This article is about the country. For the bird see Turkey (bird). For other uses see Turkey (disambiguation). Republic of Turkey Trkiye Cumhuriyeti Flag Anthem: stikll Mar Independence March Location of Turkey Capital Ankara 3955N 3250E / 39.917N 32.833E / 39.917; 32.833 Largest city Istanbul Official language(s) Turkish Demonym Turkish Government Parliamentary republic  -  Founder Mustafa Kemal Atatrk  -  President Abdullah Gl  -  Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoan  -  Speaker of the Parliament Mehmet Ali ahin  -  President of the Constitutional Court Haim Kl Legislature Grand National Assembly Succession to the Ottoman Empire   -  Treaty of Lausanne July 24 1923   -  Declaration of Republic October 29 1923  Area  -  Total 783562 km2 (37th) 302535 sq mi   -  Water (%) 1.3 Population  -  2010 census 73722988 (December 2010 est.)1 (18)  -  Density 94.1/km2 (108th) 239.8/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate  -  Total $960.511 billion2 (16)  -  Per capita $134642  GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate  -  Total $741.853 billion2 (17)  -  Per capita $103992  Gini (2005) 38  HDI (2009) 0.6793 (high) (83rd) Currency Turkish lira4 (TRY) Time zone EET (UTC+2)  -  Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) Date formats dd/mm/yyyy (AD) Drives on the right ISO 3166 code TR Internet TLD .tr Calling code 90

Turkey (Turkish: Trkiye) known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Trkiye Cumhuriyeti (helpinfo)) is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.5 Turkey's location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia makes it a country of significant geostrategic importance.67

Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The predominant religion by number of people is Islam.8 The country's official language is Turkish whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas who comprise 18% of the population.9

Turks began migrating into the area now called Turkey (derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia i.e. "Land of the Turks") in the 11th century. The process was greatly accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert.10 Several small beyliks and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol Empire's invasion. Starting from the 13th century the Ottoman beylik united Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern Europe Western Asia and North Africa. After the Ottoman Empire collapsed following its defeat in World War I parts of it were occupied by the victorious Allies. A cadre of young military officers led by Mustafa Kemal Atatrk organized a successful resistance to the Allies; in 1923 they would establish the modern Republic of Turkey with Atatrk as its first president.

Turkey is a democratic secular unitary constitutional republic with an ancient cultural heritage. Turkey is an independent Turkic state which has become increasingly integrated with the West through membership in organizations such as the Council of Europe NATO OECD OSCE and the G-20 major economies. Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005 having been an associate member of the European Economic Community since 1963 and having reached a customs union agreement in 1995. Turkey has also fostered close cultural political economic and industrial relations with the Middle East the Turkic states of Central Asia and the African countries through membership in organizations such as the Turkic Council Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture Organisation of the Islamic Conference and the Economic Cooperation Organization. Given its strategic location large economy and military strength Turkey is a major regional power.11 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Turks and the Ottoman Empire 2.3 Republic era 3 Politics 3.1 Foreign relations 3.2 Military 4 Administrative divisions 5 Geography 5.1 Climate 6 Economy 7 Demographics 7.1 Urbanisation 7.2 Language 7.3 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Sports 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology Main article: Name of Turkey

The name of Turkey Trkiye in the Turkish language can be divided into two components: the ethnonym Trk and the abstract suffix iye meaning "owner" "land of" or "related to" (derived from the Arabic suffix iyya which is similar to the Greek and Latin suffixes ia). The first recorded use of the term "Trk" or "Trk" as an autonym is contained in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Gktrks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century CE). Tukin has been attested as early as 177 BCE as a name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia. The English word "Turkey" is derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia (c. 1369).12 The Greek cognate of this name Tourkia was originally used by the Byzantines to describe medieval Hungary131415 (as the Hungarians and Turks have ancestral links) but they later began using this name to define the Seljuk-controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. History Main article: History of Turkey Antiquity Main articles: History of Anatolia and Thrace#History

The Anatolian peninsula comprising most of modern Turkey is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in the world. The earliest Neolithic settlements such as atalhyk (Pottery Neolithic) ayn (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to Pottery Neolithic) Neval ori (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) Haclar (Pottery Neolithic) Gbekli Tepe (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) and Mersin are considered to be among the earliest human settlements in the world.16 Portion of the legendary walls of Troy (VII) identified as the site of the Trojan War (ca. 1200 BCE).

The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic and continued into the Iron Age. Through recorded history Anatolians have spoken Indo-European Semitic and Kartvelian languages as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages radiated.17 The Hattians were an ancient people who inhabited the southeastern part of Anatolia noted at least as early as ca. 2300. Indo-European Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed Hattians ca. 2000-1700 BC. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites from the eighteenth through the 13th century BC. The Assyrians colonized parts of southeastern Turkey as far back as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC when the Assyrian Empire was conquered by the Chaldean dynasty in Babylon.1819 Following the Hittite collapse the Phrygians an Indo-European people achieved ascendancy until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC.20 The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia Caria and Lycia. The Lydians and Lycians spoke languages that were fundamentally Indo-European but both languages had acquired non-Indo-European elements prior to the Hittite and Hellenistic periods. The Celsus Library in Ephesus dating from 135 AD.

Starting around 1200 BC the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. Numerous important cities were founded by these colonists such as Miletus Ephesus Smyrna (modern Izmir) and Byzantium (later Constantinople and Istanbul). The first state established in Anatolia that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (Hecataeus of Miletus and Behistun Inscription) was the state of the Armenian Orontid dynasty. Anatolia was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th and 5th centuries BC and later fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC.21 Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms (including Bithynia Cappadocia Pergamum and Pontus) all of which had succumbed to the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC.22 Arsacid Armenia the first state to accept Christianity as official religion had lands in Anatolia.

