the convicted (the second paragraph). The crime is prohibited by legislation passed by Congress. Therefore the United States Code at 18 U.S.C.  2381 states "whoever owing allegiance to the United States levies war against them or adheres to their enemies giving them aid and comfort within the United States or elsewhere is guilty of treason and shall suffer death or shall be imprisoned not less than five years and fined under this title but not less than $10000; and shall be incapable of holding any office under the United States." The requirement of testimony of two witnesses was inherited from the British Treason Act 1695. One of American history's most notorious traitors is Benedict Arnold whose name is considered synonymous with the definition of traitor due to his collaboration with the British during the War of Independence. However this occurred before the Constitution was written. Since the Constitution came into effect there have been fewer than 40 federal prosecutions for treason and even fewer convictions. Several men were convicted of treason in connection with the 1794 Whiskey Rebellion but were pardoned by President George Washington. The most famous treason trial that of Aaron Burr in 1807 (See Burr conspiracy) resulted in acquittal. Politically motivated attempts to convict opponents of the Jeffersonian Embargo Acts and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 all failed. After the American Civil War no person involved with the Confederate States of America was tried for treason though a number of leading Confederates (including Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee) were indicted. Those who had been indicted received a blanket amnesty issued by President Andrew Johnson as he left office in 1869. The Cold War saw frequent associations between treason and support for (or insufficient hostility toward) Communist-backed causes. The most memorable of these came from Senator Joseph McCarthy who accused the Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry Truman administrations of "twenty years of treason." As chosen chair of the Senate Permanent Investigations Subcommittee McCarthy also investigated various government agencies for Soviet spy rings; however he acted as a political fact-finder rather than a criminal prosecutor. The Cold War period saw few prosecutions for treason. On October 11 2006 a federal grand jury issued the first indictment for treason against the United States since 1952 charging Adam Yahiye Gadahn for videos in which he appeared as a spokesman for al-Qaeda and threatened attacks on American soil.10 State Most states have provisions in their constitutions or statutes similar to those in the U.S. Constitution. The Extradition Clause specifically defines treason as an extraditable offense. There have been only two documented prosecutions for treason on the state level that of Thomas Dorr for treason against the state of Rhode Island for his part in the Dorr Rebellion and that of John Brown for treason against the state of Virginia for his part in the raid on Harpers Ferry. In 1859 he and a few of his sons infiltrated Harpers Ferrya military base in Virginiain an attempt to steal the weapons that were kept there. His goal was to give these weapons to slaves and lead them in an armed rebellion but his attempt was unsuccessful. His sons were killed in the ensuing battle and he was captured and then tried and convicted for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia. He was sentenced to death by hanging which was performed on December 2 1859.11 Muslim countries Early in Islamic history the only form of treason was seen as the attempt to overthrow a just government or waging war against the State. According to Arab tradition the prescribed punishment ranged from imprisonment to the severing of limbs and the death penalty depending on the severity of the crime. However even in cases of treason the repentance of a person would have to be taken into account.12 Currently the consensus among major Islamic schools is that apostacy (leaving Islam) is considered treason and that the penalty is death; this is supported not in the Quran but in the Hadith.131415161718 This confusion between apostasy and treason almost certainly had its roots in the Ridda Wars in which an army of rebel traitors led by the self-proclaimed prophet Musaylima attempted to destroy the caliphate of Abu Bakr. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century the Iranian Cleric Sheikh Fazlollah Noori opposed the Iranian Constitutional Revolution by inciting insurrection against them through issuing Fatwahs and publishing pamphlets arguing democracy will bring vice to the country. The new government executed him for treason in 1909. In Malaysia it is treason to commit offences against the Yang di-Pertuan Agongs person waging attempting to wage war or abetting the waging of war against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong a Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri. All these offences are punishable by hanging which derives from the English treason acts (a former British colony Malaysia's legal system is based on English common law). Algeria In Algeria treason is defined as the following: attempts to change the regime or actions aimed at incitement destruction of territory sabotage to public and economic utilities participation in armed bands or in insurrectionary movements Bahrain In Bahrain plotting to topple the regime collaborating with a foreign hostile country and threatening the life of the Emir are defined as treason and punishable by death. The State Security