In general terms, volunteering is the practice of people working on behalf of others or a particular cause without payment for their time and services. Volunteering is generally considered an altruistic activity, intended to promote good or improve human quality of life, but people also volunteer for their own skill development, to meet others, to make contacts for possible employment, to have fun, and a variety of other reasons that could be considered self-serving.
Volunteering takes many forms and is performed by a wide range of people. Many volunteers are specifically trained in the areas they work in, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Other volunteers serve on an as-needed basis, such as in response to a natural disaster or for a beach-cleanup.
In a military context, a volunteer army is an army whose soldiers chose to enter service, as opposed to having been conscripted. Such volunteers do not work for free and are given regular pay.
Since the popularization of the Internet, many volunteers (particularly with access to the Web) discover volunteer opportunities via online services.
Countries most soughtby U.S. citizens
and Europeans1
Peru Brazil Australia Contents 1 Social capital 2 Skills-based volunteering 3 Virtual-volunteering 4 Environmental-volunteering 5 Volunteering in schools 6 Corporate volunteering and employee volunteering 7 Community volunteering 8 Politics 9 International workcamps 10 Difficulties in cross-national aid 11 Criticism 12 See also 13 References 14 External links // Social capitalThe social capital generated by volunteering plays a key role in economic regenerationcitation needed. Where poverty is endemic to an area, poor communities lack friends and neighbors able to help. Thus, voluntary mutual aid or self-help is an important safety net. This model works well within a state because there is a national solidarity in times of adversity and more prosperous groups will usually make sacrifices for the benefit of those in needcitation needed.
Skills-based volunteeringSkills-based volunteering refers to volunteering in which the volunteer is specifically trained in the area they are volunteering incitation needed. This is in contrast to traditional volunteering, where specific training is not required. The average hour of traditional volunteering is valued by the Independent Sector at between $18–20 an hour. Skills-based volunteerism is valued at $40–500 an hour depending on the market value of the time.2
Virtual-volunteeringVirtual volunteering, also sometimes called as eVolunteering, online volunteering or micro-volunteering, is a term describing a volunteer who completes tasks, in whole or in part, offsite from the organization being assisted, using the Internet and a home, school, telecenter or work computer or other Internet-connected device, such as a PDAs or smartphone. Virtual volunteering is also known as cyber service, telementoring, and teletutoring, and various other names. Virtual volunteering is similar to telecommuting, except that, instead of online employees who are paid, these are online volunteers who are not paid. Micro-volunteering via smart-phone was pioneered by a San Francisco-based social enterprise called The Extraordinaries in 2008.345
Environmental-volunteeringEnvironmental volunteering refers to volunteers who contribute towards environmental management. Volunteers conduct a range of activities including environmental monitoring, ecological restoration such as re-vegetation and weed removal, and educating others about the natural environment.
Volunteering in schools Children cart dirt and debris away during a community clean-up day in Yaoundé, Cameroon.School systems around the world rely heavily on volunteers and donations in order to run effectively.citation needed Whenever the economy is down, the need for volunteers and resources increases greatly.6 There are many opportunities available in the school system for volunteers to take advantage of, especially if you have a special skill or trade. There are not many requirements in order to become a volunteer in the school system. Whether you are a parent, grandparent or just a community member most schools just require a volunteer form be completed. Much like the benefits of any type of volunteerism there are great rewards for the volunteer, student, and school.
These benefits include but are not limited to:citation needed
School Benefits – Provided with additional service without having to have added costs, Teachers are given extra time for educational purposes and planning, A positive relationship between the community and the school.
Volunteer Benefits – Parents become involved in their child’s school and education, New talents that one never knew they had are discovered, A sense of personal satisfaction, Ability to meet new people and develop new friendships.
Student Benefits – Students are given a positive role model, Educational success is encouraged and improved.
Corporate volunteering and employee volunteeringA majority of the companies at the Fortune 500 allow their employees to volunteer during work hours. These formalized Employee Volunteering Programs (EVPs), also called Employer Supported Volunteering, are regarded as a part of the companies' sustainability efforts and their social responsibility activities.7 According to information from VolunteerMatch, a service that provides Employee Volunteering Program solutions, the key drivers for companies that produce and manage EVPs is that it builds brand awareness and affinity, strengthens trust and loyalty among consumers, enhances corporate image and reputation, improves employee retention, increases employee productivity and loyalty and provides an effective vehicle to reach strategic goals8
Community volunteeringCommunity volunteering refers to volunteers who work to improve community enhancement efforts in the area in which they live. Neighborhood, church, and community groups play a key role in building strong Cities from the neighborhoods up. Supporting these understaffed groups can enable them to succeed in a variety of areas, which connect social, environmental, and economic boundaries. Volunteers can conduct a wide range of activities. Some choose to support a variety of groups as a "volunteer broker."
