heads

For other uses, see Head (disambiguation). The human head. A cheetah's head.

In anatomy, the head of an animal is the rostral part (from anatomical position) that usually comprises the brain, eyes, ears, nose and mouth (all of which aid in various sensory functions, such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste). Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many bilaterally symmetric forms do.

Contents 1 Cultural importance 2 Clothing 3 Anthropometry 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links // Cultural importance

For humans, the head and particularly the face are the main distinguishing feature between different people, due to their easily discernible features such as hair and eye color, nose, eye and mouth shapes, wrinkles, etc. Human faces are easily differentiable to us due to our brains' predispositions toward discriminating human facial forms. When observing a relatively unfamiliar species, all faces seem to be nearly identical, and human infants are biologically programmed to recognize subtle differences in anthropic facial features.

People who are more intelligent than normal are sometimes depicted in cartoons as having bigger heads, as a way of indicating that they have a larger brain; in science fiction, an extraterrestrial having a big head is often symbolic of high intelligence. Outside of this symbolic depiction, however, advances in neurobiology have shown that the functional diversity of the brain means that a difference in overall brain size is not a reliable indicator of how much, if any, difference in overall intelligence exists between two humans.1

The head is a source for many metaphors and metonymies in human language, including referring to things which are often located near the human head ( "the head of the bed"), things which are physically similar to the way an animal's (or human's) head is arranged spatially vis-a-vis its body ("the head of the table"), even if this is so metaphorically ("the head of the class/FBI"), and things which represent some characteristic we associate with the head, such as intelligence ("there are a lot of good heads in this company"). These examples are all from English, but only some are possible expressions in other languages (depending on the language). (See Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999)

The ancient Greeks had a method for evaluating sexual attractiveness based on the Golden Ratio, part of which included measurements of the head.

Clothing

In many cultures, covering the head is seen as a sign of respect. Often, some or all of the head must be covered and veiled when entering holy places, or places of prayer. For many centuries, women in Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia have covered their hair as a sign of modesty. This trend has changed drastically in Europe in the 20th century, although is still observed in other parts of the world. In addition, a number of religious paths require men to wear specific head clothing—such as the Jewish yarmulke, or the Sikh turban; or Muslim women, who cover their hair, ears, and neck with a scarf.

Different headpieces can also signify status, origin, religious/spiritual beliefs, social grouping, occupation, and fashion choices.

Anthropometry Static adult human physical characteristics of the head. See also Head and neck anatomy Notes ^ Brain Size and Intelligence References Campbell, Bernard Grant. Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations (4th edition), ISBN 0-202-02042-8 External links Look up head in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. v • d • e List of muscles of head and neck: the head (TA A04.1, GA 4.378) Extraocular (CN III, IV, VI) oblique (inferior, superior) · rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) · levator palpebrae superioris (superior tarsal) Mastication (CN V3)

masseter · temporalis (sphenomandibularis) · pterygoid (lateral, medial)

fascia: Masseteric fascia · Temporal fascia Facial (CN VII) Ear auricular (anterior, superior, posterior) · temporoparietalis Scalp/eyelid

occipitofrontalis (occipitalis, frontalis) · orbicularis oculi (depressor supercilii) · corrugator supercilii

fascia: Galea aponeurotica Nose procerus · nasalis (dilatator naris) · depressor septi nasi  · levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Mouth

levator anguli oris · levator labii superioris · zygomaticus (major, minor)

orbicularis oris · risorius · buccinator

depressor anguli oris · depressor labii inferioris · mentalis Mouth/throat (CN IX, X, XI) (except TVP=V3) Soft palate veli palatini (tensor, levator) · musculus uvulae · palatopharyngeus (to pharynx) · palatoglossus (to tongue) Tongue (CN XII) extrinsic (genioglossus, hyoglossus/chondroglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus) · intrinsic (superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical)

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SAfrican president heads to Zimbabwe to mediate
South African President Jacob Zuma heads to neighboring Zimbabwe on Tuesday, marking his first official trip as chief mediator between the president and prime minister in Zimbabwe's troubled coalition government.

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City councilors want department heads to face evaluations
BRISTOL — Thirty years ago, the city decided to create a merit pay system that would allow high-performing department heads to earn up to $1,000 extra every year for doing a stellar job.

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PHOTO GALLERY: Shaved heads raise cool cash
Youngsters, from 6, to oldsters who were coy about their age, had their heads shaved in the fight against kids cancer at Cathy O’Clarke’s on Saturday as part of the St. Baldrick’s National Shave Day.

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Brooklyn residents keep their heads up even in tough times: Parma Sun Post Letter to the Editor
Over the past couple of years the nation’s economy has taken a toll on everyone, especially those of us who live and do business in northeast Ohio. Through all of this, the citizens of Brooklyn, Ohio have kept their heads up, continued to work hard and most of all supported our schools and local businesses.

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Universities heads' 'wages soar'
The pay of university heads has soared with some now earning more than the prime minister, a report says.

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Zuma heads to Zim to mediate
SA President Jacob Zuma heads to neighbouring Zimbabwe marking his first official trip as chief mediator between the president and PM in the country's troubled coalition government.

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Bernards Township residents to shave heads to fight cancer
BERNARDS TWP. – Residents will be shaving their heads during a special one-day event in Basking Ridge to raise funds for childhood cancer research.

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Local high school students shaved their heads in solidarity alongside kids with cancer today.

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TV Review: Ausiello: 'Jericho' star heads to 'NCIS'
Image Credit: RD/Montemagni/Retna ltd; Art Streiber/CBS Is Jericho survivor Ashley Scott about to launch a full-scale attack on Tiva? Or am I just tricking you into reading an otherwise run-of-the-mill casting item? Keep reading and find out!

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By Michael Ausiello Michael Ausiello confirms exclusively that Ashley Scott is on board for guest role this May -- a threat to Tiva?

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