In 324 the Roman emperor Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire renaming it New Rome (later Constantinople and Istanbul). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire it became the capital of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).23 Turks and the Ottoman Empire Main articles: Turkic migration Great Seljuq Empire and Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (ca. 1680). The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Knk Ouz Turks who resided on the periphery of the Muslim world north of the Caspian and Aral Seas in the Yabghu Khaganate of the Ouz confederacy24 in the 10th century. In the 11th century the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homelands towards the eastern regions of Anatolia which eventually became the new homeland of Ouz Turkic tribes following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The victory of the Seljuks gave rise to the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate; which developed as a separate branch of the larger Seljuk Empire that covered parts of Central Asia Iran Anatolia and Southwest Asia.25 In 1243 the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols causing the Seljuk empire's power to slowly disintegrate. In its wake one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would over the next 200 years evolve into the Ottoman Empire expanding throughout Anatolia the Balkans and the Levant.26 In 1453 the Ottomans completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital Constantinople. The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne is one of the most famous architectural legacies of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.7 At sea the empire contended with the Holy Leagues composed of Habsburg Spain the Republic of Venice and the Knights of St. John for control of the Mediterranean. In the Indian Ocean the Ottoman navy frequently confronted Portuguese fleets in order to defend its traditional monopoly over the maritime trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe; these routes faced new competition with the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. In addition the Ottomans were occasionally at war with Persia over territorial disputes or caused by religious differences between 16th and 18th centuries.27 During nearly two centuries of decline the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size military power and wealth. It entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. During the war an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were deported and exterminated in the Armenian Genocide.2829 Large scale massacres were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the Greeks and Assyrians.303132 Following the Armistice of Mudros on October 30 1918 the victorious Allied Powers partitioned the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Svres.26 Republic era Main articles: History of the Republic of Turkey and Atatrk's Reforms Mustafa Kemal Atatrk founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. The Occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish national movement.7 Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Svres.6 By September 18 1922 the occupying armies were expelled and the new Turkish state was established. On November 1 the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of July 24 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire and the republic was officially proclaimed on October 29 1923 in the new capital of Ankara.7 Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President of Turkey and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past.7 According to the Law on Family Names the Turkish parliament presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific surname "Atatrk" (Father of the Turks) in 1934.6 Roosevelt nn and Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference which was held between December 46 1943. Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II but entered on the side of the Allies on February 23 1945 as a ceremonial gesture and in 1945 became a charter member of the United Nations.33 Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support.34 After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War Turkey joined NATO in 1952 becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of intercommunal violence on the island of Cyprus and the Greek military coup of July 1974 overthrowing President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as dictator Turkey invaded the Republic of Cyprus in 1974.citation needed Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus which is only recognised by Turkey was established.35 The single-party period ended in 1945. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades which was interrupted by military coups d'tat in 1960 1971 1980 and 1997.36 In 1984 the PKK began an insurgency against the Turkish government; the conflict which has claimed over 40000 lives continues today.37 Since the liberalization of the Turkish economy during the 1980s the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability.38 Politics Main articles: Politics of Turkey Constitution of Turkey and Elections in Turkey The Grand Chamber of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara. Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923 Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism.39 Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state. The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. Abdullah Gl was elected as president on August 28 2007 by a popular parliament round of votes succeeding Ahmet Necdet Sezer.40 Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases and the High Court of Appeals for all others.41 The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of stanbul Recep Tayyip Erdoan whose conservative AK party won an absolute majority of parliamentary seats in the 2002 general elections organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2001 with 34% of the suffrage.42 Recep Tayyip Erdoan has twice been elected Prime Minister since 2002 and his party won 47% of the votes in the 2007 general elections. In the 2007 general elections the AKP received 46.6% of the votes and could defend its majority in parliament.43 Although the ministers do not have to be members of the parliament ministers with parliament membership are common in Turkish politics. In 2007 a series of events regarding state secularism and the role of the judiciary in the legislature has occurred. These included the controversial presidential election of Abdullah Gl who in the past had been involved with Islamist parties;44 and the government's proposal to lift the headscarf ban in universities which was annulled by the Constitutional Court leading to a fine and a near ban of the ruling party.45 Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933 and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004 there were 50 registered political parties in the country.46 The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist or ban their existence altogether.4748 There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (stanbul is divided into three electoral districts whereas Ankara and zmir are divided into two each because of their large populations). To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive political fragmentation only parties winning at least 10% of the votes cast in a national parliamentary election gain the right to representation in the parliament.46 Because of this threshold in the 2007 elections only three parties formally entered the parliament (compared to two in 2002).4950 Human rights in Turkey have been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. Between 1998 and 2008 the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations particularly the right to life and freedom from torture. Other issues such as Kurdish rights women's rights and press freedom have also attracted controversy. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU.51 The Turkish Journalists Association says that 58 of the country's journalists have been imprisoned. A U.S. State Department spokesman Philip Crowley said that the United States had "broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey."52 Foreign relations Main articles: Foreign relations of Turkey and Accession of Turkey to the European Union Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005 having been an associate member of the EEC since 1963. Turkey is a founding member of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945) the OECD (1961) the OIC (1969) the OSCE (1973) the ECO (1985) the BSEC (1992) and the G-20 major economies (1999). On October 17 2008 Turkey was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.53 Turkey's membership of the council effectively began on January 1 2009.53 Turkey had previously been a member of the U.N. Security Council in 19511952 19541955 and 1961.53 In line with its traditional Western orientation relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became a founding member of the Council of Europe in 1949 applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. After decades of political negotiations Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987 became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992 reached a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005.54 Since 1974 Turkey has not recognized the (essentially Greek Cypriot) Republic of Cyprus as the sole authority on the island but instead supports the Turkish Cypriot community in the form of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus which is recognized only by Turkey.55 The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign relations has been its ties with the United States. Based on the common threat posed by the Soviet Union Turkey joined NATO in 1952 ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington throughout the Cold War. In the postCold War environment Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East the Caucasus and the Balkans. In return Turkey has benefited from the United States' political economic and diplomatic support including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union. The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991 with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia56 thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The BakuTbilisiCeyhan pipeline forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However Turkey's border with Armenia a state in the Caucasus remains closed following its occupation of Azeri territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.57 Military Main article: Turkish Armed Forces Turkey joined NATO in 1952. The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Army the Navy and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions.58 The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing armed force in NATO after the U.S. Armed Forces with a combined strength of just over a million uniformed personnel serving in its five branches.59 Turkey is considered to be the strongest military power of the Middle East region besides Israel.11 Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to fifteen months dependent on education and job location.60 Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service.61 Boeing 737 AEW&C MESA Peace Eagle of the Turkish Air Force. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance together with Belgium Germany Italy and the Netherlands.62 A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force.63 In 1998 Turkey announced a program of modernization worth US$160 billion over a twenty year period in various projects including tanks fighter jets helicopters submarines warships and assault rifles.64 Turkey is a Level 3 contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program.65 Four MEKO 200 TN type frigates of the Turkish Navy in formation. Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950 including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War. Turkey maintains 36000 troops in northern Cyprus; their presence is supported and approved by the de facto local government but the Republic of Cyprus and the international community regard it as an illegal occupation force and its presence has also been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.66 Turkey has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the U.S. stabilization force and the UN-authorized NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since 2001.5967 In 2006 the Turkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700 ground troops as part of an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the wake of the Israeli-Lebanon conflict.68 The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the president and is responsible to the prime minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible to parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the parliament.58 The actual commander of the armed forces is the Chief of the General Staff General Ik Koaner since August 30 2010.69 Administrative divisions Main articles: List of regions of Turkey Provinces of Turkey Districts of Turkey and List of cities in Turkey Ankara Krklareli Edirne Tekirda anakkale Balkesir Bursa Yalova Istanbul Kocaeli Sakarya Dzce Zonguldak Bolu Bilecik Eskiehir Ktahya Manisa zmir Aydn Mula Denizli Burdur Uak Afyon Isparta Antalya Konya Mersin Karaman Aksaray Krehir Krkkale ankr Karabk Bartn Kastamonu Sinop orum Yozgat Nevehir Nide Adana Hatay Osmaniye K. Mara Kayseri Sivas Tokat Amasya Samsun Ordu Giresun Erzincan Malatya Gaziantep Kilis anlurfa Adyaman Gmhane Trabzon Rize Bayburt Erzurum Artvin Ardahan Kars Ar Idr Tunceli Elz Diyarbakr Mardin Batman Siirt rnak Bitlis Bingl Mu Van Hakkri The capital city of Turkey is Ankara. The territory of Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes. The provinces are organized into 7 regions for census purposes; however they do not represent an administrative structure. Each province is divided into districts for a total of 923 districts. Provinces usually bear the same name as their provincial capitals also called the central district; exceptions to this custom are the provinces of Hatay (capital: Antakya) Kocaeli (capital: zmit) and Sakarya (capital: Adapazar). Provinces with the largest populations are Istanbul (13 million) Ankara (5 million) zmir (4 million) Bursa (3 million) and Adana (2 million). The biggest city and the pre-Republican capital Istanbul is the financial economic and cultural heart of the country.70 An estimated 75.5% of Turkey's population live in urban centers.71 In all 19 provinces have populations that exceed 1 million inhabitants and 20 provinces have populations between 1 million and 500000 inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100000. Geography Main article: Geography of Turkey Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul connecting Europe (left) and Asia (right). Turkey is a transcontinental72 Eurasian country. Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia) which includes 97% of the country is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles (which together form a water link between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea). European Turkey (eastern Thrace or Rumelia in the Balkan peninsula) comprises 3% of the country.73 The territory of Turkey is more than 1600 kilometres (1000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide with a roughly rectangular shape.70 It lies between latitudes 35 and 43 N and longitudes 25 and 45 E. Turkey's area including lakes occupies 78356274 square kilometres (300948 sq mi) of which 755688 square kilometres (291773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23764 square kilometres (9174 sq mi) in Europe.70 Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.75 ldeniz Beach near Fethiye on the Turkish Riviera. The European section of Turkey East Thrace forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country Anatolia consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains between the Krolu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates Tigris and Aras and contains Lake Van and Mount Ararat Turkey's highest point at 5165 metres (16946 ft).7576 Lake Tuz Turkey's third-largest lake is a macroscopically visible feature in the middle of the country that ironically happens to look like a turkey. Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara Aegean Black Sea Central Anatolia Eastern Anatolia Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long narrow belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. As a general trend the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.75 Mount Ararat (Ar Da) is the highest peak in Turkey at 5165 m (16946 ft). Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosporus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east which caused a major earthquake in 1999.77 Climate See also: Climate in Turkey and Environmental issues in Turkey The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a temperate Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild to cool wet winters. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm wet summers and cool to cold wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara (including Istanbul) which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot moderately dry summers and cool to cold wet winters. Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter but it usually lies no more than a few days. Snow on the other hand is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons. Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of 30 C to 40 C (22 F to 40 F) can occur in eastern Anatolia and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west winter temperatures average below 1 C (34 F). Summers are hot and dry with temperatures generally above 30 C (86 F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in) with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is generally the wettest month whereas July and August are the driest.78 Economy Main articles: Economy of Turkey and Economic history of Turkey Maslak financial district in Istanbul Turkey has the world's 15th largest GDP-PPP79 and 17th largest Nominal GDP.80 The country is a founding member of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. During the first six decades of the republic between 1923 and 1983 Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector participation foreign trade flow of foreign currency and foreign direct investment. However in 1983 Prime Minister Turgut zal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a statist insulated system to a more private-sector market-based model.38 The reforms spurred rapid growth but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994 1999 (following the earthquake of that year)81 and 200182 resulting in an average of 4% GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003.83 Lack of additional fiscal reforms combined with large and growing public sector deficits and widespread corruption resulted in high inflation a weak banking sector and increased macroeconomic volatility.84 Since the economic crisis of 2001 and the reforms initiated by the finance minister of the time Kemal Dervi inflation has fallen to single-digit numbers investor confidence and foreign investment have soared and unemployment has fallen. The IMF forecasts a 6% inflation rate for Turkey in 2008.85 TCDD high speed train. Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment and the privatisation of publicly owned industries and the liberalisation of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate.86 The public debt to GDP ratio while well below its levels during the recession of 2001 reached 46% in 2010 Q3. The GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 7.4%87 which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. However GDP growth slowed down to 4.5% in 200888 and in early 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the global financial crisis with the IMF forecasting an overall recession of 5.1% for the year compared to the Turkish government estimate of 3.6%.89 In the early years of this century the chronically high inflation was brought under control and this led to the launch of a new currency the Turkish new lira on January 1 2005 to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.90 On January 1 2009 the new Turkish lira was renamed once again as the Turkish lira with the introduction of new banknotes and coins. As a result of continuing economic reforms inflation dropped to 8.2% in 2005 and the unemployment rate to 10.3%.91 One of the fastest growing airline companies in the world Turkish Airlines was chosen as the official carrier by Europe's leading football clubs like FC Barcelona92 and Manchester United.93 The company is also the primary sponsor of Euroleague Basketball.94 The tourism sector has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2008 there were 31 million visitors to the country who contributed $22 billion to Turkey's revenues.95 Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking construction home appliances electronics textiles oil refining petrochemical products food mining iron and steel machine industry and automotive. Turkey has a large and growing automotive industry which produced 1147110 motor vehicles in 2008 ranking as the 6th largest producer in Europe (behind the United Kingdom and above Italy) and the 15th largest producer in the world.9697 Turkey is also one of the leading shipbuilding nations; in 2007 the country ranked 4th in the world (behind China South Korea and Japan) in terms of the number of ordered ships and also 4th in the world (behind Italy USA and Canada) in terms of the number of ordered mega yachts.98 Esenboa International Airport in Ankara Turkey's economy is becoming more dependent on industry in major cities mostly concentrated in the western provinces of the country and less on agriculture. However traditional agriculture is still a major pillar of the Turkish economy. In 2007 the agricultural sector accounted for 9% of GDP while the industrial sector accounted for 31% and the services sector accounted for 59%.88 However agriculture still accounted for 27% of employment.99 In 2004 it was estimated that 46% of total disposable income was received by the top of 20% income earners while the lowest 20% received 6%.100 According to Eurostat data Turkish PPS GDP per capita stood at 45 per cent of the EU average in 2008.101 Turkish brands like BEKO and Vestel are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in Europe. Turkey has taken advantage of the European Union Turkey Customs Union signed in 1995 to increase its industrial production destined for exports while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country. Turkey now has also opportunity of a free trade agreement with the European Union (EU) - without full membership - that allows it to manufacture for tarif-free sale throughout the EU market.102103 By 2007 exports had reached $115 billion88 (main export partners: Germany 11% UK 8% Italy 7% France 6% Spain 4% USA 4%; total EU exports 57%.) However larger imports which amounted to $162 billion in 200788 threatened the balance of trade (main import partners: Russia 14% Germany 10% China 8% Italy 6% USA 5% France 5% Iran 4% UK 3%; total EU imports 40%; total Asia imports 27%).104105 Turkey's exports amounted to $142 billion in 2008 while imports amounted to $205 billion.88 After years of low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI) Turkey succeeded in attracting $22 billion in FDI in 2007 and is expected to attract a higher figure in following years.106 A series of large privatizations the stability fostered by the start of Turkey's EU accession negotiations strong and stable growth and structural changes in the banking retail and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to a rise in foreign investment.86 Demographics Main articles: Demographics of Turkey and Turkish people Ethnic groups in Turkey107 Ethnic groups Percent Turks   80% Kurds   15% Others   5% The historic stiklal Avenue in Istanbul's cosmopolitan Beyolu district. Life expectancy stands at 71.1 years for men and 75.3 years for women with an overall average of 73.2 years for the populace as a whole.108 Education is compulsory and free from ages 6 to 15. The literacy rate is 96% for men and 80.4% for women with an overall average of 88.1%.109 The low figures for women are mainly due to the traditional customs of the Arabs and Kurds who live in the southeastern provinces of the country.110 Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as "anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship"; therefore the legal use of the term "Turkish" as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition. However the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. The Kurds a distinct ethnic group concentrated mainly in the southeastern provinces of the country are the largest non-Turkic ethnicity estimated at about 18% of the population according to the CIA.111 Minorities other than the three officially recognized ones do not have any special group privileges while the term "minority" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey. Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available because Turkish census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity.112 Other major ethnic groups include the Abkhazians Albanians Arabs Assyrians Bosniaks Circassians Georgians Hamshenis Laz Pomaks (Bulgarians) Roma Zazas and the three officially recognized minorities (per the Treaty of Lausanne) i.e. the Armenians Greeks and Jews. Signed on January 30 1923 a bilateral accord of population exchange between Greece and Turkey took effect in the 1920s with close to 1.5 million Greeks moving from Turkey and some 500000 Turks coming from Greece.113 Minorities of West European origin include the Levantines (or Levanter mostly of French Genoese and Venetian descent) who have been present in the country (particularly in Istanbul114 and zmir115) since the medieval period. Urbanisation More than 73.7 million people live in Turkey nearly three-quarters of whom live in towns and cities. The population is increasing by 1.5% each year according to the 2009 census. In 1927 when the first census was taken in Turkey the population was 13.6 million.116 It has an average population density of 92 people per km. People within the 1564 age group constitute 67% of the total population the 014 age group is 26% of the population and people 65 years old and above make up 7%.117 Regions of Turkey with the largest populations are stanbul (+12 million) Ankara (+4.4 million) zmir (+3.7 million) Bursa (+2.4 million) Adana (+2.0 million) and Konya (+1.9 million).118 An estimated 70.5% of the population live in urban centers.119 In all 18 provinces have populations that exceed 1 million inhabitants and 21 provinces have populations between 1 million and 500000 inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100000. view talk view talk Largest cities of Turkey 2007 Census120 Istanbul Ankara Rank City Name Province Pop. Rank City Name Province Pop. zmir Bursa 1 Istanbul Istanbul 10861463 11 Diyarbakr Diyarbakr 613332 2 Ankara Ankara 3842737 12 Eskiehir Eskiehir 581408 3 zmir zmir 2644531 13 anlurfa anlurfa 472238 4 Bursa Bursa 1537040 14 Denizli Denizli 465947 5 Adana Adana 1506272 15 Samsun Samsun 459781 6 Gaziantep Gaziantep 1192023 16 Malatya Malatya 419212 7 Konya Konya 973791 17 Adapazar Sakarya 382226 8 Antalya Antalya 877945 18 Kahramanmara Kahramanmara 380805 9 Kayseri Kayseri 775594 19 Erzurum Erzurum 361160 10 Mersin Mersin 692300 20 Van Van 331986 Language Main article: Languages of Turkey Turkish is the sole official language throughout Turkey. Reliable figures for the linguistic breakdown of the populace are not available for reasons similar to those cited above.112 According to CIA the Turkish language is spoken by 70-75% of people and the Kurdish language by approximately 18% of people.121 The public broadcaster TRT broadcasts programmes in the local languages and dialects of Arabic Bosnian Circassian and Kurdish a few hours a week.122 A public television channel TRT 6 which airs programs of Kurdish-language most of the time was opened in early 2009.123 Religion Main article: Religion in Turkey The Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul. Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience.124125 Islam is the dominant religion of Turkey adhered to by about 97% of the population126 a figure that exceeds 99% if secular people of Muslim background are included.127128129 Research firms suggest the actual Muslim figure is around 98%130 or 97%.131 There are about 120000 people who are Christians including an estimated 60000 Armenian Gregorians132 35000 Roman Catholics133 17000 Syriac Orthodox 8000 Chaldean Catholics 3000-4000 Greek Orthodox132 and smaller numbers of Bulgarian Orthodox Georgian Orthodox and Protestants. Today there are 236 churches open for worship in Turkey.134 The Orthodox Church has been headquartered in Istanbul since the 4th century AD. Christians represent less than 0.2% of Turkey's population according to the CIA World Factbook135 and Christian organizations such as Joshua Project136 and Persecution.org.137 There are about 26000 people who are Jewish the vast majority of whom are Sephardi.138 The Bah' Faith in Turkey has roots in Bah'u'llh's the founder of the Bah' Faith being exiled to Constantinople current-day Istanbul by the Ottoman authorities. Bah's cannot register with the government officially139 but there are probably 10140 to 20141 thousand Bah's and around a hundred Bah' Local Spiritual Assemblies in Turkey.142 Though there are no exact figures on the Muslim sects according to a 2006 survey 82% were identified as Sunni Hanafi 9.1% Sunni Shafi'i and 5.7% were Alevi.citation needed Though academics suggest the Alevi population may be from 15 to 20 million.143144 Alevi community is sometimes classified within Twelver Shi'a Islam.citation needed According to Aksiyon magazine the number of Shiite Twelvers (excluding Alevis) is 3 million (4.2%) and they live in Istanbul Idr Kars Ankara zmir Manisa orum Mula Ar and Aydn.145 There are also some Sufi practitioners.146 The highest Islamic religious authority is the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Turkish: Diyanet leri Bakanl) it interprets the Hanafi school of law and is responsible for regulating the operation of the country's 80000 registered mosques and employing local and provincial imams.147 The role of religion has been controversial debate over the years since the formation of Islamist parties.148 Turkey was founded upon a strict