Politics Further information: Gift economyIn almost all modern societies, the most basic of all values is people helping people and, in the process, helping themselves.citation needed But a tension can arise between volunteerism and the state-provided services, so most countries develop policies and enact legislation to clarify the roles and relationships among stakeholders and identify and allocate the necessary legal, social, administrative, and financial support. This is particularly necessary when some voluntary activities are seen as a challenge to the authority of the state, e.g. on 29 January 2001, President Bush cautioned that volunteer groups should supplement, not replace, the work of government agencies.9 Volunteerism that benefits the state but challenges paid counterparts raises the ire of labor unions representing the paid counterparts as in the case of volunteer fire departments, particularly in combination departments.
International workcampsAn international workcamp is an international voluntary project in which participants from different countries can meet, live, work, learn and exchange with local people concerning issues about environmental conservation, cultural heritage, social justice, rural and human development, etc. International workcamps can be divided into short term voluntary projects (STV) and long/middle term voluntary projects (LMTV). STV projects are international workcamps for less than 2 months, while LMTV projects are those lasting 2 months or more. The most common international workcamp lasts for two weeks with a group of 10-20 overseas and local workcamp participants.
Difficulties in cross-national aid Volunteers fit new windows at The Sumac Centre in Nottingham, UK.Difficulties in this model of volunteering can arise when this is applied across national borders. A state sending volunteers to another state can be viewed as a breach of sovereignty and a lack of respect towards the national government of the proposed recipients. Thus, when states negotiate the offer and acceptance of aid, motivations become important, particularly if donors may postpone assistance or stop it altogether. Three types of conditionality have evolved:
Financial accountability: Transparency in the management of funding to ensure that what is done by the volunteers is properly targeted. Policy reform: Requesting governments of developing countries adopt certain social, economic, or environmental policies, the most controversial relating to the privatization of services traditionally offered by the state. Development objectives: Asking developing countries to adjust specific time-bound economic objectivesSome international volunteer organisations define their primary mission altruistically as fighting poverty and improving the living standards of people in the developing world, e.g. Voluntary Services Overseas has almost 2,000 skilled professionals working as volunteers to pass on their expertise to local people so that, when they return home, their skills remain. When these organisations work in partnership with governments, the results can be impressive. But when other organisations or individual First World governments support the work of volunteer groups, there can be questions as to whether their real motives are poverty alleviation or wealth creation for some of the poor or policies intended to benefit the donor states. This confusion exists because experience showswho? that what is volunteered can distort the foreign and economic policy of the country receiving the aidfurther explanation needed. The economies of many low-income countries suffer from "industrialisation without prosperity" and "investment without growth". This arises because "development assistance" guides many Third World governments to pursue "development" policies that have been wasteful, ill-conceived, unproductive or even so positively destructive that they could not have been sustained without outside support.10
Indeed, some of the offers of aid have distorted the general spirit of volunteerism, treating local voluntary action as “contributions in kind”, i.e. as conditions requiring local people to earn the right to donor “largesse” by modifying their behaviour. This can be seen as patronising and offensive to the recipients because the aid expressly serves the policy aims of the donors rather than the needs of the recipients.
The track record shows that making any aid conditional on policy reforms is often ineffective.citation needed Conditionality only works when there is a strong domestic commitment to reform and the recipient governments are democratic, i.e. they are accountable to their own electorates.citation needed Volunteer organizations and their funding donors should respect the governments of the countries they wish to help and build on the deep-rooted traditions of people to help one another, and thereby provide an important ingredient for social and democratic development.citation needed
CriticismIn the 1960s, Ivan Illich offered an analysis of the role of American volunteers in Mexico in his speech entitled, "To Hell With Good Intentions". His concerns, along with critics such as Paulo Freire and Edward Said, revolve around the notion of altruism as an extension of Christian missionary ideology and the sense of responsibility/obligation driving the concept of noblesse oblige, first developed by the French aristocracy as a moral duty derived from their wealth. Simply stated, these both propose the extension of power and authority over indigenous cultures around the world.
Recent critiques of volunteerism come from Westmier and Kahn (1996) and bell hooks (née Gloria Watkins) (2004).
The field of medical tourism (referring to volunteers traveling overseas to deliver care) has recently attracted negative criticism vis-a-vis the alternative notion of sustainable capacities (working in the context of long-term, locally-run but foreign-supported infrastructures). A preponderance of this criticism has appeared largely in the scientific and peer-reviewed literature.111213 Recently, media outlets with more general readerships have published such criticisms, as well.