Law of 1974 was used to crush dissent that could be seen as treasonous which was criticised for permitting severe human rights violations in accordance with Article One: "If there is serious evidence that a person has perpetrated acts delivered statements exercised activities or has been involved in contacts inside or outside the country which are of a nature considered to be in violation of the internal or external security of the country the religious and national interests of the State its social or economic system; or considered to be an act of sedition that affects or can possibly affect the existing relations between the people and Government between the various institutions of the State between the classes of the people or between those who work in corporations propagating subversive propaganda or disseminating atheistic principles; the Minister of Interior may order the arrest of that person committing him to one of Bahrain's prisons searching him his residence and the place of his work and may take any measure which he deems necessary for gathering evidence and completing investigations. "The period of detention may not exceed three years. Searches may only be made and the measures provided for in the first paragraph may only be taken upon judicial writ." Iran In Iran every act of disloyalty is considered high treason even expressing one's mind against the Supreme Leader of Iran. Acting against the military forces or police forces is also treason because they are arguably loyal to the supreme leader. Most judges are careful with the death sentence if the crime is considered a disloyalty to the supreme leader because every sentence lower than death sentence is not acceptable. After a presidential election in which people started to oppose the government and country leaders courts have been a lot more sensitive about the crime of treason in order to keep better control of the situation.citation needed Palestinian territories In the areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority it is treason to give assistance to Israeli troops or sell land to Jews (irrespective of nationality) and also non-Jewish Israeli citizens under the Palestinian Land Laws. Both crimes are capital offences subject to the death penalty. Likewise in the Gaza Strip under the Hamas led government any sort of cooperation or assistance to Israeli forces during military actions is also punishable by death. List of people convicted by country Main article: List of people convicted of treason Related offences There are a number of other crimes against the state short of treason: Apostasy in Islam is currently considered treason in Islamic belief but this was not historically the case. Compounding treason is dropping a prosecution for treason in exchange for money or money's worth. Defection or leaving the country is regarded in some communist countries (especially during the Cold War) as disloyal to the state. Espionage or spying. Lse majest is insulting a head of state and is a crime in some countries. Misprision of treason is a crime consisting of the concealment of treason. Sedition is inciting civil unrest or insurrection or undermining the government. Treachery the name of a number of derivative offences. Treason felony a British offence tantamount to treason. Further reading Elaine Shannon and Ann Blackman The Spy Next Door : The Extraordinary Secret Life of Robert Philip Hanssen The Most Damaging FBI Agent in US History Little Brown and Company 2002 ISBN 0-316-71821-1 Ben-Yehuda Nachman "Betrayals and Treason. Violations of trust and Loyalty." Westview Press 2001 ISBN 0-8133-9776-6 Longaigh Seosamh "Emergency Law in Independent Ireland 19221948" Four Courts Press Dublin 2006 ISBN 1-85182-922-9 See also Constructive treason External links Look up treason in Wiktionary the free dictionary. Look up traitor in Wiktionary the free dictionary. Find more about Treason on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons British Treason Law Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Official site References Treason Act 1814. Online Etymology Dictionary 195.83.177.9 Cap 200 s 2 Cap 2601 s 6 Iuscomp.org Crimes Act 1961 Section 73 Justice.govt.nz As was widely pointed out in the press at the time if the allegations that James Hewitt had an affair with Princess Diana whilst she was married to Prince Charles had been substantiated it would have amounted to the crime of treason. IHT.com Queens consort Anne Boleyn Catherine Howard and Caroline of Brunswick were prosecuted for treasonable adultery. American to Be Indicted for Treason Fox News October 12 2006 "John Brown Fanatical Abolitionist Whose Raid at Harpers Ferry Led to Civil War". http://history1800s.about.com/od/americanoriginals/p/johnbrownbio.htm.  AlIslam.org Guardian.co.uk DailyMail.co.uk FoxNews.com FreeCopts.net AsiaNews.it Frontpagemag.com v d eTypes of crime Note: Crimes vary by jurisdiction. Not all types are listed here. Classes Infraction  Misdemeanor  Felony  Summary  Indictable  Hybrid Against the person Assault  Battery  Extortion  Harassment  Kidnapping  Identity theft  Manslaughter (corporate)  Murder  Rape  Robbery  Sexual assault Against property Arson  Blackmail  Burglary  Deception  Embezzlement  False pretenses  Fraud  Handling  Larceny  Theft  Vandalism Against public order Drug possession Against the state Tax evasion  Espionage  Treason Against justice Bribery  Misprision of felony  Obstruction  Perjury  Malfeasance in office Inchoate offenses Accessory  Attempt  Conspiracy  Incitement  Solicitation  Common purpose WikiSource  Wikimedia Commons  Wikiquote  Wikinews