secular constitution which forbids the influence of any religion including Islam. There are sensitive issues such as the fact that the wearing of the Hijab is banned in universities and public or government buildings as some view it as a symbol of Islam - though there have been efforts to lift the ban.149150151152 The vast majority of the present-day Turkish people are Muslim and the most popular sect is the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam which was officially espoused by the Ottoman Empire; according to the KONDA Research and Consultancy survey carried out throughout Turkey on 2007:8 40.8% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (religious); 42.3 % defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (not religious); 4.0% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (fully devout); 10.3% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (non-believer); and 4.09% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (atheist). Non-believers and atheists make up 15.2% of the population according to the KONDA Research and Consultancy survey.8 Culture Main article: Culture of Turkey Orhan Pamuk is one of the leading contemporary Turkish novelists and the winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the Ouz Turkic Anatolian Ottoman (which was itself a continuation of both Greco-Roman and Islamic cultures) and Western culture and traditions which started with the Westernization of the Ottoman Empire and still continues today. This mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who were in their path during their migration from Central Asia to the West.153154 As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-based former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion an increase in the modes of artistic expression followed. During the first years of the republic the government invested a large amount of resources into fine arts; such as museums theatres opera houses and architecture. Diverse historical factors play important roles in defining the modern Turkish identity. Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a "modern" Western state while maintaining traditional religious and historical values.153 One of the main entrance gates of the Dolmabahe Palace in Istanbul. Turkish music and literature form great examples of such a mix of cultural influences which were a result of the interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe thus contributing to a blend of Turkic Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts.155 Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic literature during most of the Ottoman era though towards the end of the Ottoman Empire particularly after the Tanzimat period the effect of both Turkish folk and European literary traditions became increasingly felt. The mix of cultural influences is dramatized for example in the form of the "new symbols of the clash and interlacing of cultures" enacted in the works of Orhan Pamuk winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.156 According to Konda public opinion researchers 70% of Turkish citizens never read books.157 Architectural elements found in Turkey are also testaments to the unique mix of traditions that have influenced the region over the centuries. In addition to the traditional Byzantine elements present in numerous parts of Turkey many artifacts of the later Ottoman architecture with its exquisite blend of local and Islamic traditions are to be found throughout the country as well as in many former territories of the Ottoman Empire. Mimar Sinan is widely regarded as the greatest architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. Since the 18th century Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by Western styles and this can be particularly seen in Istanbul where buildings like Dolmabahe and raan Palaces are juxtaposed next to numerous modern skyscrapers all of them representing different traditions.158 Sports Main article: Sports in Turkey Atatrk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final. The most popular sport in Turkey is football.159 Turkey's top teams include Galatasaray Fenerbahe and Beikta. In 2000 Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. Two years later the Turkish national team finished third in the 2002 World Cup Finals in Japan and South Korea while in 2008 the national team reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 2008 competition. The Atatrk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final while the kr Saracolu Stadium in Istanbul hosted the 2009 UEFA Cup Final. Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. Turkey hosted the finals of EuroBasket 2001 and the finals of the 2010 FIBA World Championship winning second place on both occasions; while Efes Pilsen S.K. won the Korac Cup in 1996 finished second in the Saporta Cup of 1993 and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001.160 Turkish basketball players such as Mehmet Okur and Hidayet Trkolu have also been successful in the NBA. Women's volleyball teams namely Eczacba Vakfbank Gne Sigorta and Fenerbahe Acbadem have won numerous European championship titles and medals. The traditional Turkish national sport has been yal gre (oiled wrestling) since Ottoman times.161 Edirne has hosted the annual Krkpnar oiled wrestling tournament since 1361.162 International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular with many European World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.163 Weightlifting has been a successful Turkish sport. Turkish weightlifters both male and female have broken numerous world records and won several European164 World and Olympic165 championship titles. Naim Sleymanolu and Halil Mutlu have achieved legendary status as one of the few weightlifters to have won three gold medals in three Olympics. Istanbul Park racing circuit a few hours before the F1 Turkish Grand Prix. Motorsport is another popular sport. Rally of Turkey was included to the FIA World Rally Championship calendar in 2003166 and the Turkish Grand Prix was included to the Formula One racing calendar in 2005.167 Other important annual motorsports events which are held at the Istanbul Park racing circuit include the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey the FIA World Touring Car Championship the GP2 Series and the Le Mans Series. From time to time Istanbul and Antalya also host the Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing championship; while the Turkish leg of the Red Bull Air Race World Series an air racing competition takes place above the Golden Horn in Istanbul. Surfing snowboarding skateboarding paragliding and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year. 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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2002. ISBN 92-64-19808-3. http://books.google.com/idufYUfR7mLgC&pgPP1&lpgPP1&dqTurkey.  IMF: World Economic Outlook Database April 2008. Inflation end of period consumer prices. Data for 2006 2007 and 2008. a b Jorn Madslien (2006-11-02). "Robust economy raises Turkey's hopes". British Broadcasting Corporation. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6103008.stm. Retrieved 2006-12-12.  Dilenschneider Group and Pangaeia Group "Turkey 360: Did You Know" Foreign Affairs January/February 2008 a b c d e "Turkey". CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/tu.html. Retrieved 2009-05-15. dead link ""Turkey's fragile economy" (2009-07-16)". The Economist. 2009-07-16. http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfmstoryid14041662. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  "Turkey knocks six zeros off lira". British Broadcasting Corporation. 2004-12-31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4137469.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-20.  World Bank (2005). "Data and Statistics for Turkey". World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org.tr/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/TURKEYEXTN/0menuPK:361738pagePK:141132piPK:141109theSitePK:36171200.html. Retrieved 2006-12-10.  Turkish Airlines (2010-01-18). "Turkish Airlines signs sponsorship deal with Barcelona". Press release. http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-INT/press-releases/4396/turkish-airlines-signs-sponsorship-deal-with-barcelona-%E2%80%A6.aspx. Retrieved 2010-01-20.  Turkish Airlines (2010-01-24). "Turkish Airlines becomes sponsor of Manchester United". Press release. http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-INT/press-releases/4414/turkish-airlines-becomes-sponsor-of-manchester-united%E2%80%A6.aspx. Retrieved 2010-01-25.  Turkish Airlines (2010-07-26). "An important strategic partnership agreement between Turkish Airlines and Euroleague Basketball". Press release. http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-INT/press-releases/5183/an-important-strategic-partnership-agreement-between-turkish-airlines-and-euroleague-basketball.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-29.  "Tourism Statistics in 2008". TURKSTAT. 2009-01-29. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.doid3993. Retrieved 2009-01-29.  "Trkiye otomotiv sektrnde byyor". Ulam Online. 2009-06-29. http://www.ulasimonline.com/newsdetail.phpid8052&uniqid1246562801. Retrieved 2009-07-06.  "2008 PRODUCTION STATISTICS". OICA. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  "Turkish Shipbuilding Industry". Catania Investments. http://cataniainvestments.com/files/turkey/TURKISHSHIPBUILDINGINDUSTURY.pps. Retrieved 2011-05-16.  "Turkey - Agriculture and Enlargement" (PDF). http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/enlargement/countries/turkey/profileen.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-04.  Turkish Statistical Institute (2006-02-27). "The result of Income Distribution". Turkish Statistical Institute. 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Xinhua. 2008-01-02. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/90858/90863/6331298.html. Retrieved 2008-01-02.  "Yabanc sermayede rekor". Hrriyet. 2008. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/8280578.aspgid196&sz40655. Retrieved 2008-02-21.  