See also Sustainable development portal Amizade Avocation Gift economy Ikando Money-free economy Timur movement Voluntarism (action) Volunteer of the Year VolunteerMatch Projects Abroad (profit organization) Workaway References ^ "Voluntareering". Veja. http://veja.abril.com.br/021209/turismo-bondade-p-104.shtml. Retrieved 2009-12-12. ^ Independent Sector ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106118736 ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Responsible-Tech/2009/0804/smart-phone-app-lets-you-do-good-deeds-in-your-spare-time ^ http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/assignment_7&id=7162300 ^ "The Economy's Impact on Back to School". Great Schools. 2009-08-06. http://www.greatschools.net/news/back-to-school-poll-results.page. Retrieved 2009-11-20. ^ Mapping Success in Employee Volunteering - The Drivers of Effectiveness for Employee Volunteering and Giving Programs and Fortune 500 Performance (2009) Boston College Center for Corporate Citizenship 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-21 ^ VolunteerMatch.org - How companies benefit from EVP Retrieved 2010-04-21 ^ Bush Announces Faith-Based Initiative ^ "Aid, taxation, and development: analytical perspectives on aid effectiveness in Sub-Saharan Africa". World Bank. 1998-02-28. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDS_IBank_Servlet?pcont=details&eid=000009265_3980429111119. Retrieved 2007-07-12. ^ Bezruchka, S. (2000). Medical Tourism as Medical Harm to the Third World: Why? For Whom? Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 11, 77-78. ^ Roberts, M. (2006). Duffle Bag Medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 295, 1491-1492. ^ Pinto, A.D., & Upshur, R.E.G. (2009). Global Health Ethics for Students. Developing World Bioethics, 9, 1-10. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Category:National Volunteer Week Volunteering at the Open Directory Project v • d • e Topics related to charity Main topics Philanthropy · Alms · Tzedakah · Zakat · Tithe · Altruism · Gift · Donation · Alternative giving · Youth philanthropy · Volunteering · Noblesse oblige Organization types Voluntary association · Non-profit organization · Non-governmental organization · Registered charity, Charitable trust · Foundation · Private foundation · Charitable organization · Public-benefit nonprofit corporation · Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation · Religious corporation Additional topics Charity Navigator · Charity badge · List of charitable foundations · List of wealthiest charitable foundations · Click-to-donate site · Halukka · Meshulach · Master of Nonprofit Organizations · Charity/thrift/op shop · Telethon v • d • e Employment Classifications Casual/Contingent • Full-time • Part-time • Self-employed/Independent contractor • Temporary • Wage labour Hiring Employment counsellor • Application • Background Check • Cover letter • Drug testing • Contract • Interview • Job hunting • Job fraud • Probation • Referral • Recruiter (Employment agency • Executive search) • Résumé/Curriculum Vitæ (CV) • Work-at-home scheme • Selection criteria Roles Internship • Job • Numerary • Permanent • Permatemp • Supernumerary • Supervisor • Volunteer Attendance Break • Career break • Furlough • Gap year • Leave of absence • Long service leave • No call, no show • Sabbatical • Sick leave Schedules 35-hour workweek • Eight-hour day • Flextime plan • Four-day week • Overtime • Retroactive overtime • Shift work • Telecommuting • Workweek • Working time Wages Living wage • Maximum wage • Minimum wage (Canada, USA, Hong Kong) • Overtime rate • Paid time off • Performance-related pay • Salary • Salary cap • Working poor Benefits Annual leave • Sick leave • Parental leave • Health insurance • Life insurance • Disability insurance • Take-home vehicle Health & safety Ergonomics • Industrial injury • Occupational disease • Occupational exposure limit • Occupational health psychology • Sick building syndrome • Work accident (Occupational fatality) • Workplace noise • Workplace stress • Workplace wellness • Work-life balance • Workers' compensation Equality Affirmative action • Equal pay for women Infractions Employee handbook • Evaluation • Labour law • Sexual harassment • Sleeping while on duty • Workplace bullying • Workplace surveillance Willingness Anti-work • Job satisfaction • Refusal of work • Workaholic • Work aversion • Work ethic • Wage slavery Termination At-will employment • Constructive dismissal • Dismissal • Layoff • Letter of resignation • Resignation • Retirement • Severance package • Types of unemployment • Unemployment • Unemployment benefits • Wrongful dismissal Miscellaneous Dead end job • Overqualification • Recession-proof job • Underemployment • Unemployment rates
Archaeo-Volunteers 2nd Edition: The World Guide to Archaeological and Heritage Volunteering Universe