2dead link Turkish Statistical Institute (2004-10-18). "Population and Development Indicators Population and Demography". Turkish Statistical Institute. http://nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.aspaile1. Retrieved 2010-01-28.  Turkish Statistical Institute (2004-10-18). "Population and Development Indicators Population and Education". Turkish Statistical Institute. http://nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.aspaile3. Retrieved 2010-01-28.  Jonny Dymond (2004-10-18). "Turkish girls in literacy battle". British Broadcasting Corporation. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3753582.stm. Retrieved 2006-12-11.  "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html. Retrieved 2011-05-16.  a b Extra Guus; Gorter Durk (2001). The other languages of Europe: Demographic Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-8535-9509-8. http://books.google.com/idhvmyskUPNYC&pgRA1-PA422&lpgRA1-PA422&dq%22ethnic+groups+in+turkey%22.  The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope. Spiegel Online. November 28 2006. "NTV-MSNBC: "Giovanni Scognamillo ile sinema zerine"". Arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com. http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/458504.asp. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  "Sabah daily newspaper: "Onlar zmirli Hristiyan Trkler"". Arsiv.sabah.com.tr. http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2005/10/04/cp/gnc118-20051002-102.html. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  "Turkey". Library of Congress Country Studies. Turkish Statistical Institute (2010). "2009 Census population statistics in 2009". Turkish Statistical Institute. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.doid6178. Retrieved 2010-01-28.  Turkish Statistical Institute (2008). "2007 Census population by provinces". Turkish Statistical Institute. http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservletadnks&reportturkiyeilkoysehir.RDF&pkod1&desformathtml&ENVIDadnksEnv. Retrieved 2008-01-21.  Turkish Statistical Institute (2008). "2007 Censuspopulation living in cities". Turkish Statistical Institute. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.doid3894. Retrieved 2008-01-21.  http://report.tuik.gov.tr/ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html. Retrieved 2011-05-16.  Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information (2003). "Historical background of radio and television broadcasting in Turkey". Turkish Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20060830170539/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-10.  Nasuhi Gngr (2009). "Kurdish TRT". Zaman. http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetailgetNewsById.actionloaddetay&link162643. Retrieved 2009-02-25.  Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher LL.M.. "ICL International Constitutional Law Turkey Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. http://servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu00000.html. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  "Turkey: Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State Politics and Society" (PDF). Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. http://www.hsfk.de/downloads/prif78.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-19.  "Religious Freedom Page". Religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu. http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Turkey/rbodies.html. Retrieved 2011-05-16.  From the introduction of Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East edited by her B. Kellner-Heinkele & A. Otter-Beaujean. Leiden: Brill 1997. "Turkey". World Factbook. CIA. 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html.  "TURKEY" (PDF). Library of Congress Federal Research Division. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Turkey.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  Mapping the Global Muslim Population Pew Forum. October 2009. Retrieved on 2010-09-13. "KONDA Research and Consultancy Religion Secularism and the veil in daily life" (PDF). http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ghdl&ten.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-01. dead link a b "Foreign Ministry: 89000 minorities live in Turkey". Todayszaman.com. 2008-12-15. http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.doloaddetay&link161291. Retrieved 2011-05-16.  Fact-Archive.com: Roman Catholics by country Official Tourism Portal of Turkeydead link "Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html. Retrieved 2011-05-16.  Joshua Project. "Ethnic People Groups of Turkey". Joshua Project. http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.phprog3TU. Retrieved 2011-05-16.  "Turkey: Christians in Danger  Persecution News". Persecution.org. 2010-07-12. http://www.persecution.org/2010/07/12/turkey-christians-in-danger/. Retrieved 2011-05-16.  "An Overview of the History of the Jews in Turkey" (PDF). American Sephardi Federation. 2006. http://www.americansephardifederation.org/PDF/exhibitions/JewishCostumesEarlyHistoryJewsinTurkey.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-19.  "International Religious Freedom Report 2008 - Turkey". The Office of Electronic Information Bureau of Public Affair. 2008-09-19. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108476.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-15.  "For the first time Turkish Bahai appointed as dean". The Muslim Network for Bahai Rights. 2008-12-13. http://www.bahairights.org/2008/11/13/for-the-first-time-turkish-bahai-appointed-as-dean/. Retrieved 2008-12-15.  "Turkey /Religions & Peoples". LookLex Encyclopedia. LookLex Ltd. 2008. http://www.looklex.com/e.o/turkey4.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-15.  Walbridge John (March 2002). "Chapter Four - The Bahai Faith in Turkey". Occasional Papers in Shaykhi Babi and Baha'i Studies 06 (01). http://www.h-net.org/bahai/bhpapers/vol6/waless/chap4.htm.  Turkey - International Religious Freedom Report 2007 U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2010-09-16. Asia Times Feb 18 2010. Retrieved on 2010-09-16 "Caferi mamlar" (in Turkish). Aksiyon.com.tr. 2004-10-11. http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-15046-34-caferi-imamlar.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04.  "''Sufism''". All about Turkey. 2006-11-20. http://www.allaboutturkey.com/sufi.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  "Bureau of Democracy Human rights and Labor International Religious Freedom Report 2007 Turkey". State.gov. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90204.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  Civil society religion and the nation: modernization in intercultural context : Russia Japan Turkey Gerrit Steunebrink Evert van der Zweerde. pp.175-184. "Headscarf row in Turkey parliament". BBC News. 1999-05-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middleeast/333641.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  "Turkey eases ban on headscarves". BBC News. 2008-02-09. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7236128.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  "Turkish leaders face court case". BBC News. 2008-03-31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7321964.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  "Turkey headscarf ruling attacked". BBC News. 2008-06-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7441227.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  and "Turkish PM attacks proposed ban". BBC News. 2008-03-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7298291.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  a b Kaya brahim (2003). Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-8532-3898-7. http://books.google.com/id0Iy7pJBRgjYC&pgPA58&lpgPA58&dqTurkish+culture.  Royal Academy of Arts (2005). "Turks A Journey of a Thousand Years: 6001600". Royal Academy of Arts. http://www.turks.org.uk/index.phppid8. Retrieved 2006-12-12.  Cinuen Tanrkorur. "The Ottoman music". www.turkmusikisi.com. http://www.turkmusikisi.com/osmanlimusikisi/theottomanmusic.htm. Retrieved 2006-12-12.  "Pamuk wins Nobel Literature prize". British Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-10-12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6044192.stm. Retrieved 2006-12-12.  Azeri-Press Agency (APA) (23 Feb 2009). "70 percent of Turkish citizens never read book". http://en.apa.az/news.phpid97615. Retrieved 31 July 2010.  Goodwin Godfrey (2003). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-5002-7429-0.  Burak Sansal (2006). "Sports in Turkey". allaboutturkey.com. http://www.allaboutturkey.com/sports.htm. Retrieved 2006-12-13.  Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Teamdead link Burak Sansal (2006). "Oiled Wrestling". allaboutturkey.com. http://www.allaboutturkey.com/yagligures.htm. Retrieved 2006-12-13.  "Krkpnar Oiled Wrestling Tournament: History". Kirkpinar.com. 2007-04-21. http://www.kirkpinar.com/home.phplinkhistory&dilen. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  Christiane Gegner. "FILA Wrestling Database". Iat.uni-leipzig.de. http://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrest/start.php. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightliftersdead link Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of World (Dnya) and Olympic (Olimpiyat) records by male and female weightlifters WRC Rally of Turkey: Brief event historydead link "BBC Sport: Formula 1 circuit guide: Istanbul Turkey". BBC News. 2006-02-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formulaone/circuitguide/4252173.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-01.  References History Findley Carter Vaughn (2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0195177266.  Kinross Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 0-6880-3093-9.  Mango Andrew (2000). Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Overlook. ISBN 1-5856-7011-1.  Mango Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0-19-814098-3.  Shaw Stanford Jay; Kural Shaw Ezel (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5212-9163-1.  Wink Andr (1990). Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World Vol. 1 Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th11th Centuries. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-09249-8.  Politics Grigoriadis Ioannis N. (2006). "Upsurge amidst Political Uncertainty. Nationalism in post-2004 Turkey. SWP Research Paper 2006/RP 11 October 2006" (PDF). Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (German Institute for International and Security Affairs). http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/getdocument.phpassetid3380. Retrieved 2007-07-31.  Hale William Mathew (1994). Turkish Politics and the Military. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-4150-2455-2. http://books.google.com/id50O5kEzZ1JQC&pgRA1-PA1&dqTurkish+Armed+Forces#PRA1-PA154M1.  Rubin Barry M.; Heper Metin (2002). Political Parties in Turkey. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0714652741.  Foreign relations and military Bal dris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era. Universal Publishers. ISBN 1-5811-2423-6. http://books.google.com/idvDzjkrTDKjYC&pgPP1&lpgPP1&dqturkey+cold+war.  Cook Steven A.; Sherwood-Randall Elizabeth (2006-06-15). "Generating Momentum for a New Era in U.S.-Turkey Relations" (PDF). Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/TurkeyCSR.pdf. Retrieved 2006-12-17.  Huston James A. (1988). Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War 19451953. Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 0-9416-6484-8. http://books.google.com/idID4E3Lm8TsgC&pgPA198&lpgPA198&dqturkey+cold+war.  Rubin Barry M.; arkolu Ali (2003). Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics Economic Integration and International Dynamics. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0714654027. http://books.google.com/id1NxyE8Gds4C&pgPP1&lpgPP1&dqTurkey+European+Union.  United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Directorate for Movements of Persons Migration and Consular Affairs Asylum and Migration Division (July 2001) (PDF). Turkey/Military service. UNHCR. http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf. dead link Geography and climate Turkish State Meteorological Service (2006). "Climate of Turkey". Turkish State Meteorological Service. http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080419130806/http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/english/eng-climateofturkey.aspx. Retrieved 2006-12-27.  Economy Kaminski Bartolomiej; Ng Francis (2006-05-01). "Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets" (PDF). World Bank. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/05/03/00001640620060503112446/Rendered/PDF/wps3908.pdf. Retrieved 2006-12-27.  Nas Tevfik F. (1992). Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization. Lehigh University Press. ISBN 0-9342-2319-X.  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). OECD Reviews of Regulatory Refom Turkey: crucial support for economic recovery : 2002. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ISBN 92-64-19808-3. http://books.google.com/idufYUfR7mLgC&pgPP1&lpgPP1&dqTurkey.  World Bank (2005). "Turkey Labor Market Study" (PDF). World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTURKEY/Resources/361616-1144320150009/LaborC2.pdf. Retrieved 2006-12-27.  Demographics arkolu Ali (2004). Religion and Politics in Turkey. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-4153-4831-5. http://books.google.com/idt5Gzw9exMQC&pgPP1&lpgPP1&dqReligion+in+Turkey.  Extra Guus; Gorter Durk (2001). The other languages of Europe: Demographic Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-8535-9509-8. http://books.google.com/idhvmyskUPNYC&pgRA1-PA422&lpgRA1-PA422&dq%22ethnic+groups+in+turkey%22.  Shankland David (2003). The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0700716068. http://books.google.com/idlFFRzTqLp6AC&pgPP1&lpgPP1&dqReligion+in+Turkey.  "Trkiyedeki Krtlerin Says! (Number of Kurds in Turkey!)" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 2008-06-06. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspxaTypeSonDakika&Kategoriyasam&ArticleID873452&Date07.06.2008&ver16. Retrieved 2008-06-07.  Turkish Statistical Institute (2000). "2000 Census population by provinces and districts" (XLS). Turkish Statistical Institute. Archived from the original on 2006-12-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20061207220323/http://www.die.gov.tr/nufussayimi/2000tablo5.xls. Retrieved 2006-12-11.  Culture Goodwin Godfrey (2003). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-5002-7429-0.  Kaya brahim (2003). Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-8532-3898-7. http://books.google.com/id0Iy7pJBRgjYC&pgPA58&lpgPA58&dqTurkish+culture.  Further reading Mango Andrew (2004). The Turks Today. Overlook. ISBN 1585676152.  Bozarslan Hamit 'Turkey: Postcolonial discourse in a non-colonised state' in Prem Poddar et al. Historical Companion to Postcolonial LiteraturesContinental Europe and its Colonies Edinburgh University Press 2008 Pope Hugh; Pope Nicole (2004). Turkey Unveiled. Overlook. ISBN 1585675814.  Revolinski Kevin (2006). The Yogurt Man Cometh: Tales of an American Teacher in Turkey. Citlembik. ISBN 9944424013.  Roxburgh David J. (ed.) (2005). Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years 6001600. Royal Academy of Arts. ISBN 1-903973-56-2. Turkey: A Country Study (1996). Federal Research Division Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0864-6. External links Find more about Turkey on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Official website Turkey entry at The World Factbook Turkey at the Open Directory Project Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey Turkey travel guide from Wikitravel v d e Turkey Topics People and Biographies Turkish people   Ottoman Sultans   Atatrk History  (timeline) Early Sultanate of Rm  Anatolian Turkish Beyliks Ottoman Foundation   Interregnum   Rise   Growth   Stagnation   Decline   Dissolution   Partitioning Republic War of Independence  Single-party period   Multi-party period By topic Constitutional  Economic   Military Politics and Government President   Prime Minister  Parliament  Council of Ministers   Political parties  Elections   EU accession  Foreign relations  Military  Human rights   LGBT rights   Secularism   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eSovereign states and dependent territories of Europe Sovereign states Albania  Andorra  Armenia  Austria  Azerbaijan  Belarus  Belgium  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Georgia  Germany  Greece   Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Italy  Kazakhstan  Latvia  Liechtenstein  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Macedonia  Malta  Moldova  Monaco  Montenegro  Netherlands  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Russia  San Marino  Serbia  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Turkey  Ukraine  United Kingdom  Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia  Kosovo  Nagorno-Karabakh  Northern Cyprus  South Ossetia  Transnistria Dependencies and other territories Denmark Faroe Islands Finland land Islands Norway Svalbard United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia  Gibraltar  Guernsey  Isle of Man  Jersey v d eCountries and dependencies of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan  Armenia  Azerbaijan  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Bhutan  Brunei  Burma (Myanmar)  Cambodia  People's Republic of China  Cyprus  Egypt  Georgia  India  Indonesia  Iran  Iraq  Israel  Japan  Jordan  Kazakhstan  North Korea  South Korea  Kuwait  Kyrgyzstan  Laos  Lebanon  Malaysia  Maldives  Mongolia  Nepal  Oman  Pakistan  Philippines  Qatar  Russia  Saudi Arabia  Singapore  Sri Lanka  Syria  Tajikistan  Thailand  East Timor (Timor-Leste)  Turkey  Turkmenistan  United Arab Emirates  Uzbekistan  Vietnam  Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia  Republic of China (Taiwan)  Nagorno-Karabakh  Northern Cyprus  Palestine  South Ossetia  Dependencies and Special Administrative Regions Australia Christmas Island  Cocos (Keeling) Islands People's Republic of China Hong Kong  Macau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia  British Indian Ocean Territory v d eMiddle East Countries and territories Middle East Bahrain  Cyprus  Egypt  Gaza Strip  Iraq  Iran  Israel  Jordan  Kuwait  Lebanon  Northern Cyprus1  Oman  Palestine  Qatar  Saudi Arabia  Syria  Turkey  United Arab Emirates  West Bank  Yemen Greater Middle East Afghanistan  Algeria  Armenia  Azerbaijan  Djibouti  Eritrea  Georgia  Libya  Morocco  Pakistan  Somalia  Sudan  Tunisia  Western Sahara (SADR) Other topics History (timeline)  List of conflicts  Etiquette 1 Only recognized by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute. v d eCountries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea  Albania   Algeria   Bosnia-Herzegovina   Croatia   Cyprus   Egypt   France   Gibraltar   Greece   Israel   Italy   Lebanon   Libya   Malta   Monaco   Montenegro   Morocco   Palestinian Authority   Slovenia   Spain   Syria   Tunisia   Turkey   Akrotiri / Dhekelia v d eCountries bordering the Black Sea  Abkhazia1   Bulgaria   Georgia   Romania   Russia   Turkey   Ukraine 1 Disputed statehood - partial international recognition but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory. v d eBalkan countries Geographically fully located Albania  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Greece  Kosovo1  Macedonia  Montenegro Significantly located Serbia  Croatia Mostly outside of the peninsula Romania  Slovenia  Turkey  Italy See also Balkans  Southeast Europe  History of the Balkans  Balkan languages (Sprachbund)  Balkanization 1 Declared independence from Serbia on February 17 2008 and is recognised by 76 United Nations member states.  International organizations v d eGroup of Twenty (G-20) Argentina Australia Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany India Indonesia Italy Japan Mexico Russia Saudi Arabia South Africa South Korea Turkey United Kingdom United States v d eCouncil of Europe Institutions Secretary General  Committee of Ministers  Parliamentary Assembly  Congress  Court of Human Rights  Commissioner for Human Rights  Commission for the Efficiency of Justice  Commission against Racism and Intolerance Members Full Albania  Andorra  Armenia  Austria  Azerbaijan  Belgium  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Georgia  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Liechtenstein  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Macedonia1  Malta  Moldova  Monaco  Montenegro  Netherlands  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Russia  San Marino  Serbia  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Turkey  Ukraine  United Kingdom Observer Canada  Israel  Japan  Mexico  United States  Vatican City Former Czechoslovakia (19911992)  Saar (assoc. 19501956) 1 Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute. v d eEnlargement of the European Union Previous 1973  1981  1986  1995  2004  2007  Statistics Candidates Croatia (status)  Iceland (status)  Macedonia (status)  Montenegro (status)  Turkey (status) Applied Albania (status)  Serbia (status) Potential (SAA) Bosnia and Herzegovina (status)  Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244) (status) Eastern Partnership Armenia (relations)  Azerbaijan (relations)  Belarus (relations)  Georgia (relations)  Moldova (relations)  Ukraine (relations) Current membership  Criteria  Withdrawal v d eOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) History Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Guidelines Multinational Enterprises  Testing of Chemicals Members Australia  Austria  Belgium  Canada  Chile  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Italy  Israel  Japan  Luxembourg  Mexico  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Slovakia  Slovenia  South Korea  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States v d eNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) History North Atlantic Treaty  Summit  Operations  Enlargement Structure North Atlantic Council (Secretary General)  Chairman of the NATO Military Committee  Allied Command Operations (Supreme Allied Commander)  Allied Command Transformation Members Albania  Belgium  Bulgaria  Canada  Croatia  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Netherlands  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States v d eMembers of the United Nations Security Council Permanent members China  France  Russia  United Kingdom  United States Term ends December 31 2011 Bosnia and Herzegovina  Brazil  Gabon  Lebanon  Nigeria Term ends December 31 2012 Colombia  Germany  India  Portugal  South Africa v d eOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Members Albania  Andorra  Armenia  Austria  Azerbaijan  Belarus  Belgium  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Canada  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Georgia  Germany  Greece  Holy See  Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Italy  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Latvia  Liechtenstein  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Macedonia  Malta  Moldova  Monaco  Montenegro  Netherlands  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Russia  San Marino  Serbia  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Tajikistan  Turkey  Turkmenistan  Ukraine  United Kingdom  United States  Uzbekistan Partners for Cooperation Afghanistan  Algeria  Egypt  Israel  Japan  Jordan  Mongolia  Morocco  South Korea  Thailand Bodies and posts Parliamentary Assembly  ODIHR  Commissioner on National Minorities  Representative on Freedom of the Media v d e Black Sea Naval Co-operation Task Group (BLACKSEAFOR) Bulgaria  Georgia  Romania  Russia  Turkey  Ukraine v d eOrganization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)      Albania  Armenia  Azerbaijan  Bulgaria  Georgia  Greece  Moldova  Romania  Russia  Serbia  Turkey  Ukraine v d eWorld Trade Organization System Accession and membership  Appellate Body  Dispute Settlement Body  International Trade Centre  Chronology of key events Issues Criticism  Doha Development Round  Singapore issues  Quota Elimination  Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade  Agriculture  Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  Technical Barriers to Trade  Trade Related Investment Measures  Trade in Services  Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights  Government Procurement  Information Technology  Marrakech Agreement  Doha Declaration Ministerial Conferences 1st (1996)  2nd (1998)  3rd (1999)  4th (2001)  5th (2003)  6th (2005)  7th (2009) People Pascal Lamy (Director-General)  Supachai Panitchpakdi (Former Director-General)  Deputy Directors-General: Alejandro Jara  Valentine Rugwabiza   Harsha Singh   Rufus Yerxa Members Albania  Algeria  Angola  Antigua and Barbuda  Argentina  Armenia  Australia  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Barbados  Belize  Benin  Bolivia  Botswana  Brazil  Brunei  Burkina Faso  Burma  Burundi  Cambodia  Cameroon  Canada  Cape Verde  Central African Republic  Chad  Chile  PR China  Colombia  Democratic Republic of the Congo  Republic of the Congo  Costa Rica  Cte d'Ivoire  Croatia  Cuba  Djibouti  Dominica  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  Egypt  El Salvador  European Union  Fiji  Gabon  The Gambia  Georgia  Ghana  Grenada  Guatemala  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Guyana  Haiti  Honduras  Hong Kong  Iceland  India  Indonesia  Israel  Jamaica  Japan  Jordan  Kenya  South Korea  Kuwait  Kyrgyzstan  Lesotho  Liechtenstein  Macau  Macedonia  Madagascar  Malawi  Malaysia  Maldives  Mali  Mauritania  Mauritius  Mexico  Moldova  Mongolia  Morocco  Mozambique  Namibia  Nepal  New Zealand  Nicaragua  Niger  Nigeria  Norway  Oman  Pakistan  Panama  Papua New Guinea  Paraguay  Peru  Philippines  Qatar  Rwanda  St. Kitts and Nevis  St. Lucia  St. Vincent and the Grenadines  Saudi Arabia  Senegal  Sierra Leone  Singapore  Solomon Islands  South Africa  Sri Lanka  Suriname  Swaziland  Switzerland  Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Penghu Kinmen and Matsu  Tanzania  Thailand  Togo  Tonga  Trinidad and Tobago  Tunisia  Turkey  Uganda  Ukraine  United Arab Emirates  United States  Uruguay  Venezuela  Vietnam  Zambia  Zimbabwe All twenty-seven member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right: Austria  Belgium  Bulgaria  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malta  Netherlands  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  United Kingdom. Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. Designated name for the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) v d eEconomic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Members Afghanistan  Azerbaijan  Iran  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Pakistan  Tajikistan  Turkey  Turkmenistan  Uzbekistan v d eUnion for the Mediterranean Member states Albania  Algeria3  Austria1  Belgium1  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria1  Croatia2  Cyprus1  Czech Republic1  Denmark1  Egypt3  Estonia1  Finland1  France1  Germany1  Greece1  Hungary1  Ireland1  Israel  Italy1  Jordan3  Latvia1  Lebanon3  Libya34  Lithuania1  Luxembourg1  Malta1  Mauritania3  Monaco  Montenegro  Morocco3  Netherlands1  Palestinian Authority3  Poland1  Portugal1  Romania1  Slovakia1  Slovenia1  Spain1  Sweden1  Syria3  Tunisia3  Turkey2  United Kingdom1   Bold: countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea   Italic: countries with overseas territory bordering the sea 1 EU member   2 EU candidate   3 Arab League member   4 Observer member See also Euromediterranean Partnership  Euromed FTA v d eOrganisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Members Afghanistan  Albania  Algeria  Azerbaijan  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Benin  Burkina Faso  Brunei  Cameroon  Chad  Comoros  Cte d'Ivoire  Djibouti  Egypt  Gabon  Gambia  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Guyana  Indonesia  Iran  Iraq  Jordan  Kuwait  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Lebanon  Libya  Maldives  Malaysia  Mali  Mauritania  Morocco  Mozambique  Niger  Nigeria  Oman  Pakistan  Palestine  Qatar  Saudi Arabia  Senegal  Sierra Leone  Somalia  Sudan  Suriname  Syria  Tajikistan  Turkey  Tunisia  Togo  Turkmenistan  Uganda  Uzbekistan  United Arab Emirates  Yemen Observers Countries and territories Bosnia and Herzegovina  Central African Republic  Russia  Thailand  Northern Cyprus (as Turkish Cypriot State) Muslim communities Moro National Liberation Front International organizations Economic Cooperation Organization  African Union  Arab League  Non-Aligned Movement  United Nations  Other associations v d eModern sovereign Turkic states      Azerbaijan  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Northern Cyprus1  Turkey  Turkmenistan  Uzbekistan 1 Limited recognition (recognized only by Turkey see Cyprus dispute). v d eTurkic-speaking regions Federal subjects of Russia shown in italics.     Western Turkic  Azerbaijan1  Bashkortostan  Chuvashia  Northern Cyprus Eastern Turkic  Altai Republic  Khakassia  Kyrgyzstan  Gagauzia (Moldova)  Kabardino-Balkaria  Karachay-Cherkessia  Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan)  Sakha Republic  Tuva  Kazakhstan  Tatarstan  Turkey  Turkmenistan  Uzbekistan  Xinjiang (China)  Bayan Olgiy (Mongolia) 1 Includes the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. v d eEconomic classification of countries Developed country  Developing country  Least developed country  High income economy  Newly industrialized country  Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Worlds Theory First World  Second World  Third World  Fourth World GDP Nominal By country (future estimates  growth  per capita future estimates) Purchasing power parity (PPP) By country (future estimates  per capita future estimates  per hour worked per person employed) GNI per capita List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita  List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita Wages per hour  monthly (Europe)   per year   Minimum wage (Europe   USA  Canada) Other national accounts Net material product  Gross/Net national wealth  Expenditures on R&D Human development List of countries by Human Development Index  Human Poverty Index  List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty Digital divide Digital Opportunity Index  List of countries by number of Internet users  List of countries by number of broadband Internet users Developed country   EU Customs Union